1

Activating Strategy

• List 2 basic characteristics of Animals that are

shared with Plants:

• List 2 basic characteristics of the Animals that

are different from the Plants:

AP Lesson #77

EQ: How do animals monitor a changing

environment while maintaining a constant

internal environment?

What are the levels of structural organization of living things?

• Structural Hierarchy

– Atoms � Molecules � Organelles � Cells

• Cells are the lowest level of organization that can live independently (ex. paramecium)

2

Porifera

Cnidaria

Platyhelminthes

sponges jellyfish flatworms roundworms

Nematoda

Mollusca Arthropoda Chordata

Annelida Echinodermata

mollusks

multicellularity

Ancestral Protist

tissues

bilateral symmetry

body cavity

segmentation

Complexity drives Animal Evolution

coelom

starfish vertebrates

endoskeleton

segmentedworms

insectsspiders

backbone

specialization & ↑↑↑↑ body complexity

specialized structure & function,muscle & nerve tissue

distinct body plan; cephalization

↑ body complexity

↑↑↑↑ digestive & repro sys

↑↑↑↑ digestive system

↑↑↑↑ body size

redundancy,

specialization, ↑↑↑↑ mobility

↑ body & brain

size, ↑↑↑↑ mobility

radial

bilateral

What role to cells play in more complex animals?

• Animals are complex systems of cells working

together to maintain a constant internal environment

How are cells able to accomplish this?

• Multicellular Hierarchy

– Cells � Tissue � Organs � Organ Systems

• Tissues –

– Group of cells with common structure and function (4 types)

– Epithelial (protective)

– Connective (bone, blood)

– Nervous (communication)

– Muscle (response)

3

Epithelial Tissue

Cuboidal

epithelium

Simplecolumnarepithelium

Pseudostratified

ciliated

columnar

epithelium

Stratifiedsquamousepithelium

Simplesquamous

epithelium

Connective Tissue

Collagenous fiber

Looseconnective

tissue

Elastic fiber12

0 µ

m

Cartilage

Chondrocytes

10

0 µ

m

Chondroitinsulfate

Adiposetissue

Fat droplets

15

0 µ

m

White blood cells

55

µm

Plasma Red bloodcells

Blood

Nuclei

Fibrousconnective

tissue

30

µm

Osteon

Bone

Central canal

70

0 µ

m

Muscle Tissue

50 µmSkeletalmuscle

Multiplenuclei

Muscle fiber

Sarcomere

100 µm

Smoothmuscle

Cardiac muscle

Nucleus

Musclefibers

25 µm

Nucleus Intercalateddisk

4

Glial cells

Nervous Tissue

15 µm

Dendrites

Cell body

Axon

Neuron

Axons

Blood vessel

40 µm

How do tissues interact in animals?

• Organs –

– Groups of different

kinds of tissues with common function (ex. Heart)

• Organ system –

– Group of different organs working

together for a common function (ex. Digestive

System)

What is the main goal of all animal body systems?

• Maintaining Homeostasis

• Feedback Control

– Negative Feedback

• Receptor senses change � Integrator evaluates change � Effector corrects the conditions

• Continues until conditions are back to normal (ex. Sugar uptake regulation by Insulin)

– Positive Feedback

• Action intensifies a condition � beyond normal limits

• Ex. Childbirth (labor contractions)

5

How do animals regulate body temperature?

• Ectotherm– Obtain body heat from

their environment

– Ex. Invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, and fish

• Endotherms– Generate their own

body heat and maintain a constant internal temperature

– Ex. Mammals

Which are Ecto or Endo?

What adaptations help Endotherms regulate body temperature?

• Insulation

– Hair, Feathers, and Fat control heat loss

• Behavior Responses

– Feeding patterns and daily activities

• Cooling by evaporation

– Body heat is removed as water evaporates (ex. Sweating)

6

• Warming by metabolism

– Muscle contraction and metabolic activities

generate heat (ex. Shivering)

• Adjusting Surface Area

– Changing the flow of blood that flows to the extremities

(vasoconstriction or vasodilation)

Summarizing Strategy• Four Box Synectics

– Name four common everyday objects

– Work in pairs to tell how Animals are like these four everyday objects

7

Assessment

• HW: Study for Plant Unit Test