New Civilizations in the New Civilizations in the Eastern and Western Eastern and Western

HemispheresHemispheres2200-250 B.C.E.2200-250 B.C.E.

New CivilizationsNew Civilizations

Early ChinaEarly China

Geography and ResourcesGeography and Resources China is divided into 2 major geographical China is divided into 2 major geographical

regions:regions: Steppe, desert, and high plateau west and Steppe, desert, and high plateau west and

northwestnorthwest Eastern zone – which is better for agricultureEastern zone – which is better for agriculture

Eastern zone is separated into 2 areas: North Eastern zone is separated into 2 areas: North and Southand South North includes Yellow River Valley, dry and coldNorth includes Yellow River Valley, dry and cold South includes Yangzi Valley, warm with lots of rainSouth includes Yangzi Valley, warm with lots of rain

Natural ResourcesNatural Resources TimberTimber StoneStone MetalsMetals

Can grow millet in the northCan grow millet in the north Can grow rice in the southCan grow rice in the south Agriculture in these areas required lots of Agriculture in these areas required lots of

people to be successfulpeople to be successful

Shang PeriodShang Period From 1750 – 1027 B.C.E.From 1750 – 1027 B.C.E. Origins in the Yellow River ValleyOrigins in the Yellow River Valley

Later expanded to include territory from Later expanded to include territory from Mongolia to Gansu and South to the Yangzi Mongolia to Gansu and South to the Yangzi Valley.Valley.

Shang KingsShang Kings Shang kings ruled directly over core Shang kings ruled directly over core

area and exercised indirect rule over area and exercised indirect rule over peripheral areas.peripheral areas.

Carried out military campaigns Carried out military campaigns against nomadic enemiesagainst nomadic enemies

Engaged in far-flung commerce that Engaged in far-flung commerce that may have included indirect trade may have included indirect trade with Mesopotamia.with Mesopotamia.

Shang ReligionShang Religion Kings worship spirits of male Kings worship spirits of male

ancestors.ancestors. Practiced divination and sacrificePracticed divination and sacrifice Presented themselves as Presented themselves as

intermediaries between gods and intermediaries between gods and human world.human world.

Shang TechnologyShang Technology Bronze for weapons and ceremonial vesselsBronze for weapons and ceremonial vessels Horse-drawn chariotHorse-drawn chariot Water buffalo as draft animalWater buffalo as draft animal Civil engineering projectsCivil engineering projects

Chinese Writing SystemChinese Writing System Chinese characters developed during Chinese characters developed during

Shang period.Shang period. Chinese writing system today is Chinese writing system today is

directly related to the Shang system.directly related to the Shang system. Chief written remains of Shang Chief written remains of Shang

Dynasty are oracle bones used in Dynasty are oracle bones used in divination.divination.

Shang Writing SystemsShang Writing Systems

Zhou PeriodZhou Period From 1027 – 221 B.C.E.From 1027 – 221 B.C.E. Dependent state of the Shang.Dependent state of the Shang. Defeated Shang in the eleventh Defeated Shang in the eleventh

century B.C.E.century B.C.E. Invented concept of “Mandate of Invented concept of “Mandate of

Heaven” in order to justify actions.Heaven” in order to justify actions. Zhou dynasty split into two periods:Zhou dynasty split into two periods:

Western Zhou and Eastern ZhouWestern Zhou and Eastern Zhou

Religion and GovernmentReligion and Government During this period, During this period,

priestly power of the priestly power of the elite fadedelite faded

This resulted in the This resulted in the separation of religion separation of religion and governmentand government

Zhou period saw Zhou period saw development of many development of many different and important different and important secular philosophies.secular philosophies.

Western Zhou Period Western Zhou Period GovernmentGovernment

From eleventh to ninth centuries From eleventh to ninth centuries B.C.E.B.C.E.

Developed model of government that Developed model of government that defined kingship in moral termsdefined kingship in moral terms

Zhou exercised direct control over Zhou exercised direct control over core territory and indirect control core territory and indirect control over peripheral areas.over peripheral areas.

Eastern Zhou PeriodEastern Zhou Period Decline in strength of the central Decline in strength of the central

governmentgovernment Regional elites ruled territories as Regional elites ruled territories as

independent states, often fighting with independent states, often fighting with each other.each other.

Eastern Zhou period divided furtherEastern Zhou period divided further Spring and Autumn Period (771-481 Spring and Autumn Period (771-481

B.C.E.)B.C.E.) Warring States Period (480-221 B.C.E.)Warring States Period (480-221 B.C.E.)

Eastern Zhou TechnologyEastern Zhou Technology Constructed long walls for defenseConstructed long walls for defense Iron and steel metallurgyIron and steel metallurgy Horse ridingHorse riding

Development of influential political Development of influential political philosophiesphilosophies LegalismLegalism ConfucianismConfucianism DaoismDaoism

LegalismLegalism Assumes that human nature is Assumes that human nature is

essentially wicked and selfish.essentially wicked and selfish. People will only behave if they are People will only behave if they are

ruled by strict laws and harsh ruled by strict laws and harsh punishments.punishments.

Functioned as the ideological basis of Functioned as the ideological basis of various independent states as they various independent states as they expanded.expanded.

ConfucianismConfucianism Founded by ConfuciusFounded by Confucius Assumes that human Assumes that human

nature is essentially nature is essentially goodgood

Hierarchical view of Hierarchical view of universe, society, and universe, society, and familyfamily

Concerned with Concerned with establishing moral establishing moral foundations of foundations of governmentgovernment

Confucius was not Confucius was not influential in his time, influential in his time, but later became but later became dominant political dominant political philosophy of imperial philosophy of imperial China.China.

DaoismDaoism Founded by Laozi.Founded by Laozi. Assumes that universe is in constant fluxAssumes that universe is in constant flux There are no absolute moral standardsThere are no absolute moral standards People should take the world as they find itPeople should take the world as they find it Developed into a complex system of popular Developed into a complex system of popular

and magical beliefsand magical beliefs Offered the Chinese alternative between Offered the Chinese alternative between

Legalism and Confucianism.Legalism and Confucianism.

Eastern Zhou SocietyEastern Zhou Society Developed three-generation familyDeveloped three-generation family Developed concept of private property, Developed concept of private property,

including privately owned landincluding privately owned land Women were more firmly subordinated to Women were more firmly subordinated to

the patriarchal hierarchythe patriarchal hierarchy Position justified by concepts of yin and yang.Position justified by concepts of yin and yang.

New CivilizationsNew Civilizations

NubiaNubia3100 B.C.E. – 350 C.E.3100 B.C.E. – 350 C.E.

NubiaNubia Located in Nile valley from Aswan Located in Nile valley from Aswan

south to Khartoumsouth to Khartoum Forms a link between tropical Africa Forms a link between tropical Africa

and the Mediterranean world.and the Mediterranean world. Natural resources included:Natural resources included:

Gold, semi-precious stones, copper.Gold, semi-precious stones, copper.

Development of CivilizationDevelopment of Civilization Spurred by need for:Spurred by need for:

Irrigated AgricultureIrrigated Agriculture Trade with EgyptTrade with Egypt

Nubian and Egyptian culture Nubian and Egyptian culture developed through mutual influence developed through mutual influence and borrowing.and borrowing.

Trade and OccupationTrade and Occupation Early Nubia carried out trade with Early Nubia carried out trade with

Old Kingdom EgyptOld Kingdom Egypt Northern part of Nubia was occupied Northern part of Nubia was occupied

by Egypt during Middle Kingdom by Egypt during Middle Kingdom periodperiod

Kingdom of KushKingdom of Kush Kingdom of Kush developed in Kingdom of Kush developed in

southern part of Nubia by 1750 B.C.E.southern part of Nubia by 1750 B.C.E. Kush noted from metalworking and Kush noted from metalworking and

constructionconstruction Egypt invaded Kush during New Egypt invaded Kush during New

Kingdom period.Kingdom period. Resulted in Egyptian occupation that Resulted in Egyptian occupation that

exploited Nubian laborersexploited Nubian laborers

Kushite PyramidsKushite Pyramids

Kingdom of MeroëKingdom of Meroë 800 B.C.E.-350 C.E.800 B.C.E.-350 C.E. This kingdom ruled Egypt as the 25This kingdom ruled Egypt as the 25thth

Dynasty.Dynasty. Nubian Kingdom had a capital at Napata.Nubian Kingdom had a capital at Napata. Napata period characterized by Egyptian Napata period characterized by Egyptian

cultural influence.cultural influence. In 4In 4thth century, moved capital to Meroë. century, moved capital to Meroë.

Better for agriculture and tradeBetter for agriculture and trade

MeroëMeroë Ruling dynasty of Meroë practiced a Ruling dynasty of Meroë practiced a

matrilineal family systemmatrilineal family system Queens were very influentialQueens were very influential Dominated trade routesDominated trade routes Used reservoirs to catch rainfallUsed reservoirs to catch rainfall Became important center for iron Became important center for iron

smeltingsmelting

Decline of MeroëDecline of Meroë Shift in trade routesShift in trade routes Rise of kingdom of AksumRise of kingdom of Aksum Depredations of camel-riding nomadsDepredations of camel-riding nomads

First Civilizations ofFirst Civilizations ofthe Americasthe Americas

The Olmec and ChavinThe Olmec and Chavin1200-250 B.C.E.1200-250 B.C.E.

Mesoamerican OlmecsMesoamerican Olmecs 1200-400 B.C.E.1200-400 B.C.E. Most important Mesoamerican Most important Mesoamerican

preclassic civilizationpreclassic civilization Major centers of civilization were Major centers of civilization were

located along the coast of Mexicolocated along the coast of Mexico Political structure built around kingshipPolitical structure built around kingship Power rested on control of Power rested on control of

commodities and religioncommodities and religion

Map of Olmec TerritoryMap of Olmec Territory

A Moving CapitalA Moving Capital Center of early civilization was San Center of early civilization was San

Lorenzo.Lorenzo. Surpassed by La Venta around 900 Surpassed by La Venta around 900

B.C.E.B.C.E. Gave way to Tres Zapotes around 600 Gave way to Tres Zapotes around 600

B.C.E.B.C.E. Large earthen mounds dominated Large earthen mounds dominated

urban centersurban centers

Olmec TechnologyOlmec Technology Used raised fields to create Used raised fields to create

agricultural surplusesagricultural surpluses Olmec architecture was very Olmec architecture was very

advanced with so little technologyadvanced with so little technology Simple machines onlySimple machines only

Olmec played a role in early Olmec played a role in early development of writing and astronomydevelopment of writing and astronomy

Olmec SculptureOlmec Sculpture

ChavínChavín First major urban civilization in South First major urban civilization in South

AmericaAmerica Politically and economically dominant Politically and economically dominant

between 900 and 250 B.C.E.between 900 and 250 B.C.E. Had military strength and religious Had military strength and religious

appealappeal Used clan-based system of laborUsed clan-based system of labor Warfare led to fall of Chavín around 200 Warfare led to fall of Chavín around 200

B.C.E.B.C.E.

Chavín ArtChavín Art