AP World HistorySeptember 30, 2015

Warm Up – September 30, 2015

Agenda

• Rise of Islam/First Empires

• Reminders: • Chapter 6 guided reading due Friday, October 2nd

• HW – Finish the PPT & Chapter 6 Guided Reading

The Ka’aba in Mecca

The Religion: the Koran (Qu’ran)

• The Koran (Qu’ran): contains much of Mohammed ‘s recounting of Allah’s teachings•Written down by his followers after his death• from notes and memories, on “stones and

parchments”• some “Old” and “New” Testament stories• Parables and fables• The Hadith is a separate text composed of Mohammed’s sayings

Five Pillars of Islam

• Faith: uniqueness of God• ‘There is no god, but Allah….’

• Prayer: five times a day facing Mecca• Fasting: observe the month of Ramadan• Alms-Giving: tithing for the poor• The Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca• If possible, once in your life

Changing Status of Women

• Qu’ran improves status of women• Outlawed female infanticide• Brides, not husbands, claim dowries• Men and women equal before Allah• Could own property

• Yet male dominance preserved• Patrilineal descent• Polygamy permitted, Polyandry forbidden• Veil and seclusion adopted later on from Middle

Eastern traditions

Islamic Law: The Sharia

• Codification of Islamic law• Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human activity• This is the basis for the idea of an “Islamic

republic”

Early Problems

• Succession ?• Mohammed had no surviving male children• Daughter: Fatima• Son-in-law: Ali, child of his uncle

• Generated a permanent split in the Islamic community• Sunnis: believed caliph (leader) should be someone who

is “rightly guided” or follows the example set by Mohammed

• Shi’as: Believed Caliph should be a descendant of Mohammed

Rahisdun Caliphate(Rightly Guided)

632-661CE

The Islamic Empire

• The Rashidun Caliphate or Rashidun Empire, was the first of the four Arab caliphates. • It was controlled by the first four successors of Muhammad, known as the "Rightly Guided" caliphs. • At its height, the power of the Rashidun Caliphs extended throughout North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Iranian highlands.

The Four Caliphs

• - 632–634 Abu Bakr• - 634–644 Umar• - 644–656 Uthman• - 656–661 Ali

Spread of Islam

Umayyad Caliphate661-750

Umayyads

• Ali assassinated in 661 A.D.• by the Kharijites

• beginning of the Umayyad Dynasty• Introduced Arabic as language of Gov’t• Sunni • Damascus became capital and then later Cordoba

Policy toward Conquered Peoples

• Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes discontent• Emphasized Arabic ethnicity over Islam adherence • Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims

Umayyad Empire Decline

• Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline in moral authority• Eventually displaced by the Abbasids an Arab family claiming decent from Mohammed

Dome of the Rock, Temple Mount Jerusalem

Abbasid Caliphate750 - 1258

Abbasid Dynasty

The Abbasid Dynasty

• Seizes control of Eastern Meditteranean, Persia and Mesopotamia• Baghdad becomes capital • Defeats Umayyad army in 750• Invited Umayyads to banquet, then

massacred them • One surviving Umayyad prince flees to Spain

and establishes caliphate there

Nature of the Abbasid Dynasty

• Grants equal status to Islamic converts• Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial

expansion• Golden Age of Islamic culture:• Astrolabe (navigation)• Calligraphy• House of Wisdom (library and research)• Math and science developments• Increased trade• Produced great Literature (Arabian Nights)

Abbasid Decline

• Empire size made it difficult to govern• Civil wars• Provincial governors and local leaders (sultans) assert regional independence• Dissenting sects• Ended in 13th century when Mongol invaders executed the caliph.

Islam spreads to India

•While conquerors brought Islam to the Indus River, Muslim merchants took their faith to coastal regions in both northern and southern India.• These long lasting business ties and the intermarriage of many Muslim men made the introduction of Islam more gradual.• Islam also spread to India with the migrations and invasions of Turkish-speaking peoples from Central Asia.

Islam spreads to India

• Lower caste Hindus found Islam appealing because of equality.• but many others didn’t like monotheism

concept. • The Mahmud Turks demolished Hindu and Buddhist sites and hastened the decline of Buddhism in India. They frequently built mosques on the sites of destroyed temples.• Islam continued to spread to SE Asia through trade.