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2010 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY2010 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

(C)(C)

Karen LancourKaren Lancour  Patty Pal!ettoPatty Pal!ettoNat!onal "!o #ule$Nat!onal "!o #ule$ Nat!onal %entNat!onal %ent

Co!ttee C'a!ranCo!ttee C'a!ran Suer!$or A & PSuer!$or A & P

*arenlancour+c'arter,net*arenlancour+c'arter,net  2-2-2010

 

mailto:karenlancour@charter.netmailto:karenlancour@charter.netmailto:karenlancour@charter.net

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ANATOMY &

PHYSIOLOGY  Event Content Event Content .. 20102010 "ASIC ANATOMY AN/ PHYSIOLOGY "ASIC ANATOMY AN/ PHYSIOLOGY  

S*eletal $y$teS*eletal $y$te Mu$cular $y$teMu$cular $y$te %nocr!ne $y$te%nocr!ne $y$te Maor !$orer$Maor !$orer$

Treatent an reent!on o !$orer$Treatent an reent!on o !$orer$ P#OC%SS SKILLS -P#OC%SS SKILLS - o3$erat!on$4o3$erat!on$4

!nerence$4 re!ct!on$4 calculat!on$4!nerence$4 re!ct!on$4 calculat!on$4

ata analy$!$4 an conclu$!on$,ata analy$!$4 an conclu$!on$,

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%ent #ule$ 2010 "% S5#% TO CH%CK TH%

2010 %6%NT #5L%S 7O#%6%NT PA#AM%T%#S AN/TOPICS 7O# %ACHCOMP%TITION L%6%L 

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T#AINING MAT%#IALS  Tra!n!n8 HanoutTra!n!n8 Hanout contentcontent

%ent Suer!$or Gu!e%ent Suer!$or Gu!e $ale$ale

$tat!on$4 roce$$ $*!ll$4 et'o$$tat!on$4 roce$$ $*!ll$4 et'o$ Internet #e$ourceInternet #e$ource l!n*$ to on-l!nel!n*$ to on-l!ne

cour$e$4 la3 anual$4 note$4 $!te$cour$e$4 la3 anual$4 note$4 $!te$

Sale TournaentSale Tournaent $ale$ale$tat!on$ 9!t' *ey$tat!on$ 9!t' *ey

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INT%#ACTION O7SK%L%TAL AN/ M5SC5LA#SYST%MS.

S*eletal an Mu$cular$y$te$ - 9or*$ to8et'er toallo9 oeent

L!8aent$ - attac' 3one to3one

Tenon$- attac' Mu$cle to3one !a

S*eletal u$cle$ - rouceoeent 3y 3en!n8 t'e$*eleton at oa3le o!nt$,Mu$cle$ 9or* !nanta8on!$t!c a!r$,

S*eleton - ro!e$$tructure o 3oy an

Mu$cle$ - allo9 $*eletono3!l!ty ull 3ycontract!on o u$cle,

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S*eletal Sy$te -

7unct!on$ Suort & $'ae to 3oySuort & $'ae to 3oy

Protect!on o !nternal or8an$Protect!on o !nternal or8an$

Moeent !n un!on 9!t'Moeent !n un!on 9!t'u$cle$u$cle$

Stora8e o !neral$ (calc!u4Stora8e o !neral$ (calc!u4'o$'oru$) & l!!$'o$'oru$) & l!!$

"loo cell rouct!on"loo cell rouct!on

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T'e S*eletal Sy$teKno9 t'e S*eletal AnatoyKno9 t'e S*eletal Anatoy

A:!al S*eletonA:!al S*eleton

Aen!cular S*eletonAen!cular S*eleton Surace Anatoy o t'e 3oneSurace Anatoy o t'e 3one

"y :-ray or !a8ra"y :-ray or !a8ra

Structure;unct!on o o!nt$4 u$cleStructure;unct!on o o!nt$4 u$clean l!8aent attac'ent$an l!8aent attac'ent$  Inclu!n8 ran8e o ot!onInclu!n8 ran8e o ot!on

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Huan

S*eleton  20< "one$20< "one$

A:!al $*eletonA:!al $*eleton. (=0. (=0

3one$) !n $*ull43one$) !n $*ull4

erte3rae4 r!3$4erte3rae4 r!3$4$ternu4 'yo! 3one$ternu4 'yo! 3one

Aen!cularAen!cular

S*eletonS*eleton. (12

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A:!alS*eleton

(=0) S*ullS*ull

O$$!cle$ o t'eO$$!cle$ o t'e

!le ear!le ear Hyo! 3oneHyo! 3one

T'ora: or c'e$tT'ora: or c'e$t

6erte3ral6erte3ralcoluncolun 

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Aen!cularS*eleton(12

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Tye$ o "one  Long bonesLong bones:: lon8er t'an t'ey are 9!e? $'at &lon8er t'an t'ey are 9!e? $'at &

2 en$ (e,8,. 3one$ o ar$ & le8$4e:cet 9r!$t42 en$ (e,8,. 3one$ o ar$ & le8$4e:cet 9r!$t4an*le & atella)an*le & atella)

Short bonesShort bones:: rou8'ly cu3e-$'ae (e,8,. an*le &rou8'ly cu3e-$'ae (e,8,. an*le &9r!$t 3one$)9r!$t 3one$)

Sesamoid bonesSesamoid bones:: $'ort 3one$ 9!t'!n tenon$$'ort 3one$ 9!t'!n tenon$(e,8,. atella)(e,8,. atella)

Flat bonesFlat bones:: t'!n4 @at & oten cure (e,8,4.t'!n4 @at & oten cure (e,8,4.$ternu4 $caulae4 r!3$ & o$t $*ull3one$)$ternu4 $caulae4 r!3$ & o$t $*ull3one$)

Irregular bonesIrregular bones:: o $'ae$? ont Bt !nto ot'ero $'ae$? ont Bt !nto ot'ercla$$e$ (e,8,. '! 3one$ & erte3rae)cla$$e$ (e,8,. '! 3one$ & erte3rae)

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Tye$ o 6erte3rae  Ce!cal ()Ce!cal ()

Atla$Atla$ A:!$A:!$

T'orac!c (12)T'orac!c (12)

Lu3ar (D)Lu3ar (D)

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•

 Atlas – 1st

; supports head• Axis – 2nd; dens pivots to turn head

Cer!cal 6erte3rae 

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• long

spinous

processes

• rib facets

T'orac!c 6erte3rae 

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• large bodies

• thick, short

  spinous

  processes

Lu3ar 6erte3rae 

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 Eo!nt$  "all & Soc*et"all & Soc*et

P!otP!ot

SaleSale H!n8eH!n8e

%l!$o!%l!$o!

(Conylo!)(Conylo!) Plane or Gl!!n8Plane or Gl!!n8

- erte3rae- erte3rae

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"one$ Cellular &P'y$!olo8y

Cro$$ $ect!on$tructure$

Cellularcoo$!t!on

"one arro9

Cart!la8e 7racture$

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"one Cell$ 

O$teo3la$t$O$teo3la$t$  3one or!n8 cell$ $ynt'e$!Fe an $ecrete 3one or!n8 cell$ $ynt'e$!Fe an $ecreteun!neral!Fe 8roun $u3$tance an are oun !n area$un!neral!Fe 8roun $u3$tance an are oun !n area$o '!8' eta3ol!$ 9!t'!n t'e 3oneo '!8' eta3ol!$ 9!t'!n t'e 3one

O$teocyte$O$teocyte$  ature 3one cell$ ae ro o$teo3la$t$ ature 3one cell$ ae ro o$teo3la$t$t'at 'ae ae 3one t!$$ue aroun t'e$ele$, T'eyt'at 'ae ae 3one t!$$ue aroun t'e$ele$, T'eya!nta!n 'ealt'y 3one t!$$ue 3y $ecret!n8 enFye$ ana!nta!n 'ealt'y 3one t!$$ue 3y $ecret!n8 enFye$ ancontroll!n8 t'e 3one !neral content? t'ey al$o controlcontroll!n8 t'e 3one !neral content? t'ey al$o controlt'e calc!u relea$e ro t'e 3one t!$$ue to t'e 3loo,t'e calc!u relea$e ro t'e 3one t!$$ue to t'e 3loo,

O$teo8en!c cell$O$teo8en!c cell$ re$on to traua$4 $uc' a$ racture$4re$on to traua$4 $uc' a$ racture$43y 8!!n8 r!$e to 3one-or!n8 cell$ an 3one-e$troy!n83y 8!!n8 r!$e to 3one-or!n8 cell$ an 3one-e$troy!n8cell$cell$

O$teocla$t$O$teocla$t$  3one a3$or3!n8 cell lar8e cell$ t'at 3rea* 3one a3$or3!n8 cell lar8e cell$ t'at 3rea*o9n 3one t!$$ue !ortant to 8ro9t'4 'eal!n84o9n 3one t!$$ue !ortant to 8ro9t'4 'eal!n84reoel!n8reoel!n8

"one l!n!n8 cell$"one l!n!n8 cell$ - ae ro o$teo3la$t$ alon8 t'e- ae ro o$teo3la$t$ alon8 t'e$urace o o$t 3one$ !n an ault, "one-l!n!n8 cell$ are$urace o o$t 3one$ !n an ault, "one-l!n!n8 cell$ aret'ou8't to re8ulate t'e oeent o calc!u ant'ou8't to re8ulate t'e oeent o calc!u an

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Lon8"oneStructure 

Coact "oneCoact "one Outer LayerOuter Layer

Haer$!anHaer$!anSy$teSy$te

Son8y "oneSon8y "one

%n$ o lon8%n$ o lon83one$3one$

Cart!la8eCart!la8e

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#e an Yello9"one Marro9

T'e orat!on o 3loo cell$4T'e orat!on o 3loo cell$4(('eatoo!e$!$'eatoo!e$!$)4 ta*e$ lace a!nly !n t'e)4 ta*e$ lace a!nly !n t'ere arro9 o t'e 3one$,re arro9 o t'e 3one$,

In !nant$In !nant$44 re arro9re arro9 !$ oun !n t'e 3one!$ oun !n t'e 3oneca!t!e$, !t' a8e4 !t !$ lar8ely relace 3yca!t!e$, !t' a8e4 !t !$ lar8ely relace 3yyello9 arro9yello9 arro9 or at $tora8e,or at $tora8e,

In ault$In ault$

44

re arro9re arro9

 !$ l!!te to t'e!$ l!!te to t'e

$on8y 3one !n t'e $*ull4 r!3$4 $ternu4$on8y 3one !n t'e $*ull4 r!3$4 $ternu4cla!cle$4 erte3rae an el!$, #e arro9cla!cle$4 erte3rae an el!$, #e arro9unct!on$ !n t'e orat!on o re 3loounct!on$ !n t'e orat!on o re 3loocell$4 9'!te 3loo cell$ an 3loo latelet$,cell$4 9'!te 3loo cell$ an 3loo latelet$,

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Cart!la8e –C'aracter!$t!c$ 

Mo$tly 9ater? no 3looMo$tly 9ater? no 3loo

e$$el$ or nere$e$$el$ or nere$ Tou8'4 re$!l!entTou8'4 re$!l!ent

Ne9 cart!la8e or$ roNe9 cart!la8e or$ roc'onro3la$t$c'onro3la$t$

Heal oorlyHeal oorly

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Tye$ o S*eletalCart!la8e 

Hyal!ne Cart!la8e$. fne collagen fber matrix-most abundant type- ound in articular

(movable joint) cartilages, costal cartilages 

(connect ribs tosternum), respiratory cartilages 

(in larynx & upper respiratory passageways) &nasal cartilages

%la$t!c Cart!la8e$. similar to hyaline cartilage,

more elastic fbers (very exible) – ound inexternal ear & epiglottis (larynx covering) 7!3rocart!la8e. rows o chondrocytes with

thic! collagen fbers" highly compressible withgreat tensile strength- ound in menisci o !nee,intervertebral discs & pubic symphysis

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7racture$ o t'e "one

Kno9 racture$ 3a$e on !a8ra$ or 3y :-ray reco8n!t!onKno9 racture$ 3a$e on !a8ra$ or 3y :-ray reco8n!t!on

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"one #ea!r Seuence 

Inury 3ro*en 3loo e$$el$4Inury 3ro*en 3loo e$$el$4

'eatoa'eatoa

Ina$!on o 3loo e$$el$ & 8eneral!FeIna$!on o 3loo e$$el$ & 8eneral!Fecell$ (2- ay$)cell$ (2- ay$)

7!3ro3la$t$ eelo (1 9ee*)7!3ro3la$t$ eelo (1 9ee*)

C'onro3la$t$ eeloC'onro3la$t$ eelo Callu$ or$ (> 9ee*$)Callu$ or$ (> 9ee*$)

#eoel!n8 9!t' o$teocla$t$ (= 9ee*$)#eoel!n8 9!t' o$teocla$t$ (= 9ee*$)

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/!$ea$e;Inury Leel$

O$teoart'r!t!$O$teoart'r!t!$

O$teooro$!$O$teooro$!$

7racture$ (!a !cture$ an :-ray$)7racture$ (!a !cture$ an :-ray$) /!$c 'ern!at!on/!$c 'ern!at!on

Scol!o$!$Scol!o$!$

ACL an MCL !nur!e$ACL an MCL !nur!e$

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M5SC5LA# SYST%M 

Mu$cle 7unct!on.

Sta3!l!F!n8 o!nt$

Ma!nta!n!n8 o$ture Prouc!n8 oeent

Mo!n8 $u3$tance$ 9!t'!n t'e 3oy

Sta3!l!F!n8 3oy o$!t!on an re8ulat!n8or8an olue

Prouc!n8 'eat u$cle contract!on8enerate$ =DJ o t'e 3oy$ 'eat

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C'aracter!$t!c$ oMu$cle T!$$ue 

 %:c!ta3!l!ty- rece!e an re$onto $t!ul!

 Contract!l!ty- a3!l!ty to $'ortenan t'!c*en

 %:ten$!3!l!ty- a3!l!ty to $tretc'

 %la$t!c!ty- a3!l!ty to return to !t$or!8!nal $'ae ater contract!on ore:ten$!on 

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Tye$ o Mu$cle Skeletal

MuscleSmooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle

LocationAttached to

 bone

On hollow organs,

glands and blood

vessels

Heart

FunctionMove the

whole body

Comression o! tubes

" ducts

Heart

contraction to

 roel blood

 #ucleusMultile,

 eriheralSingle, central Central " single

Control voluntary involuntary involuntary

Striations yes no yes

Cell Shae Cylindrical Sindle$shaed %ranched

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Tye$ o Mu$cle

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#!eletal $uscles Nearly

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#!eletal $uscles

or!8!n - Attac'ent to t'e ore $tat!onary 3one3y tenon clo$e$t to t'e 3oy or u$cle 'eaor ro:!al

!n$ert!on - attac'ent to t'e ore oea3le3one 3y tenon at t'e !$tal en

/ur!n8 oeent4 t'e or!8!n rea!n$ $tat!onaryan t'e !n$ert!on oe$,

T'e orce rouc!n8 t'e 3en!n8 !$ al9ay$ a ullo contract!on, #eer$!n8 t'e !rect!on !$rouce 3y t'e contract!on o a !erent $et ou$cle$,

A$ one 8rou o u$cle$ contract$4 t'e ot'er

8rou $tretc'e$ an t'en t'ey reer$e act!on$, 

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%ront

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ac!

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#!eletal$uscle

'natomy 

%ac' u$cle- 'a$ t'ou$an$ o u$cle B3er$ !na 3unle runn!n8 ro or!8!n to !n$ert!on 3oun

to8et'er 3y connect!e t!$$ue t'rou8' 9'!c'run 3loo e$$el$ an nere$, %ac' u$cle B3er - conta!n$ any nucle!4 an

e:ten$!e enola$!c ret!culu or$arcola$!c ret!culu4 any t'!c* an t'!nyoB3r!l$ runn!n8 len8t'9!$e t'e ent!re len8t'

o t'e B3er4 an any !toc'onr!a or ener8y 

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#acromere

$acroere -T'e 3a$!c unct!onalun!t o t'e u$cle B3er con$!$t$ ot'e array o t'!c* an t'!nBlaent$ 3et9een t9o !$*$

t'!c* Blaent$ - 9!t' yo$!n (rote!n) olecule$t'!n Blaent$ - 9!t' act!n (rote!n)olecule$ lu$ $aller aount$ otroon!n an trooy$!n,$tr!at!on$ -o ar* A 3an$ and

l!8't I 3an$, A 3an$- are 3!$ecte 3y t'e HFone 9!t' t'e M l!ne or 3anrunn!n8 t'rou8' t'e center o t'!$H Fone,I 3an$- are 3!$ecte 3y t'e !$*

or l!ne, 

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Sl!!n8-7!laent Moel

T'!c* Blaent$4 - yo$!n olecule$ conta!na 8lo3ular $u3un!t4 t'e yo$!n 'ea4 9'!c''a$ 3!n!n8 $!te$ or t'e act!n olecule$ ot'e t'!n Blaent$ an ATP,

Act!at!n8 t'e u$cle B3er cau$e$ t'eyo$!n 'ea$ to 3!n to act!n olecule$ull!n8 t'e $'ort Blaent a $'ort !$tancea$t t'e t'!c* Blaent$, 

L!n*a8e$ 3rea*  an reor (u$!n8 ATPener8y) urt'er alon8 t'e t'!c* Blaent$,

#atc'et-l!*e act!on ull$ t'e t'!n Blaent$a$t t'e t'!c* Blaent$ !n a,

In!!ual Blaent$ - No $'orten!n84t'!c*en!n8 or ol!n8 occur$, 

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$uscle ontraction

's the u$cle contract$ -t'e 9!t' o t'e I 3an$an H Fone$ ecrea$ecau$!n8 t'e !$*$ to coeclo$er to8et'er4 3ut t'ere!$ no c'an8e !n t'e 9!t' ot'e A 3an 3ecau$e t'et'!c* Blaent$ o notoe, 

 's the u$cle rela:e$ or$tretc'e$ - t'e 9!t' o t'eI 3an$ $earate a$ t'et'!n Blaent$ oe aart3ut t'e t'!c* Blaent$ $t!llo not oe 

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Mu$cle an TenonInur!e$

Stra!n$  injuries rom overexertion or traumawhich involve stretching or tearing o musclefbers *hey oten are accompanied by painand inammation o the muscle and tendon

Sra!n - the injury near a joint and involves aligament

Cra$ – painul muscle spasms orinvoluntary twitches Stre$$-!nuce u$cle ten$!on – may

cause bac! pain and headaches

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Mu$cular /!$orer$ 

Pol!oyel!t!$  !ral !nect!on o t'e nere$ t'atcontrol $*eletal u$cle oeent,

Mu$cular /y$tro'!e$  o$t coon cau$e 3yutat!on o 8ene or t'e rote!n y$tro'!n 9'!c''el$ !n attac'!n8 an or8an!F!n8 t'e Blaent$ !n t'e$acroere, /uc'enne Mu$cular /y$tro'y an "ec*eru$cular y$tro'y are t'e t9o o$t coon tye$,T'e 8ene or y$tro'!n !$ on t'e c'roo$oe $ot'e !$orer !$ $e:-l!n*e,

Mya$t'en!a 8ra!$  auto!une !$ea$e aect!n8 t'eneurou$cular unct!on, aect!n8 t'e a3!l!ty o t'e!ul$e to cau$e t'e u$cle contract!on,A!n!$ter!n8 an !n'!3!tor o acetylc'ol!ne$tera$e canteorar!ly re$tore contract!3!l!ty,

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+xercise on #!eletal and$uscular #ystem

S*eletal Sy$te %:erc!$e $lo9$ ecl!ne !n !neral$ an a!nta!n$ o!nt o3!l!ty Stre$$ o e:erc!$e 'el$ t'e 3one t!$$ue$ to 3ecoe $tron8er Hyal!ne cart!la8e at t'e en$ o t'e 3one$ 3ecoe$ t'!c*er an

can a3$or3 $'oc* 3etter L!8aent$ 9!ll $tretc' $l!8'tly to ena3le 8reater o!nt @e:!3!l!tyMu$cular Sy$te %:erc!$e 'el$ u$cle$ 3ecoe ore eect!e an ec!ent, Tenon$ 9!ll 3ecoe t'!c*er an $tron8er H!8' !nten$!ty e:erc!$e or $'ort urat!on rouce$ $tren8t'4

$!Fe an o9er 8a!n$ !n u$cle$ Lo9 !nten$!ty e:erc!$e or lon8 urat!on$ 9!ll 8!e enurance

3eneBt$ Tra!ne u$cle$ 'ae 3etter tone or $tate o rea!ne$$ to

re$on %:erc!$e roote$ 8oo o$ture ena3l!n8 u$cle$ to 9or*

eect!ely an 'el$ reent !nury

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+ndocrine #ystem

Maor %nocr!neOr8an$ Hyot'alau$

P!tu!tary 8lan P!neal 8lan T'yro! 8lan Parat'yro! 8lan

T'yu$ Arenal 8lan Pancrea$ Oar!e$

Te$te$

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Horone$Horone$

$ec!Bc c'e!cal cooun

rouce 3y a $ec!Bc t!$$ue o

t'e 3oy relea$e !n t'e 3oy @u!$

carr!e to a !$tant tar8et t!$$ue

aect$ a re-e:!$t!n8 ec'an!$

eect!e !$ $all aount$,

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Cla$$e$ o Horone$.

et!e$  $'ort c'a!n$ o a!no ac!$(o$t 'orone$) !tu!tary4 arat'yro!4

'eart4 $toac'4 l!er & *!ney$

a!ne$ - er!e ro tyro$!ne an$ecrete 3y t'yro! an arenal corte:

  $tero!$ - l!!$ er!e ro c'ole$terol$ecrete 3y t'e 8ona$4 arenalcorte:4 an lacenta 

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peptideandamines

Prote!n 'orone$ (1$t

 e$$en8er$) - 3!n to recetoron tar8et cell tr!88er!n8 2n e$$en8er to aect cell$act!!ty

'orone (1$t e$$en8er) oe$ not enter t'e cell 3ut  3!n$ to recetor on t'e la$a e3rane recetor$ 'orone-recetor cole: act!ate$ G rote!n  8enerate$ c'e!cal $!8nal (2n e$$en8er) o$t

coon !$ cAMP an IP 2n e$$en8er c'e!cal $!8nal act!ate$ ot'er

!ntracellular c'e!cal$ to rouce re$on$e !n tar8etcell

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#teroidormones

Stero! 'orone$ - 3!n to recetor$ 9!t'!n tar8et cell an!n@uence cell act!!ty 3y act!n8 on $ec!Bc 8ene$

'orone !u$e$ reely !nto cell 9'ere cytola$!c an; ornuclear rote!n$ $ere a$ recetor$

'orone 3!n$ to recetor ('orone-recetor cole:) cole: 3on$ to $tero! re$on$e eleent ($ect!on$ o

/NA recet!e to t'e 'orone-recetor cole:

'orone-recetor cole: act$ a$ tran$cr!t!on actor toturn tar8et 8ene$ onQ or oQ

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iseases o the +ndocrine#ystem

/!a3ete$/!a3ete$  !ncrea$e leel$ o !ncrea$e leel$ o

8luco$e !n 3loo8luco$e !n 3loo

Hyo8lyce!aHyo8lyce!a  - lo9 3loo- lo9 3loo

$u8ar$u8ar

Grae$ /!$ea$eGrae$ /!$ea$e  oeract!e oeract!et'yro!t'yro!

Go!terGo!ter  enlar8e t'yro! enlar8e t'yro!