apa style for goa college of architecture - by rohit nadkarni

8/12/2019 APA Style for Goa College of Architecture - by Rohit Nadkarni

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Goa College of Architecture

APA (American Psychological Association) Style Citations Guide

This document provides guidelines for citing sources according to the Publication Manual of theAmerican Psychological Association (6th edition), often referred to as "APA style". This guide is anabbreviation of APA guidelines and is based on the document developed by University of CaliforniaBerkeley Library (2009). If the kind of work you wish to cite is not represented, or specifics about theresource you need to cite are not addressed, see the American Psychological Association (6th

edition).

About APAFrom its inception as a brief journal article in 1929, the Publication Manual of the AmericanPsychological Association has been designed to advance scholarship by setting sound and rigorousstandards for scientific communication. The creators of the 1929 manuscript included psychologists,anthropologists, and business managers who convened under the sponsorship of the NationalResearch Council. They sought to establish a simple set of procedures, or style rules, which wouldcodify the many components of scientific writing to increase the ease of reading comprehension. Thisgoal was subsequently embraced not only by psychologists but also by scholars in other social andbehavioral sciences who wished to enhance the dissemination of knowledge in their respective fields.

How Do I Cite? When you quote, refer to, or base your ideas on another person's work, you need tocite it. APA style requires you place brief reference citations in your text, and then complete citationsfor the works referenced at the end of your paper in an alphabetized reference list.

1) In-Text Reference Citations.At the point of reference, provide your reader with a briefreference citation. When quoting, or referringto a specific part of a work, include information on thespecific page(s) or part of the work.

Direct Quotation of SourcesReproduce word for word material directly quoted from another author's work or from your ownpreviously published work, material replicated from a test item, and verbatim instructions toparticipants. When quoting, always provide the author and year (specific page citation or paragraphnumber for non paginated material, if available) and include a complete reference in the reference list.

For short quotations (less than 40 words)

A quotation of less than 40 words should be enclosed in double quotation marks like thisand shouldbe incorporated into the sentence.

For long quotations (more than 40 words)

Longer quotations should be set apart from the surrounding text, without quotation marks, in blockformat, indented five spaces from the left margin, and double spaced.

If the quotation is more than one paragraph, indent the first line of the secondparagraph about 1/2 inch (5 spaces, as illustrated in this para).

Quotations within a quotation:In block quotations, use double quotation marks to indicate that a phrase is a direct quote. For shorterquotations, use single quotation marks.

Material removed from a quotation:

Sometimes it is necessary, for brevity, to remove a portion of a paragraph.Use an ellipsis to indicate that a portion of the quotation has been omitted: three periods with spacesbefore and after ( ... ) when the words have been omitted in the middle of a sentence, four periods(with spaces before and after) when the end of a sentence has been left out .

Material inserted into the quotation:

Sometimes it is necessary, for clarity, to insert a word into a direct quotation. Use square brackets[like this] to highlight words that have been added to the quotation by someone other than the original

author. Remember that all quotations, as well as paraphrased text from your research materials, mustbe properly cited.


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Citing a WorkCiting a work, one author:As Rapoport (1969) stated, your text continues.

ORYour text or quotation here (Rapoport, 1969).

Citing a work, two to five authors (or editors as authors)Citing a work, two authors:

According to Chawla and Sondhi (2011), your text continues.

ORYour text or quotation here (Chawla & Sondhi, 2011).Citing a specific part of a workCiting a work, two to five authors:

When a work has two authors, cite both names every time the reference occurs in text. When a workhas three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequentcitations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al.(not Italicized and with a periodafter all and the year if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraph.Example: Kisangau, Lyaruu, Hosea, and Joseph (2007) found [Use as first citation in text.]

Kisangau et al. (2007) found [Use as subsequent first citation per paragraphthereafter.]Kisangau et al. found [Omit year from subsequent citations after first nonparentheticalcitation within a paragraph. Include the year in subsequent citations if first citationwithin a paragraph is parenthetical.]

Note: When a work has six or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author followed by etal.(not Italicized and with a period after al) and the year for the first and subsequent citations. Citing a specific part of a work:

According to Chawla and Sondhi (2011, p. 45), your text continues.

ORYour text or quotation here (Chawla & Sondhi, 1999, p. 45).

Citing a specific part of an electronic source that does not have page numbersCiting a specific part of an electronic work that does not have page numbers

As Frampton (2002, Conclusion section, para. 3) concluded, your text continues.

ORYour text or quotation here (Frampton, 2002, Conclusion section, para. 3).

General Rules for an In-Text Reference CitationElements

- Note the last name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication.Include these elements within the text's narrative or in accompanying parentheses; include inparentheses any element that does not already appear in the narrative.

- Separate elements in parentheses by a comma.- Do not include suffixes such as Jr.- Cite only the year; do not include months or days.- Subsequent citations to the same work, within the same paragraph, do not require you re-cite

the year.

Citing a specific part of a work

- Always provide page numbers when quoting.- Follow the year of publication with a comma and identify the page(s), chapter, table, etc.- Use abbreviations p. and chap. for page or chapter.- For electronic sources without page numbers, if the source referenced provides paragraph

numbers, use them (precede with symbol para. ). If it does not, but has section headings, citethe relevant heading for the section, followed by a comma and the number of the paragraph inthat section.

Citations within Quotations- Do not omit citations embedded within the original material you are quoting. The works cited

need not be included in the list of references (unless you happen to cite them as primarysources elsewhere in your paper).

Works by more than one author- For a work by two authors, provide the last names of both each time the cited work is

referenced.


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- For a work by three to five authors, provide the last names of all authors the first time thework is cited; in any subsequent references cite the last name of the first author followed by etal.

- For a work by more than five authors, provide the last name of the first author followed by etal.

- Include the year of publication in the first citation and omit year from subsequent citationsafter first nonparenthetical citation within a paragraph. Include the year in subsequentcitations if first citation within a paragraph is parenthetical.

- When citing within parentheses, join multiple authors with &.- When citing within the text's narrative, join authors with the conjunction and.

Author is a group, no author, and anonymous author- Group author. For a work authored by a group, spell out the group name. When it is long,

and has a readily understandable abbreviation, it may be abbreviated in subsequentreferences.

Initial citation of group author Subsequent citation(s)(The National Organization for Women [NOW], 1999) (NOW, 1999)

- No author provided. For a work with no author, instead cite the first few words of the work's

entry as given in the "reference list" (see order of entries in the section of this guidedescribing the reference list).

o Usually it will be the title. If it is a title of an article or book chapter, put it in "quotes". Ifit is a title of a book, periodical, or report, italicize it.

No author listedAs was noted ("The Disability Gulag," 2003) at the time, your text continues.Note: Capitalization of title words differs from their treatment in the reference list

- Anonymous work. For a work designated as anonymous, cite the author as Anonymous.

Undated work

- For undated works, note n.d.

Undated workAs Winton (n.d.) stated, your text continues.

OR

Your text or quotation here (Winton, n.d.).

2) Reference List. The reference list provides the full citations for the works you cite. Below areexamples and the general guidelines to follow when citing.

BOOKS / BROCHURES

General format: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year).Title of book. Location: Publisher.

Examples:1. Book with single author

LaRue, F. (1992). My fabulous life: Parisian flings and other things. Paris: LaPlume.

2. Book with two authorsDactyl, T.A., & Saurus, B.T. (1994).The jurys still out on Jurassic Park. Raptor, PA: Altamira Press.

3. Book with three to five authorsEvans, P., Jones, M., West, H., Cooper, B., & Williams, M. (2002).The astronomical timetable.New York:Preston Press.

4. Book with more than six authors

Mercer, E., White, J. R., Brent, C., Moore, M., Zygler, J. E., et al. (2003). My fabulous life: Parisian flings and

other things. Paris: LaPlume.

5. Edited book

Anklet, T. M. (Ed.).(1976). Big bruisers. Montreal: Strange Brew Press.
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6. Edited book, two editors

Gilbert, H. S., & Hart, L. N. (Eds.). (2000). Racism and mapmaking: Never a straight line? . New York:

Preston Press.

7. Book, third edition, Jr. in name

Massey, W. R., & Jameson, W. M., Jr. (2001).Organizational behavior and the new internet logic(3rd ed.).

New York: McGraw-Hill.

8. Book, group author (government agency) as publisher

Aguidar Bureau of Statistics. (2001). Rural and urban birthrate statistics(No.53.9877). Iswari, Asina-Waall

Province: Author.

9. Book, no author or editor (place the title in the place of the author / editor)Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary.(10th ed.). (1998). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

10. Book, revised edition

Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta-analytic procedures for social research(Rev. ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

11. Several volumes in a multivolume edited work, publication over period of more than 1 year

Anderson, J. B. (Ed.). (1989-1999).A history of mythology and culture(Vols. 1-10). New York: Preston

Press.

12. Encyclopedia or dictionary

Sanborn, W. B. (Ed.). (2001). Dictionary of tribal mythologies(4th ed., Vols.1-14). New York: Preston Press.

13. English translation of a book

Freud, S. (1914). The psychopathology of everyday life.(A. A. Brill, Trans.). London: T. Fisher Unwin.

(Original work published 1901).

14. Brochure, corporate author

Winslow-Ames Consulting Group. (2003). Caring for the elderly: An intensive workshop(3rd ed.) [Brochure].

New York: Author.

15. Article or chapter in an edited book, two editors

Gardener, E. D. (1988). Heretics. In S. Nevins & L. Bointer (Eds.), 16th Century England(pp. 327-384).

London: Methaneon.

16. Chapter in a volume in a series

Aarnsworth, E. (2002). Magnesotic irregularities in rock formations. In A. Beales & P. M. Jessing (Eds.),

Handbook of Geology. Vol. 4: Southwestern US (5th ed.,pp. 97-121). New York: Preston

17. Entry in an encyclopedia

Marchant, E. (2003). Gypsy oak. In The new encyclopedia Britannica(Vol. 42, pp. 304-305). Chicago:

Encyclopedia Britannica.

18. Report available from the government Printing Office (GPO), government institute as author

National Institute of Mental Health. (1999). Psychodiagnosis: A bibliography (DHHS Publication No. 12-

9022). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

19. Report from a university

Griggs, J. R., & Williams, H. M. (2001).Prevalence of land entitlement certificate forgeries(Tech. Rep. No.

17). Niederlanden, Eastern Isaawi: University of Guernsey, Crime Research Centre.

BOOK REVIEWGeneral format: Author, A. A. (Year / Year, Month day).Title of book review [Review of the book Titleof Magazine]. Title of Magazine, volume if any, page-number/s.
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Examples

1. Review of a book

Landower, A. (2002). Reading the ropes of the new reality [Review of the book Under glass ties: The new

media fantasy of realism]. Contemporary Culture, 42,533-567.

2. Review of a film or motion picture

Reiner, E. J. (2001, May 20). Breaking away: A tradition of rebellion [Review of the motion picture Bernice's

sandals] (dir. Anthony Peters). New Media,p. 45.

THESIS AND DISSERTATIONSGeneral format: Author, A. A. (Year).Title of thedissertation. Unpublished doctoral / mastersdissertation / thesis, College, Name of the University.

Examples

1. Unpublished doctoral dissertation

Roberts, M. B. (2001). Land use and the law. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois.

2. Unpublished master's thesis

Sanchez, E. (2001). Druidic dreams: Paluo's letters from the isle of Skye . Unpublished master's thesis,

University of Agal.

3. Unpublished bachelorsthesisMurphy, G. J. (2000). Multiwavelength analyses of classical carbon-oxygen novae. Unpublished bachelorsdissertation, Arizona State University.

JOURNALS/ PERIODICALS / MAGAZINESGeneral format: Author, A. A. (2004, Month day).Title of article. Title of Magazine, volume if any,

page-number/s.

Examples

1. Journal article, one author, journal paginated consecutively throughout the volumeWolf, E. (1990). Distinguished lecture: Facing power.American Anthropologist, 92,586-596.

2. Journal article, two authors

Heilbrun, C., & Resnik, J. (1990). Convergences: Law, literature, and feminism. Yale Law Journal, 99,1913-

1950.

3. Journal article, more than five authors

Mercer, E., Faria, R., White, J. R., Brent, C., Moore, M., Zygler, J. E., et al. (2003). The myth of depression.

Health Culture, 9,221-229.

4. Magazine article

Miller, J. H. (2001, April). The next interpretation of nothing. Cultural Trends,8+.

5. Newsletter article

Broca, J. R. (2001, Fall). Artistic training as therapy.Art and Psychology Bulletin,21,83-87.

6. Newsletter article, no authorUnderstanding the new regulations.(2002, May). Scioto Valley Newsletter, 9,3-4.

7. Daily newspaper article, no author

New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15).

The Washington Post, p. A12.

8. Daily newspaper article, discontinuous pages

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1,

A4.
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9. Monthly newspaper article, letter to the editor

Mays, E. S. (2001, 11 June). The business of business [Letter to the editor].Wall Street Journal, p. 3.

10. Monograph with issue number and serial (or whole) number

Wisener, A., & Jameson, M. L. (2002).Parental understanding of pretense. Monographs of the Society for

Research in Parenting, 78(3, Serial No. 422).

11. Periodical published annually

Swidler, A., & Arditi, J. (1994).The new sociology of knowledge.Annual Review of Sociology, 20,305-329.

12. English translation of a journal article, journal paginated by issue

Von der Luhe, I. (1982). I without guarantees: Ingeborg Bachmann's Frankfurt lectures on Poetics (M. T.

Kraus, Trans.). New German Critique, 8(27), 31-56

ONLINE SOURCESGeneral format: Author, A. A. (Year / Year, Month day).Title of article. Title of Magazine, volume ifany, page-number/s. Retrieved Month day, Year, from http://www.xyz.com/eee.html

Examples1. Government report available on govt. agency website

U.S. National Park Service. (2002). Decorating the White House: Tips from Dolly Madison and other firstladies. Retrieved March 22, 2008, fromhttp://www.nps.gov/tips.html

2. Stand-alone document, no author identified, no dateTechNo's adolescent quotient questionnaire. (n.d.). Retrieved August 5, 2002, fromhttp://www.asnu.edu/

TechNo/AQQ.htm.

3. Report from a university, available on private organization web siteUniversity of Manne, Center for Medical Education. (2001, December). Patients as effective educators in

chronic conditions. Retrieved Aug. 2, 2002, from the Milbrook Memorial Fund Web site:http://www.mmf.org/

reports/patients.html/.

4. US government report available on government agency web site, no publication date indicatedUnited States Sentencing Commission.(n.d.).Federal sentencing statistics by state. Retrieved Aug 2, 2002,

fromhttp://www.ussc.gov/JUDPACK/JP2000.htm.

5. Paper presented at a symposium, abstract retrieved from university web siteDietrich, E. (2002, January 16). The left hand meets the right brain. Paper presented at the 2002 Symposium

on Neurocentric Art. Abstract retrieved May 3, 2003, from http://www.nacouncil.org/ 2002Symposium/

dietrich.htm.

6. Electronic copy of a journal article, three to five authors, retrieved from databaseJameson, M. M., Wilson, A. E., & Myers, B. R. (2003). Managing managers in the changing workplace.

Journal of Management and Culture, 43, 423-450. Retrieved April 15, 2003, from ala JOURNALS database.

7. Daily newspaper article, electronic version available by searchNottingham, B. (2003, March 3). Toying with industrial restraints. New Amsterdam Beacon..Retrieved April 4,

2003, from http://www.nabeacon.com.

MULTIMEDIAGeneral format: Last Name, A. A. (Producer) & Last Name, A. A. (Director). (Year). Title of Movie[Motion picture]. Place of production: Production name.

Examples

1. Motion pictureFudd, E. (Producer) & Leghorn, F. (Director). (2006). Nothing to crow about: Chicken exploitation in America[Motion Picture]. Albuquerque, NM: Looney Productions.
http://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s082newspaperletter1.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s082newspaperletter1.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s082newspaperletter1.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s075jourmonographserial.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s075jourmonographserial.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s075jourmonographserial.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s049yearbook.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s049yearbook.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s049yearbook.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s050translator.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s050translator.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s050translator.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s050translator.htmhttp://www.nps.gov/tips.htmlhttp://www.nps.gov/tips.htmlhttp://www.nps.gov/tips.htmlhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s103webpagestandalone2.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s103webpagestandalone2.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s103webpagestandalone2.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s103webpagestandalone2.htmhttp://www.asnu.edu/%20TechNohttp://www.asnu.edu/%20TechNohttp://www.asnu.edu/%20TechNohttp://www.asnu.edu/%20TechNohttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s103webreport.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s103webreport.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s103webreport.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s103webreport.htmhttp://www.mmf.org/http://www.mmf.org/http://www.mmf.org/http://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s103govwebreport.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s103govwebreport.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s103govwebreport.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s103govwebreport.htmhttp://www.ussc.gov/JUDPACK/JP2000.htmhttp://www.ussc.gov/JUDPACK/JP2000.htmhttp://www.ussc.gov/JUDPACK/JP2000.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s099symposiumabstract.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s099symposiumabstract.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s099symposiumabstract.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s099symposiumabstract.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s102databasearticle.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s102databasearticle.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s102databasearticle.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s102databasearticle.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s102onlinenewspaper.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s102onlinenewspaper.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s102onlinenewspaper.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s102onlinenewspaper.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s102onlinenewspaper.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s102databasearticle.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s099symposiumabstract.htmhttp://www.ussc.gov/JUDPACK/JP2000.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s103govwebreport.htmhttp://www.mmf.org/http://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s103webreport.htmhttp://www.asnu.edu/%20TechNohttp://www.asnu.edu/%20TechNohttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s103webpagestandalone2.htmhttp://www.nps.gov/tips.htmlhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s050translator.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s049yearbook.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s075jourmonographserial.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s082newspaperletter1.htm


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2. Audiovisual media, film or motion picture

Mendelson, I. (Producer) & Axelson, E. (Writer/director). (2001). One for the money[Motion picture]. United

States: Siren Screens.

3. Television broadcast

Lott, B., & Frank, S. H. (Prod.). (2001, Sept. 10). The News Hour with Jim Lehrer[Television broadcast].

New York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.

4. Television series

Michaels, D. A. (Producer). (2002). The heart[Television series]. New York: WNET.

UNPUBLISHED WORKSExamples1. Unpublished contribution to a symposium (presentation title available)

Beales, J. (2001, May). Beyond seeing: Cultural blindness and lettering [Fieldnote data summary and slidepresentation]. In M. Wilkes (Chair), Textual perspectives. Symposium conducted at the 50th Annual Meetingof the Archaeological Society, New York.

2. Unpublished contribution to a symposium (presentation title not available)

Miller, A. S. (2003, May). Slide presentation and field note summary. In M. L. Irons, (Chair), Storytelling inrural gatherings. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the RGS, Marseilles, France.

3. Unpublished paper presented at a meeting

Shimahara, N. K. (1983, November 18). Mobility and education of Buraku: The case of a Japanese minority.

Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Chicago.

4. Unpublished manuscript not submitted for publication

Myers, B. (1992). The regimental rituals .Unpublished manuscript.

5. Unpublished manuscript of a university

Nomiya, D. (1988). Urbanization and income inequality: A cross-national study. Unpublished manuscript,

Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.

6. Manuscript in progress or submitted for publication but not yet accepted

Anderson, M. J. (2001). War and journalism: A brief history of history.Manuscript submitted for publication

(copy on file with author).

General Rules for Reference Lists (see additional rules for electronic publications, below)Abbreviation Book or publication parted. editionRev. ed. Revised edition2nd ed. second editionEd. (Eds.) Editor (Editors)Trans. Translator(s)

n.d. no datep. (pp.) page (pages)Vol. Volume (as in Vol. 4)Vols. Volumes (as in Vols. 1-4)No. NumberPt. PartTech. Rep. Technical ReportSuppl. Supplement

Titling and spacing- Start the list on a new page. Title it References (Reference if citing only one work) and centre

the title.

- Double-space entries.- Individual entries should have a hanging indent (i.e. first line of entry is flush with the left

margin, subsequent lines indented) or bulleted .
http://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s109film.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s109film.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s109film.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s109tvbroadcast.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s109tvbroadcast.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s109tvbroadcast.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s109tvseries.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s109tvseries.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s109tvseries.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s099symposiumpaper.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s099symposiumpaper.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s099symposiumpaper.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s099symposiumpaper.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s099symposiumpaper.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s099symposiumpaper.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s099confpaper.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s099confpaper.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s099confpaper.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s098unpublishednotsubmitted.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s098unpublishednotsubmitted.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s098unpublishednotsubmitted.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s098unpublishedplacewritten.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s098unpublishedplacewritten.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s098unpublishedbooksubmitted.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s098unpublishedbooksubmitted.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s098unpublishedbooksubmitted.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s098unpublishedbooksubmitted.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s098unpublishedplacewritten.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s098unpublishednotsubmitted.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s099confpaper.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s099symposiumpaper.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s099symposiumpaper.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s109tvseries.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s109tvbroadcast.htmhttp://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/styleguides/s109film.htm


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Order of entries

- Entries are alphabetized by author's last name.- For works with multiple authors, alphabetise by the last name of the first listed author.- Multiple works by the same author(s) are alphabetised by the first authors last name and

ordered amongst themselves by year of publication (earliest first).- Multiple works by the same first author, but different subsequent authors, are alphabetised

within the list by the last name of the first author, and then alphabetized amongst themselves

by the first unique last name.- When the author is a group, alphabetise by the first significant word in the group's name.- Works signed Anonymous should be alphabetised as if that is the author's name.- Works with no author should move the title to the author position (before the date of

publication) and alphabetise by the first significant title word.

Elements of an entry- Each entry usually contains the following four elements: a) author b) publication date c) title

and d) publishing data.- Commas generally separate items within an element.- Periods are generally used to end an element.- Author

Invert authors' names -- e.g., Last name, A. A., Last name, B. B., & Last name, C. C.

Use commas between an author's last name and initials, between initials andsuffixes, and between multiple authors.

- When there are multiple authors, precede the last named author by & Provide author last names and initials for works by one to six authors. For seven or

more, follow the sixth author by a comma and the abbreviation et al. If the author is a group, its name should be written in full, capitalizing the first letter of

significant words. A parent body precedes a subdivision of an organization -- e.g.,University of Somewhere, Department of Something

If the work has no author, move the work's title to the author position of the entry Edited books generally treat the editor as the author. Follow editor name with (Ed.) or

(Eds.) as appropriate

- However: If a book has only one author and also an editor, the editors name is given in

parentheses, after the title - in the manner a translator would be treated. In this case, the

editor name is not invertede.g., Tit le of book (A. A. Last name, Ed.).- For a chapter in a book, the chapter author is the author listed for the entry. Editor

information, if any, precedes the book title and is not inverted. See book chapter example fora sample citation.

Multiple editors are separated with a comma; use & between the last two namededitors.

If there are only two editors, use & without a comma between the editor names Follow editor name(s) with (Ed.), or (Eds.).

- Reviews treat the reviewer as the author for the entry.- Publication date

The year of publication is enclosed in parentheses. It usually follows the author nameand precedes the title.

For magazines, newsletters, and newspapers, provide the year followed by the exact

date as given on the publicationi.e. month, month and day, or season of the issuee.g., (YYYY, Month dd) or (YYYY, Season).

If there is no date available, enter (n.d.).- Title

Capitalisation & italics For published periodicals, capitalise the first letter of all significant title words. For nonperiodicals, book chapters, and articles, capitalise only the first word, and

proper nouns, of titles and subtitles. Italicise titles of whole works for both periodicals and nonperiodicals. Also italicize the

volume number, if any, for periodicals. Do not italicize the titles of parts of a largerworke.g., chapters in books, articles in journals, etc.

- Title is a chapter in a book After the author, cite the chapter title and add a period. Enter in and give the name of

the book's editor(s), if any, the title of the book, and, in parentheses, the pagenumbers cited (use abbreviation p. or pp. as appropriate).See book chapter example,for a sample citation.


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- Edition, report number, volume information (for nonperiodicals & book chapters) With a book, enclose any of the above in parentheses after the title -- e.g., Tit le of

book: Sub t i t le (3rd ed.). For a chapter in a book, provide this information prior to, and in the same

parentheses as, the relevant page numbers, separated by a comma -- e.g., Title ofchapter. In Tit le of boo k (3rd. ed., pp. 6-12).

Use Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.) to indicate volume numbers- Other descriptive information

Any non-standard descriptive information regarding the form, or type of source cited,that is important for the identification of the material, is placed in brackets

For descriptive information regarding articles & chapters in a book, place bracketsafter the article or chapter title --e.g., Title of article [Letter to the editor or Specialissue, etc.].

For descriptive information regarding books and other nonperiodicals, place bracketsafter the title and after any parenthetical information as regards edition, volume, etc. --e.g., Tit le of nonp er iodica l (parenthetical information, if any) [Motion picture orBibliography, etc.].

For reviews, place brackets after the review title, identify it as a review, identify themedium reviewed and the title of the work reviewede.g., Title of review [Review ofthe book/motion picture/television program/etc..

- Periodical

Provide the title of the periodical, the volume number, if any, and inclusive pagenumbers

Do not use abbreviation vol. before the number; use Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.) toindicate volume numbers

If a periodical does not use volume numbers, include the month, season, or otherdesignation following the year of publicatione.g., Author, A. A. (1991, July).

If a journal paginates each issue separately (i.e. each issue starts its numbering withpage 1), provide the issue number, in parentheses, immediately after the volumenumbere.g., 38(2), 12-17.

When noting page number(s) in an entry for a newspaper article, precede number(s)with p. or pp.

See article examples for sample citations- Place of publication and publisher (non-periodicals)

Provide the city, state (or province where applicable) and country (if outside theUnited States.).

Place a colon after the place of publication and provide the name of the publisher.Use 2-letter abbreviations for states

If two or more publisher locations are listed, give the first or the home office (if known) If the publisher is a university and the university name includes the state or province,

do not repeat that information in- Publisher

Write, in full, the name of associations, corporations & university presses. Omit termslike Publishers, Co., or Inc., not required to identify the publisher. Keep the words Booksand Press.

Additional Rules for Electronic Publications

The rules for citing electronic publications build upon those of their print counterparts. In general, youinclude the same elements, in the same order, as you would for a print copy of the material. Then youadd a retrieval statement that provides details about electronic access to your source. APA guidelinesfor resource types are given above, guidelines for the electronic retrieval statement are outlinedbelow.

Note: What you include in a citation will depend partly on the information the source makes available.Sometimes a judgement call, as to what information to include, is required. When this is the case,keep in mind that the overall goal of the citations to make a source findable to your readers.

Retrieval statement. A retrieval statement is provided at the end of a citation's entry. It may includethe date and/or source location.

Retrieval date. When the source content is likely to change, or is retrieved from the "open" web,include the date of access,


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e.g., Retrieved month day, year, from source/location.- When the cited work has no fixed publication date, edition, or version, a retrieval date

documents the moment you referred to a changeable source.- A retrieval date is not needed when the content is not likely to change e.g., the published

version of a journal article or book.- When in doubt about whether a retrieval date is needed, providing the date is acceptable

style.

Location of a source.A decision will need to be made between the provision of a URL, or adatabase name, and, for nonperiodicals, what publisher information needs to be included.

URL- Give the full URL to the material cited when the source is freely available. If the material citedwas accessed via a subscription based resource (such as a library licensed database), give the URLto the home page of that resource. Also give the URL to the home page of reference resources (suchas online dictionaries or encyclopedias).Your reader may not have access to a given subscription database, and/or the database maygenerate URLs that are not permanent. In both cases, providing the home page avoids the likelihoodof a non-working URL.However: URLs for subscription resources can be complex and may not easily reduce to a

homepage. Should this prove the case, providing the name of the database, in lieu of a URL, isacceptablesee next entry.

- Copy URLs exactly and do not place aperiod at the end of the entry.

- If you need to break a URL acrossseveral lines of text, break it before apoint of punctuation -- do not break itafter http:// and do not use a hyphento break it.

- When the URL leads to a page on how to obtain/purchase the material (for example, a vendorlike Amazon), state Available from instead of Retrieved from.

Database name

- For subscription-based resources (when the URL does not reduce to an identifiablehomepage) provide the database name -- e.g., Retrieved from database name.

- Provide the name of a database used to access documents of limited circulation (hard to findbooks, etc.).

Geographic location & publisher (non-periodicals)- The geographic location of a publisher is not generally needed.- The name of the publisher is needed if it is not evident elsewhere in an entry (e.g., via the

author's name for self published works, via the URL if it includes the publisher name, etc.).- When you need to cite a publisher, you generally do so in the retrieval statement -- e.g.,

Retrieved from Publisher at source location.- However, when the material was not retrieved from the publisher, include any publisher

location/name information available as you would for a print copy, and then add a retrievalstatement according to the guidelines noted above. This will provide your reader with theinformation they need to locate the source, either online or in print format. See online book

citations for examples.

Permission to Quote, Reprint, or AdaptYou may need written permission from the owner of copyrighted work if you include lengthyquotations or if you include reprinted or adapted tables or figures. Reprinting indicates that thematerial is reproduced exactly as it appeared originally, without modifications, in the way in which itwas intended. Adaptation refers to the modification of material so that it is suitable for a new purpose(e.g., paraphrasing or presenting an original theory or idea discussed in a long passage in a publishedarticle in a new way that suits your study; using part of a table or figure in a new table or figure in yourmanuscript).Requirements for obtaining permission to quote copyrighted material vary from one copyright owner toanother; for example, APA policy permits authors to use, with some exceptions, a maximum of threefigures or tables from a journal article or book chapter, single text extracts of fewer than 400 words, or

a series of text extracts that total fewer than 800 words without requesting formal permission fromAPA.It is important to check with the publisher or copyright owner regarding specific requirements

Reading a URL


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for permission to quote from or adapt copyrighted material. It is the author's responsibility to find outwhether permission is required from the copyright owner and to obtain it for both print and electronicreuse.

Need More Help??For complete information regarding the structure of individual citations, order of entries, citingmaterials not represented, etc., consult the following APA guides:

A.P.A. (2010). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed. Washington,DC: American Psychological Association.

An official update to the APA print manual as regards the citation of electronic references isavailable athttp://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html

Bibliographic management software/programmes like End Note, RefWorks, and Zotero, can helpautomate the citation process. One can also use the features provided by MS Word under -References> Citations & Bibliography. Similarly, there are many databases and websites(www.bibme.org,www.easybib.com&www.gobiblio.com) that allow the export of the citation in APAstyle.

It is advisable to run your entire research document on the Anti-plagiarism software (free Anti-

plagairism software e.g. Viper). If you find certain section not cited, kindly cite it as per the APA style._______________________________________________________________________________

Prepared by- Rohit Nadkarni.Dt- 06/09/2012
http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.htmlhttp://www.apastyle.org/elecref.htmlhttp://www.apastyle.org/elecref.htmlhttp://www.bibme.org/http://www.bibme.org/http://www.bibme.org/http://www.easybib.com/http://www.easybib.com/http://www.easybib.com/http://www.gobiblio.com/http://www.gobiblio.com/http://www.gobiblio.com/http://www.gobiblio.com/http://www.easybib.com/http://www.bibme.org/http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html

apa style for goa college of architecture - by rohit nadkarni

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