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Secondary Predication in Pondok

Tinggi

Ernanda| SOAS, May 13th 2016

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PondokTinggi

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• Pondok Tinggi is a dialect of Kerinci Malay spoken in

Sumatra, Indonesia.

• Total number of residents is

16.620


Phrasal Alternation

Gloss SM Absolute Oblique

‘eye’ mata matao mato

‘day’ hari ahai ahei

‘new’ baru baheu bahu

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The use of OBL

The verb is followed by an immediate constituent (its object).

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(1) uha nanan uboi

people.A ACT.plant.O yam.A‘People planted yams’


The use of OBL

The verb is followed by an immediate constituent (its object).

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(2) dijea nuŋgou

3.SG ACT.wait.O‘She waited [an aforementioned object]’


The use of ABS

In final phrase position.

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(3) ɲo minan keɁ kantin3.SG ACT.drink.A in canteen.A‘S/he drinks in a canteen’


ABS versus OBL

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(4) ɲo maŋkau tərauh

3.SG ACT.torture.A continuous1.‘S/he likes to torture all the time’2.’S/he tortures all the time’

(5) ɲo maŋkun tərauh

3.SG ACT.torture.O continuous‘S/he tortured [an aforementioned undergoer] on and on’


Secondary Predication

In clauses with two predicates, the first

predicate is a verb denoting an action and

the second is an adjective denoting a state.

The latter is known as ‘secondary predicate’

(Himmelmann and Schultze-Berndt, 2005;

Verkerk, 2009; Irimia, 2012).

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The secondary predicate

determines phrasal alternation

of the verb.



1.Depictive

2.Resultative

3.Manner adverbial

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Depictive

‘… depictives express a state that holds

during the reference time of the event

encoded by the main predicate’.

(Himmelmann & Schultze-Berndt, 2005)

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• Agent oriented

• Patient oriented


Depictive-agent oriented

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(6) ɲo masouʔ [umah]NP kumauh

3.SG enter.O house.A dirty.A

‘S/he entered a house [when s/he was] dirty’

Active Transitive

The agent is dirty.



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(7) ɲo masouʔ [umoh kumauh]NP

3.SG enter.O house.O dirty.A

‘S/he entered a dirty house’

Active Transitive

The house is dirty.



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Passive type one

(8) umah di-masouʔ ɲo kumauhhouse.A PASS.enter.O 3.SG dirty.A

1.‘A house [which] was entered [by] her/himwas dirty’

2.‘A house was entered by her/himand [then] got dirty’



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Passive type one

Two clauses

(9) umoh di-masouʔ ɲo. ɲo kumauhhouse.O PASS.enter.O 3.SG 3.SG dirty.A

‘The house was entered [by] her/him. S/he was dirty’



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Passive type two

Two clauses

(10) umoh kamai masauʔ. kamai kumauhhouse.O 1.PL.EXCL enter.A 1.PL.EXCL dirty.A

‘The house was entered by us. We were dirty’


Depictive-patient oriented

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Active transitive

(11) akau makan matah laouɁ itoh1.SG eat.O raw.A fish.O DEM

‘I ate raw that fish’



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Passive type one

(12) laouɁ itoh di-bakon ɲo matahfish.O DEM PASS.eat.O 3.SG raw.A‘That fish was eaten [by] her/himraw’

(13) umoh itoh di-bəloi baheuhouse.O DEM PASS.buy.A new.A‘That house was bought new’



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Passive type two

(14) ajei itoh akau minan aŋaʔwater.O DEM 1.SG drink.A warm.A‘That water was drunk [by] me warm’


Resultative

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Active transitive

(15) akau ŋəbih kəmpauh dʒagun itoh

1.SG ACT.stew.O soft.A corn.O DEM

‘I stewed that corn soft’


Resultative

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Passive type one

(17) sabe itoh di-gilin alauhred.pepper.O DEM PASS.grind.O fine.A‘That red pepper was grinded finely’

(16) sabe itoh di-gilin ɲo alauh

red.pepper.O DEM PASS.grind.O 3.SG fine.A‘That red pepper was grinded [by] her/himfinely’


Resultative

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Passive type two

(18) sabe itoh akau gilon alauhred.pepper.O DEM 1.SG grind.A fine.A‘That red pepper was grinded finely’


Manner Adverbial

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Active Transitive

(19) akau maco buku itoh koah1.SG ACT.read.O book DEMfast.A‘I read that book fast’


Manner Adverbial

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Passive type one: with agent mentioned

(20) uhan itoh di-tindʒou ɲopeople.O DEM PASS.punch.O 3.SG

ɲo nindʒou kasa3.SG ACT.punch.O rude.A‘That man was punched [by] her/him.S/he punched [him] aggressively’


Manner Adverbial

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Passive type one: unspecified agent

(21) uhan itoh di-tindʒau kasapeople.O DEM PASS.punch.A rude.A‘That man was punched aggressively’


Manner Adverbial

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Passive type two

(22) talai keʔ kəben akau tahaiʔ kəncarope.A DEM garden.A 1.SG pull.A taut.A‘A rope in a garden was pulled by me strongly’



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Active P1 P2Depictive agent oriented

A N-V.OBL P ADJ Requiring two clauses Requiring two clauses

Depictive patient oriented

A N-V.OBL ADJ P P di-V.OBL A ADJ (with agent)P di-V.ABS ADJ (agentless)

P A V.ABS ADJ

Resultative A N-V.OBL ADJ P P di-V.OBL ADJ (agentless)P di-V. OBL A ADJ (with agent)

P A V.ABS ADJ

Manner adverbial A N-V.OBL P ADJ P di-V. ABS ADJ (agentless)Requiring two clauses (with agent)

P A V.ABS ADJ

Table 1. Pattern of secondary predication

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