Appendix A The Eighteen Points Given to Justify Amin's Coup

General and Administrative Order No. 2 (GAO 2/1971)

Taking-over of the Government by Members of the Uganda Anned Forces

As everyone in the Uganda Armed Forces knows very well that the Uganda Armed Forces took over Government from Civil power on the 25th day of January 1971, it is hereby notified for general information that the text of the statement made to the Nation by the Uganda Armed Forces on that day is as follows:

It has been necessary to take action to save a bad situation from getting worse. We give here below examples of matters that have left the people angry, worried, and very unhappy.

I. The unwarranted detention without trial and for long periods of a large number of people, many of whom are totally innocent of any charges.

2. The continuation of a state of emergency over the whole country for an indefinite period, which is meaningless to everybody.

3. The lack of freedom in the airing of different views on political and social matters.

4. The frequent loss of life and property arising from almost daily cases of robbery with violence and kondoism [robbery with violence] without strong measures being taken to stop them. The people feel totally insecure and yet kondoism increases every day.

5. The proposals for National Service which will take every able bodied person from his home to work in a camp for two years could only lead to more robbery and general crime when homes are abandoned.

6. Widespread corruption in high places, especially among Ministers and top civil servants has left the people with very little confidence, if any, in the Government. Most Ministers own fleets of cars or buses, many big houses and sometimes even aeroplanes.

182

Appendix A: Points to Justify Am in's Coup 183

7. The failure by the political authorities to organize any elections for the last eight years whereby the people's free will could be expressed. It should be noted that the last elections within the ruling party were dominated by big fellows with lots of money which they used to bribe their way into 'winning' the elections. This bribery, together with threats against the people, entirely falsified the results of the so-called elections. Proposed new methods of election requiring a candidate to stand in four constituencies will only favour the rich and well-known.

FOOD

8. Economic policies have left many people unemployed and even more insecure and lacking in the basic needs of life - like food, clothing, medicine and shelter.

9. High taxes have left the common man of this country poorer than ever before. Here are some of the taxes which the common man has to bear:

Development Tax, Graduated Tax, Sales Tax, Social Security Fund Tax.

The big men can always escape these taxes or pass them on to the common man.

10. The prices which the common man gets for his crops like cotton and coffee have not gone up and sometimes they have gone down, whereas the cost of food, education, etc., have always gone up.

11. Tendency to isolate the country from East African unity, e.g. by sending away workers from Kenya and Tanzania, by preventing the. use of Uganda money in Kenya and Tanzania, by discouraging imports from Kenya and Tanzania, by stopping the use in Uganda of Kenyan or Tan­zanian money.

12. The creation of a wealthy class of leaders who are always talking of socialism while they grow richer and the common man poorer.

13. In addition, the Defence Council of which the President is Chairman, has not met since July, 1969, and this has made administration of the Armed Forces very difficult. As a result Armed Forces personnel lack accommodation, vehicles, and equipment. Also general recruitment submitted to the Chairman of the Defence Council a long time ago has not been put into effect.

14. The Cabinet Office, by training large numbers of people (largely from the Akokoro County in Lango District where Obote and Akena Adoko, the Chief General Service Officer, come from) in armed warfare, has been turned into a second army. Uganda therefore has had two armies, one in the Cabinet, the other Regular.

15. The Lango development master plan written in 1967 decided that all key positions in Uganda's political, commercial, army and industrial life have to be occupied and controlled by people from Akokoro County, Lango District. Also the same master plan decided that nothing of importance must be done for other districts especially Acholi District.

184 Appendix A: Points to Justify Am in's Coup

Emphasis was put on development of Akokoro County in Lango District at the expense of other areas of Uganda.

16. Obote, on the advice of Akena Adoko, has sought to divide the Uganda Armed Forces and the rest of Uganda by picking out his own tribesmen and putting them in key positions in the Army and elsewhere. Examples: Uganda Meat Packers, the Public Service Commission, Nyanza Textiles and a Russian textile factory to be situated in Lango.

17. From the time Obote took over power in 1962 his greatest and most loyal supporter has been the Army. The Army has always tried to be an example to the whole of Africa by not taking over the Government and we have always followed that principle. It is therefore now a shock to us to see that Obote wants to divide and downgrade the Army by turning the Cabinet Office into another army. In doing this, Obote and Akena Adoko have bribed and used some senior officers who have turned against their fellow soldiers.

18. We all want only unit[y] in Uganda and we do not want bloodshed. Everybody in Uganda knows that. The matters mentioned above appear to us to lead to bloodshed only.

For the reasons given above we men ofthe Uganda Armed Forces have this day decided to take over power from Obote and hand it to our fellow soldier, Major-General Idi Amin Dada, and we hereby entrust him to lead this our beloved country of Uganda to peace and goodwill among all.

We call upon everybody and all Government departments in Uganda to continue with their work in the normal way.

We warn foreign governments not to interfere in Uganda's internal affairs. Any such interference will be crushed with great force, because we are ready.

We are firm believers in the unity of East Africa and of Africa in general and we shall cement our friendship with neighbouring and all African countries and the world at large more than ever before.

For the moment a curfew is necessary and will be observed by everybody between 7pm and 6.30am from now on and every day until further notice.

Power is now handed over to our fellow soldier, Major-General Idi Amin Dada, and you must await his statement which will come in due course.

Appendix B Uganda, Production of Major Crops (1970-82)1

Export crops

Co.ffe; -Robusta -Arabica Cotton Tobacco Tea Sugar (lint)2 (raw)

1970 201.5 187.4 14.1 86.4 3.4 18.2 144.0 1971 175.7 159.5 16.2 76.3 4.4 18.0 141.3 1972 183.7 162.7 20.8 76.0 5.0 23.4 121.4 1973 212.6 196.2 16.4 79.4 3.9 22.0 68.6 1974 199.1 182.0 17.1 50.0 3.2 22.0 40.5 1975 199.0 182.0 17.0 31.9 4.0 18.4 23.9 1976 137.1 123.1 14.0 24.7 3.7 15.4 18.2 1977 155.9 151.5 4.3 13.8 2.5 15.2 11.4 1978 121.3 119.0 2.3 20.2 1.4 11.0 7.9 1979 103.0 98.3 4.7 6.0 0.8 1.8 5.3 1980 135.5 130.4 5.1 4.0 0.4 1.5 2.4 1981 97.5 93.0 4.5 4.8 0.1 1.5 3.0 1982 166.6 152.3 14.3 5.1 0.6 2.4 2.5

Food crops

Plantain Cassava Maize Sorghum Beans Ground- Finger Sweet nuts millet potatoes

1970 7657 2578 388 462 281 244 783 1570 1971 7557 2417 421 348 222 251 650 1425 1972 7634 2650 500 419 237 234 574 1224 1973 8126 2132 419 389 170 212 643 1232 1974 8879 2350 430 345 196 200 591 1786 1975 9106 2992 570 467 325 194 682 1953 1976 8137 2838 674 390 337 177 576 2002 1977 8531 2993 566 344 253 193 578 1658 1978 8844 2028 594 350 291 187 561 1688 1979 6090 2110 353 316 182 80 481 1272 1980 5699 2072 286 299 186 65 458 1200 1981 5900 3000 342 320 480 1300 1982 6600 3300 393 400 528 1600

Source: Uganda Commercial Bank, 1983, taken from 'Background to the Budget 1982-3'.

The figures for food crops are estimates of total production, while the

2 figures for export crops are of official purchase only. Figures are for crop year ending in September of the year shown.

185

Appendix C The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985)

THE UGANDA PEACE TALKS AGREEMENT FOR THE RESTORATION OF PEACE TO THE SOVEREIGN STATE OF THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA

THIS AGREEMENT IS MADE PURSUANT TO THE PEACE TALKS HELD IN NAIROBI, KENYA DURING THE PERIOD 26TH AUGUST, 1985 TO 17TH DECEMBER, 1985 UNDER THE CHAIRMANSHIP OF HIS EXCELLENCY DANIEL TOROITICH ARAP MOl, PRESIDENT AND COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA, BETWEEN THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT OF UGANDA WHICH ASSUMED POWER IN UGANDA FOLLOWING THE OUSTER OF THE FORMER GOVERNMENT OF THAT COUNTRY ON THE 27TH OF JULY 1985 (HEREINAFTER REFERRED TO AS 'THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT) AND THE NATIONAL RESISTANCE MOVEMENT.

WE,

THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND THE NATIONAL RESISTANCE MOVEMENT, THE PARTIES TO THIS AGREEMENT

APPRECIATING THE OFFER BY HIS EXCELLENCY PRESIDENT DANIEL TOROITICH ARAP MOl AND THE BROTHERLY PEOPLE OF THE REPUBLIC

OF KENYA TO CONVENE, HOST AND CHAIR OUR TALKS AND SEARCH FOR PEACE IN OUR BELOVED UGANDA

RECALLING THE DESIRE OF THE PEOPLE OF THE SOVEREIGN STATE OF UGANDA AT INDEPENDENCE ON THE 9TH OF OCTOBER 1962 TO EXERCISE FULLY THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION AS ONE NATION WITHIN THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION,

MINDFUL OF THE DETERMINATION PROCLAIMED BY THE PEOPLE OF THE WORLD IN THE CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS TO

186

Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985) 187

REAFFIRM FAITH IN FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS, IN THE DIGNITY

AND WORTH OF THE HUMAN PERSON, IN THE EQUAL RIGHTS OF ALL MEN AND WOMEN OF ALL NATIONS, AND TO PROMOTE SOCIAL PROGRESS AND FREEDOM, WHICH DETERMINATION WAS RESTATED

AND SUBSCRIBED TO BY THE SOVEREIGN STATE OF UGANDA IN

THE CHARTER OF THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY BUT MORE

PARTICULARLY IN THE BILL OF RIGHTS CONTAINED IN THE INDE­PENDENCE CONSTITUTION OF UGANDA AND THE SUCCESSIVE CON­

STITUTIONS OF UGANDA,

AWARE OF THE ENDLESS CONFLICTS RESULTING FROM THE DENIAL

OF, OR IMPEDIMENTS IN THE WAY OF, FREEDOM AND PEACE FOR THE CITIZENS OF AND PEOPLE IN UGANDA BY SUCCESSIVE GOVERNMENTS,

WHICH CONFLICTS HAVE DESTROYED PEACE AND STABILITY, ERODED

NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES AND

THREATENED THE SOVEREIGNTY AND INTEGRAL STATUS OF OUR

COUNTRY SO DEARLY CHERISHED BY US AND ALL UGANDANS

EVERYWHERE,

CONSCIOUS OF THE NEED FOR THE CREATION OF CONDITIONS OF

STABILITY AND WELL-BEING AND PEACE BASED ON RESPECT OF

INDIVIDUAL PERSONS AND OF THE NEED FOR RESPECT FOR, AND

OBSERVANCE OF, HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS FOR ALL PERSONS IN UGANDA WITHOUT DISTINCTION AS TO RACE, SEX, PLACE OF ORIGIN, POLITICAL OPINIONS, COLOUR, CREED OR LANGUAGE,

RECOGNIZING THE PASSIONATE YEARNING FOR PEACE AND FREEDOM FOR ALL CITIZENS OF UGANDA EVERYWHERE AND OTHER

PEOPLES LMNG IN UGANDA, A YEARNING SHARED BY ALL NATIONS

AND PEOPLES OF GOODWILL TOWARDS UGANDA, AND THE DECISIVE

POSITIVE ROLE THAT SUCH CITIZENS, NATIONS AND PEOPLES CAN

PLAY IN THE POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF UGANDA IN TIMES OF PEACE,

CONVINCED THAT ANY CONTINUATION OF ARMED CONFLICT, DIC­

TATORIAL RULE, DENIAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL

FREEDOMS PREVENT DEVELOPMENT IN UGANDA AS WELL AS POSITIVE

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION WITH FRIENDLY AND BROTHERLY

NATIONS AND OTHER BODIES AND MILITATES AGAINST THE IDEAL

PEACE,

188 Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985) ·

CONVINCED THAT UGANDA HAS AN INALIENABLE RIGHT TO PEACE AND COMPLETE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FREEDOM AND IN THAT REGARD MUST EXERCISE THE RIGHT OF SELF-DETERMINATION AS A SOVEREIGN STATE AND INTEGRAL NATIONAL TERRITORY WHOSE BOUNDARIES WERE MORE PARTICULARLY DELINEATED AND DESCRIBED IN SCHEDULE 1 TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA OF 1967,

WELCOMING THE COMMITMENT TO AND PARTICIPATION IN THE SEARCH FOR PEACE IN UGANDA BY OUR BROTHERLY NEIGHBOURS THE PEOPLES OF THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA AND THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA AND RECOGNIZING THAT INSTABILITY IN ANY ONE OF OUR NATIONS IS A THREAT TO THE PEACE AND STABILITY OF THE WHOLE EAST AFRICAN REGION,

BELIEVING THAT THE PROCESS OF RESTORATION OF PEACE, STABILITY AND DEMOCRATIC RULE AND GOVERNMENT IS NOW IRRESISTIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE AS EXEMPLIFIED BY THE SPIRIT OF MUTUAL COOPERATION, TRUST AND FRANKNESS BETWEEN THE PARTIES AT THE PEACE TALKS; AND IN SO BELIEVING DESIRING A FORMULA TO TERMINATE THE PROBLEMS THAT HAVE FOR SO LONG BEDEVILLED AND MANACLED UGANDA SUCH AS DICTATORIAL RULE AND ALL PRACTICES OF DENIAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS, DISCRIMINATION AND MASSACRE ASSOCIATED WITH SUCH RULE,

NOW DO SOLEMNLY PROCLAIM FOR AND IN THE NAME OF UGANDA THE URGENT NECESSITY-

(1) OF BRINGING TO A MOST SPEEDY END DICTATORSHIP IN ALL ITS FORMS AND MANIFESTATIONS, ARMED CONFLICT AND DENIAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS:

(2) OF RESTORING PEACE, SECURITY, LAW AND ORDER THROUGH­OUT THE COUNTRY THROUGH RECONSTRUCTION OF THE COUNTRY'S ECONOMY, RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF AN EFFECTIVE ADMINISTRATION BOTH IN CENTRAL AND LOCAL GOVERN­MENT, INITIATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MILITARY REFORMS DESIGNED TO ENSURE BALANCED, DISCIPLINED AND NATIONAL ARMED FORCES AND SECURITY SERVICES; AND

Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985) 189

(3) OF LAYING THE GROUNDWORK FOR THE PREPARATION AND DRAFTING OF A POPULAR CONSTITUTION WHICH WILL BE THE SUPREME LAW OF UGANDA, WHICH CONSTITUTION SHALL BE PROMULGATED BY A POPULARLY ELECTED PARLIAMENT/ NATIONAL ASSEMBLY IN DUE COURSE, AND ENSURING THE SPEEDY RETURN TO DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT THROUGH FREE AND FAIR GENERAL ELECTIONS WITHIN THE FRAME­WORK OF SUCH A CONSTITUTION.

AND TO THIS END

DECLARE AND AGREE THAT:-

CEASEFIRE

ARTICLE 1 - CEASEFIRE TERMS

AFTER THE SIGNING OF THIS AGREEMENT THERE SHALL BE A CEASEFIRE ON THE FOLLOWING TERMS:

(A) WITH EFFECT FROM 0920 HOURS ON THE 17TH DAY OF DECEMBER 1985 THERE WILL BE COMPLETE AND IMMEDIATE CESSATION OF

HOSTILITIES. THE COMMANDERS OF THE VARIOUS COMBATANT FORCES SHALL ISSUE INSTRUCTIONS TO THE FORCES UNDER THEIR COMMAND TO ENSURE THAT WITHIN 48 HOURS OF THE SIGNING OF THIS AGREEMENT ALL FIGHTING EVERYWHERE IN UGANDA SHALL CEASE.

(B) THERE SHALL BE IMMEDIATE CESSATION OF RECRUITMENT INTO OR FORMATION OF ANY COMBATANT FORCE OTHER THAN THE NATIONAL FORCE AND THE NATIONAL ARMY TO BE FORMED BY

THE MILITARY COUNCIL PURSUANT TO ARTICLES 7 AND 8 OF THIS AGREEMENT.

(C) ALL ROADS IN THE COUNTRY SHALL BE OPENED AND MADE SAFE FOR CIVILIAN AND COMMERCIAL TRAFFIC TO OPERATE NORMALLY.

(D) ALL HOSTILE PROPAGANDA SHALL CEASE IMMEDIATELY.

190 Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985)

(E) WITH EFFECT FROM THE DATE OF SIGNING OF THIS AGREEMENT, ALL PARTIES SHALL FORTHWITH STOP THE ACQUISITION AND PROCUREMENT OF ARMS, AMMUNITIONS AND ANY OTHER MILITARY HARDWARE.

(F) NO SOLDIER OR ANY OTHER PERSONNEL UNDER THE COMMAND OR CONTROL OF ANY OF THE COMBATANT FORCES SHALL ENGAGE IN ANY CRIMINAL ACTS OR OTHER ACTS THAT VIOLATE HUMAN RIGHTS.

(G) ALL MEMBERS OF THE SECURITY FORCES OR ANY OF THE OTHER COMBATANT FORCES WHO HAVE VIOLATED HUMAN RIGHTS SINCE THE 27TH JULY, 1985 SHALL BE IMMEDIATELY PUNISHED AND DISCIPLINING OF MEMBERS OF SUCH FORCES SHALL BECOME A ROUTINE PRACTICE AND PART OF THE OPERATIONAL CODE OF CONDUCT. NOTHING IN THIS PARAGRAPH SHALL BE INTERPRETED TO MEAN THAT ANY PERSON WHO MAY HAVE

COMMITTED SIMILAR ACTS PRIOR TO JULY 27, 1985 IS EXON­ERATED.

(H) ALL POLITICAL DETAINEES WHO ARE KNOWN TO BE MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL RESISTANCE MOVEMENT SHALL BE IM­MEDIATELY RELEASED.

(I) ARRANGEMENTS SHALL BE MADE TO PROVIDE NON-MILITARY SUPPLIES TO THE COMBATANT FORCES BEHIND CEASEFIRE LINES AND NEUTRAL AGENTS MAY BE INVOLVED IN THIS EXERCISE;

AND WITHOUT PREJU[DI]CE TO THE GENERALITY OF THE FORE­GOING THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 3 OF THE GENEVA CONVEN­TION ON THE AMELIORATION OF THE CONDITION OF WOUNDED AND SICK IN THE ARMED FORCES IN THE FIELD DATED THE 12TH AUGUST 1949 SET OUT IN ANNEXTURE 'D' TO THIS AGREEMENT SHALL APPLY.

(J) ALL COMBATANT FORCES SHALL NOT UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTAN­CES WHATSOEVER MOBILISE OR DEPLOY THEIR TROOPS WITHOUT FIRST OBTAINING AUTHORITY OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL AND INFORMING THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE.

(K) THE PARTIES TO THIS AGREEMENT SHALL ESTABLISH, ON BEHALF OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL, A COMMITTEE TO BE KNOWN AS THE

Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985) 191

CEASEFIRE COMMITIEE CONSISTING OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE FORCES REPRESENTED ON THE COUNCIL AND THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE FOR THE PURPOSE OF IMPLE­MENTING THE TERMS OF THE CEASEFIRE.

THE MILITARY COUNCIL

ARTICLE 2 - THE MILITARY COUNCIL

(1) THERE SHALL BE A MILITARY COUNCIL WHICH SHALL BE THE

SUPREME ORGAN OF GOVERNMENT IN UGANDA AND WHICH SHALL UPON THE SIGNING OF THIS AGREEMENT, BE COMPOSED OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE COMBATANT FORCES AND THE HEAD OF STATE AS FOLLOWS:-

(A) HEAD OF STATE/CHAIRMAN, MILITARY COUNCIL 1 (B) UGANDA NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY (UNLA) 7 (C) NATIONAL RESISTANCE ARMY (NRA) 7 (D) UGANDA FREEDOM MOVEMENT (UFM) 1 (E) FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT (FED EMU) 2 (F) FORMER UGANDA NATIONAL ARMY (FUNA) 1 (G) UGANDA NATIONAL RESCUE FRONT (UNRF) 1

TOTAL 20

(2) ALL THE COMBATANT FORCES SHALL NOMINATE THEIR REPRESENTATIVES TO BE APPOINTED TO THE MILITARY COUNCIL IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE AGREED NUMBERS AND THE HEAD OF STATE AND CHAIRMAN OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL SIGN THE INSTRUMENTS OF APPOINTMENT. ALL REPRESEN­TATIVES OF THE COMBATANT FORCES WHO ARE APPOINTED TO THE COUNCIL SHALL TAKE THE PRESCRIBED OATH OF

ALLEGIANCE.

(3) THE POLITICAL PARTIES THAT TOOK PART IN THE 1980 GENERAL ELECTIONS MAY BE REPRESENTED ON THE MILITARY COUNCIL

BUT THE MODE OF THEIR REPRESENTATION SHALL BE DECIDED UPON BY THE MILITARY COUNCIL AFTER DUE CONSULTATION WITH THE POLIDCAL PARTIES CONCERNED AND IN ACCORD­ANCE WITH ARTICLE 5(1) (I).

192 Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985)

ARTICLE 3- CHAIRMAN AND VICE-CHAIRMAN OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL

(1) THERE SHALL BE A CHAIRMAN OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL WHO SHALL ALSO BE THE HEAD OF STATE OF UGANDA

(2) THE CHAIRMAN SHALLPRESIDEAT ALLMEETINGSAND SESSIONS OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL.

(3) THERE SHALL ALSO BE A VICE-CHAIRMAN OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL WHO SHALL IN ALL RESPECTS RANK SECOND ONLY TO THE CHAIRMAN/HEAD OF STATE AND WHO SHALL, SUBJECT TO PARAGRAPH (6) OF THIS ARTICLE, IN THE ABSENCE OF THE CHAIRMAN/HEAD OF STATE, EXERCISE THE POWERS AND PERFORM THE DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE CHAIRMAN/ HEAD OF STATE.

(4) THE HEAD OF STATE AT THE DATE OF SIGNING OF THIS AGREE­MENT SHALL CONTINUE TO BE THE HEAD OF STATE AND CHAIRMAN OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL.

(5) THE CHAIRMAN OF THE HIGH COMMAND OF THE NATIONAL RESISTANCE ARMY AT THE DATE OF SIGNING OF THIS AGREE­MENT SHALL BE THE VICE-CHAIRMAN OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL.

(6) IF THE OFFICE OF THE CHAIRMAN/HEAD OF STATE OR VICE­CHAIRMAN SHALL BECOME VACANT BY RESIGNATION, DEATH OR INCAPACITY RESULTING FROM INFIRMITY OF MIND OR BODY, THE MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL, BY SECRET BALLOT AND TWO­THIRDS MAJORITY, ELECT THE CHAIRMAN/HEAD OF STATE OR VICE-CHAIRMAN, AS THE CASE MAY BE, FROM AMONG THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE COMBATANT FORCES ON THE MILITARY COUNCIL.

(7) AT NO TIME DURING THE RULE OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL IN UGANDA PURSUANT TO THIS AGREEMENT SHALL THE CHAIRMAN AND THE VICE-CHAIRMAN OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL BE MEMBERS OF THE SAME POLITICAL PARTY OR COMBATANT FORCE. THE MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL FORMULATE THE PRO­CEDURES FOR SECURING THIS AGREED POSITION.

Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985) 193

ARTICLE 4- POWERS OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL

(1) THE MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL BE THE SUPREME AUTHORITY IN WHOM THE EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE POWERS SHALL VEST.

(2) ALL POWERS OF THE HEAD OF STATE SHALL BE EXERCISED BY HIM IN COUNCIL.

(3) NOTWITHSTANDING THE PROVISIONS OF PARAGRAPH (1) ABOVE THE HEAD OF STATE MAY EXERCISE THE LEGISLATIVE AND EXECUTIVE POWERS OF THE COUNCIL IN EXCEPTIONAL CIR­

CUMSTANCES, WHICH EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES WILL BE DETERMINED BY THE MILITARY COUNCIL BY A TWO-THIRDS

MAJORITY.

(4) AFTER THE SIGNING OF THIS AGREEMENT AND THE APPOINT­MENT OF THE REPRESENTATIVES OF COMBATANT FORCES TO THE MILITARY COUNCIL, THE MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL REVIEW DECREES PROMULGATED AND POLITICAL APPOINTMENTS AND PROMOTIONS MADE BY THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT SINCE JULY 27, 1985.

ARTICLE 5 - PROCEDURES OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL

(1) THE MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL FORMULATE ITS OWN RULES OF PROCEDURE. THE NORMAL METHOD OF REACHING DECISIONS SHALL BE BY CONSENSUS EXCEPT IN REGARD TO THE FOLLOW­ING MATTERS WHERE A TWO-THIRDS MAJORITY SHALL BE

REQUIRED TO REACH DECISION BY SECRET BALLOT:

(A) MATTERS AFFECTING THE PROVISIONS OF THIS AGREEMENT.

(B) NATIONAL DEFENCE POLICY AND BUILDING OF A NEW ARMY AND OTHER SECURITY SERVICES.

(C) PROGRAMME OF THE INTERIM PERIOD.

(D) POLITICAL APPOINTMENTS, PROMOTIONS, INCLUDING

APPOINTMENTS IN THE SECURITY SERVICES.

(E) REVIEW OF DECREES.

194 Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985)

(F) REHABILITATION OF WAR RAVAGED AREAS AND SETTLEMENT OF DISPLACED PERSONS AND FIGHTERS AND SOLDIERS WHO WILL NOT BE ABSORBED INTO THE NEW ARMY.

(G) ISSUES OF VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS.

(H) MATTERS CONCERNED WITH THE PROMULGATION OF THE NEW CONSTITUTION AND THE HOLDING OF ELECTIONS.

(I) ADMISSION AND DISMISSAL OF MEMBERS OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL.

(2) NOTWITHSTANDING THE PROVISIONS OF THE FOREGOING PARA­GRAPH THE MILITARY COUNCIL MAY, IN ITS OWN DISCRETION, AND FROM TIME TO TIME, DETERMINE SUCH OTHER MATTERS OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE UPON WHICH DECISIONS SHALL BE REACHED BY A TWO-THIRDS MAJORITY.

(3) THE TWO-THIRDS MAJORITY REFERRED TO HEREIN SHALL MEAN THAT DECISIONS BY THE MILITARY COUNCIL REQUIRING A TWO­THIRDS MAJORITY VOTE SHALL NOT BE REACHED UNLESS AT LEAST FOURTEEN MEMBERS OF THE TWENTY MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL VOTE IN FAVOUR OF THOSE DECISIONS.

CODE OF CONDUCT

ARTICLE 6- NEED FOR AND FORMULATION OF NATIONAL CODE OF

CONDUCT

(1) THERE IS NEED FORACHANGEINTHE POLITICAL DIRECTION OF UGANDA AND IN THIS REGARD THE NATION SHALL REQUIRE A CODE OF CONDUCT FOR LEADERS AND PUBLIC OFFICERS.

(2) THE MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL, AS A MATTER OF URGENCY, SET UP A COMMITTEE OR COMMISSION TO FORMULATE A NATIONAL CODE OF CONDUCT WHICH SHALL, AMONG OTHER THINGS, PRE­SCRIBE THE QUALIFICATIONS FOR MEMBERS OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL, THE CABINET AND OTHER PUBLIC OFFICERS.

(3) UNTIL SUCH TIME AS THE NATIONAL CODE OF CONDUCT IS WORKED OUT, SECTIONS 41 AND 42 OF THE 1967 CONSTITUTION

Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985) 195

OF UGANDA WITH THE NECESSARY MODIFICATIONS SHALL PROVIDE THE MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS FOR MEMBERSHIP OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL, THE CABINET AND APPOINTMENTS TO OTHER PUBLIC OFFICES.

THE NEW NATIONAL ARMY AND NATIONAL DEFENCE POLICY

ARTICLE 7- RECRUITMENT OF A NEW NATIONAL FORCE AND ITS FUNCTIONS

(1) SOON AFTER THE CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES UNDER ARTICLE 1 OF THIS AGREEMENT AND SUBJECT TO PARAGRAPH (2} OF THIS ARTICLE AND THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS SET OUT IN ANNEX­TURE 'A', THERE SHALL BE ESTABLISHED A NEW NATIONAL FORCE, COMPOSED OF SOLDIERS FROM ALL THE COMBATANT FORCES NOMINATED BY THE RESPECTIVE COMBATANT FORCES IN THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS:

UNLA NRA FED EMU UFM UNRF FUNA

TOTAL

3700 SOLDIERS 3580 SOLDIERS

1200 SOLDIERS

8480 SOLDIERS

(2) THE MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL ESTABLISH A SELECTION COMMITTEE CONSISTING OF THE REPRESENTATIVES OF ALL THE COMBATANT FORCES REPRESENTED ON THE MILITARY COUNCIL TOGETHER WITH REPRESENTATIVES OF THE MONITORING/ OBSERVER FORCE FOR THE PURPOSES OF SELECTING AND VETTING THE SOLDIERS NOMINATED BY THE RESPECTIVE COMBATANT FORCES TO FORM THE NEW FORCE. THE TERMS OF REFERENCE OF THE SELECTION COMMITTEE AND THE CRITERIA TO BE APPLIED IN THE SELECTION AND VETTING SHALL BE DETERMINED BY THE MILITARY COUNCIL.

(3) THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SAID NEW NATIONAL FORCE SHALL BE:-

196

(4)

Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985)

(A) TO ENSURE GENERAL SECURITY IN THE COUNTRY.

(B) TO SUPERVISE THE VOLUNTARY LAYING DOWN OF ARMS BY ALL COMBATANT FORCES IN THE COUNTRY AND TO DISARM ANY FORCE WHICH DOES NOT DO SO VOLUNTARILY.

(C) UNDER DIRECTION OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL AND IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE, TO COLLECT AND STORE ARMS RECEIVED THROUGHOUT THE DISARMAMENT EXERCISE UNDER ARTICLE 12.

(D) TO PARTICIPATE IN THE RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING OF A NEW NATIONAL ARMY.

DURING THE EXERCISE OF SELECTING THE SAID NEW FORCE THE MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL:

(A) SUBJECT TO ARTICLE 9(1) (B), MAKE ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE MAINTENANCE AND UPKEEP OF THOSE SOLDIERS OF THE COMBATANT FORCES AWAITING SELECTIONS INTO THE NEW NATIONAL FORCE OR THE NEW NATIONAL ARMY, AND

(B) ENSURE THE RETRAINING AND RESETTLEMENT OF ALL MEN AND WOMEN OF THE VARIOUS COMBATANT FORCES WHO ARE NEITHER ELIGIBLE NOR QUALIFIED OR WHO MAY NOT WISH TO JOIN THE SAID NEW NATIONAL ARMY AND FOR THIS PURPOSE THE MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL WORK OUT, AS A MATTER OF PRIORITY, A PROGRAMME FOR RE­SETTLEMENT OF THOSE MEN AND WOMEN BACK INTO CIVILIAN LIFE.

(5) THE SOLDIERS AND COMBATANTS WHO MAY NOT BE ABSORBED INTO THE NEW NATIONAL FORCE OR ARMY SHALL BE GIVEN PRIORITY FOR SERVICE IN THE POLICE, PRISONS AND OTHER SECURITY SERVICES.

ARTICLE 8 -THE NEW NATIONAL ARMY

(1) THE NEW NATIONAL FORCE ESTABLISHED UNDER ARTICLE 7 SHALL BE THE FIRST BATCH OF THE NEW NATIONAL ARMY.

Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985) 197

(2) THE NEW NATIONAL ARMY SHALL BE BROAD-BASED AND REPRESENTATIVE OF THE COUNTRY AS A WHOLE AND SHALL BE RECRUITED IN THE FIRST INSTANCE FROM THE COMBATANT FORCES EXISTING AT THE DATE OF SIGNING OF THIS AGREE­MENT AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE NATIONAL DEFENCE POLICY FORMULATED UNDER ARTICLE 9, PROVIDED THAT THE SECOND BATCH OF RECRUITMENT SHALL BE COMPOSED IN THE SAME PROPORTIONS AS THOSE USED FOR THE FIRST BATCH.

ARTICLE 9- THE NEW NATIONAL DEFENCE POLICY

(1) AFTER THE SIGNING AND COMING INTO FORCE OF THIS AGREE­MENT THE MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL, AS SOON AS PRACTICABLE, EMBARK UPON THE FORMULATION OF A NATIONAL POLICY TO DETERMINE:-

(A) THE FUNCTIONS, SIZE, NATURE, NAME AND COMPOSITION OF THE NEW NATIONAL ARMY TO ENABLE THE NEW NATIONAL FORCE ESTABLISHED UNDER ARTICLE 7 AND THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE TO CARRY OUT RECRUITMENT OF THE NEW NATIONAL ARMY AND THE DEMOBILISATION OF THE COMBATANT FORCES; AND

(B) THE ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE MAINTENANCE AND UPKEEP OF THOSE SOLDIERS OF THE VARIOUS COMBATANT FORCES AWAITING SELECTION INTO THE NEW NATIONAL ARMY.

(2) IN FORMULATING A NEW NATIONAL DEFENCE POLICY, THE MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE VIEWS OF THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THIS MATTER.

THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE

ARTICLE 10- THE MONITORING/OBSERVE[R] FORCE

(1) AFTER THE SIGNING OF THIS AGREEMENT THE UGANDA GOVERNMENT SHALL INVITE INTO UGANDA A FORCE FROM FOUR COMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES NAMELY, KENYA, TANZANIA, GREAT BRITAIN AND CANADA THE FORCE SHALL BE KNOWN AS THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE AND SHALL CARRY OUT

THE FOLLOWING DUTIES:

198 Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985)

(A) TO OBSERVE AND MONITOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CEASEFIRE.

(B) TO OBSERVE THE SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS THROUGHOUT THE WHOLE COUNTRY.

(C) TO ASSIST IN THE DISARMAMENT/SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS EXERCISE AS MAY BE REQUESTED BY THE MILITARY COUNCIL WITHIN THEIR TERMS OF REFERENCE.

(D) TO MONITOR THE MOVEMENTS OF TROOPS TO AGREED ASSEMBLY POINTS.

(E) TO ASSIST IN THE COLLECTION AND SECURING OF ARMS FROM SOLDIERS WHO HAVE BEEN DEMOBILISED.

(F) TO MONITOR COMPLIANCE WITH AGREED ARRANGEMENTS AND INVESTIGATION OF ALLEGED BREACHES OF THE CEASEFIRE.

(G) TO ASSIST IN THE RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING OF THE NEW NATIONAL ARMY.

(H) TO CARRY OUT ANY OTHER DUTIES ASSIGNED TO THEM BY THE MILITARY COUNCIL IN CONSULTATION WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE GOVERNMENTS.

(2) PRIOR TO THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE MOVING INTO UGANDA AND AFTER THE CEASEFIRE HAS BEEN EFFECTED THERE SHALL BE SENT INTO THE COUNTRY A RECONNAISSANCE TEAM, WHICH MAY BE FROM ONE OR MORE OF THE COUNTRIES INVITED TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE, TO IDENTIFY THE POSITIONS OF ALL THE COMBATANT FORCES AND THEREAFTER TO DETERMINE THE SIZE OF THE MONITORING/ OBSERVER FORCE REQUIRED. THE TERMS OF REFERENCE OF THE RECONNAISSANCE TEAM SHALL BE AS SPECIFIED IN ANNEXTURE 'B' AND MANPOWER AND EQUIPMENT IN ANNEXTURE 'C'.

(3) DURING THE PERIOD OF OPERATION OF THE RECONNAISSANCE TEAM ALL THE COMBATANT FORCES SHALL REMAIN AT THEIR POSITIONS AS AT THE DATE OF CEASEFIRE.

Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985) 199

(4) THE PROVISIONS OF ANNEXIURES 'NAND 'B' AS THEY APPER­

TAIN TO THE OPERATION, FUNCTIONS AND DUTIES OF THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE SHALL BE IN ADDITION TO AND

NOT IN SUBSTITUTION OF OR DEROGATION FROM THE PRO­VISIONS OF THIS ARTICLE.

ARTICLE 11 - RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE MINISTRY OF DEFENCE AND

THE TOP RANKS OF THE ARMED FORCES

WHEN REVIEWING THE POLITICAL APPOINTMENTS AND OTHER PRO­

MOTIONS MADE SINCE THE 27TH JULY 1985, THE MILITARY COUNCIL

SHALL ENSURE A BALANCE BETWEEN THE COMBATANT FORCES

REPRESENTED ON THE MILITARY COUNCIL EXISTING IMMEDIATELY

PRIOR TO THE SIGNING OF THIS AGREEMENT AND THE NATIONAL

RESISTANCE MOVEMENT IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSIBILITIES

IN THE MINISTRY OF DEFENCE AND IN THE ARMED FORCES.

COLLECTION AND STORAGE OF ARMS

ARTICLE 12- COLLECTION AND STORAGE OF ARMS

(1) UPON THE CEASEFIRE COMING INTO EFFECT ALL ARMS OF THE COMBATANT FORCES SHALL BE COLLECTED AND STORED BY THE RESPECTIVE FORCES WITHIN KNOWN ARMOURIES BELONGING

TO THOSE FORCES. THE SAID COLLECTION AND STORAGE SHALL BE MONITORED BY THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE WHICH

SHALL ENUMERATE AND VERIFY THE SAID ARMS.

(2) NO ARMS SHALL BE DRAWN FROM ANY ARMOURY REFERRED TO

IN PARAGRAPH (1) OF THIS ARTICLE WITHOUT THE EXPRESS

AUTHORITY OF THE LOCAL COMMANDER AND CONCURRENCE

OF A REPRESENTATIVE OF THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE

IN THE AREA IT SHALL BE THE DUTY OF THE REPRESENTATIVE OF

THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE TO REPORT DRAWING OF

ARMS WITHOUT HIS CONCURRENCE TO THE NEXT HIGHER

COMMAND HEADQUARTERS WHERE ALL THE PARTIES TO THIS

AGREEMENT SHALL BE REPRESENTED.

200 Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985)

DEMILITARISATION OF KAMPALA

ARTICLE 13- DEMILITARISATION OF KAMPALA

(1) THE CITY OF KAMPALA SHALL BE DEMILITARISED AND NEUTRALISED BY REMOVING OUT OF KAMPALA ALL TROOPS TO BE DETERMINED BY THE RECONNAISSANCE TEAM. THE SECURITY

OF KAMPALA SHALL BE MAINTAINED BY THE POLICE FORCE WHICH SHALL HAVE BEEN SCREENED AND WHOSE ARMS SHALL HAVE BEEN VERIFIED BY THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE.

THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE SHALL BE ADEQUATELY REPRESENTED TO ENSURE THE NEUTRALITY OF KAMPALA.

(2) THE DEMILITARISATION ARRANGEMENTS FOR KAMPALA SHALL REMAIN IN FORCE UNTIL THE COMPLETE DEMOBILISATION OF THE COMBATANT FORCES HAS BEEN ACHIEVED THROUGH

RECRUITMENT IN THE NEW FORCE ESTABLISHED UNDER ARTICLE 7 OR RESETTLEMENT OF THE MEN AND WOMEN NOT SO RECRUITED.

PERSONS WHO SERVED IN IDI AMIN'S REGIME

ARTICLE 14- PROVISIONS FOR PERSONS WHO SERVED IN IDI AMIN'S

REGIME

(1) ALL PERSONS WHO SERVED IN RESPONSIBLE POSITION[S] IN IDI

AMIN'S REGIME INCLUDING THOSE WHO SERVED IN THE ARMY,

THE STATE RESEARCH BUREAU OR OTHER SECURITY SERVICES AND WHO ARE KNOWN TO HAVE COMMITTED ATROCITIES OR

OTHER HEINOUS CRIMES SHALL BE PUNISHED ACCORDING TO

LAW. THE PROSECUTION OF SUCH PERSONS SHALL NOT BE

TIME BARRED.

(2) ALL PERSONS WHO SERVED IN THE NOTORIOUS STATE RESEARCH

BUREAU AND PUBLIC SAFETY UNIT SHALL NOT BE ELIGIBLE TO

JOIN THE NEW NATIONAL ARMY OR ANY OTHER SECURITY

SERVICES.

(3) ALL EX-SOLDIERS WHO SERVED IN THE ARMY IN THE PERIOD 1971-1979 AND WHO ARE NOT COVERED UNDER (1) ABOVE

Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985) 201

SHALL HAVE TO BE CAREFULLY SCREENED AND VETTED TO BE

ELIGIBLETOBEADMITTEDTOTHENEWNATIONALARMYORANY

OTHER SECURITY SERVICES. IN VETTING SUCH PERSONS THE

COMMITTEE SHALL GIVE PREFERENCE TO THOSE WHO HAVE

SPECIAL SKILLS TO FILL PLACES WHICH CANNOT OTHERWISE BE

FILLED. THE SAID PERSONS MUST HAVE CLEAN RECORDS.

CONVENING OF NATIONAL CONFERENCE AND GENERAL ELECTIONS

ARTICLE 15 -NATIONAL CONFERENCE

AS SOON AS PRACTICABLE AFTER THE SIGNING OF THIS AGREEMENT,

THE MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL CONVENE A NATIONAL CONFERENCE

TO DISCUSS KEY NATIONAL ISSUES, TO WIT, TENURE OF THE INTERIM

GOVERNMENT, THE FUTURE NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK,

ELECTIONS, AND THE NATIONAL ARMY. REPRESENTATIVES AT THE

SAID NATIONAL CONFERENCE SHALL BE DRAWN FROM ALL DISTRICTS

AS WELL AS ALL NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, POLITICAL PARTIES,

RELIGIOUS GROUPS AND THE MILITARY COUNCIL.

ARTICLE 16- HOLDING GENERAL ELECTIONS

FREE AND FAIR GENERAL ELECTIONS SHALL BE HELD IN UGANDA AS

SOON AS PRACTICABLE TO RETURN THE COUNTRY TO PARLIAMENTARY

DEMOCRACY.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AGREEMENT

ARTICLE 17 - IMPLEMENTATION

(1) FOR THE PURPOSES OF ENSURING THE IMPLEMENTATION

OF THIS AGREEMENT THE MILITARY COUNCIL CONSTITUTED

PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 2 OF THIS AGREEMENT SHALL AT ITS

FIRST MEETINGS EXPEDITIOUSLY DISCUSS AND RESOLVE

MATTERS RELATING TO THE FOLLOWING ISSUES:

(A) REVIEW OF ALL THE DECREES PROMULGATED BY THE

MILITARY GOVERNMENT SINCE THE 27TH JULY, 1985;

(B) FORMULATION OF THE BROAD GUIDELINES FOR THE

GOVERNMENT PROGRAMME OF ACTION;

202 Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985)

(C) ESTABLISHMENT AND FORMULATION OF THE TERMS OF REFERENCE OF A COMMISSION OF INQUIRY INTO THE VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN UGANDA SINCE INDEPENDENCE;

(D) FORMULATION OF BROAD GUIDELINES FOR THE RESTRUC­TURING OF THE NEW NATIONAL ARMY AND THE HAR­MONISATION OF RANKS WITHIN THE COMBATANT FORCES AS A BASIS FOR THE FORMATION BY THE MILITARY COUNCIL OF A NEW NATIONAL DEFENCE POLICY UNDER ARTICLE 9 OF THIS AGREEMENT WHICH GUIDELINES SHALL INCLUDE STRATEGIES FOR THE REHABILITATION AND RESETTLE­MENTOF SOLDIERS OF THE COMBATANT FORCES WHO WILL NOT BE RECRUITED INTO THE NATIONAL ARMY;

(E) REVIEW OF CABINET PORTFOLIOS AND OTHER POLITICAL APPOINTMENTS MADE BY THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT SINCE 27TH WLY, 1985.

(F) SUCH OTHER URGENT MATTERS AS MAY BE DETERMINED BY THE MILITARY COUNCIL.

(2) THE MILITARY COUNCIL WHEN DECIDING THE ABOVE ISSUES SHALL NOT BE GOVERNED BY THE TWO THIRDS MAJORITY RULE SET OUT IN ARTICLE 5 OF THIS AGREEMENT, BUT SHALL REACH ITS DECISIONS BY CONSENSUS.

ARTICLE 18- PREPARATION FOR THE FIRST MEETING OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL

UPON SIGNING OF THIS AGREEMENT AN AD HOC COMMITTEE SHALL BE SET UP FOR THE PURPOSE OF MAKING THE FOLLOWING PRACTICAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE FIRST MEETING OF THE FULLY CON­STITUTED MILITARY COUNCIL:

(A) PREPARATION OF AGENDA FOR THE MEETING.

(B) DESIGNATION OF DATE AND VENUE FOR THE MEETING.

(C) MAKING NECESSARY SECURITY AND ACCOMMODATION ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE MEETING.

Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985) 203

IN WITNESS WHEREOF THE PARTIES HEREUNTO HAVE, THROUGH THEIR REPRESENTATIVES, SET THEIR HANDS AT NAIROBI THIS 17TH DAY OF DECEMBER 1985.

GENERAL TITO OKELLO LUTWA CHAIRMAN, MILITARY COUNCIL AND HEAD OF STATE OF UGANDA

YOWERI MUSEVENI CHAIRMAN, HIGH COMMAND NATIONAL RESISTANCE ARMY AND INTERIM CHAIRMAN NATIONAL RESISTANCE MOVEMENT

IN THE PRESENCE OF AND WITNESSED BY:

H. E. DANIEL TOROIT[I)CH ARAP MOl PRESIDENT AND COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA AND CHAIRMAN OF THE UGANDA PEACE TALKS

)

) ............................................................. . )

)

)

) .............................................................. . )

)

)

)

) ) .............................................................. .

)

)

[Original bears the signatures of the parties to the agreement, and continues with Annextures 'A' to 'E', including a list of the participants in the delegations.]

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Index

Acholi people 2, 3, 32-3, 80, 81, 91,

104-5, 113, 118, 125-6, 134, 150, 162-3, 164, 170, 171, 178

district 14, 25, 31, 32, 36, 53, 72, 73, 118, 139, 149, 151, 158

see also Northern Region Adoko, Akena 65 Adrisi, Mustafa 79, 129, 132, 133,

140 Africanisation 28, 43, 47, 48-50,

52-4,56,60, 62,64, 65, 70, 84, 172

aid 49, 65, 67, 122, 161 Air Force 66, 67, 74, 90, 114, 126,

133, 134 Ali, Moses 140 Allegiance, Oath of 52 Allimadi, Otema 58, 160, 163 Alur 2, 36, 79, 80, 134, 135-6, 150

see also West Nile District America 51, 55, 71, 113, 138, 139 Amin, Idi xvii, xviii, xix, 28, 38,

43, 50, 51, 59, 60, 62, 67, 70, 72, 73, 74, 76, chs 6-11 yassim, 146, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 159, 160, 165, 170, 171

Anko1e 3, 21-2, 25, 27, 30, 111, 149, 154, 157, 158, 161, 170, 177-8

Anya Nya 52, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 108,116-17, 131

see also guerrilla war; Sudan Arab traders 2, 14, 32

see also ivory trade; slave trade Arabs 52, 54, 89,95-6, 100, 117,

122, 123, 124, 127, 131, 132 see also Middle East

Aringa 134-5 Arua 166 Asians xix, 35, 102, 119-21, 127 assassination

attempt on Obote xviii, 89 attempts on Amin 140

authority 8-10,40, 47, 171, 174 see also 'familiarity syndrome'

Baganda 2, 12, 17-18,20,22,26, 32, 35, 49, 50, 53, 68, 76, 80, 83, 101, 135, 142, 148, 150, 177-9

see also Buganda; Central Region; Kabaka

Baker, Samuel xv, 14 Bakiga 80, 135, 149, 150, 170

see also Western Region Bantu-speakers 1, 33, 69, 87, 134,

135, 150, 170, 176-9 see also Baganda; Bakiga;

Banyankole; Banyarwanda; Banyoro; Basoga; Batoro

Banyankole 80, 135, 149, 177-8 see also Western Region

Banyarwanda 80, 135, 177 see also Western Region

Banyoro 2, 17-18,20,69,80,135, 150

see also Bunyoro; Western Region

Basoga 80, 135, 150 see also Busoga; Eastern Region

Bataringaya, Basil 68, 98 Batoro 80, 135, 150 Binaisa, Godfrey xx, 76, 148,

151-3, 159, 168, 177 Bombo 30, 38, 164 Britain xix, 16, 31, 40, 52,

65-6,67,73,96-7,98-100, 101, 109, 113, 119, 121-2, 124, 138, 139, 168

British Colonial Government xvi, 16, 19-20, 22, 26, 45, 57-8, 69

see also Colonial Office; Foreign Office; War Office

British Legion (Uganda) 37 British officers 19, 28, 31-2, 34,

42,44,45,47,48,49, 50, 51, 53, 59, 62, 64, 70, 127, 170

210

Index 211

British Protectorate Administration 12, 18, 20, 21-3,25-7,28-33,35,37,41, 53

British troops 42, 48, 57, 59, 66, 94

Buganda xv, xvi, xvii, 1, 2, 14, 15, 17-18, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 42, 44, 53, 68~70, 71, 72, 75, 76, 83, 87, 111, 148, 149, 154, 157, 158, 160, 163, 170-1, 177-8, 179

Bunyoro xv, xvi, xvii, 1-2, 14, 15, 17-20, 21, 25, 27, 30, 32, 69, 71, 111

Busoga xvi, 20-2, 154

Central Region 44, 83, 102, 103, 111, 127, 154, 159, 161

see also Baganda centralised states 1, 33, 44, 130

see also kingdoms centre/periphery 69, 83, 86, 154

see also peripheral regions Christians 88, 123, 136-7, 138,

165 see also Luwum, Janani; Pope

Paul VI; religion CIA 55, 99, 127 civil liberty, violation of 162

see also human rights civil-military relations 1, 4-6, 9,

10, 11, 47, 62-3, 65, 160, 162, 172-4, 181

civil service 52, 83, 88, 97, 103, 105, 117, 123, 125, 140, 165

class 7, 126, 174, 180 coalition, UPC-KY xvii, 49, 68, 69

see also KY; UPC coast, East African 2, 12, 15, 20 coffee see crops Colonial Office (British) xvi, 19,

30 see also British Colonial

Government Colvile xv, 17-19 Cornman Man's Charter, The xviii,

88-9, 93, 96, 97, 173 Commonwealth 73, 92, 94, 96, 98,

99, 138, 143

Observer Group 155 military training team 167

communist sympathies, suspected 55,68, 72-3

see also socialist; Soviet Union conditions of service 48, 49, 52,

54, 58, 60, 62, 126 see also mutiny; pay

Congo see Zaire Conservative Party 153 constabulary see police Constitution

1962 (Independence) xviii, 49, 53,69, 75, 76,109

1966 (interim) xviii, 76 1967 (Republican) 147

cotton see crops Council of Ministers 103 coup, military

Amin's xviii, 92-4, 98-9, 100-1, 103, 106, 108, 112, 117, 133, 151, 155, 165, 171, 172, 173

fears of 48, 54, 89, 159, 161-2, 173

Museveni's 175, 176-7, 179 Okello's 11, 164-5, 167, 172 see also military take-over

crisis of 1966 78, 83, 87, 102, 171 crops 16, 35, 118, 121, 127, 146,

180, 185

Dares Salaam 55-6, 152, 153 Daudi Chwa xvi, 20

see also Kabaka; Regents Defence Council 70, 74, 87 demobi1isation

after the First World War 34 after the Second World War

37, 39, 63 Democratic Party 42, 43, 49-50,

68, 69, 73, 89, 102, 120, 153, 154, 155, 161

deployment, principles of 12, 24, 27, 29, 82, 170, 178

see also geographical origin; race; religion

East Africa Defence Committee xvii, 40, 43, 44, 45

212 Index

East Africa High Commission xvii,40-l

East African Land Forces 40 see also KAR

Eastern Province xvi, 25, 30, 42 Eastern Region 127, 163

see also Basoga; Karamojong; Teso

'economic war' xix, 120 education 9-11, 37, 42, 43-4, 46,

50, 53, 130, 160, 169, 17Q-l, 174

see also Makerere University; professionalism; training

effendi 41, 45 Egypt XV, 13, 14-15, 19, 22, 37,

89-90, 95, 113 Egyptian troops 2 elections xx, 42, 43, 49-50, 93, 102,

147, 153-5, 159-60, 162, 165, 166, 175, 176, 180

see also political parties Emergency, State of xvii, 102 Emin Pasha xv, 12, 14-15 Entebbe 17, 21, 30, 114, 152

Entebbe raid xix, 132, 133 Equatorial Province (of Sudan)

14, 15 Etesot see Teso ethnic affiliation 2, 46, 53, 64,

70, 78, 79-81,83,86,93,104, 111, 133, 135-6, 144, 146, 158, 160, 161, 168-9, 170, 171, 173-4, 176-80

see also linguistic affiliation; manipulation, political, of the military; regional affiliation; tribalism

ethnic groups 1, 26, 31-3, 57, 69, 79, 80, 81, 101, 104, 136, 138, 148, 149, 150-1, 161, 163, 173, 179

see also Acholi; Alur; Baganda; Bakiga; Banyankole; Banyarwanda; Banyoro; Basoga; Batoro; Kakwa; Karamojong; Langi; Lugbara; Madi; Teso

Europeans 128, 139 African attitudes towards 34,

39-40,55,62 attitudes towards Africans 34,

66 execution, public 120, 137 exiles, Ugandan xix, 108, 120, 128,

131, 138, 139, 141-2, 145, 148, 151, 159

expenditure, military 31, 37-8, 40-1,60, 79, 87, 158

'familiarity syndrome' 8-11, 48, 62, 129-30, 171, 172, 174

see also authority; obedience; respect

FEDEMU 157, 166, 168, 176, 178 First World War see World War I five Ministers, detention of 74-5,

83, 102 Foreign Office (British) xvi, 30

see also British Colonial Government

Fort Portal 162 PUNA 157, 166, 168

General China 39 geographical origin 24, 78, 82, 170

see also deployment, principles of; regional affiliation

Germany, West 33, 34, 36, 95, 113 Ghana 66, 108, 138 Gordon xv, 14-15 GSU 65,67 guerrilla war xx, 18, 20, 131, 157,

158, 160-3, 175-6, 177, 178 see also Anya Nya; NRA

Gulu 31, 81, 89, 128, 163, 164

headquarters of Ugandan military 30, 38, 65, 71, 74, 75, 83

Heath, Edward 94, 96-7,99 hierarchy

military 2, 4, 9, 10, 39, 44, 47, 130, 174

political 1, 4, 8, 171 see also military organisation;

political organisation

Index 213

Hoima 21,30 human rights 138, 165, 175-6

see also civil liberty Huntington, Samuel 5-7

see also modernisation, theory of Hussein, Suleman xviii, 36, 45,

50,60, 86,89-90,98

IBEA Co. xv, 12, 15-16, 20 ideology, political 4, 68, 70, 139,

146, 148, 161, 166-7, 169, 174 Independence xvii, ll, 28, 42,

43-7,48-51, 54, 62-4,66, 71, 95, ll9, 121, 154, 160, 170, 171, 172, 176

India 23, 40, 66, 119 see also Asians

Indian Army 41 Indian troops xvi, 12, 22-3, 24, 25,

28, 29, 30, 31, 170 Indirect Rule 31, 35, 171

see also British Protectorate Administration

intra-military relations l, 4, 9-11, 162, 174

see also military, organisation of invasion of Uganda see exiles,

Ugandan Islam ll4-15, 122, 123-4, 125, 128,

170 see also Muslims; religion

Israel xix, 66-7, 92, 95-6, 97, 98, 100, 103, 108, 109, ll4-17, 118, 122, 124, 127, 132, 172

see also Entebbe raid; Zionism Iteso see Teso ivory trade 14, 15, 16, 32

see also Arab traders

Jinja xv, xvii, 17, 21, 22, 28, 38, 46, 58-9, 65, 71, 75, 106, 163

Johnston, H. H. xvi, 26

Kabaka xv, xvi, xvii, xviii, xix, 17, 27,49-50,69-70, 71, 74, Ill

see also Daudi Chwa; KY; Mutesa I; Mutesa II; Mwanga; Regents

Kabarega xv, xvi, 1, 12, 17-18, 20, 32,69

Kagera River 141 see also Liberation War

Kakembo 36-7 Kakonge 88, 121 Kakuhikire 60, 75, 90 Kakwa 79, 80, 134-5, 151, 170 Kalimuzo 88, 121 Kambona, Oscar 56, 131 Kampala xv, xix, 15, 21, 30, 58,

65, 71, 72, 73, 94, 98, 100, 108, 137, 143, 148, 151, 153, 158, 163, 164, 165, 175, 178, 180

KAR xvi, 28-33, 40, 43, 57, 172 KAR Ordinance (1902) 28, 41 KAR 4th (Uganda) Battalion

xvii, 28, 33-5, 38-9, 46, 50, 51, 53

KAR 5th (Kenya) Battalion 28 see also Uganda Army

Karamoja 51, 54 Karamojong 3, 80, 135, 150

see also Eastern Region Karugaba, Augustino 46, 60 Karuma Falls 164 Kaunda 98, 131 Kenya xvi, xvii, 1, 21, 22, 25, 29,

30, 32, 35, 38-9,40,45, 57,94, 98, 127, 130, 132-3, 139, 164, 168, 172, 180

Kenyan Army 35, 47, 57 see also KAR 5th (Kenya)

Battalion; mutiny in Kenya Kenyatta 57, 172 Khartoum xv, 14, 92, 94 Kigezi 157 Kikuyu 39, 57 Kili, B. 90, 105 kingdoms lll, 179

see also Ankole; Buganda; Bunyoro; Toro

Kirunda 164 Kiwanuka, Benedicto 43, 102, 120 KY 49, 50,68, 69, 70, 72, 73,89

Lagos Summit 73, 96

214 Index

Langi 2, 3, 32, 80, 104-5, 113, 118 125-6, 134, 138, 150, 163, 170, 171, 178

see also Northern Region Lango District 20, 31-2, 49, 118,

139, 149, 158, 178 language clusters l, 33, 79, 87,

134-5, 150-l, 173 see also Bantu-speakers;

linguistic affiliation; Lwo-speakers; Ni1o-Hamitic speakers; Sudanic-speakers

Legislative Council 42 Lev, Bar 98, 109, 114

see also Israel Liberation War 145, 152, 158-9 Libya 113-15, 120-2, 124, 132,

140, 141, 161, 176, 180 linguistic affiliation 70, 78, 81, 83,

84,86-7, 104, Ill, 125, 133, 136, 138, 144, 161, 170, 173-4, 176-80

see also ethnic affiliation; language clusters; manipulation, political, of the military; regional affiliation

Lonrho 161, 176, 180 see also multinationals

looting 121, 129, 164, 171 lost couniies, the xvii, 18, 69, 71 Lubiri

barracks 83, 98 palace of Kabaka xviii, 72, 83

Lugbara 79, 80, 134-5, 140, 151, 170

Lugard xv, 12, 13,15-16,24,33-4, 44

Lukakamwa, S. G. 90, 105 Lukiiko 49, 68, 75-6, 83

see also Baganda Lule, Yusufu xix, xx, 142-3, 146-8,

149, 151, 159, 177 Lumago, Isaac 133, 140 Luo 57, 125 Luwero Triangle 158 Luwum, Janani xix, 136-7, 138-9 Luzira Military Prison 59 Lwo-speakers l, 69, 86, 103-4, 125,

134-6, 137, 138, 149, 150, 158,

159-60, 170, 171, 177 see also Acholi; Alur; Langi

Madi 2, 79, 80, 134-5, 151 Magamaga 163 Mahdist insurrection xv, 14-15 Makerere University xvi, xvii, 43,

46-7, 88, 90, 121, 142 see also education

Malire 81, 98, 104, 140, 151 manipulation, political, of the

military ll, 65, 70, 90, 101, 169, 170, 173, 175

see also ethnic affiliation; linguistic affiliation; patronage; tribalism

Marela, Hussein 129 martial law 33

see also military law martial races concept 32 Maruru 142 Masai 32, 57 Mau Mau xvii, 38-9, 121 Mazrui 4, 108 Mbarara 30, 106 Mbuya 65, 70, 163 medals 18, 37, lll-12, 121 Middle East 37, 40, 67, 131

see also Arabs Military Commission xx, 142,

146, 147-9, 152-5, 160 Military Council

colonial 41 1964 70 1985 166-8, 175-7

military law 53 see also martial law

military, organisation of l-4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 32-3, 64, 70, 170

see also hierarchy; intra-military relations

Military Police xviii, 78, 79-81, 90, 106

military service I, 2, 3, 44, 88 military take-over 5, 7, 62, 92

see also coup, military 'mobilisation campaign', Amin's

124-5

Index 215

modernisation theory 6-7, 174, 180

Moi 168 Mondo, Emilo 125, 140 Moroto 51, 54, 59, 75, 106 Moshi Conference xix, 142-3,

145, 147 see also National Consultative

Council MOSSAD 67, 99 Move to the Left, the 78, 93, 97 multinationals 88, 102, 180

see also Lonrho; nationalisation Musa, Juma xviii, 45, 50, 60, 90,

126 Museveni, Yoweri xx, 142, 147-9,

151, 153, 155, 158, 161, 163, 170, 175-80

see also NRA; NRM; UPM Muslims 23, 86, 108, 111, 123, 125,

126, 128, 129, 161 see also Islam; religion

Mutesa I, Kabaka xv, 2 Mutesa II, Kabaka xvii, xviii,

xix, 52-3, 69, 74, 75-6, 78, 83, 86, 89, 101, 102, 173

mutiny in East Africa 48, 50, 64 in Kenya 57-8 Sudanese xvi, 12, 22-4, 63, 171 in Tanganyika 55-6 in Uganda 58-60, 63, 65, 67,

171, 172 see also Zanzibar Revolution

Muwanga, Paulo 142, 147, 149, 153, 160

Mwaka, John 133 Mwanga, Kabaka xvi, 20

Nairobi xx, 35, 97, 168, 175, 179 Nakasero 81 Narwai, Ochero 163-4 NASA 161-2 National Assembly 50, 69, 73, 76,

97 see also Parliament

National Consultative Council 142, 147-9

National Executive Council 142, 147

National Resistance Council 177

see also NRA; NRM national service see military

service nationalisation 88, 96, 97, 102, 121 Nekyon, Adoko 72, 73 Nile River xv, 1, 13, 22, 104 Nile Subprovince 25, 30 Nilo-Hamitic speakers 1, 3, 86,

134-5, 150, 177 see also Karamojong; Teso

Nilotic see Lwo-speakers Nimeiry 94, 116 non-alignment 67, 95, 126-7, 172 non-centralised societies see

segmentary societies Northern Brigade 35 Northern District 25 Northern Region 81, 86

see also Acholi; Gulu; Langi NRA XX, 157-8, 161, 166-8, 175,

179 NRM 157, 166-8, 175

see also National Resistance Council

Nubian 36, 79, 80, 134 Nyerere 56, 98, 99, 131, 141

OAU xix, 56, 76, 95, 108, 116, 118, 131-2

obedience 8, 9, 11, 39, 43, 47-8, 50 see also 'familiarity syndrome'

Obote, Milton xviii, xx, chs 4-7 passim, 102, 104, 105, 108, 110, 117, 120, 130, 139, 142, 143, chs 12-13 passim, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 178, 180

see also UPC Oboth-Ofumbi xix, 137, 138 Ocheng, Daudi 72-4 officers 11, 31, 36, 41, 43, 45-7, 50,

60, 74, 80, 81, 83-5, 91, 121, 123, 125, 130, 133-6, 140, 159, 160, 162, 171, 172

see also British officers

216 Index

Ogwang, David Livingstone 36, 45

Okello, Bajilio Olara xx, 160, 163-6

Okello, John 54 Okello, Tito Lutwa xvi, 36, 45, 50,

141, 142, 145, 148, 149, 153, 160, 161, 163, 166, 168, 176, 178, 180

Okoya, Pierino Yere xviii, 45, 71, 86, 89, 91, 92, 126

Omukama see Kabarega Onama, Felix 58, 59, 72, 73, 97 Opolot, Shahan Okuni xvii, xviii,

36,43, 50, 59, 60, 62, 70,74-5, 83, 86, 90, 91

Opon Acak, Smith xx, 160-5 Oryema, Erinayo xix, 98, 103, 137,

138 Ottoman Empire 13-14 Oyite Ojok, David xx, 75, 89-90,

98, 105, 141, 142, 145, 148, 149, 151, 152-3, 160-2

pacification 12 see also British Protectorate

Administration; punitive expeditions; treaties with local leaders

Pakistan 66, 119, 124 Palestine 95 Palestinians 132, 134 Palestine Liberation Organisation

131, 132 Pan-Africanism 49, 51, 54, 95 Parliament 43, 52, 53, 58, 60, 62,

69, 72, 73-4, 97, 153 see also National Assembly

Patiko 14 patronage 70, 78, 153, 177

see also manipulation, political, of the military

patron-client relationship 2, 122 pay 23, 37, 48, 56, 58, 59-61, 78,

133, 171, 172 see also conditions of service;

mutiny Peace Accord xx, 168, 169, 175,

179, 186

peace talks xx, 166, 168 see also Military Council; NRM

peripheral regions 68, 103, 105, 154, 159, 164, 171, 178

see also centre/periphery police 26, 28, 29, 30, 34, 35, 42, 61,

114, 128, 157, 178 special police force 110

Political and Diplomatic Commission 142

'political decay' 6-7 see also modernisation theory

political organisation 3, 18, 32-3, 42

see also centralised states; hierarchy; segmentary societies

political parties see Conservative Party; DP; elections; KY; UPC; UPM

Pope Paul VI xvii, 88, 110 population xvii, 1, 79, 82, 154 Port Alice see Entebbe porters 29 post-military regimes 11, 173

see also Binaisa, Godfrey; Lule, Yusufu; Obote, Milton

press, international 55, 94, 99, 109, 168, 176, 180

see also Radio Uganda prisons 60, 61, 106, 140 professionalism 10-11, 169, 174

see also education; training promotion 43, 45-6, 49, 50, 55,

60, 70, 78, 85, 105, 129, 132, 133, 136, 140, 171, 173

see also officers; seniority Protectorate, British, of Uganda

xv, xvi, 12, 19 see also British Protectorate

Administration Public Safety Unit 110, 125 punitive expeditions 17

see also British Protectorate Administration; pacification; treaties with local leaders

Qadhafi 113-15, 122, 132, 161 see also Libya

Index 217

Queen's Commissions see promotion

quota system of recruitment 147-8, 168-9

see also recruitment

race 8, 9, 24, 43, 47, 52, 82, 100, 119, 170

see also deployment, principles of

Radio Uganda 59, 100, 104, 140, 164 see also press, international

recruitment 2, 10, 28, 29, 31-3, 54, 106-7, 108, 128, 134-6, 147-8, 149, 150-1, 157, 159, 168-9, 170-1, 173-4

Regents of Buganda xvi, 20, 26-7 regional affiliation 70, 79-83, 85,

86-7, Ill see also ethnic affiliation;

geographical origin; linguistic affiliation

religion 15, 23-4, 46, 82, 86, 88, 110-ll, 115, 122, 123, 136-7, 144, 170

see also Christians; deployment, principles of; Islam; Muslims

reserve force 29, 31, 33 respect 8-10

see also 'familiarity syndrome' Rwakasisi 161, 164 Rwanda I, 136, 137

Sandhurst 46 see also training

Saudi Arabia 116, 122, 124 Second World War see World

War II segmentary societies 1, 2-4, 44,

171, 174 see also Lwo-speakers; Nilo­

Hamitic speakers; Sudanic­speakers

self-government 43, 45, 120 seniority 9, 46, 171

see also promotion slave trade 14, 32, 100

see also Arab traders

social structure 7 see also centralised states;

hierarchy; military organisation; political organisation; segmentary societies

socialist 99, 100-1 see also communist sympathies,

suspected Somalia 22, 28, 38, 108 Somali 57 South Mrica 94, 95, 96, 98, 99,

100, 116 Soviet Union 67, 124

see also communist sympathies, suspected

Ssemogerere, Paul 153, 154 see also Democratic Party

Stanley xv, 15 State Research Bureau 110, 125 Steiner, Rudolf 95 Sudan xvi, 1, 14, 17, 22, 51, 52,

66, 92, 94-5, 97, 100, 104, 108, 116-17, 118, 126, 130, 131, 151, 157, 159

Sudanese Mutiny see mutiny, Sudanese

Sudanese troops 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22-4, 30, 41, 131, 170

Sudanic-speakers 1, 79, 86, 96, 123, 125, 128, 134-6, 151, 159, 170, 171, 177

see also Kakwa; Lugbara; Madi; West Nile District

sugar see crops Swahili troops 12, 22, 24, 25, 30

Tanganyika 40, 54, 55, 58, 59 see also mutiny in Tanganyika

Tanzania xix, I, 54, 56, 79, 99, 108, 117, 118, 128, 130, 141, 142, 145, 151, 168, 172, 173

see also Zanzibar Tanzania Defence Force xix, 138,

141, 145, 159, 173 tax 34, 37, 42 tea see crops

Ternan 19-20, 25

218 Index

Teso 3, 36, 80, 135, 150 see also Eastern Region

Toko, Gad Wilson 126 Toro 21, 27, 111 trade routes 15-16, 20

see also Arab traders; ivory trade; slave trade

training 9-11,44, 46, 54, 64, 66, 67, 169, 174

see also education; professionalism

treaties with local leaders 18-19 see also British Protectorate

Administration; pacification; punitive expeditions

tribalism 6, 88, 90, 176 see also ethnic affiliation;

manipulation, political, of the military

UFM 157, 161, 166, 168, 176 Uganda Agreement xvi, 26-8 Uganda Armed Forces Act (1964)

63 Uganda Army

1st Battalion 54, 59, 60, 75 2nd Battalion xvii, 54, 59, 60 3rd Battalion xviii, 71, 75 4th Battalion xviii, 71, 75 see also headquarters of

Ugandan military; KAR 4th Battalion; military, organisation of; mutiny in Uganda; Uganda Regiment; Uganda Rifles; UNLA

Uganda Military Force Ordinance (1898) 25

Uganda Military Forces Ordinance (1958) 63

Uganda National Congress see UPC

Uganda National Movement 139 Uganda Railway 29 Uganda Regiment 33-4, 38

see also Uganda Army Uganda Rifles xv, xvi, xvii, 15, 19,

20, 22, 28, 29, 42, 50, 51, 52, 58

Uganda Rifles Ordinance (1895) 19, 25

see also Uganda Army Uganda Volunteer Reserve see

reserve force Unilateral Declaration of

Independence (in Rhodesia) 73,96

United Nations 76, 96, 133, 138 UNLA xx, 142, 145, 150-1, 158,

166, 168, 176, 178 see also Uganda Army

UNLF xix, xx, 142, 145, 146-8, 149. 153

UNRF 157, 166, 168 UPC xx, 42, 49, 50, 64, 68, 69, 74,

77, 88, 89, 97, 142, 153-5, 157, 160, 167

UPDM 179 UPM 153-5

War Office (British) xvii, 19, 25, 28, 37, 40, 42

see also British Colonial Government

'warrior tradition' 4 West Nile District xvi, 3, 14, 51,

53, 71, 79, 81, 86, 108, 129, 134-6, 157, 158, 166

see also Alur; Sudanic-speakers Western Region 149

see also Bakiga; Banyankole; Banyarwanda

World War I xvi, 28, 31, 33-4, 42 see also demobilisation

World War II xvii, 28, 36-7, 39 see also demobilisation

Zaire xviii, 1, 17, 51, 71, 73, 108, 116, 130, 136, 137, 141, 159

Zambia 108, 138, 139 Zanzibar 40, 54

Zanzibar Revolution 54-5, 58 see also mutiny

Zionism 114, 122, 124, 128 see also Israel