appendix a typologies or models of participation: a …978-3-319-73284-8/1.pdf · to fix up tax,...

187© Springer International Publishing AG 2018 S. Chowdhury, P. K. Panday, Strengthening Local Governance in Bangladesh, Public Administration, Governance and Globalization 8, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73284-8

Appendix ATypologies or Models of Participation: A Continuum

Level of participation

Typology of participation

Arnstein (1969) Koneya (1978)

Oakley (1986–1989)

United Nation (1981) Moser (1983)

High Citizen control

Citizens define the problem and decide the action

Participation (authentic participation)

SpontaneousParticipation

Participation as an end

Delegated power

Presents problems & boundaries, but citizen decide

CONTINUUM PartnershipPlacationConsultation

Presents problems, ask for ideas, then decide

Induced participation (co-optive and manipulative) of an activity

InducedParticipation

CONTINUUM

Presents tentative decision, consult citizen, then decide

Low InformingTherapyManipulation

Announces decision, permits questions “sells” decision to citizen

Compulsory participation

Coerced participation

Participation as a means

Decide, announces decision through bulletin

Source: Adapted from Samah and Aref (2011)

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Present Local Government Structure in Bangladesh

Source: Developed by authors

National Government (Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives)

Secretariat Head Quarter Departments (Local Government Division)

Administrative Unit / Administrative Head

Urban LocalGovernment

Rural LocalGovernment

Division (7) (DivisionalCommissioner)

District (District commissioner)

Sub-District (UpazilaNirbahi Officer)

Union (UP Secretary) Union Parishad(4550)

UpazilaParishad(488)

ZilaParishad (64)

X

Municipalities (310)

City Corporations (11)

Appendix BPresent Local Government Structure in Bangladesh

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1. To prepare 5-year and other term plans 2. Development, preservation, and maintenance of rural infrastructure 3. Program related to primary and mass education 4. Implementation of health and family planning program 5. To initiate required program for development of agriculture, fisheries, animal, and other

development activities 6. To take steps in controlling epidemic and disaster management 7. To fix up tax, rate, toll, fees, and collection 8. To resolve family dispute and implement programs relating to woman and children welfare 9. To initiate and assist programs related to sports, social development, and culture10. Take programs for environmental development and conservation nature11. Complying of government delegated responsibility and taking measures for maintaining law

and order situation12. Registration of birth and death13. Maintenance of public property, open place, gardens, and playing field14. Lighting of UP roads and public ways15. Plantation and preservation of trees and protection of misusing and robber of this resource16. Management and maintenance of burning and burial grounds, common meeting places, and

other public property17. Prevention and abatement of nuisance of public ways, streets, and places18. Prevention of wastage of public lights19. Regulation of the collection, removal, and disposal of manure and streets sweepings20. Regulation of offensive and dangerous trades21. Regulation of the disposal of carcasses of dead animals and regulation of the slaughter of

animals22. Regulation of the erection, reconstruction and control of dangerous buildings23. Provision and maintenance of well water pumps, tanks, ponds, and other works for the

supply of water

Appendix CFunctions of UP (Schedule 2 Under the Local Government (Union Parishad) Act 2009)

(continued)

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192

24. Adoption of measures for preventing the contamination of the sources of water-supply for drinking and provision of the use of water of wells, ponds, and other sources of water-supply suspected to be dangerous to public health

25. Regulation or prohibition of the watering of cattle, bathing or washing at or near wells, ponds, and other sources of water reserved for drinking purposes

26. Regulation or prohibition of the steeping of hemp, jute or other plants in or near ponds and other sources of water-supply

27. Regulation or prohibition of dyeing or tanning of skins within residential areas28. Regulation or prohibition of the excavation of earth stones or other material within

residential areas29. Regulation or prohibition of the establishment of brick kilns, potteries, and other kilns

within residential areas30. Taking measures and assists government to deal with flood, storm, earth quake, and other

natural disasters31. To preserve list and help the widows and orphans, poor and distressed persons32. Development and encouragement of cooperative movement and rural industry33. Adoption of measurement for increased food production34. Provision for maintenance and regulation of cattle pounds35. Provision of first-aid centers36. Any other measure likely to promote safety, comfort, or facilities for the convenience of the

inhabitants of the union37. To initiate and encourage E-governance38. Co-operation with other organization engaged in activities similar to those of the Union

Parishad39. Other responsibilities delegated by government time to time

Source: Adapted from the local government (Union Parishad) act, 2009

Appendix C


1. Ministry of Local Government(A) Sub-Assistant Engineer from LGED and other staff(B) Tube-well Mechanics of DPHE

2. Ministry of Agriculture: Sub-assistant Agricultural extension officers and their staff3. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

(A) Health Inspector and Health Assistant and their staff(B) Family Welfare inspector and Family Welfare Assistants and their staff

4. Ministry of Primary and Mass Education:(A) Assistant Education Officer and their staff

5. Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock(A) Veterinary Field Assistant from Livestock and(B) Field Assistant of Fisheries Department

6. Ministry of Social Services(A) Union Social Worker of Social Services department

7. Ministry of Home Affairs(A) Group Leaders of Ansar and Village Defence Party from Ansar- VDP Directorate

Source: Adapted from the local government (Union Parishad) act, 2009

Appendix DList of Transferred Offices at UP

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Institutional Framework for Local Level Plan

Source: Developed by authors

National Parliament

NEC

Cabinet

Sectoral Department

Planning Commission

Ministry

Planning Cell of Upazila Parishad

Upazila Committee

Zilla Plan

Civil Society Organizations/NGOs

Upazila Plan

Planning Cell of Zilla Parishad

Zilla Parishad

Ward Shava/OBM

Union Plan Union Parishad

Field Staff /Line Department

Sectoral Department

Appendix EInstitutional Framework for Local Level Plan

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Appendix FThe Power and Function of the Ward Shava (WS)

According to Section 6 of the Act of 2009, the ward has the following power, functions and rights: 1. The Ward Shava will assist the UPs with all important information for the formulation of the

UPs development Plan 2. The Ward Shava at the ward level will prepare project proposals and will prioritize the

implementable schemes and development programs 3. It will prepare the final beneficiary list of various government programs on the basis of

specific determinants and will this hand over to the UPs 4. It will assist in all manner of help for the implementation of development projects 5. The Ward Shava will inspire and assist the implementation of local philanthropic activities

and development programs through voluntary work 6. The Ward Shava will make suggestions about the place of the project implementation

regarding street light, safe water, and public health unit, irrigation support and other public welfare activities

7. The Ward Shava will increase public awareness regarding cleanliness, conservation of nature, tree plantation, reduce environment pollution, publicity against corruption, and illegal activities

8. It will create harmony and good relations among people of various classes and occupations, will form organizations, and will organize various cultural and sports programs

9. The Ward Shava will inspire, monitor, and assist the beneficiaries associated with various development projects of the ward

10. The Ward Shava will verify the list of receivers of various welfare activities of government such as old age allowance, subsidies, etc

11. The Shava will preserve the records of estimation of cost of feasible project of various location of the ward

12. It will provide all records of finished taskss and service13. It will inform the UP of the justification of accepted project by the Ward Shava14. The Ward Shava will assist various activities regarding public health especially prevention

of various diseases and family planning. It will also assist in waste disposal of sanitation activities with voluntary laborers from the ward

(continued)

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198

15. It will identify the problems with regard to safe water supply, street lighting, and other service delivery and to take step to eradicate the problems

16. It will develop the relationship between the guardians and teachers of educational institutions in the ward

17. It will form social movements against social problems like dowry, early marriage, polygamy, and drug addiction

18. It will help in birth and death registration activities19. It will encourage economic activities with self-employment programs20. It will perform others duties delegated by UPs and government from time to time

Source: Adapted from the Local Government (Union Parishad) Act, 2009

Appendix F


Appendix GList of Transferred Offices at UPZ (Third Schedule, Section 24)

1. Ministry of Youth and Sports(a) Department of Youth Development

2. Ministry of Public administration(a) Functions of UNO and officers under that office

3. Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock(a) Department of Livestock Services(b) Department of Fisheries

4. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare(a) Directorate of Health(b) Directorate of Family Planning

5. Ministry of Women and Children Affairs(a) Department of Women Affair

6. Ministry of Primary and Mass Education(a) Directorate of Primary Education

7. Ministry of Local Government, Rural development and Cooperative(a) Local Government Division

(i) Local Government and Engineering Department(ii) Department of Public Health Engineering

(b) Rural development and Cooperative division(c) Bangladesh Rural Development Board(d) Department of Cooperative

8. Ministry of Agriculture(a) Directorate of Agriculture Extension

9. Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief(a) Directorate of Disaster Management and Relief

10. Ministry of Social Services(a) Directorate of Social Welfare

(continued)

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200

11. Ministry of Education(a) Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education

12. Ministry of Environment and Forest(a) Directorate of Forest(b) Department of Environment

Source: Adapted from the local government (Upazila Parishad) act-1998 and amendment of the local government (Upazila Parishad) act-2011

(continued)

Appendix G


Participation (% of total voters) Ward 1 Ward 2 Ward 3 Ward 4 Ward 5 Ward 6 Ward 7 Ward 8 Ward 9

Participate at Hariyan UP

62 61 56 55 207 93 61 60 52

Total voters at Hariyan UP

1218 1980 1540 1758 2495 2445 1885 1817 961

% of total voters 5.09% 3.08% 3.64% 3.13% 8.30% 3.80% 3.23% 3.30% 5.41%

Participate at Gogram

127 104 98 89 93 124 99 114 116

Total voters of GogramUP

2504 2202 1884 1297 2240 2915 2471 2551 2089

% of total voters 5.07% 4.72% 5.20% 6.86% 4.15% 4.25% 4.00% 4.46% 5.55%

Participate at Hatikumrul

151 193 207 201 216 197 145 155 170

Total voters of Hatikumrul

2965 3844 2325 4402 5029 4004 3188 2679 2530

% of total voters 5.09% 5.02% 8.90% 4.57% 4.30% 4.92% 4.55% 5.79% 6.72

Participate at Ghurka 135 136 132 154 202 128 116 115 123

Total voters of Ghurka

2659 1976 1951 3131 3940 1950 2035 2619 2405

% of total voters 5.08% 6.88% 6.77% 4.92% 5.13% 6.56% 5.70% 4.39% 5.11%

Participate at Kakina 80 109 81 110 140 69 119 65 101

Total voters of Kakina

2471 2134 2342 2348 2349 1617 2838 1266 2238

% of total voters 3.24% 5.11% 3.46% 4.68% 5.96% 4.27% 4.19% 5.13% 4.51%

Participate at Vadai UP

137 45 110 17 70 134 138 137 137

Total voters of Vadai UP

1882 2087 3065 1162 1363 1316 1526 1984 1556

% of total voters 7.28% .003% 3.59% 1.46% 5.13% 10.18% 9.04% 6.90% 8.80%

Source: Document review (2014)

Appendix HPeople’s Participation at WS for the Planning of Financial Year 2012–2013

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73284-8


Appendix IReal Annual Income-Expenditure Statement (Union Parishad: Kakina) Financial Year 2011–12 Amount in Tk

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73284-8

Inco

me

Exp

ense

1. R

even

ue

Col

lect

ion

(a)

Tax

on H

ouse

1,50

,000

1. G

ener

al S

ecto

r (E

stab

lishm

ent

Cos

t)

(a)

Hon

orar

ium

and

Allo

wan

ce f

or C

hair

and

Mem

bers

2,77

,000

(b)

Tax

on B

usin

ess,

Occ

upat

ion

and

Liv

elih

ood/

Mai

nten

ance

5000

(b)

Sala

ry-A

llow

ance

of

Offi

cer/

Offi

cial

s4,

83,8

00

(c)

Ent

erta

inm

ent T

ax15

,000

(c)

Tax

Col

lect

ion

(Est

ablis

hmen

t Cos

t)89

,200

(d)

Lic

ense

Iss

ue a

nd P

erm

it Fe

es25

,000

(d)

Sala

ry o

f Pe

on a

nd S

wee

per

30,0

00(e

) L

ease

of

Hat

Baz

ar67

,000

2. I

ncid

enta

l Sec

tor

(a)

Stat

iona

ry40

,000

(f)

Lic

ense

Fee

on

Veh

icle

s ot

her

than

M

otor

-cyc

le35

,000

(b)

Rec

eptio

n55

,000

(g)

Kho

ar11

,500

(c)

Ope

n B

udge

t Mee

ting

1,10

,000

(h)

Out

stan

ding

Tax

Col

lect

ion

and

Oth

ers

3,96

,000

(d)

Pow

er a

nd F

uel

35,0

002.

Gov

ernm

ent

Gra

nt (

Sala

ry,

Allo

wan

ce)

(a)

Cha

ir a

nd M

embe

rs1,

59,9

00(e

) V

ario

us D

ay C

eleb

ratio

ns15

,000

(b)

Secr

etar

y an

d ot

her

Offi

cial

s1,

59,9

01(f

) M

isce

llane

ous

(New

spap

er a

nd O

ther

s)75

00

3. P

ublic

Gra

nt

(Dev

elop

men

t Se

ctor

)

(a)

LG

SP12

,010

003.

Dev

elop

men

t Se

ctor

(a)

Agr

icul

tura

l Pro

ject

2,00

,000

(b)

1% L

and

Tra

nsfo

rmat

ion

Tax

2,00

,000

(b)

Hea

lth a

nd S

ewer

age

Syst

em2,

50,0

00(c

) A

DP

2,95

,000

(c)

Roa

d C

onst

ruct

ion

and

Re-

cons

truc

tion

6,50

,000

(d)

Oth

er G

rant

/Ext

ende

d G

rant

Allo

catio

n3,

25,0

00(d

) C

onst

ruct

ion

of C

ulve

rt/D

eck

Bri

dge

with

Bam

boo

1,50

,000

(e)

VG

D (

Food

Ass

ista

nce)

19,0

0,00

0(e

) D

evel

opm

ent o

f E

duca

tion

5,50

,000

4. O

ther

s (M

isce

llane

ous

Inco

me)

(a)

Bir

th-D

eath

Cer

tifica

te12

,000

(f)

Tra

inin

g Fa

cilit

ies

for W

omen

Em

ploy

men

t1,

50,0

00(b

) V

illag

e C

ourt

500

(g)

Inco

me-

gene

ratio

n A

ctiv

ities

for

Pro

-poo

r50

,000

(c)

Citi

zens

hip

Cer

tifica

te, C

hara

cter

Cer

tifica

te

and

War

isan

(in

heri

tor)

Cer

tifica

te F

ee15

,000

(h)

Dif

fere

nt E

duca

tion/

Rec

onst

ruct

ion

of R

elig

ious

In

stitu

tion

1,50

,000

(d)

Cat

tle S

ellin

g, S

laug

hter

and

Oth

ers

Fee

1000

4. O

ther

s(i

) N

atur

al D

isas

ter

1,50

,000

(j)

VG

D (

Food

Ass

ista

nce,

Vul

nera

ble

Dev

elop

men

t)18

,00,

000

(a)

Aud

it C

ost

10,0

00(b

) G

ames

35,0

00(c

) Pa

ymen

t of

Out

stan

ding

Hon

orar

ium

and

A

llow

ance

of

Cha

irm

an a

nd M

embe

rs4,

24,0

00

Tota

l57

,29,

700

Tota

l57

,11,

500

Sour

ce: D

ocum

ent r

evie

w (

2014

)


Appendix JReal Income Statement of Six UPs for the FY 2011–12 (Amount in TK)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73284-8

206

Nam

e of

UP

Hou

se ta

xIn

com

e ot

her

than

hou

se ta

xSa

lary

G

oB p

art

1% f

und

from

UPZ

of

land

tran

sfer

TR

/FFW

AD

PE

GP

Don

ors/

NG

O

Har

iyan

2,59

,402

2,78

,585

1,68

,675

12,0

7,00

039

,32,

425

8,00

,000

3,25

,000

13,7

2,19

9G

ogra

m28

,320

72,6

532,

77,2

902,

29,6

005,

81,3

150

29,1

9,00

018

,06,

036

Ghu

rka

1,91

,560

5,06

,700

6,23

,458

10,0

0,00

041

,48,

028

2,00

,000

00

Hat

ikum

rul

6,85

,689

2,16

,453

5,90

,419

9,00

,000

17,9

4,63

50

00

Kak

ina

5,46

,000

1,87

,000

6,43

,700

2,00

,000

22,2

5,00

02,

95,0

000

12,0

1000

Vad

ai63

,440

12,7

003,

41,3

7835

,000

04,

79,7

770

0

Appendix J


Name of the UPsEstablishment cost Other expense

Women’s development

Infrastructure, repairing, and development activities through TR, FFW, EGP etc.

Hariyan 6,65,751 92,833 4,74,841 70,52,060Gogram 2,86,790 1,03,437 2,20,000 52,61,073Ghurka 6,23,458 3,10,695 0 50,75,308Hatikumrul 5,67,423 22,268 0 30,22,950Kakina 11,84,800 8,50,700 2,00,000 39,00,000Vadai 3,57,828 94,690 0 4,79,777Total 36,86,050 14,74,623 8,94,841 2,47,91,168Mean Value 6,14,342 2,45,771 1,49,140 41,31,861

Source: Compiled by the authors from the real income expenditure statements provided by the UPs

Appendix KReal Expenditure Statement of Six UPs for the FY 2011–12 (Amount in TK)

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AAccountability, 4–9, 12, 13, 62–64, 66, 137

See also Social accountability mechanisms (SAM)

Administrative accountability, 7Administrative behavior, 30

ability, in budgetary discussions, 142budget, 144discretionary attitude, UP chairmen, 143income-expenditure statement, 143public and administrative officials, 142staff, 142on Zila Parishad (ZP), 144

Ancient Bengal, 36–37Annual Development Plan (ADP), 5, 50Annual Development Program (ADP), 142Answerability, 141Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC), 6, 100Awami League (AL) Government, 46, 49, 50

BBangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP)

Government, 48, 51Bangladesh Submarine Cable Network

Project, 124Basic democracy order (BDO), 44Basic democrats, 44Begum Khaleda Zia Era (1991–1996)

(2001–2006), 48Bengal Local Self-Government Act of 1885, 39Bengal District Administration Committee

(1913–1914), 40

Bengal Village Self-Government Act of 1919, 39–41

“Bottom-up approach” planning, 179, 180, 184British period (evolution of modern LGIs)

administrative organogram, 39, 40administrative system and institutions, 37Bengal District Administration Committee

(1913–1914), 40Bengal Village Self-Government Act of

1919, 40Charter Act of 1853, 37COs, 41CSOs, 42decentralization, 41Deputy Commissioner (DC), 41East India Company, 37federal government of British-India, 38financial incapacity, 41Government of India Act of 1935, 39government system, 37Governor-General, 37, 38grant of Diwani (ruling authority), 37ICS officers, 41Indian Councils Act of 1861, 37Indian Councils Act of 1892, 38Indian Councils Act of 1909, 38legislative assemblies, 39NGOs, 42policy experiments, 41politics-administration relationship, 41provincial assemblies, 39provincial government, 42responsible government, 39

Index

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210

British period (evolution of modern LGIs) (cont.)self-sustaining village communities, 37Thana (police station) level, 41top-down approach, 42types of members of legislative councils, 38Village Chowkidary Act of 1870, 39

Budgeting process, 13

CCentral power, 35Change management

bottom-up planning, 95financial management, 97PP and PB, 95strategic planning, 96, 97

Char Livelihood Project (CLP), 87Circle Officers (COs), 41Citizen’s Charter (CC), 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 14, 19,

20, 26, 27, 29, 66, 67, 75, 76country-wide overall application, 139developing process, 130engagement, citizens and UP

functionaries, 121experience, UP Secretary of Gogram, 139FGD sessions, 131making process, 131managerial ability, on UZP, 145seeking information and lodging

complaints, 132, 133setting standards, 131state of display, 129UP planning and budgeting process, 129WS role, 121

Civic engagement, 14Civil Service of Pakistan (CSP), 42, 43Civil society organizations (CSOs), 7, 42Committee on Administrative Reform/

Reorganization (CARR), 50Comprehensive evaluation, 18Conditional transfers, 5Context analysis, policy impact

administrative structure, 22–23fiscal structure, 22–23gender analysis, 24local administrations, 21local governance context analysis, 22natural science research/laboratory

experiments, 20policy implementation process, 21policy-making process, 21political structure, 22–23social science research, 20socio-economic condition/poverty analysis, 23

Context-mechanism-outcome, 18Context Mechanism Outcome Pattern

Configuration (CMOPC), 12Convention Muslim League, 45Cooperative for Assistance and Relief

Everywhere (CARE), 87Corruption, 5

bureaucrats and ministers, 161levels, 170in LGIs, 171, 172

DData gathering process, 10Decentralization, 58–60, 94

PP and PB, 137Decentralized government, 2Decision-making process, 9Democratic governance, 2Deserted and Destitute Mother Allowance

(DDMA), 138Digital democracy, 123Digital Government, 124Digital technologies, 123Disclosure of information, 92, 93, 125, 132Distressed Mother Allowance

(DMA), 122Dominant design, 10Donor-driven good practices, 177

EEast India Company, 37Easton’s system model, 12, 18, 31E-governance, 122–124, 133–135Election process, 184Electoral college, 44Emergency relief, 5Employment generation, 5Employment Generation Program for

Hardcore Poor (EGPHP), 5, 147Ershad’s policy, 52eService, 152

FFemale Ward Members (FWMs), 101, 102,

156, 157, 166, 171Financial accountability, 7Fiscal decentralization, 66Five-Year Plan (FYP), 26Focus Group Discussion (FGD),

11, 89Food for Work (FFW), 87

Index

211

GGender Development Index (GDI), 24Globalization, 1, 35Governance, 13, 152, 176

academic paradigm, 58accountability, 58, 62–64aid-agency driven, 58capacity and citizen’s participation, 58concept of, 2decentralization, 2, 58, 59definition, 57deliverable, 58LGIs, 58, 59local governance, 59people’s participation, 59–62process and content, 58

Government advocatesdecentralization of, 2

Government of Bangladesh (GoB), 4, 24Government of India Act of 1935, 39Government planning, 4Gram Sarker (GS), 50, 51Gram Sarkar Act of 2003, 48, 51Grant of Diwani (ruling authority), 37Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 5

HHonorarium for Insolvent Freedom Fighters

(HIFF), 138Horizontal accountability mechanisms, 2, 6, 7

IInclusive governance, 1Indian Civil Service (ICS) officers, 41Indian Councils Act of 1861, 37Indian Councils Act of 1892, 38Indian Councils Act of 1909, 38Information dissemination, 122–131

one-stop service-center approach, 122process of, 122RTI and CC, provisions of, 131, 132SSNPs, 121on UDC and LGD’s website

allocations, 125described, 122digital democracy, 123digital networks, 123E-governance, 123, 124interview session, UP chairs, 126managers role, in E-service delivery,

127, 128planning, 123

policy implementation, 125public’s trust, in government, 125SSNP, 126

UP functionaries, 122WS and OBM through CC

FGD sessions, 131making process, 131NGOs, 130planning and budgeting, 129setting standards, 131SSNPs, 129state of display, 129

Information transmission medium, 28Innovation, public management, 152, 153Institutional framework, xInternational free-market economy, 35

KKey Informants (KI), 11

L“Landed gentry”, 165Leadership ability and accountability, 29, 30Legal accountability, 7LGIs in Bangladesh, 46–49

ancient Bengal (self-sustaining), 36–37British period (modern LGIs), 37–42in independent Bangladesh

Begum Khaleda Zia Era (1991–1996) (2001–2006), 48

characterization, 46Lieutenant General Hussain

Mohammad Ershad Era (1982–1990), 47, 48

local government system, 46Major General Ziaur Rahman Era

(1975–1981), 47Military-backed Temporary Caretaker

Government 2007–2008, 49Sheikh Hasina Era (1996–2001)

(2008–present), 49Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Era

(1972–1975), 46, 47local level planning and budgeting, 50–53Pakistan Period, 42–45

Lieutenant General Hussain Mohammad Ershad Era (1982–1990), 47, 48

Local governance, 59, 182–184and accountability, 4–9decision-making processes, 2model of sound governance, 1NPM and SAM, 175

Index

212

Local governance (cont.)and public participation, 4–9strengthening, 2

agency and academic paradigms, 182“bottom- up approach” of planning, 184education and awareness, 182elected representative’s personal

contact, 184limitations, participatory

mechanisms, 183planning and budgeting processes, 183power politics, 184practitioners, intention of, 184UP’s elected functionaries, 184

Local governance context analysis, 22Local Governance Support Program (LGSP),

69, 70Local Governance Support Project (LGSP),

100, 142Local Governance Support Project-II

(LGSP-II), 84, 85Local governance tradition, 22Local Government Division’s (LGD’s), 122,

127, 130Local Government Institutions (LGIs), 2, 3, 5,

6, 22, 23, 36–53, 69–71accountability, 63, 69decentralization, 58development of (see LGIs in Bangladesh)financial capacity, 66LGSP, 69, 70people’s participation, 59planning and budgeting, 69power-holders, 63PP and PB, 65SLGDFP, 70as supply-side, 121UP (see Union Parishad (UP))UZP, 68, 69ZP, 68

Local government structure, xunder BDO, 44

Local Government (Union Parishad) Act of 2009, 2, 3, 35

Local level planning and budgeting, 50–53Local people’s engagement, 176Local power structure, 164–169

impersonal authority structure, 163large power distance, 163, 164nature of politics, South Asia, 163politics, defined, 162power distance

Citizens vs. UP functionaries, 165, 166defined, 164

UP chairs vs. members, 166, 167UP functionaries and upper level

authorities, 167–169power, defined, 162rural power structure, 163

MMajor General Ziaur Rahman Era

(1975–1981), 47Maternity Allowance Program (MAP), 138Medium Term Budget Framework (MTBF), 71Military-backed Temporary Caretaker

Government 2007–2008, 49Military government, 43Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 4Ministerial responsibility, 7Modern administrative systems, 151

NNational Rural Development Policy (NRDP), 2Nations’ powers, 35New public management (NPM), 6, 8, 13, 14

challenges, innovations, 181emergence, 151innovations, implementation of, 151, 152local governance, 175

Non-government organizations (NGOs), 11, 42

OOld Aged Allowance (OAA), 5, 121, 138Open budget meeting (OBM), 3, 5, 8–10, 13,

19, 74, 75, 178–181, 184CSO, 115FWM, 117people involvement, 116PP process, 114public responses, 116UP functionaries, 116WMs, 115

PPakistan Muslim League, 45Pakistan period, 42–45

participation and accountabilityadministration, 43basic democrats, 44BDO, 45center and provinces, 43civilian and military administration, 42Convention Muslim League, 45

Index

213

CSP, 42, 43electoral college, 44local Government structure under

BDO, 44military government, 43military junta, 43power struggle, 43responsible government in local

politics, 43RWP, 45SDO, 45TIP, 45Union Council Chairman, 45

Palli Parishad (Village Council) Act, 48Panchayat system, 36Participation model, xParticipatory budget cycle, 20, 21Participatory budgeting (PB), 64, 65, 70, 74,

75, 95accountability, UP functionaries, 137economic and political decentralization, 137information-sharing, 116innovations, 152monitoring issues, 94NGO officials, 94public management (see Change

management)responsiveness, UP functionaries, 140SAM, 117UP, income and expenditure, 93

Participatory planning (PP), 64, 65, 70–73, 95, 101–112

accountability, UP functionaries, 137and budgeting process

ability to participate, 27access to participation mechanism, 26, 27budget analysis and formulation, 19, 20changes, 25decentralization, 25efficiency, 25first-order change, 25implementation, 19performance monitoring and

evaluation, 20policy implementation on society, 26public expenditure/input tracking, 20, 21reforms, 25second-order change, 25UP, 26

economic and political decentralization, 137implementation, for current FY, 145innovations, 152monitoring issues, 94Nepal, 100

NGO officials, 94public management (see Change

management)resource constraint, 160–162responsiveness, UP functionaries, 140SAM, 117WMs

access to information, 103–106FGD, 102FWM, 101, 102, 110, 111NGO officials, 108and OBM, 103, 112people’s awareness, 111people’s understanding, 107placing demands, 109, 110political influence, 112UP functionaries, 108, 110

Paternialism, 163Patriarchal attitudes, 155–157Patriarchally-dominated society, 24Patrimonialism, 163Patron-client relationship, 163People’s participation, xi, 12, 13, 201

bottom-up approach, 61citizenship development and education, 60, 61local governance, 62partnership approach, 61social and human development, 60top-down approach, 61

Perspective/national planning, 4Planning committee (PC), 90Planning/decision-making processes, 4Policy evaluation research, 18Policy impact, 20–24

administrative behavior, 30comprehensive evaluation, 18conceptual model, 31, 32context analysis (see Context analysis,

policy impact)context-mechanism-outcome, 18CS, 19–20Easton’s system model, 18effectiveness, 17feedback, 31government activity, 17information transmission medium, 28inputs, 18, 19leadership ability and accountability, 29, 30participatory planning and budgeting, 19–20policy evaluation research, 18and policy output, 17responsiveness, 17, 28, 29RTI, 19–20social science research, 18

Index

214

Policy impact (cont.)study, 12system modelling, 18transparency, 31

Policy implementation process, 21Policy-making process, 21Policy output, 17Politics

administration relationship, 35, 41defined, 162and money, 167“personal quality” and “affiliation with

political party”, 167power, in local politics, 163small vs. large power distance societies, 164in South Asia, 163

Political accountability, 7Political culture, 14Political will, 22, 177Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS), 64Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), 2, 4Power

described, 162distance, 164large power distance, 163, 164in local politics, 163rural power structure, 163

Power distance, 164citizens vs. UP functionaries, 165, 166defined, 164small and large, societies, 163, 164UP chairs vs. members, 166, 167UP functionaries and their upper level

authorities, 167–169Power politics, 184Project Implementation Officers (PIO), 5, 6, 11Public accountability, 2, 6, 185Public affair, 6Public forum, 13, 99, 117Public management, 6, 14

application of, 2Public participation, 4–9Public policy, 6Public service, 6

QQualitative data, 10Qualitative research strategy, 10

RRahmat Ali Commission, 49Reform, legal mandate, 177

Religious codes, 154Research methods, 10Resistance to change, 25, 26Resource constraint, 160–162Responsible government, 38, 39, 42, 43Responsiveness, UP functionaries, 28, 29,

144–148budget and service information, 139CC and RTI, 138, 139definition, 17interview

with OBM participant, 140with UP secretaries, 138

leadership ability and answerability, 141PP and PB processes, 140process of dissemination, 138proper training and personal motivation, 139SAMs, 137services, 140SSNPs, terms and conditions, 138on UZP, managerial ability

CC, 145, 146chair and MP, 145corruption allegation, WM checked, 146FGD sessions and interviews,

146, 147Fisherman Selection Projects, 148LGSP-II fund utilization, 144PP process, 145social mapping, 148

Right to Information (RTI), 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 14, 19, 26, 27, 29, 67, 68, 76, 77, 101

and access, 27application, RTI provisions, 133country-wide overall application, 139decision-making process, 132experience, UP Secretary of Gogram UP, 139implementation, 121planning and budgeting process, 130

Role of administrative, 14Rural Development Work (RDW), 6Rural Works Program (RWP), 45

SSector planning, 4Self-sustaining LGIs, 36–37Self-sustaining village communities, 37Service delivery, 162

corruption, in LGIs, 171, 172corrupt UP functionaries, 170“Criminalization of Politics”, 170discriminatory attitudes, UP

functionaries, 156

Index

215

education and awareness, general people, 158, 159

FGD session, 155FWMs role, 156interview data, 153“involved citizens” at UP, 169Islamic law, provisions of, 155participatory planning and budgeting, 157patriarchal attitudes, 156, 157power structure (see Local power structure)to real beneficiaries, 153religious code, 154resource constraint, 160–162social setting, 156transparency, defined, 169women’s restricted mobility and the purdha

system, 154Seventh Five Year Plan (SFYP), 4Sheikh Hasina Era (1996–2001)

(2008–present), 49Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Era (1972–1975), 46, 47Sirajganj Local Governance Development

Fund Project (SLGDFP), 70Sixth Five-Year Plan (SFYP), 26Social accountability, 3, 13, 83Social accountability mechanism (SAM), 3,

6–8, 13, 14, 64, 65, 68, 99–101, 117, 153

intention, practitioners, 184“involved citizens” at UP, 169involvement accountability, 180local governance, 175responsiveness, UP, 137service delivery, at local level

(see Service delivery)Social contract theories, 1Social mapping, 86–88, 96Social protection programmes, 4Social Safety Net Programs (SSNPs), 5, 6,

109, 121, 126, 129DMA, 122OAA, 121responsiveness, 138WA, 122

Social science research, 18Social security, 4Socio-economic condition/poverty analysis, 23Socio-economic data, 10Sound governance, 1Standing committee (SC), 90, 91State-civil society synergy (SCSS), 178Sub-divisional officer (SDO), 44, 45Sustainable environment practices, 4Swanirvar Gram Sarker (SGS), 47, 48, 50, 51

TThana (police station) level, 41Thana Development and Coordination

Committee (TDCC), 51Thana Development Committee (TDC),

51, 52Thana Irrigation Program (TIP), 45Thana Parishad (TP), 51Transparency, 14, 31

defined, 169in governing system, 122

E-governance, 134, 135information dissemination

(see Information dissemination)and openness, 125

Transparency International Bangladesh (TIB), 5

UUnion Council Chairman, 45Union development and coordination

committee (UDCC), 11, 90, 91Union Parishad (UP), 2, 3, 5–14, 18

administrative unit, 70CC, 75, 76committees organization, 73functions, x, 192government policy, 71income-expenditure statement, xi, 204,

206, 207institutional set-up, 72MTBF, 71OBM, 74, 75, 92, 93participatory planning, 73, 74PB, 75PC, 90planning and budgeting, 73RTI, 76, 77SC, 71, 90, 91social accountability, 83social mapping, 73, 86–88transferred offices, x, 193UDCC, 72, 90, 91union development plan, 74UZP, 91, 92WCs, 84, 85WMs, 72, 88, 89WS and OBM, 83

United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 9, 152

Upazila Parishad (UPZ), 6, 10, 52, 53Upazila Women’s Affairs Officer

(UWAO), 91

Index

216

VVertical accountability mechanism, 6, 7Viceroy of the Indian Presidencies, 38Village Chowkidary Act of 1870, 39Vulnerable Group Development (VGD), 5, 6Vulnerable Group Feeding (VGF), 5

WWard committee (WC), 11, 84, 85

LGSP-II, 84, 85NGO officials, 85selection, 84

Ward Shava (WS), 3, 5, 8–10, 13, 19access to information, 103–106FGD, 89, 102FWM, 101, 110, 111negligence of duties, 89NGO officials, 85, 87, 108

and OBM, 93, 94, 96, 103, 112people’s awareness, 111people’s participation, xi, 201people’s understanding, 107personal motive, 89, 103placing demands, 28, 109, 110political influence, 112power and function, x, 197public participation, 102SCs, 90social mapping, 86, 96types of meeting, 88UP functionaries, 108, 110

Widow Allowance (WA), 122World Food Program (WFP), 87

ZZila Parishad (district council, ZP), 48

Index

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