appendix c. geographic concepts and codesappendix c. geographic concepts and codes geographic...

Appendix C.Geographic Concepts and Codes

Geographic Concepts

STATES

States are the major political units of the United States.The District of Columbia is treated as a state equivalent inthis publication. Tables A-1 through A-87 present data forthe United States, the 50 states, and the District of Colum-bia.

For census purposes, states are often grouped into geo-graphic regions and divisions. For reference, these areasare delineated on the state map on the inside of the frontcover. However, Table A only uses an alphabetical statepresentation.

METROPOLITAN AND MICROPOLITAN STATISTICALAREAS

The U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) definesmetropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas accordingto published standards that are applied to Census Bureaudata. The general concept of a metropolitan or micropoli-tan statistical area is that of a core area containing a sub-stantial population nucleus, together with adjacent com-munities having a high degree of economic and socialintegration with that core. The term ‘‘core based statisticalarea’’ (CBSA) refers collectively to metropolitan and micro-politan statistical areas.

The major purpose of CBSAs is to enable all federal agen-cies to use the same geographic definitions in tabulatingand publishing data for metropolitan and micropolitanareas. The definitions are designed to serve a wide varietyof statistical and analytical purposes; adoption of the areafor any specific purpose should be judged in terms ofappropriateness for that purpose. While the definitionshave been developed for statistical use by federal agen-cies, state and local governments as well as private busi-ness firms have often found the definitions helpful in pre-senting data for metropolitan and micropolitan areas.

The official 2000 Standards for Defining Metropolitan andMicropolitan Statistical Areas may be found on the OMBWeb site at <http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/metroareas122700.pdf>. OMB Bulletin 05-02, which wasissued on February 22, 2005, provides the listing of met-ropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas found in thispublication; this document and related documents may befound at

<http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/bulletins/fy05/b05-02.html>. OMB recently issued Bulletin 06-01, which containssome minor changes and updates; it may be found at<http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/bulletins/fy2006/b06-01.pdf>.

Metropolitan areas presented in tables B-1 through B-11and C-1 through C-4 and micropolitan areas presented intable D-1 of this publication are those county-based areasdefined originally as of June 6, 2003, and subsequentlyupdated in December 2003 and November 2004. A seriesof maps showing these areas appears on pages C–4 toC–15.

Users who want to become more familiar with the metro-politan and micropolitan statistical area standards andhow they are applied may contact the Population Division,U.S. Census Bureau, by e-mail at <[email protected]> or bytelephone at 301-763-2422. Current metropolitan andmicropolitan statistical area definitions and relatedupdates are available through the Subjects A to Z area ofthe Census Bureau’s Internet site <http://www.census.gov>. Copies of metropolitan and micropolitan statisticalareas wall maps may be ordered through the Products andServices Staff, Geography Division, U.S. Census Bureau, at301-763-1128.

Historical development. In 1910, the Bureau of the Cen-sus introduced ‘‘metropolitan districts’’ as an area classifi-cation. This marked the first use by the Bureau of the Cen-sus of a unit for reporting population data for large cities,together with their suburbs. Originally, only cities of atleast 200,000 population were designated as the core of ametropolitan district. By 1940, the concept had beenexpanded to apply to a city of 50,000 or more inhabitants.The metropolitan district was generally defined to includecontiguous minor civil divisions (MCDs) and incorporatedplaces having a population density of at least 150 personsper square mile; therefore, the boundaries did not neces-sarily follow county lines.

A major limitation of the metropolitan district concept,from the standpoint of statistical presentation, was thatnot many data items beyond those available from the cen-sus of population and housing were available for MCDsand smaller places. The applicability of the metropolitandistrict concept also was limited because other generallysimilar area classifications were in use (e.g., the industrialareas of the census of manufactures and the labor marketareas of the Labor Department’s Employment and TrainingAdministration), which were defined in different ways.

C–1State and Metropolitan Area Data Book: 2006

U.S. Census Bureau

The standard metropolitan area (SMA) concept was devel-oped in 1949 by the Bureau of the Budget (now OMB),with the advice of the newly established Federal Commit-tee on Standard Metropolitan Areas, to overcome theabove difficulties. It was designed so that a wide variety ofstatistical data on metropolitan areas might be presentedfor a uniform set of geographic areas. The SMAs consistedof one or more contiguous counties containing at leastone city of 50,000 or more inhabitants. Additional coun-ties had to meet certain criteria of metropolitan characterand of social and economic integration with the centralcounty in order to be included in an SMA.

Changes in the official criteria have been made at the timeof each census since 1950. None of these changes haveinvolved significant deviations from the basic metropoli-tan concept. Several modifications have been made in therules for determining how large a city must be to have ametropolitan division defined. Criteria changes also havebeen made to reflect changing national conditions. Forexample, the 1949 rule specified that a county must haveless than 25 percent of its workers engaged in agriculture.However, with a rapidly decreasing proportion of thepopulation engaged in farming, this requirement has beeneliminated because practically no counties are stillaffected by it. In 1959, the designation ‘‘standard metro-politan area’’ was changed to ‘‘standard metropolitan sta-tistical area’’ (SMSA) to emphasize the nature and purposeof the areas. The SMSA designation was changed to theMSA/CMSA/PMSA designations in June 1983. The term‘‘core based statistical area’’ (CBSA) was adopted in 2000and refers collectively to metropolitan and micropolitanstatistical areas.

Currently defined metropolitan and micropolitan statisticalareas are based on application of 2000 standards thatappeared in the Federal Register on December 27, 2000,to 2000 decennial census data. Current metropolitan andmicropolitan statistical area definitions were announcedby OMB effective June 6, 2003, and subsequently updatedin December 2003 and November 2004.

Defining metropolitan and micropolitan statisticalareas. The 2000 standards provide that each CBSA mustcontain at least one urban area of 10,000 or more popula-tion. Each metropolitan statistical area must have at leastone urbanized area of 50,000 or more inhabitants. Eachmicropolitan statistical area must have at least one urbancluster of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000 population.

Under the standards, the county (or counties) in which atleast 50 percent of the population resides within urbanareas of 10,000 or more population, or that contain atleast 5,000 people residing within a single urban area of10,000 or more population, is identified as a ‘‘centralcounty’’ (counties). Additional ‘‘outlying counties’’ areincluded in the CBSA if they meet specified requirementsof commuting to or from the central counties. Counties or

equivalent entities form the geographic ‘‘building blocks’’for metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areasthroughout the United States and Puerto Rico.

If specified criteria are met, a metropolitan statistical areacontaining a single core with a population of 2.5 million ormore may be subdivided to form smaller groupings ofcounties referred to as ‘‘metropolitan divisions.’’

Principal cities and metropolitan and micropolitanstatistical area titles. The largest city in each metropoli-tan or micropolitan statistical area is designated a ‘‘princi-pal city.’’ Additional cities qualify if specified requirementsare met concerning population size and employment. Thetitle of each metropolitan or micropolitan statistical areaconsists of the names of up to three of its principal citiesand the name of each state into which the metropolitan ormicropolitan statistical area extends. Titles of metropoli-tan divisions also typically are based on principal citynames but in certain cases consist of county names.

Defining New England city and town areas. In view ofthe importance of cities and towns in New England, the2000 standards also provide for a set of geographic areasthat are defined using cities and towns in the six NewEngland states. The New England city and town areas(NECTAs) are defined using the same criteria as metropoli-tan and micropolitan statistical areas and are identified aseither metropolitan or micropolitan, based, respectively,on the presence of either an urbanized area of 50,000 ormore population or an urban cluster of at least 10,000 butless than 50,000 population. If the specified criteria aremet, a NECTA containing a single core with a population ofat least 2.5 million may be subdivided to form smallergroupings of cities and towns referred to as New Englandcity and town area divisions.

Changes in definitions over time. Changes in the defi-nitions of these statistical areas since the 1950 censushave consisted chiefly of—

• The recognition of new areas as they reached the mini-mum required city or urbanized area population.

• The addition of counties (or cities and towns in NewEngland) to existing areas as new decennial census datashowed them to qualify.

In some instances, formerly separate areas have beenmerged, components of an area have been transferredfrom one area to another, or components have beendropped from an area. The large majority of changes havetaken place on the basis of decennial census data. How-ever, Census Bureau data serve as the basis for intercensalupdates in specified circumstances.

Because of these historical changes in geographic defini-tions, users must be cautious in comparing data for thesestatistical areas from different dates. For some purposes,comparisons of data for areas as defined at given dates

C–2 State and Metropolitan Area Data Book: 2006

U.S. Census Bureau

may be appropriate; for other purposes, it may be prefer-able to maintain consistent area definitions. Historicalmetropolitan area definitions are available for 1999, 1993,1990, 1983, 1981, 1973, 1970, 1963, 1960, and 1950.

Special metropolitan area notes found in this publi-cation. This report includes metropolitan statistical areasand consolidated metropolitan statistical areas defined bythe Office of Management and Budget as of June 6, 2003,and subsequently updated in December 2003 and Novem-ber 2004. There are 361 metropolitan statistical areas and575 micropolitan statistical areas in the United States. Inaddition, there are 8 metropolitan statistical areas and 5micropolitan statistical areas in Puerto Rico not covered inthis publication. Every state now has at least one metro-politan area; New Jersey and the District of Columbia arewholly included in metropolitan areas.

There are two metropolitan areas that we want to speciallynote for users. First, the Denver, CO, metropolitan had thespecial case involving the newly created county of Broom-field. Broomfield County, CO, was formed from parts ofAdams, Boulder, Jefferson, and Weld Counties, CO, onNovember 15, 2001, and is coextensive with Broomfieldcity. For purposes of defining and presenting data for met-ropolitan statistical areas, Broomfield city is treated as if itwere a county at the time of the 1990 and 2000 censuses.The other area is the St. Louis, MO-IL area. A portion ofSullivan city in Crawford County, MO, is legally part of theSt. Louis, MO-IL MSA. Census 2000 tabulations and interc-ensal estimates for the St. Louis, MO-IL metropolitan sta-tistical area do not include this small area.

COUNTIES

The primary political divisions of most states are termed‘‘counties,’’ which are the basic building blocks for metro-politan areas. In Louisiana, these divisions are known as‘‘parishes.’’ In Alaska, which has no counties, the countyequivalents are the organized ‘‘boroughs’’ and the ‘‘censusareas’’ that are delineated for statistical purposes by theState of Alaska and the Census Bureau. In four states(Maryland, Missouri, Nevada, and Virginia), there are oneor more cities that are independent of any county organi-zation and thus constitute primary divisions of theirstates. These cities are known as ‘‘independent cities’’ andare treated as equivalent to counties for statistical pur-poses. The District of Columbia has no primary divisions,and the entire area is considered equivalent to a countyfor statistical purposes.

Tables C-1 through C-4 present data for the 361 metropoli-tan statistical areas and their 1,090 component countiesdefined as of November 2004. Table D-1 presents data forthe 575 micropolitan statistical areas and their 692 coun-ties likewise as defined as of November 2004.

Geographic Codes

STATES

Each state and equivalent is assigned a two-digit FederalInformation Processing Standards (FIPS) code in alphabeticorder by state name; codes range from 01 for Alabama to56 for Wyoming. These codes are published by theNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), U.S.Department of Commerce, in FIPS Publication 5-2 (issuedMay 28, 1987) and related updates, which can be viewedat Internet site <http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/>. Eachstate and equivalent area is also assigned a two-letterFIPS/United States Postal Service (USPS) code. These twocodes are included in the Excel spreadsheet version oftables A-1 through A-87 of this publication.

METROPOLITAN AND MICROPOLITAN STATISTICALAREAS

Each metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area isassigned a five-digit CBSA code, in alphabetical ordernationwide. This five-digit code applies to the CBSA andits component counties and metropolitan divisions whereappropriate. These codes and updates can be viewed atInternet site <http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metrodef.html>. These codes are included inthe CD-ROM version of tables B-1 through B-11, C-1through C-4, and D-1 of this publication.

COUNTIES

Each county and county equivalent is assigned a three-digit FIPS code that is unique within a state. These codesare designed in alphabetic order of county or countyequivalent within a state, except for independent cities,which follow the listing of counties. In most states, thecodes begin with 001 and generally continue in incre-ments of two; the county codes for independent cities areassigned in alphabetic sequence beginning with 510 andgenerally continuing in increments of 10. These codes arepublished by NIST in FIPS Publication 6-4 (issued August31, 1990) and related updates, which can be viewed atInternet site <http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/>. For acounty code to be unique for the nation, it is combinedwith its two-digit FIPS state code. These five-digit codesappear next to the county name on the CD-ROM version oftables C-1 through C-4 and D-1 of this publication.

METROPOLITAN DIVISIONS

Each metropolitan division is assigned a five-digit CBSAdivision code that it shares with only those countieswithin the metropolitan division. These codes and updatescan be viewed at Internet site <http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metrodef.html>. These codesappear in the Excel spreadsheet versions of all Tables Band C of this publication.

C–3State and Metropolitan Area Data Book: 2006

U.S. Census Bureau

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C-4 State and Metropolitan Area Data Book: 2006

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C-5State and Metropolitan Area Data Book: 2006

U.S. Census Bureau

Met

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litan

and

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Sta

tistic

al A

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: Nov

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4

U.S.

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U.S. Census Bureau

Met

ropo

litan

and

Mic

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litan

Sta

tistic

al A

reas

: Nov

embe

r 200

4

U.S.

DEP

ARTM

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OF C

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Eco

nom

ics

and

Stat

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U.S. Census Bureau

Met

ropo

litan

and

Mic

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litan

Sta

tistic

al A

reas

: Nov

embe

r 200

4

U.S.

DEP

ARTM

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Eco

nom

ics

and

Stat

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All b

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U.S. Census Bureau

Met

ropo

litan

and

Mic

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litan

Sta

tistic

al A

reas

: Nov

embe

r 200

4

U.S.

DEP

ARTM

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OF C

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Eco

nom

ics

and

Stat

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Bur

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All b

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Shad

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U.S. Census Bureau

Met

ropo

litan

and

Mic

ropo

litan

Sta

tistic

al A

reas

: Nov

embe

r 200

4

U.S.

DEP

ARTM

ENT

OF C

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Eco

nom

ics

and

Stat

istic

s Ad

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tion

Bur

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of th

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All b

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Kodi

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U.S. Census Bureau

Met

ropo

litan

and

Mic

ropo

litan

Sta

tistic

al A

reas

: Nov

embe

r 200

4

U.S.

DEP

ARTM

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ko

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CITY

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CORC

ORAN


U.S. Census Bureau

U.S

.D

EPA

RT

MEN

TO

FC

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MER

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Econom

ics

and

Stat

isti

csA

dm

inis

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TA

INSE

TB

All b

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d na

mes

are

as

of N

ovem

ber 2

004.


U.S. Census Bureau

U.S.

DEP

ARTM

ENT

OF C

OMM

ERCE

Eco

nom

ics

and

Stat

istic

s Ad

min

istra

tion

Bur

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of th

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Are

as: N

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Area

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of N

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k−Ka

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Man

ches

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t−Le

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n

Portl

and−

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ston

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uth

Portl

and


U.S. Census Bureau

Dalla

s−Fo

rt W

orth

John

son

City

−Ki

ngsp

ort−

Brist

ol

Hous

ton−

Bayt

own−

Hunt

svill

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Char

les−

Jenn

ings

Bato

n Ro

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Pier

re P

art

Orla

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The

Villa

ges

Lafa

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na

Gulfp

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Bilo

xi−

Pasc

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la

Fort

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Shre

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inde

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than

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terp

rise−

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k

Mon

roe−

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Long

view

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arsh

all

Jack

son−

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o Ci

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Colu

mbu

s−Au

burn

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lika

Mon

tgom

ery−

Alex

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ingh

am−

Hoov

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Cullm

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Atla

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Sand

y Sp

rings

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ines

ville

Colu

mbu

s−W

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oint

Hunt

svill

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catu

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Colu

mbi

a−Ne

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City

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Little

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k−No

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luff

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on

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ville

Jack

son−

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bold

t

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n−La

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burg

Char

lotte

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Salis

bury

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ville

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d

Nash

ville

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on−−

Mur

frees

boro

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lum

bia

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tin

Knox

ville

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vier

ville

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infie

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May

field

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as C

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land

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k−Ka

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d

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d−At

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Fort

Stew

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each

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nway

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town

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All b

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s an

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mes

are

as

of N

ovem

ber 2

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Delto

na−

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U.S

.D

EPA

RT

MEN

TO

FC

OM

MER

CE

Econ

om

ics

and

Stat

isti

csA

dm

inis

trat

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Bu

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the

Cen

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Com

bin

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atis

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:N

ovem

ber

20

04

-IN

SET

B

Area

in R

ecta

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Enl

arge

d Ab

ove


U.S. Census Bureau

All boundaries and names are as of November 2004.

Shaded Area Enlarged AboveBridgeport-New Haven-Stamford

Providence-New Bedford-

Fall RiverHartford-

West Hartford-Torrington

Springfield-Amherst Center-

Greenfield

Boston-Worcester-

Manchester

Pittsfield-

North Adams

Laconia-Franklin

Claremont-Lebanon

Augusta-Waterville

Danielson

Torrington

AmherstCenter

Athol

Greenfield

North Adams

Keene

Bennington

ClaremontConcord

Franklin Lebanon

Sanford

Rutland

Brunswick

Rock−land

Barre

Berlin

Augusta

Waterville

BRIDGEPORT−STAMFORD−NORWALK

DANBURY

NEWBEDFORD BARNSTABLE

TOWN

PROVIDENCE−FALL RIVER−WARWICK

SPRINGFIELD BOSTON−

CAMBRIDGE−QUINCY

PITTSFIELD

LEOMINSTER−FITCHBURG−GARDNER

MANCHESTER PORTSMOUTH

ROCHESTER−DOVER

LEWISTON−AUBURN

BANGOR

BURLINGTON−SOUTH

BURLINGTON

Portland-South Portland-

Sanford

Willimantic

NEWHAVEN

NORWICH−NEW

LONDON

WATERBURY HARTFORD−

WEST HARTFORD−EAST HARTFORD

WORCESTER

PORTLAND−SOUTH

PORTLAND

Laconia

ME

NH

VT

MA

CT

RI

Metropolitan and Micropolitan New England City and Town Areas (NECTAs): November 2004

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Economics and Statistics Administration Bureau of the Census

Micropolitan NECTA

METROPOLITAN NECTA

Combined NECTALaconia - Franklin

Claremont

State BoundaryNH

WORCESTER


U.S. Census Bureau

appendix c. geographic concepts and codesappendix c. geographic concepts and codes geographic...

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