Appendix

890 Appendix

Table A-1 a

Six units have been adopted to serve as the base for the International System: Length .......................................................... meter Mass ............................................................ kilogram Time ............................................................ second Electric current ................................................... ampere Thermodynamic temperature ....................................... degree Kelvin Light intensity .................................................... candela Some of the other more frequently used units of the SI and their symbols and, where applicable,

their derivations are listed below.

Quantity

Plane angle Solid angle

Area Volume Frequency Density Velocity Angular velocity Acceleration Angular acceleration Force Pressure Kinematic viscosity Dynamic viscosity Work, energy, quantity of heat Power Electric charge Voltage, potential difference,

electromotive force Electric field strength Electric resistance Electric capacitance Magnetic flux Inductance Magnetic flux density Magnetic field strength Magnetomotive force Flux of light Luminance Illumination

Unit

Supplementary units radian steradian

Derived units square meter cubic meter hertz kilogram per cubic meter meter per second radian per second meter per second squared radian per second squared newton newton per square meter square meter per second newton-second per square meter joule watt coulomb volt

volt per meter ohm farad weber henry tesla ampere per meter ampere lumen candela per square meter lux

Symbol

rad sr

m· m3

Hz kg/m3

mls radls m/s· rad/s2

N N/m2

m2 /s N,s/m2

J W C V

VIm .n F Wb H T AIm A 1m cd/m2

Ix

Derivation

(kg·m/s 2 )

(N·m) (J/s) (A·s) (W/A)

(VIA) (A· slY) (V·s) (V ,s/A) (Wb/m 2 )

(cd· sr)

Appendix 89

Table A-1 a-Cont.

Prefixes The following prefixes, in combination with the basic unit names, provide the multiples and

submultiples in the International System. For example, the unit name "meter," with the prefix "kilo" added, produces "kilometer," meaning "1000 meters."

Multiples and submultiples Prefixes Symbols Pronunciations

1012 tera T ter'a 109 giga G jI'ga loa mega M meg'a 103 kilo k kirb 102 hecto h hek'tb 10 deka da dek'a 10- 1 deci d des'i 10-2 centi c sen'ti 10- 3 milli m mIl'! 10- 6 micro p. mi'krb 10-9 nano n nlin'b 10- 12 pico p pe'cb 10-15 femto f fem't6 10-18 atto a lit'te;

"From CHISHOLM, L. J. Units of weight and measure, National Bureau of Standards Misc. Pub!. 286. Department of Commerce, U.S. G.P.O. (May 1967).

892 Appendix

Table A-2 Some Units and Their Symbols a

Unit Symbol Unit Symbol Unit Symbol

acre acre fathom fath millimeter mm are a foot ft minim minim barrel bbl furlong furlong ounce oz board foot fbm gallon gal ounce, avoirdupois oz avdp bushel bu grain grain ounce, liquid liq oz carat c gram g ounce, troy oz tr Celsius, degree °C hectare ha peck peck centare ca hectogram hg pennyweight dwt centigram cg hectoliter hI pint, liquid liq pt centiliter cI hectometer hm pound lb centimeter cm hogshead hhd pound, avoirdupois lb avdp chain ch hundredweight cwt pound, troy lb tr cubic centimeter cm3 inch in quart, liquid liq qt cubic decimeter dm3 International rod rod cubic dekameter dam3 Nautical Mile INM second s cubic foot ft3 Kelvin, degree OK square centimeter cm· cubic hectometer hm3 kilogram kg square decimeter dm· cubic inch in3 kiloliter kl square dekameter dam· cubic kilometer km3 kilometer km square foot ft·

cubic meter m3 link link square hectometer hm· cubic mile mi' liquid liq square inch in2

cubic millimeter mm3 liter liter square kilometer km2

cubic yard yd3 meter m square meter m2

decigram dg microgram /Lg square mile mi2

deciliter dl microinch /Lin square millimeter mm2

decimeter dm microliter /Ll square yard yd2

dekagram dag micron /Lm stere stere dekaliter dal mile mi ton, long long ton dekameter dam milligram mg ton, metric t dram, avoirdupois dr avdp milliliter ml ton, short short ton

yard yd

a From Chisholm (1967). (See footnote to Table A-I.)

Appendix 893

Table A-3 Units of Pressure Conversion Table

::S;;::I Atmabs

Multiply by

ATA Bar dyn/em"

Atm abs 1.03323 1.01325 1.01325 x 10·

ATA 0.967841 0.980665 9.80665 x 10·

Bar 1.01325 0.980665 1 x 106

dyn/em' 9.86923 x 10-' 1.01972 x 10-8 1 x 10-·

ft sea water 0.030238 0.031243 0.0306391 3.06391 x 10' ft pure water 0.029499 0.030480 0.0298898 2.98898 x 10'

kg-Clem' 0.967841 1.0 0.980665 9.80665 kg-Clm' 9.67841 x 10-" 1 x 10-' 9.80665 X 10-" 98.0665 Meter sea water 0.099206 0.102503 0.100522 1.00522 x lOS Meter pure water 0.096784 0.10 0.0980665 9.80665 x 10' mmHg 1.31579 x 10-" 1.35951 x 10'" 1.33323 x 10'" 1.33323 X 11)3

Pa 9.86923 x 10-· 1.01972 X 10-" 1 X 10-" 10.0 PSI 0.0680457 0.0703087 0.0689474 6.89474 x 10'

Multiply by

ft sea water Ct pure water kg-Clem' kg-rim'

Atmabs 33.071 33.8995 1.03323 1.03323 x 10' ATA 32.007 32.808 1.00 10,000 Bar 3.2638 33.4562 1.01972 1.01972 x 10'

dyn/em' 3.26380 x 10-" 3.34562 x 10-· 1.01972 x 10-. 1.01972 x 10-' ft sea water 1.0250 3.12427 x 10-' 312.427 ft pure water 0.975610 0.03048 304.8 kg-r/em' 32.007 32.808 1 x 10' kg-rIm" 3.2007 x 10-" 3.2808 x 10'" 1 X 10-<' Meter sea water 3.28085 3.36305 0.102503 1025.03 Meter pure water 3.2007 3.2808 0.10 1000 mmHg 4.35145 x 10-' 4.46046 x 10-' 1.35951 x 10-' 13.5951 Pa 3.26380 x 10-4 3.34562 x 10-<' 1.01972 0.101972 PSI 2.25031 2.30672 7.03068 x 10" 703.068

Multiply by

Meter sea water Meter pure water mmHg Pa PSI

Atmabs 10.080 10.3323 760.0 1.01325 x lOS 14.6960 ATA 9.7559 10.00 735.56 9.80665 x 10' 14.223 Bar 9.94810 10.1972 750.06 1 x lOS 14.5038

dyn/em' 9.94810 x 10-. 1.01972 X 10'" 7.50058 X 10-<' 0.10 1.45038 x 10-" ft sea water 0.30480 0.312427 22.9809 3.06391 x 10" 0.444377 ft pure water 0.297350 0.3048 22.4192 2.98898 x 10' 0.433517 kg-r/em' 9.7559 10.0 735.557 9.80665 x 10' 14.223 kg-rim' 9.7559 x 10-' I X 10-' 0.073557 9.80665 1.4223 x 10-' Meter sea water 1.02503 75.3968 1.00522 x 10' 1.45793 Meter pure water 0.97559 73.556 9.80665 x 10" 1.4223 mmHg 1.32632 x 10-' 1.35951 x 10-' 1.33323 x 10-2 Pa 9.94810 x 10-" 1.01972 X 10-<' 7.50058 X 10-' 1.45038 x 10-4 PSI 0.685896 0.703068 51.7147 6.89474 x 10'

894 Appendix

Int. nautical miles

0 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9

10 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9

20 I 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9

30 I 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9

40 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9

TableA-4 Length-International Nautical Miles and Kilometers a

Basic relation: International Nautical Mile = 1.852 Kilometers

Int. nautical Int. nautical Kilometers miles Kilometers Kilometers miles Kilometers

50 92.600 0 50 1.852 I 94.452 1 0.5400 1 3.704 2 96.304 2 1.0799 2 5.556 3 98.156 3 1.6199 3 7.408 4 100.008 4 2.1598 4

9.260 5 101.860 5 2.6998 5 11.112 6 103.712 6 3.2397 6 12.964 7 105.564 7 3.7797 7 14.816 8 107.416 8 4.3197 8 16.668 9 109.268 9 4.8596 9

18.520 60 111.120 10 5.3996 60 20.372 I 112.972 I 5.9395 I 22.224 2 114.824 2 6.4795 2 24.076 3 116.676 3 7.0194 3 25.928 4 118.528 4 7.5594 4

27.780 5 120.380 5 8.0994 5 29.632 6 122.232 6 8.6393 6 31.484 7 124.084 7 9.1793 7 33.336 8 125.936 8 9.7192 8 35.188 9 127.788 9 10.2592 9

37.040 70 129.640 20 10.7991 70 38.892 I 131.492 1 1l.3391 1 40.744 2 133.344 2 ll.8790 2 42.596 3 135.196 3 12.4190 3 44.448 4 137.048 4 12.9590 4

46.300 5 138.900 5 13.4989 5 48.152 6 140.752 6 14.0389 6 50.004 7 142.604 7 14.5788 7 51.856 8 144.456 8 15.ll88 8 53.708 9 146.308 9 15.6587 9

55.560 80 148.160 30 16.1987 80 57.412 I 150.012 1 16.7387 I 59.264 2 151.864 2 17.2786 2 61.116 3 153.716 3 17.8186 3 62.968 4 155.568 4 18.3585 4

64.820 5 157.420 5 18.8985 5 66.672 6 159.272 6 19.4384 6 68.524 7 161.124 7 19.9784 7 70.376 8 162.976 8 20.5184 8 72.228 9 164.828 9 21.0583 9

74.080 90 166.680 40 21.5983 90 75.932 I 168.532 I 22.1382 I 77.784 2 170.384 2 22.6782 2 79.636 3 172.236 3 23.2181 3 81.488 4 174.088 4 23.7581 4

83.340 5 175.940 5 24.2981 5 85.192 6 177.792 6 24.8380 6 87.044 7 179.644 7 25.3780 7 88.896 8 181.496 8 25.9179 8 90.748 9 183.348 9 26.4579 9

100 185.200 100

a From Chisholm (1967). (See footnote to Table A-I.)

Int. nautical miles

26.9978 27.5378 28.0778 28.6177 29.1577

29.6976 30.2376 30.7775 31.3175 31.8575

32.3974 32.9374 33.4773 34.0173 34.5572

35.0972 35.6371 36.1771 36.7171 37.2570

37.7970 38.3369 38.8769 39.4168 39.9568

40.4968 41.0367 41.5767 42.ll66 42.6566

43.1965 43.7365 44.2765 44.8164 45.3564

45.8963 46.4363 46.9762 47.5162 48.0562

48.5961 49.1361 49.6760 50.2160 50.7559

51.2959 51.8359 52.3758 52.9158 53.4557 53.9957

Table A-5 Conversion Factors Relating to Thermophysiologya

Temperature

Thus:

Power

Work

Insulation

1 CorK C=273=K

OC 10 20 30 40

1.80 F or R F = 459 = R

32F 50 68 86

104

1 kilogram calorie/hr = 3.97 BTU/hr = 1.16 watts

1 kilogram calorie = 3.97 BTU = 1.16 watt-hr

1 CLO = 0.18°C per kcal/m2 ·hr- 1

= 0.88°F per BTU/ft2 ·hr- 1

= that amount of insulation which will transfer 5.56 kcal/m2 ·hr- 1 per °C

= 1.14 BTU/ft2 ·hr- 1 per of

Appendix 895

a Adapted from BECKM,o\N, E. L. Thermal protective suits for underwater swimmers. Milit. Med. 131:195-209 (Mar. 1967). Used with permission of the author.

896 Appendix

Table A-6 Units of Length-Conversion Factors ... b

To convert from centimeters To convert from meters To Multiply by To Multiply by

Inches ................... 0.393 700 8 Inches ............... 39.37008 Feet ..................... 0.032 808 40 Feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.280 840 Yards ................... 0.01093613 Yards.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.093613 Meters .................. 0.01 Miles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.000621 37

Millimeters ........... 1 000 Centimeters. . . . . . . . . .. 100 Kilometers ........... 0.001

To convert from feet To Multiply by

To convert from inches To Multiply by

Inches .................. 12 Yards ................. , 0.333333 3 Miles ................... 0.00018939

Feet. .................... 0.083 333 33 Yards ................... 0.027 777 78 Centimeters ............. 30.48 Centimeters .............. 2.54 Meters ................. 0.304 8 Meters .................. 0.025 4 Kilometers . . . . . . . • . . . . .. 0.000 304 8

In using conversion factors, it is possible to perform division as well as the multiplication process shown here. Division may be particularly advantageous where more than the significant figures published here are required. Division may be performed in lieu of multiplication by using the reciprocal of any indicated multiplier as divisor. For example, to convert from centimeters to inches by division, refer to the table headed "To convert from inches" and use the factor listed at "centimeters" (2.54) as divisor.

To convert from yards To Multiply by

Inches .................. 36 Feet .................... 3 Miles ................... 0.000568 18

Centimeters ............. 91.44 Meters ................. 0.9144

a From Chisholm (1967). (See footnote to Table A-I.)

To convert from miles To Multiply by

Inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63 360 Feet.................. 5280 yards................ 1760

Centimeters ........... 160 934.4 Meters ............... 1 609.344 Kilometers . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.609 344

b All boldface figures are exact; the others generally are given to seven significant figures.

Appendix 897

Table A-7 Units of Capacity or Volume. Liquid Measure-Conversion Factors a

To convert from milliliters To Multiply by

Minims ................. 16.23073 Liquid ounces ........... 0.033 81402 Gills ................... 0.008 453 5 Liquid pints ............. 0.0021134

Liquid quarts. . . . . . . . . . .. 0.001 056 7 Gallons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0.000 264 17 Cubic inches ............ 0.061 023 74 Liters .................. 0.001

To convert from cubic meters To Multiply by

Gallons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264.172 05 Cubic inches .......... 61 023.74 Cubic feet. . . . . . . . . . . . 35.31467 Liters ................ 1000 Cubic yards .......... 1.307 950 6

To convert from liquid ounces To Multiply by

Minims ................ 480 Gills.................. 0.25 Liquid pints. .. . . . . . . . .. 0.062 5 Liquid quarts. . . . . . . . . . . 0.031 25 Gallons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0.007 812 5

Cubic inches .......... . Cubic feet. ............ . Milliliters ............. . Liters ................ .

1.8046875 0.00104438

29.57353 0.02957353

To convert from cubic inches To Multiply by

Minims ........... 265.9740 Liquid ounces.. . . .. 0.5541126 Gills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.138 528 1 Liquid pints .. . . . .. 0.034 632 03 Liquid quarts. . . . .. 0.017 316 02 Gallons . . . . . . . . . .. 0.004 329 0

Cubic feet. . . . . . . .. 0.000 578 7 Milliliters ......... 16.387 064 Liters. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016 387 064 Cubic meters ...... 0.000 016 387 064 Cubic yards ....... 0.000 021 43

a From Chisholm (1967). (See footnote to Table A-I.)

To To convert from liters

Multiply by

Liquid ounces. ... . .... 33.81402 Gills ........ ; . . . . . . . . 8.453 506 Liquid pints ......... . Liquid quarts ........ . Gallons ............. .

2.113376 1.056688 0.264172 05

Cubic inches. . . . . . . . . . 61.023 74 Cubic feet. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03531467 Milliliters ............ 1 000 Cubic meters ......... 0.001 Cubic yards .......... 0.001 307 95

To convert from liquid quarts To Multiply by

Minims ............ 15 360 Liquid ounces. . . . . . . 32 Gills............... 8 Liquid pints . . . . . . . . 2 Gallons . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25

Cubic inches ....... . Cubic feet ......... . Milliliters ......... . Liters ............. .

57.75 0.03342014

946.352946 0.946 352 946

To To convert from cubic feet

Multiply by

Liquid ounces ... , 957.506 5 Gills . . . . . . . . . . .. 239.376 6 Liquid pints ..... . Liquid quarts ... . Gallons ......... .

59.84416 29.92208 7.480519

Cubic inches ..... 1 728 Liters ........... 28.316 846 592 Cubic meters. . . . . 0.028 316 846 592 Cubic yards. . . . . . 0.037 037 04

To convert from cubic yards To Multiply by

Gallons. . . . . . . . . 201.9740 Cubic inches .... 46 656 Cubic feet ...... 27 Liters. . . . . . . . . . 764.554857984 Cubic meters. . . . 0.764554857984

Index

Absolute pressure, 85-88 Absorption, 61 Absorption coefficient, light transmission, 66,

Table II-16 Accidents, 630, Fig. VUH Acoustic communication system

direct projection, 817 Bendix Watercom, 817 Raytheon Yack-Yack, 817

modulated carrier frequency, 817-818 aquasonics-811,817-818 aquasonics QU-42, 817

Adiabatic temperature changes, 58, Table 1I-12 Adjustment, 239-382 (see also Confinement) Adrenal, cold response, 246 Age and diving, 635 Air embolism, 102-103 Alcohol and diving, 635 Alcoholism, 848 Altitude diving, 633-634 Alveolar ventilation, 116-120 Antarctic diving, 862 Anthropometric study, 754-755 Anthropometrics, 33-37, Table 1-4 Archimedes' principle, 90 Arctic diving, 862 Argon, 204 Arthralgia, hyperbaric

breathing mixture and, 193 etiology, 226 pressure and, 223-224 prevention, 226-229

Assembly tests, 362-365 triangle test, 362-363 UCLA pipe puzzle, 363-365, Fig. VI-28

ATA,46 Atmospheric pressure, 85 Audiogram, 304, Fig. V -17, 308 Auditory acuity (see Hcaring) Auditory evoked response, 183-184, Fig. IV-35

899

Backscatter, light, 275-278, Fig. V-5 Barotrauma, 92-97

aural,93-95 ascent, 93-94 descent, 94-95 prevention of, 95-97, Table 1II-4

ear, external, 95 gastrointestinal, 97 pulmonary, 97, Table III-4, 102-103 sinus, 103, Table I1I-4

Batteries, 710-711 Bends (see Decompression sickness) Biological factors, bubble formation, 478-485

blood flow and tissue exchange, 480-483, Figs. VU-6,7, Table VII-5

diffusion in tissue, 483-485 pulmonary exchange, 479 site of bubble nucleation, 483 transdermal exchange, 479-480

Biology research, 802-803, Table IX-34 Blast

clinical aspects, 644-645 gas sphere, 640, Fig. VIII-4 impulse, 641-643, Figs. VIII-7,8 injury (which see) peak pressure, 641, Fig. VIII-5 physical aspects, 638-640, Figs. VIII-3,4 protection, 646 reflection, 639, Fig. VIII-3 shock wave, 643, Fig. VIIH surface effects, 640 treatment, 645-646

Blood,13 standards, 252, Table IV-29 volume, intrathoracic, 137-138

Blood vessels, 12-13 Blowup, 97, Table III-4 Body measurement, 33-37, Table 1-4 Bones, 3, Fig. 1-1 Boyle's law, 86

900 Index

Bradycardia breath-hold diving and, 140, Figs. IV-19, 20,

21 hyperbaric cause, 224-225

Brain, 38-39, Fig. 1-25 Breath-hold diving, 114, 122, 138-144, Table

IV-5, Figs. IV-2,3 cardiovascular factors, 138-144 hearing loss, 313-314

Breathing (see also Breathing mixtures, Respira­tion and Respiratory), 17-21, Figs. 1-12, 13,14

negative pressure, 135-136 Breathing equipment, 728-744

air, 730 closed-circuit, 740-743, Fig. IX-20, Table IX-

13 helmets, 736-740, Tables IX-lO, 11 masks, 736-740, Tables IX-I0, 11 mixed-gas, 730 regulators (which see) self-contained, 730-735 semiclosed-circuit, 735-741, Figs. 19,20,

Table IX-12 Breathing mixtures

argon, 204 counterdiffusion, 197-198 decompression considerations, 196-198 density, 194-195 fire safety, 198 gas properties, 189-191, Tables IV-20, 21 helium, 201-202 high-pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS), 193 hydrogen, 202-203 hyperbaric arthralgia, 193 inert gas narcosis, 193 logistics, 198-200 neon, 203-204 nitrogen-oxygen, 201 oxygen, 202

metabolic needs, 189-192, Fig. IV-39 planning considerations, 186-188, Figs. IV-27,

38 purity standards, 205-208 viscosity, 194-195 voice distortion, 195

BTV maneuver, 96, Table 111-3 Bubble formation

biological factors, 478-485 (which see) physical factors, 469-478 (which see)

Buoyancy, 90-91 devices, 784-785, Table IX-30 negative, 90-91 neutral, 91 positive, 90-91

Caisson workers, hearing loss, 312, 313 Carbon dioxide (C0 2 ), 796-798, Fig. IX-40,

Table IX-32 elimination, 113 high (hypercapnia), 210-212, Table IV-23 low (hypocapnia), 212 nitrogen narcosis and, 178-179 ventilation, 116-117, Fig. IV-5 work loads, 118-120, Figs. IV-6, 7, Tables IV-

2,3 Carbon monoxide, 212-213 Cardiac

arrhythmia and breath-hold diving, 142 output, and breath-hold diving, 142-143 venous-return mechanism, and breath-hold

diving, 143 Cardiovascular factors, 135-150

air scuba diving, 144-148 breath-hold diving, 138-144 cold effects, 243-244 effects of density, 136 effects of temperature, 136-13 7 immersion to neck, 135-138, Fig. IV-18,

Tables IV-I0, 11 intrathoracic blood volume, 137-138, Table

IV-II mixed gas saturation-diving, 148-150

Cavitation, 474-477, Figs. VII-2,3,4 Central nervous system (CNS)

cold effects, 242-243 convulsions, 218-220, Fig. IV-41 electroencephalogram, 220-223, Fig. IV-42 high pressure nervous syndrome, 213-223 nitrogen narcosis (which see) oxygen toxicity (which see), 161-174 somnolence, 220-221

Chambers (see Hyperbaric chambers) Charles' law, 86 Chemical properties, sea water, 45-73, Table 11-

19 Chemistry research, 802-803, Table IX-34 Circulation, 13-15, Fig. 1-9 Claustrophobia, 856 CNS (see Central Nervous System) Cognitive processes, tests, 373-379

arithmetic-computation, 374 cold, 438-441 conceptual reasoning, 378 free association, 375-376, Figs. VI-29, 30 heliox, hyperbaric, 401-409 (which see) memory, 374-375 (which see) navigation problem solving, 378-379 sentence comprehension, 376-378

Cold cardiovascular system, 243-244

Cold (cont'd) deep dives, 234-235 diet, 248-253 endocrine system, 246-247 inspired gas, 240, Table IV-26 measurement, physiological, 240-241 metabolism, 248-253 nervous system, 242-243 open sea dives, 237-240 performance (which see) physiological effects, 241-253 protective suits, 233, Table IV-25 renal system, 243-244 respiratory effects, 244-246 saturation dives, 235-237 shallow dives, 233-234 surface swimming, 232-233 thermal stress, 231-232 underwater work, 232-241

Colligative properties, sea water, 58-60, Fig. 11-2 freezing point, 59 osmotic pressure, 60 vapor pressure lowering, 58

Color vision, 284-288, Fig. V-10, Table V-2 Combustion

helium, 656-659, Figs. VIII-13, 14, 16 hydrogen, 660 materials, 660, Table VIII-3,4 oxygen, 650-651,664, Fig. VIII-15 pressure effects, 651-654, Figs. VlIl-9, 10, 11,

12 Comfort zone, 238, Fig. IV-45 Communications, 39-40, 811-841

acoustic systems, 817-818 (which see) equipment, 836-837 exertion effects, 835 general,816 human factors, 832-839 psychological factors, 832-833 signals, 811-814 (which see) speech, 820-832 (which see) underwater, 817-819 voice system, 813-816 (which see)

Compressed-air illness (see Decompression sick­ness)

Compressed-air work, 559-578 decompression schedule, 2.1,561; 2.2, 562-

574 decompression tables, 559 guidance, 560-561 repetitive diving, 560, 575-578, Schedules 2.3,

2.4,2.5 Compressibility, sea water, 51-53, Tables 11-6,7 Conductivity, electrical, sea water, 54, Tables

11-8,9

Index 901

Confinement, 379-382 (see also Isolation) emotional stability, 380 social compatability, 380 task orientation, 379-380

Contact lenses, 293-294, Fig. V-15 Contaminants

breathing gas, 206-208, Table IV-23 trace, 797-798

Conversion table, depth-pressure, 48, Table 11-3,889, Appendix tables

Convulsions, 218-220, Fig. IV-41 Courses (see Training) Criticalfusion frequency (CFF), 182-183 Cryogenic pneumatic power, 714-715,

Fig. IX-8 Currents, 77-80

diving in, 79-80 effects on operations, 80 lakes, 77-78 oceans, 77-78 rip, 78 tides, 78-79

Curriculum (see Training) Cybernetics, 40

Dead space, 116 Decibel (dB), 301 Deck decompression chamber (DOC), 759 Decompression - breathing mixtures, 196-198 Decompression schedules, 496-526,534-627

air decompression, 505-517 air saturation, 512-517, Figs. VII-18, 19, 20,

Table VII-10 ascending excursions, 582, Schedule, 4.2 compressed-air work, 559-578 (which see) compressed-air workers, 509-510, Fig. VII-16 descending excursions, 579-580, Schedule

4.1 emergency abort, 612-615, Schedule 7.1 Haldane ratio, 501-505, Fig. VII-12 helium-oxygen (which see) human use, 505 inert gas transport, 498-501, Fig. VII-11 , Table

VII-8 mixed gas, 517-526 models,497-505 need for, 468-469, Table VII-1 safety criteria, 501-505, Figs. VII-12,13 saturation diving, 579-582 saturation excursion, 513-517, Table VII-14 saturation exposure, 510-512, Fig. VII-18 sub saturation exposure, 505-510, Figs. VlI-14,

15, 16, 17, Table VII-9 supersaturation ratios, 503, Fig. VlI-13 surface decompression, 512-517

902 Index

Decompression schedules (cont'd) tissue half-times, 500, Table VII-8 U.S. Navy, 505-508, Figs. VII-14, 15, Table

VII-9; 520-524, Figs. VII-21, 22, 23; 534-559; 537-541, Sched. 1.1; 542, Sched. 1.2; 543, Sched. 1.3; 544, Sched. 1.4; 545-549, Sched. 1.5; 550-553, Sched. 1.6; 554-558, Sched. 1.7

Decompression sickness (DeS), 467-627 cause, 467 diagnosis, 485-493 (which see) pathogenesis, 469-485 (which see) prevention, 493-526 (which see) treatment, 526-533, 616-627 (which see) vestibular, 319-321

Definitions equipment, 805-806 sensory, 323

Density cardiovascular effects of, 136 gas, 194-195 sea water, 50-51

Depth and pressure, 46, Tables 11-1,3 Depth-pressure conversion table, 48, Table 11-3 Dexterity

cold, 429-430, Fig. VI-57 finger, 355-358 (which see) heliox, 401-404, Table VI-12 manual, 358-362 (which see) manual, in nitrogen narcosis, 180, Fig. IV-33 performance, 392-395, Fig. VI-35, Table VI-11

Diagnosis, decompression sickness, 485-493 incidence, 485-486 major symptoms, 486-490, Figs. VII-6, 7 methods, new, 490-493, Fig. VII-9 time of onset, 485-486, Fig. VII-8

Diet, cold and, 248-253 Diet and diving, 635 Diffusion

coefficient, 478, Table VII-4 gas in tissues, 483-485

Digestive system, 9, Fig. 1-5 Dispersion, sound, 61 Divers

civil population, 871-872, Table XI-4 fiscal expenditures, 870-872, Table XI-5 hearing loss, 313 recreational, 872-873, Table XI-6

Diving altitude, 633-634 bradycardia, 140, 146, Fig. IV-21 breath-hold, 122, Table IV-5, Figs. IV-2, 3;

138-144, Table IV-12 hazards, 629-694 helium-oxygen, 233-235 operations, 632-633

Diving (cont'd) organization for, 630-631 performance, 630, Fig. VIII-l physical fitness, 634-637 planning for, 630-631 predive condition, 634-637 safety precautions, 613-634 saturation

dry chamber, 235-237 wet, 237-240

scuba, 144 shallow, 233-235

Diving entry, 81-83 rock shore, 83 sand beach, 81-83, Figs. 11-13, 14

Diving systems, 758-763 advanced (ADS), 759-761, Fig. IX-24 deep, 760-763, Fig. IX-25

Drowning, 675-679 causes, 675-676 clinical signs, 677, Table VIII-8 physiology, 676 prevention, 678-679 treatment, 677-678, Table VIII-9

Drugs, visual effects, 299 Drugs and diving, 635 Dysbarism (see Decompression sickness)

Ear (see also Hearing) anatomy, 24-31, Figs. 1-18 through 23 ear drum, 93-94, 307-309 eustachian tube, 309 inner ear, 310-311 middle ear, 309-310 pressure effects, 307-311 underwater, 299-300

Earphone, 819 Education (see Training) EEG (see Electroencephalography) Electric/electronic equipment, 711-714

oxygen problem, 711-712, Fig. IX-7 switches, 712-714

Electric shock current frequency, 669-670, Table VIII-7 current intensity, 667-669, Fig. VIII-18 current type, 669 duration, 669 heart, 667 let-go current, 671, Fig. VIII-19 pathway of conduction, 667 physiological effects, 665-667, Fig. VIII-17 prevention, 670-674, Fig. VIII-22 treatment, 674-675

Electrical conductivity, sea water, 54, Tables 11-8, 9

Electroencephalography, 181-184, Fig. IV-34; 220-223, Fig. IV-42

Electrohydraulic, 714-715 Emotional stability, 380

diving, 636 Energy expenditure, 8-9, Tables 1-2, 3 Energy production, 6-9, Fig. 1-4

chemical lab (digestive system), 9, Fig. 1-5 fuel (food), 6-9, Table 1-3

Environment ocean, 45-105 underwater, 1

Environmental equipment diving systems, 758-763 habitats, 763-769 (which see) submersibles, 772-784

Equilibrium inner ear, 29-31, Figs. 1-22, 23 tests, 353, Fig. VI-14, Table VI-3

Equipment, 695-810 ancillary, 744-749 breathing (which see) communication, 836-837 effect on respiration, 115, Fig. IV-4; 129 environmental, 758-804 (which see) localization, 750 optical,291-296 personal (which see) safety precau tions, 632

Escape, 686-687 Eustachian tube, 93-97, 309

clearing tube, Table 111-3 Evoked auditory response, 183-184, Fig. IV-35 Excursion diving, 525-526, Table VII-14 Exercise and diving, 636 Exertion at depth, 118-119, Figs. IV-6, 7, Table

IV-2 Exertion and speech, 835 Experience, vision underwater, 290-291 Extinction coefficient, 64, Figs. 11-4, 5, Table

11-15 Eye (see also Vision), 22-24, Figs. H6, 17

function, 271-273, Figs. V-I, 2 oxygen effect on, 174-175

Fat (see Obesity) Fatigue, 636-637, Table VUH; 683-685 Finger dexterity, 355-358, Figs. V1-15, 18

Hunter test, 356 Minnesota rate of manipulation, 358 O'Connor test, 356 Purdue pegboard, 357

Fins, 745-749, Fig. IX-23 Fire safety, 198; 646-665

combustion (which see) rue aspects, 648-649

Fire safety (cont'd) rue detection, 660-662, Table VIII-5 fire extinguishers, 662-664, Table VIII-6 history, 647-648 ignition, 648-650, Table VIII-2 oxygen partial pressure, 646-647 procedures, 664 study needed, 664-665

Flotation laws, 90 Flying after diving, 685-686, Table VIII-12 Food, 6-9, Table 1-3 Force

handgrip strength, 340-344 hand-torqueing, 344 lifting and pulling, 346 linear, 344-346, Fig. VI-7 multiple-force test platform, 346 rotary, 344-346, Fig. VI-6

Index 903

strength, 343-349, Figs. VI-8, 9, 10, Table VI-2 Fouling, 682-683 Freezing point, sea water, 59 Frenzel maneuver, 95, Table 111-3 Function, respiratory, 108-111, Fig. IV-I; 154-

156

Gas, 86-90 (see also gases by name - Oxygen, Nitrogen, etc.)

density, 125-126, Figs. IV-10, 11, 12, 13, 14; 194-195

exchange, 17-21 exchange, respiration, 112, Table IV-I; oxygen,

155-156 flow rates, 126 ideal,86 laws, 86-87 mixtures, 89,133, Table IV-7 (see also Breath-

ing mixtures) perfect, 86 purity standards, 205-208 solubility, 88-90 thermal properties, 195-196 viscosity, 194-195

Gastrointestinal barotrauma, 97 Gauge pressure, 85-88 Geology research, 802-803, Table IX-34 Glossary, respiration, 109-111 Glucose homeostasis and cold, 247

Habitats, 688-690, 763-769 classification, 764-766, Table IX-26 design features, 764-766, Table IX-26 EDALHAB,763 list of, 764-766, Table IX-26 SUBLIMNOS, 763 TEKTITE II 767-768 Figs. IX-26, 28, 29 utilities trailer, 768

904 Index

Half-times (see Tissue half-times) Hand-held tools (see Tools) Hazards

diving, 629-694 drowning (which see) fatigue, 683-685 flying after diving, 685-686, Table VIII-12 fouling, 682-683 infections, 683 marine life, 679-682, Table VIII-10, 11 underwater shock, 670, Figs. VIII-20, 21

Hearing, 24-28, Figs. 1-18,19,20,21; 299-314 air conduction, 300-301 air pressure effects, 307-311 audiogram, 304, Fig. V-17 bone conduction, 300-301 central nervous system, 311-312 definitions, 323, 324 discrimination, 303-305 hood wearing, 303 incidence of loss, 312-314 inner ear, 310-311 middle ear, 309-310 sound intensity, 306-307, Fig. IV-19 sound localization, 305-306 terminology, 323 threshold, 301-303, Figs. V-16, 17, 18, Table

V-5 water depth and, 307-309, Fig. V-20

Heart, 10-12, Figs. 1-6, 7,8 (see also Cardiac) rate, 147-149, Tables IV-13, 14

Heat control, body, 16-17, Fig. 1-11 distribu tion, 16 loss, 16 loss, respiratory, 245 production, 15-16 transfer, respiratory, 245

Henry's law, 87, 89 Heliox, hyperbaric performance, 401-409

(see also Hyperbaric heliox and Helium­oxygen)

Helium speech unscramblers, 830-832, Figs. X-12,13

Helium - cardiac function and, 150 Helium-oxygen

decompression schedules, 583-601, Schedules 5.1 and 5.2

decompression theory, 518-525, Fig. VIl-24, Tables VII-11 , 12, 13, 14

diving, cold and, 233-235 excursion from saturation, 609-612, Schedules

6.1,6.2,6.3 speech, 825-832, Fig. X-10, 11, Tables:X-3-6 tables, 602-608, Schedules, 5.3, 5.4, "5.5, 5.6,

5.7,5.8,5.9

Helmets, 736-740, Tables IX-10, 11 High pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS), 213,

223 dizziness, 221-223 etiology, 225-226 prevention, 226-227 research needs, 229 somnolence, 220-221 tremor, 215-218, Fig. IV-40, Table IV-24

History, medical, 844-848, Figs. XI-I, 2 HPNS (see High-pressure nervous syndrome) Human being as a machine, 1-43 Human engineering factors

anthropometric study, 754-755 biomechanical capabilities, 755-757, Tables

IX-22, 23, 24, 25 diver as resource, 751-754, Tables IX-18, 19,20 remote manipulator controller, 751-752,

Tables IX-IS, 16, 17 Hydraulic power

fluid characteristics, 709, Table IX-6 fluid compressibility, 709, Table,IX-6 sources, 706-708 viscosity and pressure, 707-708, Fig. IX-5 viscosity and temperature, 707, Fig. IX-4

Hydrogen, 202-203 Hydrophysics research, 800-801, Table IX-33 Hyperbaric (see Pressure) Hyperbaric air performance, 386-400

cognitive tasks, 387-391, Figs. VI-32, 33, Table VI-9

dexterity, 392-395, Fig. VI-35, Table VI-11 modifying factors, 395-400 reaction time, 391-392, Fig. VI-34, Table VI-ll

Hyperbaric chambers, 784-790, Figs. IX-32, 33, 34,35, Table IX-31

Hyperbaric heliox performance, 401-409 cognitive tasks, 404-409, Tables VI-IS, 16 dexterity, 401-404, Table VI-12 reaction time, 404, Tables VI-13, 14 tremor, 401-404, Table VI-12

Hypercapnia (high carbon dioxide), 210-212, Table IV-23

Hyperoxia (high oxygen), 209 Hyperthermia (see Heat) Hyperventilation, 114-116 Hypocapnia Oow carbon dioxide), 212 Hypothermia (see Cold) Hypoxia Oow oxygen), 208-209

Ice diving, 634, 862 Illumination, and vision, 273-274, Figs. V-2, 3 Immersion to neck

cardiovascular function, 136-138, Tables IV-lO, 11

negative-pressure breathing, 135-136

Immersion, pressure, 123-124, Fig. IV-9 Inert gas narcosis, 193, 212 (see also Nitrogen

narcosis) Infections, 683 Information receptors, 22-23

ear, 24-31, Figs. 1-18-23 eye, 22-24, Figs.1-16, 17 inner ear, 29-31, Figs. 1-22, 23 nose, 31-32, Fig. 1-24 organs, 33 skin, 31-32 tongue, 31-32, Fig. 1-24

Injury, blast, 644-645 abdomen, 645 lungs, 644-645 thoracic cavity, 645

Instrumentation, 798-799 constraints in hyperbaric chambers, Table

IX-35 Intelligibility, speech, 822, Fig. X-7, Table X-6;

833-836, Figs. X-14, 15, Table X-7 Isolation, 379-382 (see also Confinement), 441-

456, Figs. VI-71, 72, 73, 74, Tables VI-28, 29

SEALAB I, 441-456 SEALAB II, 441-456 TEKTITE 1,441-456 TEKTITE II, 441-456

Joints, 3, Fig. 1-2

Kinesthetic, 33

Labyrinth, ear, 29-31, Figs. 1-22, 23 Latent heat of evaporation, 57 Laws

flotation, 90 gas, 86-87 liquid, 86

Life, characteristics of, 1-2 Life history questionnaire (LHQ), 858-860 Light transmission, 275-278, Figs. V-4, 5, Table

V-I in sea water, 63-68

absorption coefficient, 66, Table 11-16 extinction coefficient, 64, Table II-15, Figs.

11-4,5 refractive index, 67-68, Tables 11-17,18

Liquid breathing, 205 Lung (see also Breathing, Pulmonary, Respira-

tion, Respiratory, and Ventilation) anatomy, 19-21, Figs. 1-13,14, 15 capacities, 20, 21, Fig. 1-15 change, oxygen, 155-156 functional residual capacity, III inspiratory capacity, III

Lung (cont'd)

inspiratory reserve, III posture, and, 124, Table IV-6 residual volume, 111 tidal lung capacity, 111 tidal volume, Ill, 133, Table IV-7

Index 905

vital capacity, 108, 111, 124, Fig. IV-I, Table IV-6

volumes, 19, 20

Machine, human, 1-43 Man as a machine, 1-43 Maneuvering, 419-423, Figs. VI-47-51 Manipulators

capability, 775-780, Table IX-29 remote control, 751-752, Tables IX-15, 16,

17 Man-machine relationship, 40 Manned submersibles, 773-781, Table IX-28

lockout capability, 774-775 manipulator capability (see Manipulator) navigation, 780-781, Figs. IX-30, 31 self-propelled, 774 tethered, 774

Manual dexterity, 358-362, Figs. VI-19, 20,,21 Bennett hand-tool test, 360, Fig. VI-21 block-stringing packing tests, 361-362, Fig.

VI-22 knot-tieing test, 361 screwplate tests, 358, Fig. VI-20

Masks, 291-293, Tables V-3, 4; 736-740, Tables IX-10, 11; 744-748, Figs. IX-21, 22, Table IX-14

and speech, 821, Fig. X-6 Maximum breathing capacity, 109, 127-128 Measurement, body, 33-37, Table 1-4 Measures (see Tests) Mechanics

breathing, 20, Fig. 1-14 hearing, 25, Fig. 1-18 heart, 12, Figs. 1-7, 8 movement, 2-6, Figs. 1-1, 2, 3 vision, 24, Fig. 1-17

Medical examination, 848-853 age, 848 Belgian, 845 cardiovascular system, 852-853 color vision, 851 ears, 85 1-852 French navy, 854 gastrointestinal system, 853 genitourinary system, 853 Monaco, 854-855 nose and throat, 852 pregnancy, 853 respiratory system, 852

906 Index

Medical examination (cont'd) SITS programs, 880-881, Fig. XI-4 skin, 853 teeth,851 U.K., 845-846, Figs. XI-I, 2 vision, 851 weight, 848-851

Medical history, 844-848, Figs. XI-I, 2 Memory, 374-375

clock,375 picture-number, 374-375 UCLA, 375, Fig. VI-28 word-number, 374

Metabolism, cold and, 248-253 Microphone, 819 Motivation, 41-43, Fig. 1-26; 855-856 Mouthpiece, 821 Movement, mechanics, 2-6 Muscles, 3-6, Fig. 1-3

Narcosis (see Inert gas narcosis, and Nitrogen narcosis)

Neon, 203-204 Nitrogen, visual effects, 299 Nitrogen narcosis, 175-185

adaptation to, 185 carbon dioxide and, 178-179 manual dexterity, 180, Fig. IV-33 mechanisms, 176-178, Table IV-19 neurological measurement, 181-184, Fig. IV-

34 critical fusion frequency (CFF), 182-183 electroencephalographic (EEG), 181-184 evoked auditory response, 183-184, Fig. IV-

35 evoked brain response, 183-184

oxygen and, 179-181 performance, arithmetic, 179, Figs. IV-32, 36 predisposition to, 184-185

Noise, 305-307, Fig. V-19 Nystagmus, 316

Obesity and diving, 635-636 Ocean (see also Sea water)

depth, 45, Table II-I environment, 45-105 volume, 45, Table II-I

Operational equipment, 695-810 Optical equipment, 291-296 (see also Vision)

contact lenses, 293-294, Fig. V-15 goggles, 294, Fig. V-12 hood and hearing, 303-305, Fig. V-18 masks, 291-293, Figs. V-l3, 14, Tables V-3, 4

Orientation, 419-423, Figs. VI-47-51 Osmotic pressure, 60 Otitis media, 93

Oxygen breathing mixture, 202 central nervous system, 161-174 (see also

Toxicity, Oxygen) combustion, and, 650, 657, 664, Fig. VIII-l5 consumption, 112, 120, Table IV-3 fIre safety, 646-647 high oxygen (hyperoxia), 209 low oxygen (hypoxia), 208-209 metabolic needs, 189-192, Fig. IV-39 nitrogen narcosis and, 179-181 oxygen-helium, 792, Fig. IX-36 partial pressure, 150-151, Fig. IV-22; 167, Fig.

IV-28; 791 physiological effects, 150-153, Fig. IV-23 pulmonary function, 154-156 pulmonary tolerance, 153-157, Fig. IV-24 requirements, 112 systems, 793-794, Figs. IX-38, 39 toxicity, 150-174, 189-192 (see also

Toxicity, Oxygen) uptake and work,413-416, Fig. VI-45, Tables

VI-19, 20, 23 ventilation, 117-118 visual effects, 298-299

Panic, 629-630 Partial pressure, 88-90; 730, Table IX-8

gases in air, 151, Fig. IV-22 oxygen, 150-151, Fig. IV-22; 167, Fig. IV-28 respiration, 112, Table IV-l

Pathogenesis - decompression sickness, 469-485

Pathology - oxygen, lung, 153-155, Fig. IV-25 Perceptual processes tests, 370-373

geographic-orientation, 371 hidden-patterns, 372-373 perceptual-speed,371-372 postural-orientation, 370-371 Stroop word-color, 373 time-estimation, 372 Wechsler Bellevue digit-symbol, 373

Performance, 333-465, 857-860 biomechanical forces, 343-349 cold,423-441 (which see) confInement, 441-456 environmental effects, 630, Fig. VIII-l hyperbaric air, 386-401 (which see) hyperbaric heliox, 401-409 (which see) isolation, 441-456 (which see) maneuvering, 419-423, Figs. VI-47-51 measures, 338-343 modifying factors, 395-400

diver experience, 395-396, Figs. VI-36 hyperbaric air, 397-398, Figs. VI-37, 38

practice, 396-399, Figs. VI-39, 40

Performance (cont'd) hyperbaric air (cont'd)

water environment, 397-400, Figs. VI-41, 42 nitrogen narcosis and, 179-180, Figs. IV-32, 33,

36 orientation, 419-423, Figs. VI-47-51 research, 334-338, Table VI-I stress, 456-461 (which see) tests, 338-343 tractionless medium, 409-423

Performance, cold, 232-241, Figs. IV-44, 46, 47, Table IV-27; 423-441

cognitive, 438-441 dexterity, 429-430, Fig. VI-57 grip strength, 425-428, Figs. VI-53-56 reaction time, 436-438, Figs. VI-64-67 steadiness, 428-429 tactile sensitivity, 425, Fig. VI-52

Perfusion, tissue, 480-483, Figs. VII-6, 7, Table VII-5

Personal equipment breathing (which see) human engineering factors (which see) respiratory (see Breathing) suits (which see)

Personnel selection - decompression sickness, 493-526

Personnel transfer capsule (pTe), 690; 759-763, Fig.IX-24

Photopic vision, 273-288 Physical constants - sensory measurement, 323 Physical factors, bubble formation, 469-478

bubble nucleation and growth, 472 cavitation, 474-477, Figs. VII-2, 3,4, diffusion coefficients, 478, Table VII-4 inert gas solubility, 470-471, Table VII-2, 3,

Fig. VII-1 Physical fitness, diving, 634-637 Physical properties, sea water, 45-73, Tables 11-2-

19 Physiology

cardiovascular, 135 -15 0 cold,241-248 nitrogen narcosis, 175 -185 respiratory, 107-134

Pneumothorax, 102-103 Polar diving, 634 Posture, lung volume, 124, Table IV-6 Power

batteries, 710-711 comparison of sources, 716-721, Figs. IX-9, 10,

11,12, Table IX-7 cryogenic pneumatic, 714-715, Figs. IX-8 electric/electronic, 711-714 electrohydraulic, 714-715 fuel cells, 716

Power (cont'd) hydraulic, 704-710 (which see) plant, 716-717, Table IX-7 requirements, 703-704, Fig. IX-l tool operation, 704-705, Fig. IX-2 transportation, 703-705, Fig. IX-2 work system, 706, Fig. IX-3

Pressure, 85 -90 absolu te, 85-88 ambient, 122-123, 144 atmospheric, 85 bradycardia, 224-225 breath-hold diving, 144

Index 907

differences, immersion, 123-124, Fig. IV-9 gauge, 85-88 heart rate, 147-148 laws

flotation, 90 gas, 86-87 Ib/in 2 or psi, 85 liquid,86 mmHg,85 negative pressure breathing, 135-136 partial, 88-90 partial, respiration, 112, Table IV-l psi,85

Pressure and depth, 46, Table 11-3 Prevention, decompression sickness, 493-526

decompression schedules (which see) exercise, 496, Fig. VII-lO operational factors, 495 personnel selection, 494-495

Productivity and training, 885-886 Protection, suits, 233, Table IV-25; 238 Psychiatric examination, divers, 855-857

claustrophobia, 856 EEG,857 motivation, 855 neurological, 855

Psychological tests, 857-860 life history questionnaire, 858-860 performance, 857-860 SINDBAD,858 TEKTITE II, 858-860

Psychology, 33-43 Pulmonary

barotrauma, 97, Table III -4; 102-103 function, 154-156 oxygen toxicity (see Toxicity, Oxygen) pathology, oxygen, 153-154 therapy, oxygen toxicity, 158 tolerance, oxygen, 153-154, Figs. IV-24, 25

Reaction time tests, 367-370 choice, 369-370, Fig. VI-27 cold, 436-438, Figs. VI-64-67

908 Index

Reaction time tests (con! 'd) heliox, 404, Tables VI-13, 14 peripheral light-monitoring, 370 visual, 367-368, Fig. VI-26

Reflection, sound, 61 Refractive index, light, sea water, 67-68, Tables

11-17,18 Regulators, 731-735, Figs. IX-17, 18, Tables

IX-9, II Renal system, cold effects on, 243-244 Rescue, 687-688 Research, 800-803, Tables IX-33, 34 Research facilities, 788-790 Resistance, respiratory, 128; 130-132, Figs.

IV-15, 16 Respiration, 17-21, Figs. 1-12, 13, 14 Respiration, hyperbaric, 107-134 Respiratory

capacity, 127-128 cold effects, 244-246 control, 113-114 flow rates, 127-128, Fig. IV-12 forced expiratory volume, 127, Fig.IV-13 function, 108-111, Fig. IV-I gas temperature, 240, Table IV-20 glossary, 109-111 infections, 636-637 mechanics, 120-122, Fig. IV-8 minute volume, 21 physiology, 107-134 quotient, 113 rate, 21; 133-134, Tables IV -7, 8, 9 resistance, 128; 130-132, Figs. IV-15, 16 system, 17-21, Figs. 1-12, 13, 14

Safety, diving, 629-694 altitude, 633-634 considerations, 629-694 fire (see Fire safety) general precau tions, 631-633 ice diving, 634 operations, 632-633 recompression chamber, 633 special situations, 633 training, 885

Salinity, sea water, 51, Table 11-5 Saturation diving, and cardiovascular effects,

148-150, Table IV-14 Scattering, sound, 61 Schedules, decompression (see Decompression

schedules) Scopic vision, 288-290, Fig. V-II Scuba divers, hearing loss, 312 SEALAB I, 441-456 SEALAB II, 441-456, Tables VI-24, 25

Sea water chemical properties, 45-73 colligative properties, 58-60 compressibility, 51-53, Tables 1I-6, 7 conductivity, electrical, 54, Tables 11-8,9 density, 50-51 electrical conductivity, 54, Tables 11-8, 9 environment, 45-84 light transmission, 63-68 physical properties, 45-73, Tables II-2-

19 pressure, conversion table 48, Table II-3 pressure, 46 salinity, 51, Table II-5 sound transmission, 60-63, Table II-14(a),(b),

Fig. II-3 specific gravity, 50, Table 1I4 thermal expansion 56, Table II-IO thermal properties, 54-60, Tables II-IO-

13 Selection, divers, 632, 843-862

history, medical, 844-848, Figs. XI-I, 2 medical examination, 848-853 (which see) objectives, 844 physical examination, 848-853 pressure test, 861 psychiatric examination, 855-857 psychological tests, 857-860 training course, 861

Sensitivity (see Tests) Sensory functions, and diving, 322

kinesthetic, 322 organ effects, 322 smell, 322 taste, 322 touch, 322

Sharks, 679-680, Table VIII-IO Shock, electric (see Electric shock) Signals, 811-814, Figs. X-I, 2, Table X-I

hand, 812, Fig. X-I line-pull, 811, Table X-I numeral, hand, 813, Fig. X-2

SINDBAD,858 SINDBAD test battery, 382-386, Fig. VI-31,

Tables VI-5-8 Sinus barotrauma, 103, Table IlI-4, 102,

103 SITS (scientists-in-the-sea) program, 880-881,

Fig. XI-4 Smell, 31-32, Fig. 1-24

divers, 322 Smoking and diving, 635 Sociai curnpatibility, 380-382 Solubility, gas, 88-90 Sound, 305-307 (see also Noise)

Sound transmission, sea water, 60-63, Tables 11-14(a),(b), Fig. 11-3

absorption, 61 dispersion, 61 reflection, 61 scattering, 61 velocity, 61-62, Tables 11-14(a),(b)

Specific gravity, sea water, 50, Tables 11-4,5 Specific heat, sea water, 57, Table 1I-11 Speech, 820-832

consonants, 828, Fig. X-II format frequency, 826-827, Tables X-3, 4 gas mixtures, 824-832 helium-oxygen, 825-832, Figs. X-10, 11,

Tables X-3-6 intelligibility, 822, Fig. X-7, Table X-6; 833-

834, Table X-7 noise distortion, 820, Table X-2 pressure effects, 823-825, Figs. X-8, 9,12,13 unscramblers, 831-832, Figs. X-12, 13

Squeeze, 104, Table III-4 Standards

blood, 252, Table IV-29 breathing mixture purity, 205-208 weight, 250, Table IV-28

Standards, diver selection Belgian, 845 history, 844-848, Figs. XI-I, 2 U. K., 845-846, Figs. XI-I, 2

Steadiness, 350-353 Strength, 343, 349, Figs. VI-8-10, Table VI-2 Stress, 43; 456-461, Table VI-31

dexterity, 456-460, Figs. VI-75 , 76, Table VI-30

thermal,231-232 time estimation, 460 vigilance, 460

Submarines, 686-688 Submersibles, 688-690

cable-controlled, 782-783 cableless, 783-784 manned, 773-781 (which see) towed,781-782 unmanned,781-784 wet, 772-773, Table IX-27

Submersible decompression chamber (SOC), (see Personnel transfer capsule)

Suits armored l-atm., 728-729, Fig. IX-16 dry, 727 heating systems, 727-728 neoprene, 723-726 noncompressible wet, 726-727 pressure-compensated constant-volume, 727 protective, 233, Table IV-25

Index 909

Suits (cont'd) thermal conductivity, 722-724, Figs. IX-13,

14,15 unisuit, 728

Surf,76-77 Swim-fins, 745-750, Fig. IX-23 Swimmer vehicles, 769-773 Swimming

energy expenditure, 8, Table 1-2 work, 416-419, Figs. VI-45, 46, Table VI-23

Systems advanced diving, 759-761, Fig. IX-24 cryogenic oxygen, 795, Fig. IX-39 deep diving, 760-763, Fig. IX-25 habitat gas supply, 793, Fig. IX-37 oxygen, 794, Fig. IX-38

Systems, communication acoustic, 817-818 (which see) design, 837 electric field potential, 819 electromagnetic radiation, 818 general, 816 hard-line, 818 intelligibility, 839, Table X-8 underwater, 817-819

Systems, diving (see Diving systems) Systems, human

digestive, 9, Fig. 1-5 information, 22-23, Figs. 1-16, 24 movement, 2-6 respiratory, 17-21, Figs. 1-12, 13, 14 temperature control, 15-17, Figs. 1-10, 11 transportation, 9-15

Taste, 31-32, Fig. 1-24 divers, 322

Techniques of clearing ears, 95-97 TEKTITE I, 441-456, Figs. VI-69, 70; 798-799,

Fig.IX-41 TEKTITE II, 441-456, Tables VI-26, 27; 767-

768, Figs. IX-26, 28, 29 Temperature

body, human, 232-253 cardiovascular effects of, 136-137, 140-142,

Fig.IV-19 comfort zone, 238, Fig. IV-45 effects (see Cold, Heat) measurement, 240-241 regUlation (see Thermoregulation)

Temperature control, 15-17, Figs. 1-10, 11; 798-799, Fig. IX-41

heat distribution, 15-16 heat loss, 16 heat production, 15-16 thermostat, 16-17, Fig. 1-11

910 Index

Temperature, sea water, 54-56 Terminology

communication, 840-841 sensory, 323

Terms (see definitions) communication, 840-841

Tests, 338-386 assembly, 362-365, Fig. VI-23 ball-bearing, 352, Fig. VI-13 cognitive processes, 373-379 (which see) confinement, 379-382 (which see) coordination, 365-367, Figs. VI-24, 25 dexterity, 353-355; 362, Fig. VI-IS equilibrium, 353-355, Fig. VI-14, Table VI-3 finger dexterity, 355-358 (which see) handgrip strength, 343-344, Fig. VI-5 hand-torqueing strength, 344 linear force, 344-346, Fig. VI-7 manual dexterity, 358-362 (which see) multiple-force test, platform, 346 paper-pencil,351-352 perceptual processes, 370-379 (which see) point-pressure sensitivity, 341 pressure reproduction, 341-342, Fig. VI-4 reaction time, 367-370 (which see) rotary force, 344-346, Fig. VI-6 SINDBAD battery, 382-386 (which see) steadiness, 350-353 strength, 343-349, Figs. VI-8-10, Table VI-2 tactile sensitivity, 338 Towse touch, 342-343 tracking, 365-367, Figs. VI-24, 25 tremor, 350-353 two-point sensitivity, 340-341, Figs. VI-2, 3 vibratory sensitivity, 338-340, Fig. VI-I

Therapy central nervous system oxygen toxicity, 172-

173 pulmonary oxygen toxicity, 158

Thermal conductivity, sea water, 57 Thermal expansion, sea water, 56, Table 11-10 Thermal properties, gas, 195-196, 240, Table

IV-26 Thermal properties, sea water

adiabatic temperature changes,S 8, Table 11-12 latent heat of evaporation, 57 specific heat, 57, Table 11-11 temperature, 54-56 thermal conductivity, 57 thermal expansion, 56, Table 11-10

Thermoregulation hypothalamus, and, 230-231 maintain body temperaiun:, 231 man, 230-232 stress, 231-232

Threshold, auditory, 301-303, Figs. V-16, 20, Table V-5

Thyroid function, cold, 247 Tissue half-times, 500, Table VII-8 Tools, hand-held

categories, 696-697 design, 695-696 human engineering recommendations, 700-

701, Table IX-3 operations, 704-705, Table IX-5 power (which see) power tool recommendations, 702, Table IX-

4 remotely supplied power, 697-698, Table

IX-4 self-contained power, 697 special hand-held, 697 torqueing, 698-699, Table IX-I, 2

Toothache, 104 Torque

hand values, 755-756, Tables IX-21, 22 tools, 698-699, Tables IX-I, 2

Touch,31-32 divers, 322

Toxicity, oxygen acute physiological effects, 151-153, Fig. IV-

23 central nervous system, 161-174

carbon dioxide effect, 168-169 convulsions, 161 exercise effect, 169-171, Fig. IV-31 mechanisms, 172 prevention, 173-174, Table IV-18 signs, early warning, 167-168 symptoms, 169, Fig. IV-29; 170, Fig. IV-30 tolerance, 168, 170

pulmonary, 153-161 function, 154-156 limits, 167, Fig. IV-28 mechanisms, 157-158 pathology, 153-155, Fig. IV-25 prevention, 158-161, Tables IV-IS, 16 rate of development, 166, Table IV-17 signs and symptoms, 156 tolerance, 153, Fig. IV-24; 156, Figs. IV-26,

27 treatment, 158 unit pulmonary toxic dose, 158-165, Tables

IV-IS, 16 Toynbee maneuver, 96, Table 111-3 Tracking and coordination tests, 365-367

multidimensional pursuit, 366-367, Fig. VI-25

rotary pursuit, 365-366, Fig. VI-24 two-hand coordination, 365-366

Training civilian, 865-872 commercial, 875-876 Corning Community College Underwater

Physiology Course, 882 degree programs, 876-880 fisheries, 878 marine law, 878 marine science, 876-878 marine technician curriculum, 878-879, Fig.

XI-3 maritime officers, 878 NAUI,872-873 non-degree programs, 880-884 ocean engineering, 877-878 oceanography, 876-877 recreational, 872-875 scientists-in-the-sea (SITS) program, 880-881,

Fig. XI-4 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 884 University of Texas Aquamedics Program, 883-

884, Fig. XI-5 U.S. Navy, 862-869 U.S.S.R., 874-875 Yale University scuba diving program, 882 YMCA, 872-873

Transfer capsule (see Personnel transfer capsule) Transfer chamber (see Personnel transfer cap­

sule) Transportation system, 9-15

arteries, veins, capillaries, 12-13 blood, 13 circulation, 13-15, Fig. 1-9 heart, 10-12, Figs. 1-6, 7, 8

Treatment (see Therapy) Aural barotrauma, 97, Table III-4

Treatment, decompression sickness,S 26-5 33, 616-627

diagnosis, 528-529 emergency action, 528-529 gas embolism, 533, Fig. VII-28 recompression, 528, Fig. VII-25 recurrence after, 532, Fig. VII-27 recurrence during, 531, Fig. VII-26 rules, 530, Table VII-IS U.S. Navy treatment schedules, 616-627,

Schedule 8.1, air, 616, 618; Schedule 8.2, air, 616, 619; Schedule 8.3, air, 616,620; Schedule 8.4, air, 616, 621; Schedule 8.5, oxygen, 616, 622; Schedule 8.6, oxygen, 617,623; Schedule 8.7, oxygen, 617, 624; Schedule 8.8, oxygen, 617, 625

Tremor, 215-218, Fig. IV-40, Table IV-24 cold, 428-429 heliox, 401-404, Table VI-12

Tremor (cant'd) intention, 217 postural, 215-217

Index 911

postural tremor device, 350-351, Figs. VI-ll, 12

rest, 215 transducers, 350

Underwater blast (see Blast) Unit pulmonary toxic dose, 158-165, Tables

IV-IS, 16 Unscramblers, helium speech, 830-832, Figs.

X-l2,13 UPTD (see Unit pulmonary toxic dose) U.S. Navy divers, 862-869

course content, 865-869, Table XI-2 designation, 862-863 schools of diving, 864 selection, 864 training, 863

Valsalva maneuver, 95, Table III-3 Vapor pressure, sea water, 58 Vehicles (see Manned submersibles) Velocity, sound, sea water, 61-62, Tables 11-14

(a),(b ) Ven tila tion

alveolar, 116-120 carbon dioxide, 116-117, Fig. IV-5 inadequate, 125 oxygen, 117-118

Vertigo, 104, TableIII-4; 316-319 isobaric, 321 middle ear and, 318-319

Vestibular function, 314-321 decompression sickness, 319-321 diving and, 317-318 isobaric vertigo, 321 motion sickness, 315-316 nystagmus, 316 vertigo, 316-319

Viscosity gas, 194-195 pressure, 707-708, Fig. IX-5 temperature, 707, Fig. IX-4

Vision, 22-24, Figs. 1-16,17; 271-299 acuity in air, 273-274. Figs. V-2, 3 acuity under water, 275-278 color, 284-288, Fig. V-IO, Table V-2 confinement, effects on, 296-297 definitions, 323-324 depth perception, 278-279 distance perception, 279-281. Fig. V-7 drugs, effects on, 299 nitrogen, effects, 297

912 Index

Vision (cont'tt) oxygen, effects, 298-299 photopic, 273-288 pressure, effects, 297 refraction, 278-279, Fig. V-6 scotopic, 288-290, Fig. V-ll shape perception, 284-285. Fig. V-9 size perception, 283-284 stereoacuity, 280-283, Fig. V-8 terminology, 323

Vital capacity, 108, 111, 124, Fig. IV-I, Table IV-6

Voice communication, 813-816, Figs. X-3, 4,5 (see also Speech)

adaptation, 833

Voice distortion, 195

Water, sea (see Sea water) Waves, 74-76, Figs. 11-7, 8, 9,10 Weight, 848-851

anthropometric, 854, Table XI-l standards, 250, Table IV-28

Wet submersibles, 772-773, Table IX-27 Work (see also Performance), 118-119, Figs.

IV-6, 7, Table IV-2 rate, 133-134 tractionless medium

basic force production, 409-416, Figs. VI-43, 44, Tables VI-17, 18, 21, 22

oxygen uptake, 413-416 (which see) swimming, 416-419 (which see)