application decisions for the new millennium? robert e. wolf extension specialist agrichemical...
TRANSCRIPT
Application Decisions for the New Millennium?
Robert E. WolfExtension Specialist Agrichemical TechnologyBiological and Agricultural Engineering Dept.
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Changes in the Application Industry! Historically inefficient process Increased cost per acre for crop protection Rates are changing (< an ounce/acre) More pest specific products (foliar) Biotechnology and GMO’s – Issues???? More sophisticated equipment (electronics) $$$
Environmental impact (water and air quality) Drift!!!!!!! Variable rates Site-specific
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
199935 Million
199820-30
Million
19979 Million
1996-1 Million
R-U Ready Soybean Explosion
Acreage of roundup ready ready (genetically modified) soybeans under cultivation in the United States.
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Application Equipment: Two basic types of application systems:
Liquid (sprayers) Granular
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Decisions about who sprays: Time/busy? Tractor available? Knowledgeable of crop protection
products? Pesticide safety concerns? Pros and cons for custom application vs.
self-application? Technically up to date on sprayers and
the proper application techniques?
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Options to consider on a sprayer:
How many acres to spray/acres per hour? What tank capacity and type of tank material? Type and size of pump? What boom width and style? Gallons per acre desired?
Adjustable or fixed axle? Tire style-radial or bias? Boom plumbing options (spacing, nozzle bodies)? Boom controller–how many sections? Controller options-with or without radar? Foam marker, rinse system, batch meter, chemical
inductor, joy stick controller? Water source, tender system and driver?
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Sprayer Cost Options: Buy the sprayer outright Leasing programs
$3,000 – $6,000 3-5 years, low interest New or modern system
Partnership purchases(neighbors) Commercial sprayers Scheduling critical
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Cost per acre summary table:
Acres 3,500.00$ 5,500.00$ 6,500.00$ 1000 3.50$ 5.50$ 6.50$ 1500 2.33$ 3.67$ 4.33$ 2000 1.75$ 2.75$ 3.25$ 2500 1.40$ 2.20$ 2.60$ 3000 1.17$ 1.83$ 2.17$ 3500 1.00$ 1.57$ 1.86$ 4000 0.88$ 1.38$ 1.63$ 4500 0.78$ 1.22$ 1.44$ 5000 0.70$ 1.10$ 1.30$
Cost of Lease
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Liquid systems:
What are the considerations? Should you upgrade or start new?
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Sprayer Components: Tanks (contamination issues) Pump, Strainers, Agitation Pressure gauge Hoses, Flow control assemblies Electronics: monitors-
computers- controllers (GPS/GIS)
Distribution system Nozzles!!!!!!!!!
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Types of Pumps:
Roller Pump Centrifugal Pump Diaphragm Pump Piston Pump Peristaltic Pump
(Squeeze or hose pump – chemical injection)
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Nozzle Types:
Flat Spray Tips: Extended Range Flat-fan Drift Reduction Flat-fan Turbo Flood Flat-fan Turbo Flat-fan AI Flat-fan TurboDrop
Cone Spray Tips: Raindrop
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Spray Characteristics are Important to Understand:
Demonstrates Turbo Flat vs TurboDrop-5 MPH Wind
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Selecting the proper nozzle:
Legal issues!!Following the label!
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Misapplication:
Without proper attention to the nozzle, you may end up with a
Misapplication
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Application is Important:
Many complaints to chemical company representatives involve improper application of chemicals. Improper mixing procedures Travel speed errors Uniformity of coverage Incorrect quantities added to the tank Particle drift Selection and maintenance of nozzles
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Nozzles are important because:
Control the amount – GPA. Determine uniformity of
application. Affects the coverage. Influences the drift potential.
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
1. Control the Amount applied:
Nozzle Flow Rate is affected by:
Orifice size Pressure Solution
characteristics
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Rated Pressure =40 psi for most nozzle types10 psi for turbo flood nozzles
Nomenclature:
Stainless Steel Insert Orifice
Trade Name
Fan angle and flow rate-orifice size
Extended Range
VisiFlo Color Coding
(S,H,P,K,SS)
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Typical nozzle numbering systemExtended-range
flat-fan
XR 11004 XR Extended-range
110 110 degree fan angle
04 0.4 GPM @ 40 psi
Even flat-fan –(Band applications)
8002E E Even spray pattern
80 80 degree fan angle
02 0.2 GPM @ 40 psi
Turbo flood -(small capacity)
TF- 4 TF Turbo flood
4 .4 GPM @ 10 psi
Turbo flood –(Floater capacity)
QCTF - 40
QCTF Quick attach turbo flood
40 4.0 GPM @ 10 psi
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
MATERIALS AND WEAR
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Brass
Zytel
Stainless
Kematal
Hard Stainless
Thermoplastic
11.4
7.5
6.1
2.1
1.2
0.4
Percent increase in nozzle flow rateFlat-fan spray nozzles after 40 hour test
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
2. Set up for Uniformity
Goal is to put the material on evenly from nozzle to nozzle, end of boom to end of boom, and across the entire field.
20-inch spacing requires 17-19” above target for 50-60% overlap.
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
3. Will determine coverage: Need knowledge of the product being
used. Systemic Contact
What is the target? Soil grass broadleaf (smooth, hairy, waxy)
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
4. Will affect drift: Movement of spray
particles off-target. Creating smaller
spray drops will result in increased drift.
Is it Coverage vs Drift?
What is the answer?
$64 Million Question?
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Calibration/Nozzle Selection
What is the first step? Use label to select the
application volume product rate
Choose an appropriate travel speed Effective width of application
nozzle spacing Calculate GPM – Flow rate per nozzle Select the correct size of nozzle!
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Calculations
GPA=
5940
Ok, now I remember!Ok, now I
remember!
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Nozzle size - Variables
Nozzle flow rate (GPM) Ground speed (MPH) Effective sprayed width (W) Application rate (GPA)
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Application Rate Equation
GPAGPM X 5940
MPH X W
Equation # 1
Calculates for application rate Represents total amount
applied for an acre
Calculates for application rate Represents total amount
applied for an acre
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Flow Rate Equation
GPMGPA x MPH x W
5940
Equation # 2
Calculates for amount of flow from one nozzle
Represents the size of nozzle to put on the sprayer
Calculates for amount of flow from one nozzle
Represents the size of nozzle to put on the sprayer
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
GPA = ______________________GPM = ______________________MPH = ______________________W = ______________________
5940 = a constant to convert gallons per minute, miles per hour, and inches to gallons per acre
miles per hour
nozzle spacing - inches
Where:
gallons per acregallons per minute
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
1. Nozzle Flow Rate - Gallons Per Minute (GPM)
To double the nozzle output, the pressure must increase times
2. Ground speed - Miles Per Hour (MPH)
Doubling the ground speed reduces GPA rate by___ 3. Effective Sprayed Width (W) (Nozzle spacing, band width, number of nozzles on drop)
Doubling the effective sprayed width per nozzle decreases the application rate by .
4
1/2
1/2
Variables
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Electronics/Rate Controllers
How does your system work when speed changes?
Is it pressure based? What is the effect of
going slower? What is the effect of
going faster?
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
• You want to broadcast a foliar herbicide at 12 GPA traveling 12 MPH using extended range flat-fan nozzles on 20-inch spacing.
• Use equation to calculate for flow rate?
GPM Example
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
GPA Example Solution
GPM=? GPA=? MPH=? W=?
GPM=? GPA=12 MPH=12 W=20
GPMGPA x MPH x W
5940
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
GPM Example Solution
GPMGPA x MPH x W
5940
5940
20x12x12GPM
Answer.48
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Calculate GPM (formula) Look under ‘Capacity of
1 nozzle in GPM’ column Match to pressure-psi Choose the size needed Operate at given
pressure and speed used in formula to achieve GPA
Selecting the proper nozzle….
.48
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
MEASURE SPEED
Speed(MPH)Distance(ft) x 60
Time(seconds) x 88
(1 MPH = 88 Feet traveled in 60 seconds)
Measure the ground speed in an area similar to the conditions of the area to be sprayed!
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
A. Surface Tension
B. Density
C. Viscosity
Effects droplet size, not flow
Weight/unit volume density - flow rate decreases
Resistance to flow
Spray Solution Characteristics