application of gis & remote sensing for monitoring of bio-diversity

8/3/2019 Application of GIS & Remote Sensing for Monitoring of Bio-Diversity

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RUAANI AHMAD BABA

Roll No. 72

Application of GIS & Remote Sensing forMonitoring of Bio-Diversity.


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Definitiony Remote sensing is the collection of information

about an object without being in direct physicalcontact with the object.

y Remote Sensing is a technology for samplingelectromagnetic radiation to acquire and interpret non-immediate geospatial data from which to extractinformation about features, objects, and classes on theEarth's land surface, oceans, and atmosphere.

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El

ements invol

ved in Remote sensing1. Energy Source or Illumination (A)

2. Radiation and the Atmosphere (B)

3. Interaction with the Object (C)

4. Recording of Energy by the Sensor (D)5. Transmission, Reception and

Processing(E)

6. Interpretation and Analysis (F)

7. Application (G)

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GISGeographic Information System

yAn Information System that is used to input, store ,retrieve, manipulate, analyze and outputgeographically referenced data or geospatial data, inorder to support decision making for planning and

management of land use, natural resources,environment, transportation, urban facilities, andother administrative records.

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The basic elements of a GIS

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AGIS is a 5-part system:

People

Data Hardware

Software

Procedures

AGIS is only as strong as itsweakest link!

Six Functions of a GIS

Capture data

Store data

Query data

Analyze data

Display data

Produce output


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Application of Remote sensing & GIS

y Urbanization & Transportation

y Updating road maps

y Asphalt conditions

y Wetland delineation

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Agriculture

Crop health analysis

Precision agriculture Compliance mapping

Yield estimation


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y Natural Resource Managementy Habitat analysisy Environmental assessmenty Pest/disease outbreaksy Impervious surface mappingy Lake monitoringy Hydrologyy Landuse-Landcover monitoring

y Mineral provincey Geomorphologyy Geology

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National Security-Targeting

- Disaster mapping and monitoring

-Damage assessment-Weapons monitoring

-Homeland security

-Navigation

-Policy


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REGIONAL MANAGEMENT

Land Use Planning/EnvironmentalImpactPublic Works

Emergency Response

Legal Records C

OMMERC

IALMarket Area Analysis

Site Selection

Routing

AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENTField Records

AnimalManagement

Climate Change / Human Impact


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BiodiversityBiodiversity is the degree of variation oflife formswithin a given ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet.

Biodiversityis a measure of the health of ecosystems.

Biodiversityisin part a function ofclimate. In terrestrial

habitats, tropical regions are typically rich whereaspolar

regions support fewerspecies


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Importance of biodiversity

Intrinsic Value

Biodiversity has an intrinsic value that is worth protecting regardless ofits

value to humans. This argument focuses on the conservation of all species,

even if they are ecologically equivalent species.

Economic benefits

Aesthetic value and recreation

Human health

Business and industry

Ecological services


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Monitoring of Biodiversity

We can monitor biodiversity by:

1.Remote Sensing:

Remote sensing applications have increased the ability of conservation

specialists to assess large geographic areas thoroughly and conductinventories of plant and animal species richness and abundance.

Many of the published reports describe the use of remote sensing

techniquessuch as Landsat TM coupled with GIS for assessing species

diversity (Nagendra 2001; Oindo, Skidmore & De Salvo 2002).

Biodiversity characterization through integration of remote sensing and

geospatial modeling also shows potential.

Byintegrating field surveys with remote sensing, biodiversity can be

effectively mapped, therefore promoting conservation and preservation of

sensitive species and areas.


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The remote-sensing-based information on vegetation and land cover

provides a potential spatial framework and works as one of the vital inputlayers for the following:

1. Vegetation, land cover losses and conversion.

2. Stratification base for optimal ground sampling and assessment of diversity.

3. Fragmentation and neighborhood analysis.

4. Delineation of broader vegetation types and analysis ofspecies assemblages

along with ancillary data.

5. Identification of gregarious and ecological important species.

6. Inputs forspecies habitat models.

7. Spatial delineation of biologically rich zones.

8. Developing conservation strategies.


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Coarse-resolution remote sensing:

Over the past few years, global datasets from coarse spatial resolution sensors

have become more and more readily available (e.g. TOWNSEND et al. 1994,

ARINO & MELINOTTE 1995).

Use ofsatellite image data for mapping and monitoring global land-cover, biomass

burning, estimating geophysical and biophysical characteristics of terrain features,

or monitoring continental-scale climate shift, is a primaryinput for biodiversity

assessment.

During broad-scale mapping of Western Ghats (1:1

,000

,000

scale), 205

patchesbelonging to 11 different landscape types consisting of topography, climate,

population, agriculture and vegetation cover, were delineated using IRS 1B data

(NAGENDRA & GADGIL 1998).


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High-resolution remote sensing:

At the national or local level, IRS, Landsat or SPOT imagery can

provide finer-scale information on forest type distribution and agricultural

expansion.

Radarsystems, such as JERS and Radarsat, are not affected by clouds, and are

useful for determining the extent of forest and non-forest landscapes wheretopographic reliefis not substantial (


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Many data relating to environmental and ecological systems have been collected and

stored in formssuited to management and analysisusing GIS (Aspinall, 1995).

2.GIS for assessing and monitoring biodiversity:

Records ofspecies or habitat can be stored in a database and mapped to show

where they occur. This geographic information can be used to target surveys and

monitoring schemes (Marqules & Austin, 1991).

Data on species or habitat distribution from different dates allow monitoring of the

location of change (where) to be identified and the extent (how much) measured.

Spatial data include maps, satellite imagery and aerial photographs.

It can be used for:Species occurrences,

Sites,

Managed areas,

The conservation status of a particularspecies (e.g Hangul).


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1.Classified 1991 Landsat TM Image of Digya and its

environment.

2.Classified 1991 Landsat TM Image of Digya and its

environment.

BiodiversityManagement Using Remotely Sensed Data and GIS

Technologies: The Case of Digya National Park, Ghana.


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Vegetation &Land cover types ..

Gregarious formationFire .

RemoteSensingSpecies database

ecotones ..

Terrain Climate ...

LandscapeDisturbance . .

Habitats Speciescontouring ..

Bio logically R ich ZonesBio prospectingRisk habitatsConservation zoning

Information system

GISGPSGround truth

Parameterd

erivation

SpatialOutputs

Tools for biodiversity assessment (Geoinformatics)


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3.Global Positioning System (GPS)

A GPS is a satellite-based positioning system that allows the collection of

information about the geographical position of any location using a network

ofsatellites. It has a great potential.

It has a great potential in landscape ecology, as well asin many other related

disciplines requiring geographic locations of he objectsin the landscape

(Farina 1998). Coupled with GIS, it acts as a powerful tool to describethe geographical characteristics of ecological systems.

A practical use of GPS has been in locating the sample plots and this

information wasused for mapping.

The application ofintegrated GPS/GIS technology to habitat utilizationmodelsis particularly powerful because it is capable ofidentifying

the areas of threatened habitats that are most at risk of human

encroachment.


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Applications

1.Identification of Biodiversity:GIS & remote sensing is extensivelyused for the identification of biodiversity.

Varioussatellites (Landsat series, ETM, etc) are used. For example type of

species, canopy cover etc. can be determined.

GPS has been used especially for tracking various threatened species.

For example GPS collar.


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2.Change detection:Land-cover change detection, one of the most

common uses of remotelysensed data, is an

essential component of ecological monitoring

(Aplin, 2005). Change detection and mapping

requires land cover maps from at least two time

periods, and is possible onlyif changesin the

surface phenomena ofinterest result in detectable

differencesin image radiance or emittance (Lunetta

et al., 2002).


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3.Production estimation.

4.Vulneribility areas.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1.http://www.google.co.in/search?q=applications+of+gis+and+remote+sensing+ppt&hl=e

n&gbv=2&prmd=ivns&ei=pJjwTtadHsjf0QGc0NyLAg&start=10&sa=N.

2.http://www.accessengineeringlibrary.com/mghpdf/0071753206_ar006.pdf

3.http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/water/paper/Biodiversity_Environment/index.htm


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application of gis & remote sensing for monitoring of bio-diversity

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