application of pdv towards determination of constituent
TRANSCRIPT
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Applica'onofPDVtowardsDetermina'onofCons'tuentMaterials
Proper'esJasonJohnson,GeoffreyTaber,andGlennDaehn
TheOhioStateUniversity,DepartmentofMaterialsScience&Engineering
Nov5th2009
Approved for public release. Distribution unlimited.
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Overview
• Newpackaging• ApplicaIonsofPDVatOSU
– PowdercompacIon• AcquisiIonfromgeometricallyIghtsituaIons
– Ringexpansion– Otherexamples
• DatareducIon– DifferenIaIonofvelocityhistories– MatLabbased
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NewPackaging
Totally portable PDV: packed in a ruggedized plastic equipment case (SKB)
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PowderCompacIon
• WorkbeingdoneinP/M,ceramics,andmodeling
• ConsolidaIontohighdensiIes• Ti,SiC/Cu,Al,etc.
– OpImizeprocessingparameters
• HighresoluIondensityevoluIon• P‐λmodel
– CoefficientdeterminaIon– ExperimentalvalidaIonofmodels
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PowderCompacIon
• Actuatordevelopment– DirectdriveEMcoils
• BilletconstrucIon,fiberreinforcement• Repeatability/survivabilityincreased
– Fieldshapers• PDVimplementaIonbarriers
1. NeedtomaintainmagneIcfielduniformity
2. AvoidstressconcentraIons
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PowderCompacIon
Significant field distortion results in highly asymmetric sample deformation
Oz Optics focuser
0.100” diameter sighting hole
G10 structural fiberglass
Carbon fiber/epoxy filament winding
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PowderCompacIon
• FirstgeneraIontechnology– Periscopicprobeshaveproblemswithregardtoissue1
– SighIngholesindirectdriveEMcoilsdifficultduetoissue2
• ProvidesmoIvaIonfornewvariantsonperiscopetypeprobes• Samebasicrequirement–lightdownandbackviaa45omirror
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PeriscopicProbeVariants
• Miniaturizedfiberprobes(future)• Annularmirror,usedwithfocusingprobes
Machined from plastic and sputtered with gold for a mirror face
Reduced to practice
1 x1 mm2 45o mirror Tower Optical ($)
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PowderCompacIon
Gold sputtered annular mirror
Data shown is from an 8 kJ compression of 19 mm diameter annealed copper tube (empty)
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PowderCompacIon
• Repeatableuselimit– 20+kJforfieldshaper– 10+kJforbilletcoils
Machined from C18150 Cu
Ends brazed on, added G10 insulating tube and corona dope
Filament wound with Dyneema fiber, connections added
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RingExpansion
• GreatneedforreliabletensileducIlityandstrengthinformaIon– SHPBsuffersfromlackofstandardizaIon
– Waveeffectscomplicateanalysis
• Issuescouldberesolvedwithringexpansiontechnique,butwithotherdifficulIes
Free body diagram of forces acting on a differential section of a ring. Inertial forces are denoted by ρΛ‘r’, magnetic forces by Pmrdθ, and hoop forces by σh, where ρ is material density, Λ is the volume, r is the ring radius, Pm is the time varying magnetic pressure, h is the ring wall thickness, and θ is the included angle.
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• Equipmentdevelopmentstage
FullyInstrumentedRingExpansion(FIRE)System
Shrapnelguard
Adjustablescrewpress
BaseplateandHVfeed‐through
Sample/coilspace
Can handle multiple sizes of direct/indirect coils and samples, as well as exploding wire experiments
Typical coil and end
connector
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FIRESystem
PDVports
v
1 2
6
4
3
5
Impulse load
Ring sample
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Supportring&PDVmirrorposts
EMactuator
FIRESystem
Togglelatches
SupportringforPDVprobes
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FIRESystem
• Supportringislocatedinaplanevia3threadedposts
• Canindependentlyadjustanyofthe6PDVchannelsforaxialheight– Usefulonlongcylindricalsamples
Symmetric current path: I I/2 I/2
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OtherOSUApplicaIons
• Explodingwire/foillaunch• “Highspeed”airpress• Impactwelding
PDV port
45o mirror
Cu flyer with 3M retro-reflecting tape
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DataReducIon
• DifferenIaIonofsignalswithhighfrequencynoisecanbedifficult(integraIonismuchlessproblemaIc)
• Currently,determiningacceleraIonhistoriesrequiresfinetuningofsmoothingparameters– WhatisjusIfiedwhenfiltering?– Whichavenuetotake?
• Arobustalgorithmisdesired,withouttheneedforhumanjudgment– [PDVrawdata→velocity→acceleraIon]
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CurrentProcedure
• Matlab’sSpectrogramfuncIon– Producesasurfacein3‐space– Weareinterestedinsomeofthelocalpeaksofthissurface• DominantfrequencycontribuIon
[S,F,T,P] = spectrogram(pdvdat,t,(t/2),f,fs);
mdense = zeros(1,lP);
for u = 1:lP; [c,i]=max(P(3:(length(F)),u));
mdense(1,u)=i;
end
smdense = smooth(mdense,s,'rlowess'); % Smoothing filter vel = smdense.*(775*(fs/1e9)/f);
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CurrentProcedure• PreliminarilyprocessenIredatafile–lowresoluIonspectrogram– SelectImeframeofinterest,idenIfymaxvelocity,thisisusedtodoalocal,higherresoluIonspectrogram
• DefineanextracIonwindowaroundthevelocitysignalinHi‐Resspectrogramplot– ginputfuncIon
• Peaksarethenextractedlocallywithintheareadefinedbytheuser– Ignoresspurioussignalsandothernoise
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CurrentProcedure• Extractedpeaksarefinedwithaspline
– Generatesvelocityhistory(withpossibleartefacts–relatedtosmoothingandwindowsize)
– Finefeaturescanbelost• Integratetogetdisplacement• DifferenIateforacceleraIon
Data shown is from a circular copper flyer accelerated with ~525 J, then striking a fiberglass plate with a hole in it.
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CurrentProcedure
Smoothed with s = 8 and method = ‘rlowess’
Differentiated from velocity, smoothed again with s = 10
Double differentiated from displacement, smoothed again with s = 10
Differentiated from velocity
10 kJ sand compaction
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CurrentProcedure
Smoothed with s = 16 and method = ‘rlowess’
Differentiated from velocity, smoothed again with s = 10
Double differentiated from displacement, smoothed again with s = 10
Differentiated from velocity
10 kJ sand compaction
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CurrentProcedure• MatLabhasmanybuiltinfiltersandsmoothingfuncIons– smooth,spline,filt,ffoilt,etc.
• LikespectralanalysisfuncIons,eachhaspros/cons• EachcanuIlizemulIplemethods
• Canalsousefit/fitopIons
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OtherThoughts
• AcquisiIonratevs.windowandfrequencybinning…– Shouldwealwaysrecorddataatthehighestavailablesamplerate?• Largefiles,buthighfidelity
– IsthereanopImalfrequencyorImebinsizeforanalysis?• Alotoffiddlingaroundsofar…
fs = 1e9; % Sampling frequency t = 1000; % Time resolution (window length, default overlap is 1/2 window length) f = 1000; % Frequency resolution (# of frequency bins)
[S,F,T,P] = spectrogram(pdvdat,t,(t/2),f,fs);
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OtherThoughts
• AssumeaformalismforthedeceleraIoncurveapriori– MaybeO.K.forcertainspecialcases
• Averagingoverseveralchannels– FIREnominallyincorporates3highspeedand3differenIalchannelsofPDV
• IsthereanothermethodthatisfundamentallybenerforacceleraIon?
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QuesIons/Comments?