application of photovoltaics in buildings jain.pdf · 2 data collection 1 overview 3 data analysis...

Application of Photovoltaics In BuildingsA study of Photovoltaic Technology & its Application in Buildings

[Thesis 2010-11]

Kushal Jain [1004]

School of Building Science and Technology, CEPT University

2Data Collection

1Overview

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction

0.10.10.10.1 Background Background Background Background

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 NeedNeedNeedNeed

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Objectives &Objectives &Objectives &Objectives & ScopeScopeScopeScope

0.40.40.40.4 MethodologyMethodologyMethodologyMethodology

2Data Collection

1 3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 BackgroundBackgroundBackgroundBackground

•Availability of energy is a basic precondition for almost all of human activities

•The energy systems that are providing the energy for the devices used today have mainly been built on

fossil fuel energy resources such as coal, oil, gas, uranium and nuclear which are limited

•Renewable energy technologies can cover the whole energy demand of the world, without the

Overview

disadvantages that are resulting from fossil and nuclear energy utilization

•Photovoltaic (PV) or solar cells are solid state devices that convert solar radiation directly into

electricity with no moving parts, requiring no fuel, and creating virtually no pollutants over their life

cycle

•Today, PV in buildings appears as one of the most promising of options to bridge the way for PV from

the scattered small-scale niche applications to a major power generating technology of the twenty-first

century

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 NeedNeedNeedNeed

•Conventional modes of producing energy tend to have

a. Detrimental effects on the environment

b. Use of resources which are non renewable

•This has led to the widespread search for effective and environmentally friendly and renewable modes of

producing energy.

2Data Collection

1 3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction Overview

producing energy.

•Photovoltaics are a leading technology in an attempt to harness energy with a renewable energy source.

•They can be applied on virtually every conceivable structure from bus shelter to high rise office buildings or

even turned into landscaping elements.

•The aim is to take advantage of a renewable energy source as opposed to our traditional energy systems such

as coal, oil or nuclear.

•Photovoltaics can be worth considering if the building has access to solar radiation, if the building is or will be

an energy efficient building and also when an innovative design option is preferred.

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Objectives & ScopeObjectives & ScopeObjectives & ScopeObjectives & Scope

Objectives

•To study the Photovoltaic technology & its application in Buildings

•To check financial, technical & environmental feasibility of applying Photovoltaics in different type of

buildings

2Data Collection

1 3Data Analysis

4Conclusions


Scope

•Collection of up-to-date information regarding Photovoltaics and related technology

•Identifying parameters for selection of appropriate type of photovoltaics system and overall feasibility of

integrating photovoltaics with a building

•Evaluating, quantifying, and integrating economic and environmental factors included in the integration of

photovoltaics in buildings.

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 MethodologyMethodologyMethodologyMethodology

Literature Study

A study of journals, technical papers, relevant IS Codes, Reference books &

Reports available on the subject of Photovoltaic Technology & its

implementation in Buildings

Buildings that are also connected to the utility grid

2Data Collection

1 3Data Analysis

4Conclusions


Data Collection Case Studies

Buildings that are not connected to the utility grid

Data Analysis Financial Suitability Technical SuitabilityEnvironmental

benefits

Inferences & Conclusions

Inferences based on results of Data Analysis and documentation in the form

of a detailed report as per the academic requirements of School of Building

Science & Technology, CEPT University

2Data Collection

1Overview

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction

1.11.11.11.1 Solar RadiationSolar RadiationSolar RadiationSolar Radiation

1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Working Working Working Working Principle of a Solar Photovoltaic CellPrinciple of a Solar Photovoltaic CellPrinciple of a Solar Photovoltaic CellPrinciple of a Solar Photovoltaic Cell

1.31.31.31.31.31.31.31.3 Major Major Major Major types of Solar Cellstypes of Solar Cellstypes of Solar Cellstypes of Solar Cells

1.41.41.41.4 Manufacturing Manufacturing Manufacturing Manufacturing of a typical Silicon Solar Cellof a typical Silicon Solar Cellof a typical Silicon Solar Cellof a typical Silicon Solar Cell

1.51.51.51.5 Construction Construction Construction Construction and Operation of Solar Generatorsand Operation of Solar Generatorsand Operation of Solar Generatorsand Operation of Solar Generators

1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 Solar RadiationSolar RadiationSolar RadiationSolar Radiation

2Data Collection

1 3Data Analysis

4Conclusions


The solar radiation incident on a horizontal surface is

comprised of direct radiation and diffuse radiation.

The diffused radiation comprises of sky radiation

and the reflected radiation

Time of the year Optimal inclination angle of

south oriented solar module

Summer Latitude -15˚

Spring & Autumn Latitude

Winter Latitude +15˚

For optimal use in the northern hemisphere, a solar

system is oriented southwards at an inclination from the

horizontal.

The appropriate inclination angle, is dependent upon the

latitude and on the time of the year

1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Working Principle of a Solar Photovoltaic CellWorking Principle of a Solar Photovoltaic CellWorking Principle of a Solar Photovoltaic CellWorking Principle of a Solar Photovoltaic Cell

A light quantum of sufficient energy falls on the

upper surface of the solar cell, passes through the

space charge emitter region, and gets absorbed in the

p-region.

The absorption leads to the creation of an electron-

hole pair, the electron in the conduction band and

2Data Collection

1 3Data Analysis

4Conclusions


hole pair, the electron in the conduction band and

hole in the valence band.

As a result of the electron migration to n-region and

the migration of the holes to the p-region, there is an

excess of electrons in the n-region and a deficiency in

the p-region.

If now the p-region and n-regions are connected

together through a conductor and the load, the

generated voltage by charge separation gives rise to

the current and power.

1.31.31.31.3 Major types of Solar CellsMajor types of Solar CellsMajor types of Solar CellsMajor types of Solar Cells

Monocrystalline silicon solar cells

Polycrystalline silicon solar cells

Amorphous Silicon solar cells

2Data Collection

1 3Data Analysis

4Conclusions


Amorphous Silicon solar cells

Tandom Solar Cells (Multilayered Cells)

CdS-Cu2S Solar Cells

Gallium Arsenide Solar Cells

1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 Manufacturing of a typical Silicon Solar CellManufacturing of a typical Silicon Solar CellManufacturing of a typical Silicon Solar CellManufacturing of a typical Silicon Solar Cell

1. Purifying the silicon

2. Making single crystal silicon

3. Making silicon wafers

2Data Collection

1 3Data Analysis

4Conclusions


3. Making silicon wafers

4. Doping

5. Placing electrical contacts

6. Anti-reflective coating

7. Encapsulating the cell

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Construction and Operation of Solar GeneratorsConstruction and Operation of Solar GeneratorsConstruction and Operation of Solar GeneratorsConstruction and Operation of Solar Generators

A unit of solar cells combined together is known as a

module

In order to achieve the required voltage, the solar cells

are connected with each other in series.

When one needs current higher than what one solar

cell can produce, the cells are connected in parallel

Series Connection of Solar Cells

2Data Collection

1 3Data Analysis

4Conclusions


Series Connection of Solar Cells

Series connection of solar cells are achieved by

connecting the positive at the front of one cell with the

negative at the back of the second cell

Parallel Connection of Solar Cells

This type of connection is achieved by connecting all

negatives & all positives together

Here it does not really matter how much current the

individual cells produce

In practice, a module has all solar cells in series and

modules are connected in parallel

2.12.12.12.1 Classification of Case StudiesClassification of Case StudiesClassification of Case StudiesClassification of Case Studies

2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 Case 1. SEWA Social Security BuildingCase 1. SEWA Social Security BuildingCase 1. SEWA Social Security BuildingCase 1. SEWA Social Security Building

2.32.32.32.3

2Data Collection

1 3Data Analysis

4Conclusions


2.32.32.32.3 Case 2. SEWA Academy BuildingCase 2. SEWA Academy BuildingCase 2. SEWA Academy BuildingCase 2. SEWA Academy Building

2.42.42.42.4 Case 3. A cluster of houses in Adalaj VillageCase 3. A cluster of houses in Adalaj VillageCase 3. A cluster of houses in Adalaj VillageCase 3. A cluster of houses in Adalaj Village

2.52.52.52.5 Case 4. A cluster of houses in Pore VillageCase 4. A cluster of houses in Pore VillageCase 4. A cluster of houses in Pore VillageCase 4. A cluster of houses in Pore Village

2Data Collection

1Literature

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction

2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 Identification and Classification of Case StudiesIdentification and Classification of Case StudiesIdentification and Classification of Case StudiesIdentification and Classification of Case Studies

Buildings that are also

connected to the utility grid

Buildings that are not

connected to the utility grid

Identified Case studies Identified Case studies

i. SEWA Social Security

Building

ii. SEWA Academy

i. A cluster of houses in

pore village

ii. A cluster of houses in

Adalaj village

2Data Collection

1Literature

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction

2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 CASE 1. SEWA Social Security BuildingCASE 1. SEWA Social Security BuildingCASE 1. SEWA Social Security BuildingCASE 1. SEWA Social Security Building

Parameter Description

Building Type Office building

Terrace Area 195 sq m

No. of Floors G + 4

No. of Occupants 125

Major Equipments & Devices used in the system

PV Modules

Orientation South

Inclination from horizontal 45˚Inclination from horizontal 45˚

Size of one module 60 cm x 120 cm

No. of modules used 8

Wattage of one module 75 W

Charge Regulator 20 A

Battery

No. of Batteries 4

Capacity 12 V

Maximum Output 180 Ah

Appliances

11 W Solar Astra Luminar Light 15 Nos.

7 W Solar Astra Luminar Light 1 No.

14 W Solar Mirror Optical Luminar Light 4 Nos.

14 W Solar Pedastal Fan 8 Nos.

Usage Patterns

Annual Average running hours/day for all lights 6

Annual Average running hours/day for all fans 4

2Data Collection

1Literature

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction

2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 CASE 1. SEWA Social Security BuildingCASE 1. SEWA Social Security BuildingCASE 1. SEWA Social Security BuildingCASE 1. SEWA Social Security Building

PV modules

75 W 8 Nos.

All modules are connected

in parallel

Charge Regulator

20 A

Battery

12 V 180 Ah

4 Nos.

All batteries are connected

in parallel

20 lights & 8 fans

2Data Collection

1Literature

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction

2.32.32.32.3 CASE 2. SEWA Academy BuildingCASE 2. SEWA Academy BuildingCASE 2. SEWA Academy BuildingCASE 2. SEWA Academy Building


Building Type Training Centre (Academy)

Terrace Area 175 sq m

No. of Floors G + 3

No. of Occupants 90

PV system application date 31st August, 2009

PV modules applied in building Sloped roof

Total area PV modules 7.20 sq m

Total PV Output 630 W

Total PV Connected Load 372 W

Total Cost of the System INR 310000

2Data Collection

1Literature

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction

2.32.32.32.3 CASE 2. SEWA Academy BuildingCASE 2. SEWA Academy BuildingCASE 2. SEWA Academy BuildingCASE 2. SEWA Academy Building


PV Modules

Orientation of the modules South

Inclination from Horizontal Surface 30˚

Size of one PV Module 60 cm x 120 cm

No. of Modules used 10

Wattage of one module 75 W – 2 Nos.



Battery

PV modules

75 W 2 Nos.

All modules

are connected

in parallel

First Floor

PV modules

75 W 2 Nos.

All modules

are connected

in parallel

Second Floor

PV modules

75 W 2 Nos.

All modules

are connected

in parallel

Third Floor

Battery

No. of batteries 6 Nos. (2 at each floor)

On first floor 12 V, 150 Ah

On second floor 12 V, 120 Ah

On third Floor 12 V, 120 Ah

Appliances

First Floor

Solar astra luminar 4 x 11 w

Solar mirror optical luminar 2 x 14w

Solar pedastal Fan 4 x 14 W

Second Floor:



Third Floor



Usage Patterns

Annual Average running hours/day for all

lights6

Annual Average running hours/day for all fans 4

Charge

Controller

20 A

Battery

12 V 150 Ah

2 Nos.

All batteries

are connected

in parallel

18 lights & 12 fans

Charge

Controller

20 A

Battery

12 V 150 Ah

2 Nos.

All batteries

are connected

in parallel

Charge

Controller

20 A

Battery

12 V 150 Ah

2 Nos.

All batteries

are connected

in parallel

6 lights & 4

fans

6 lights & 4

fans

6 lights & 4

fans

2Data Collection

1Literature

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction

2.42.42.42.4 CASE 3. A cluster of houses in Adalaj VillageCASE 3. A cluster of houses in Adalaj VillageCASE 3. A cluster of houses in Adalaj VillageCASE 3. A cluster of houses in Adalaj Village


Building Type Residence

No. of Floors Ground floor only

No. of Occupants 12



Total PV Connected Load 152 W


2Data Collection

1Literature

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction

2.42.42.42.4 CASE 3. A cluster of houses in Adalaj VillageCASE 3. A cluster of houses in Adalaj VillageCASE 3. A cluster of houses in Adalaj VillageCASE 3. A cluster of houses in Adalaj Village


PV Modules




Wattage of one module 50 W - 2 Nos.

Wattage of one module 40 W - 1 No.



Battery

House 1 & 2 House 3 House 4

2 x 50 W panel

connected in

parallel

20 Ampere

Single 20 W

panel

Single 40 W

panel

20 Ampere 20 Ampere No. of batteries 4 Nos.

In first house 12 V - 110 Ah

In second house 12 V - 110 Ah

In third house 12 V - 30 Ah

In fourth House 12 V - 60 Ah

Appliances

House 1

Solar astra luminar 4 x 11 W

Solar pedestal Fan 4 x 14 W

House 2


Solar pedestal Fan 4 x 14 W

House 3


House 4


Usage Patterns


20 Ampere

Charge

Regulator

12 V – 110 Ah

Tubular Type

Rechargeable

Battery

20 Ampere

Charge

Regulator

20 Ampere

Charge

Regulator

12 V – 30 Ah

Tubular Type

Rechargeable

Battery

12 V – 60 Ah

Tubular Type

Rechargeable

Battery

4 lights & 1 fan 2 lights 2 lights

12 lights & 2 fans

2Data Collection

1Literature

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction

2.52.52.52.5 CASE 4. A cluster of houses in Pore VillageCASE 4. A cluster of houses in Pore VillageCASE 4. A cluster of houses in Pore VillageCASE 4. A cluster of houses in Pore Village


Building Type Residences

No. of FloorsGround floor

only

No. of Occupants 14



Total PV Connected Load 98.4 W


2Data Collection

1Literature

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction

2.52.52.52.5 CASE 4. A cluster of houses in Pore VillageCASE 4. A cluster of houses in Pore VillageCASE 4. A cluster of houses in Pore VillageCASE 4. A cluster of houses in Pore Village


PV Modules







Wattage of one module 40 W – 1 No.


House 1 House 2 House 3

Single 6 W

Panel

Single 20 W

panel

Single 40 W

panel

House 4

Single 40 W

panel

Battery

No. of batteries 5 Nos.

In first house (2 batteries ) 12 V - 4.5 Ah

In second house 12 V - 30 Ah

In third house (2 batteries ) 12 V - 60 Ah

In fourth House 12 V - 60 Ah

Appliances

House 1

LED light 1 x 2.4 W

House 2



House 3


Solar Pedastal fan 1 x 14 W

House 4


Usage Patterns


20 Ampere

Charge

Regulator

2 x 6 V – 4.5

Ah Batteries

connected

in parallel

20 Ampere

Charge

Regulator

20 Ampere

Charge

Regulator

12 V – 30

Ah Tubular

Type

Rechargeabl

e Battery

2 x 12 V –

60 Ah

Tubular

Type

Rechargeabl

e Battery

1 LED light 2 lights4 lights & 1

fan

9 lights & 1 fan

20 Ampere

Charge

Regulator

12 V – 60

Ah Tubular

Type

Rechargeabl

e Battery

2 lights

2Data Collection

1Literature

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction

3.13.13.13.1 Methodology for AnalysisMethodology for AnalysisMethodology for AnalysisMethodology for Analysis

3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 Analysis of Case 1. SEWA Social Security BuildingAnalysis of Case 1. SEWA Social Security BuildingAnalysis of Case 1. SEWA Social Security BuildingAnalysis of Case 1. SEWA Social Security Building

3.33.33.33.33.33.33.33.3 Analysis of Case 3. Cluster of houses in Adalaj VillageAnalysis of Case 3. Cluster of houses in Adalaj VillageAnalysis of Case 3. Cluster of houses in Adalaj VillageAnalysis of Case 3. Cluster of houses in Adalaj Village

3.43.43.43.4 Overall Analysis & ResultsOverall Analysis & ResultsOverall Analysis & ResultsOverall Analysis & Results

2Data Collection

1Literature

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction

3.13.13.13.1 Methodology for AnalysisMethodology for AnalysisMethodology for AnalysisMethodology for Analysis

Financial Suitability Technical Suitability

1. Capital Expenditure

Base Case –Conventional System

Operational

Expenditure

Design Case –PV System

Operational

Expenditure

�Shadowing from other structures [out of 5]

�Layout and spacing of panels [out of 5]

�Orientation [out of 5]

�Angle of inclination [out of 5]

1. Parameters Considered

Environmental Benefits

Base Case –

Conventional

System CO2

emission factor

Base Case –

Conventional

1. Designed Case

–PV System CO2

emission factor

1 Designed Case Expenditure

4. Payback Period

3. Cash Flows

Expenditure

2. Operational Expenditure

Savings

Interest

Depreciation

Inflation factor

5. IRR

�Angle of inclination [out of 5]

�Water Resistance [out of 5]

�Sun movement tracking [out of 5]

�Ease of installation [out of 5]

�Transportation of the Equipment & Appliances

[out of 5]

�Supporting Battery capacity [out of 5]

�Efficiency of the overall system [out of 5]

2. Total marks out of 50

3. % Technical viability

Conventional

System

Consumption

Base Case –

Conventional

System Total CO2

emissions

1 Designed Case

–PV System

Consumption

1.Designed Case

– PV System Total

CO2 emissions

Reduction in CO2 emissions

2Data Collection

1Literature

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction

3.23.23.23.2 Analysis for Case 1 Analysis for Case 1 Analysis for Case 1 Analysis for Case 1 –––– SEWA Social Security BuildingSEWA Social Security BuildingSEWA Social Security BuildingSEWA Social Security Building

A. Financial Suitability Analysis

6,00,000

8,00,000

-6,00,000

-4,00,000

-2,00,000

-

2,00,000

4,00,000

Ye

ar

1

Ye

ar

2

Ye

ar

3

Ye

ar

4

Ye

ar

5

Ye

ar

6

Ye

ar

7

Ye

ar

8

Ye

ar

9

Ye

ar

10

Ye

ar

11

Ye

ar

12

Ye

ar

13

Ye

ar

14

Ye

ar

15

Ye

ar

16

Ye

ar

17

Ye

ar

18

Ye

ar

19

Ye

ar

20

Ye

ar

21

Ye

ar

22

Ye

ar

23

Ye

ar

24

Ye

ar

25

Ye

ar

26

Ye

ar

27

Ye

ar

28

Ye

ar

29

Ye

ar

30

INR

for 6% interest

for 10% interest

for 12% interest

Cumulative Cash Profit Line showing Payback Period considering different scenarios for Case 1

2Data Collection

1Literature

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction

Sr No. Technical Suitability Parameters Points based on design

& observation (out of 5)

Remarks

1 Shadowing from other structures 5 Zero shadowing from nearby structures

2 Layout and spacing of panels 4 Some area of the panels is shadowed by adjacent panels during

evening time

3 Orientation 5 south oriented which is most suitable

4 Angle of inclination 5 45 degrees from horizontal which is most suitable

Technical Suitability Analysis



5 Water Resistance 5 The panels are covered with glass and sealed into ethylene vinyl

acetate

6 Sun movement tracking 0 Absent

7 Ease of installation 4 The installation was done into previously occupied building

though the complete project was done by a single company

8 Transportation of the Equipment &

Appliances

3 The equipments are transported from bangaluru, karnataka

which is not suitable

9 Supporting Battery capacity 5 4 Nos. of 180 Ah 12 V batteries are used which are adeqaute for

the system

10 Overall system Design 4 The design includes a charge controller connected between the

panels and a battery. The battery is then connected to the DC

appliances with switches. The complete system runs independent

of the utility grid connections in the building

Total 40/50

% Technical suitability 72.73

2Data Collection

1Literature

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction

CO2 emissions by conventional system Unit

Base Case Emission factor (Coal Power) kg/kWh 1.027397

Base case consumption kWh/year 1680

Environmental Benefit Analysis


Base case consumption kWh/year 1680

Total CO2 emmisons kg/year 1726.027

CO2 emission by PV production

Emission Factor Kg/kWh 0.045662

Design case consumption KWh/year 544.8

Total CO2 emissions kg/year 24.87671

Reduction in CO2 emissions kg/year 1701.15

2Data Collection

1Literature

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction

3.33.33.33.3 Analysis for Case 3. Cluster of Houses in Adalaj VillageAnalysis for Case 3. Cluster of Houses in Adalaj VillageAnalysis for Case 3. Cluster of Houses in Adalaj VillageAnalysis for Case 3. Cluster of Houses in Adalaj Village

A. Financial Suitability Analysis

2,00,000

2,50,000

3,00,000

-50,000

-

50,000

1,00,000

1,50,000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

INR

Years

for 6% interest

for 10% interest

for 12% interest

2Data Collection

1Literature

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction


B. Technical Suitability Analysis

Sr. No. Parameters

Points (out

of 5) Remarks

1 Shadowing from other structures 5 Zero shadowing from nearby structures

2 Layout and spacing of panels 5 Zero shadowing by adjacent panels during complete day time

3 Orientation 5 south oriented which is most suitable


The panels are covered with glass and sealed into ethylene vinyl acetate

5 Water Resistance 4

The panels are covered with glass and sealed into ethylene vinyl acetate

but problems are encountered

6 Sun movement tracking 0 Absent

7 Ease of installation 3

The installation was done into previously occupied building though the

complete project was done by a single company

8

Transportation of the Equipment &

Appliances 3

The equipments are transported from bangaluru, karnataka which is not

suitable

9 Supporting Battery capacity 5

Batteries used are separate for each house. The sizing of thee batteries is

adequate and alllows maximum possible storage of power from the panels

10 Overall system Design 4

The design includes a charge controller connected between the panels and

a battery. The battery is then connected to the DC appliances with

switches. The complete system runs independent of the utility grid

connections in the building

Total 39

% Technical suitability 78

2Data Collection

1Literature

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction


C. Environmental Benefit Analysis

CO2 emissions by conventional system Unit

Base Case Emission factor (Kerosene) kg/l 3

Base case consumption l/year 525.6Base case consumption l/year 525.6

Total CO2 emissions kg/year 1576

CO2 emissions by PV production

Emission Factor Kg/kWh 0.045

Design case consumption KWh/year 256.8

Total CO2 emissions kg/year 11.7

Reduction in CO2 emissions kg/year 1565

2Data Collection

1Literature

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction

3.43.43.43.4 Overall Analysis and ResultsOverall Analysis and ResultsOverall Analysis and ResultsOverall Analysis and Results

1750000

2000000

2250000

2500000

2750000

3000000

3250000

-500000

-250000

0

250000

500000

750000

1000000

1250000

1500000

1750000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

INR

Years

Case 1 - SEWA SSB

Case 2 - SEWA Academy

Case 3 - Adalaj Village

Case 4 - Pore village

Cumulative Cash Profit line showing payback period for all the case studies considering scenario 1 of 6% interest rate on capital amount

1750000

2000000

2250000

2500000

2750000

3000000

3250000

2Data Collection

1Literature

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction


-750000

-500000

-250000

0

250000

500000

750000

1000000

1250000

1500000

1750000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

INR

Years

Case 1 - SEWA SSB





2Data Collection

1Literature

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction


1500000

1750000

2000000

2250000

2500000

2750000

3000000

3250000

-750000

-500000

-250000

0

250000

500000

750000

1000000

1250000

1500000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

INR

Years

Case 1 - SEWA SSB





5

4

5 5 5

4

3

5

4

5 5 5

4

5

3 3

5

4

5 5 5 5

4

3 3

5

44

5 5

4 4 4

3

5

4

Technical Suitability for all cases

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4

2Data Collection

1Literature

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction


0 0 0 0

Shadowing from other

structures

Layout and spacing of

panels

Orientation Angle of inclination Water Resistance Sun movement tracking Ease of installation Transportation of the

Equipment & Appliances

Supporting Battery

capacity

Overall system Design

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

Case 4

kg/year

Reduction in Carbon dioxide emissions

2Data Collection

1Literature

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction

4.14.14.14.1 Scrutiny of ResultsScrutiny of ResultsScrutiny of ResultsScrutiny of Results

4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 Conclusions & InferencesConclusions & InferencesConclusions & InferencesConclusions & Inferences

2Data Collection

1Literature

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction

4.14.14.14.1 Scrutiny of ResultsScrutiny of ResultsScrutiny of ResultsScrutiny of Results

Financial SuitabilityTechnical

Suitability

Environmen

tal Benefits

Payback period (Years) Project IRR (%)

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Annual

Reduction in

Carbon

dioxide

emissions Sce

na

rio

1

[6%

]

Sce

na

rio

2

[10

%]

Sce

na

rio

3

[12

%]

Sce

na

rio

1

[6%

]

Sce

na

rio

2

[10

%]

Sce

na

rio

3

[12

%]

Cases

Pe

rce

nta

ge

emissions

[kg/year]

Sce

na

rio

1

Sce

na

rio

2

[10

%]

Sce

na

rio

3

[12

%]

Sce

na

rio

1

Sce

na

rio

2

[10

%]

Sce

na

rio

3

[12

%]

Case 1 - SEWA Social

Security Building23 24 26 8% 6% 5% 80% 1701

Case2 - SEWA

Academy23 26 27 7% 5% 4% 78% 1675

Case 3 - Cluster of

houses in Adalaj6 6 6 58% 46% 43% 78% 1565

Case 4 - Cluster of

houses in Pore 7 7 7 50% 40% 37% 76% 1174

2Data Collection

1Literature

3Data Analysis

4Conclusions

0Introduction

4.24.24.24.2 Inferences and ConclusionsInferences and ConclusionsInferences and ConclusionsInferences and Conclusions

Financially, the implementation of a photovoltaic system is much more suitable, in buildings which are not

connected with the utility gird and depend on kerosene for lighting purpose as compared to buildings which

are also connected to the utility grid.

Technically, the implementation of a photovoltaic system is considered suitable for both types of studied cases.

Environmentally, all the projects that have implemented a photovoltaic system in the building are contributing

Inferences

Environmentally, all the projects that have implemented a photovoltaic system in the building are contributing

in reduction of carbon dioxide emissions to a great extent.

A low initial cost of implementation or subsidized capital expenditure can make the system more financially

viable for buildings which are connected to the utility grid

An adequate sizing and design of the overall system plays an important role in making the system more

financially viable.

Larger systems which can replace more electricity consumption from conventional modes are more beneficial

financially, technically as well as environmentally.

Any such project is environmentally beneficial, with respect to carbon dioxide emissions, as huge amount of

emissions can be reduced over the life cycle of the system.

Conclusions

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