apsley rebbeck mipn - bugwoodcloud conference/t… · and mark schall have done extensive research...
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Biology & Control of Ailanthus
Eric BoydaAppalachian Ohio Weed Partnership
Joanne RebbeckUSFS Northern Research Station
Dave ApsleyOhio State University Extension
Ailanthus altissima Tree-of-Heaven
ODNR
Why care about Ailanthus?
USDA Plants Database
• Urban sites• Transportation corridors• Parks, woodlands & forests • River and stream banks• Strip mines and gravel pits
Thrives in Diversity of Habitats
• Grows rapidly 3-16 ft/yr (1-5 m) • Heavy seed producer (300,000 seeds/year)• Seeds persist throughout winter• Wind and water dispersed seeds• Prolific sprouter (shoots and root segments)• Ability to form dense thickets• Out-competes native species• Allelopathic (inhibits seed germination of
other species)
WHY IS AILANTHUS A PROBLEM?
AILANTHUS ID
• Large compound leaf (~2 ft long)• Native look-alikes: sumac & walnut (toothed
edges) • Phenology – late to emerge in spring• Very odoriferous
Spring Summer
BARK
• Fairly smooth light gray
• Checkered appearance
• Large trees - ridges and furrows
FEMALE MALE
FLOWERS ON DIOECIOUS TREES
Klips OSU 2008
ODNR
PROLIFIC & PERSISTENT SEEDER
USDA Plants Database
Seed-bearing female trees during dormant season
Photo credit:Tom Shuman 2011
SEED DISPERSAL
Kowarik & Saumel (2007) Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 8:207-237
SEEDLING ID
Cotyledons
GERMINATION AND EARLY GROWTH
• High viability • Seed bank longevity?• Stratification not needed• Tolerant of flooding• High light requirement• Herbaceous competition
ODNR
PROLIFIC SHOOT AND ROOT SPROUTER
Potential Sprout Sources
Root collar
Roots
Stem fragments
Axils of new shoots
Cut surface/stump
Kowarik & Saumel (2007)
Can quickly invade and establish within forest gaps
• Clonal stems can grow 100 ft from parent tree
• Dense thickets exclude other species
• Roots – shallow but extensive. Can hold water for extended periods of drought
• Clones attached to parent trees can persist in low light conditions for 20 years
AILANTHUS IN FOREST GAPS
Management of Ailanthus
• Prevention
• Early Detection & Rapid Response
• Control of Existing Populations
Prevention• Eliminate or reduce nearby seed sources
especially prior to planned disturbances
• Inspect and know the source of materials transported on site• Seed• Soil• Mulch
• Gravel
• Clean equipment
• Revegetate following disturbance
Example from Washington StateUSDOT-Federal Highway AdministrationAre We Winning or Losing the War on Weeds? Mary Ann Rondinella and Bonnie L. Harper-Lore
Consider Developing BMPs
Early Detection & Rapid Response
• Next best thing to prevention
• Some species will be introduced no matter how hard we try
• Key to economical control of invasive species
• Why?
Invade
r abun
dance
Time
Carrying capacity
Quarantine priority stage
Control priority stage
High input control required for effective treatment
Eradication priority stage
(Hobbs and Humphries 1995)
IntroductionDetection
Public awareness
Early Detection & Rapid Response
• Scout and monitor frequently
• Especially after recent canopy and soil disturbance
• Inspect ROWs frequently
• Treat immediatelyIf not sooner!
Control of Existing Ailanthus Populations
• Mechanical
• Chemical
• Biological
Trees, >4” dbh
Post-treatment Mortality of Ailanthus 3 yrs post-herbicide, 2 yrs post-fire
Live
Dead
Dead w/sprouts
Live w/sprouts
Large Saplings, 1-4” dbh
N=49 N=182 N=84 N=155
N=75 N=62 N=69 N=85
•Foliar
•Basal Bark
•Hack and SquirtBreak and Spray smaller dbh
•Cut Stump
Chemical Treatment Options
• Limited to small seedlings and sprouts
• Non-target damages can be a problem
• Narrower window for treatment• Leaf-on
Foliar Treatment Method
• Glyphosate (e.g. Accord &Roundup)
• Triclopyr(e.g. Garlon 3A &
Garlon 4 Ultra)Diluted with water.Do not use basal spray mixtures and rates for foliar!
Some Foliar Treatment Options
• Employs oil carrier • Kerosene, Diesel,
etc.• Methylated Seed Oil
(e.g. ArborchemBasal Oil, AX-ITTM)
• Low Volume Method • Spray to wet• Not to runoff
• Applied to lower portion of trunk 12 to 18 inches
Basal Bark Treatment Method
• Works best on trees up to about 6-8 inches d.b.h.
• Non-target damages (overspray) can be a problem with small diameter stems
• Wider treatment window
Basal Bark Treatment Method
• Triclopyr(e.g Garlon 4 Ultra)Pay attention to per acre maximums 6 qt. A/year
• Imazapyr
(e.g. Stalker/Chopper)Non-target damage
Walnuts particularly susceptible
Basal Bark Treatment Method
Primary basal bark treatment for Ailanthus control on
Ohio Woodlands Job Corps projects
Mix of:
AX-IT Low Volume Basal Oil
20% Garlon 4 Ultra - (triclopyr)
3% Stalker - (imazapyr)
Blue Dye
AGS 203
Pre-mixed herbicide
Eliminates mixing and filling in the field
Ensures correct herbicide concentration
Birchmeier Closed System
• Typically use hatchet and spray bottle
• One hack per inch in diameter on most labels
• Typically used for larger trees
Hack and Squirt Treatment Method
Some water soluble herbicides
• Imazapyr(e.g. Arsenal AC or Polaris)Effective consistent results
• Picloram(e.g. Tordon RTU or Pathway)Somewhat effectiveInconsistent results
• Triclopyr(e.g. Garlon 3A)EffectiveConcern: label DANGER eyes
• Glyphosate Not recommended; sprouting
Hack and Squirt Treatment Method
• Usually not recommendedSprouting is amplified!
• Basal oil or water basedoptions
• Water-based herbicides need to be appliedimmediately after cutting
Cut Stump Herbicide Treatments
Some Final Thoughts onHerbicide Treatments
• Be systematic when treating large areas to minimize missed trees (paint, flag or blaze)
• Mentholated Seed Oil vs. petroleum based carriers
•The label is the law
• Pay particular attention to Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• Per acre maximum rates
• Application concentrations and rates
• Roundup vs. glyphosate
•Late summer treatments are usually most effective at reducing sprouting
•Count on retreating & consider yourself lucky if it is not needed
•For Ailanthus early fall treatments followed by spring evaluation and retreatment's seem to work best
•If a gadget advertised to control invasives seems too good to be true……
• Ailanthus wilt found in PA in 2002
• Don Davis & Mark Schall, Penn State
• Verticillium nonalfalfae• soil-borne fungal pathogen
• High specificity to Ailanthus & native
• FOUND IN OHIO IN 2012
POTENTIAL BIOHERBICIDE: AILANTHUS WILT
VERTICILLIUM WILT CAUSED BY VERTICILLIUM NONALFALFAEWAS DETECTED ON AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA IN PENNSYLVANIA IN 2002. IT IS CAUSED BY A SOIL‐FUNGUS THAT INFECTS THE VASCULAR TISSUES OF AILANTHUS TREES. INFECTED TREES DIE RAPIDLY, TYPICALLY WITHIN A GROWING SEASON. DONALD DAVIS AND MARK SCHALL HAVE DONE EXTENSIVE RESEARCH DEMONSTRATING ITS SPECIFICITY AND VIRULENCE TO AILANTHUS. IT SHOWS PROMISE AS A POTENTIAL
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT OF AILANTHUS. HOWEVER, BEFORE IT CAN BE TESTED FOR BIOCONTROL USE IN OHIO, IT MUST FIRST BE FOUND IN OHIO. PHOTOS COURTESY OF DR. DONALD DAVIS, THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY.
IF YOU SEE THESE SYMPTOMS, CONTACT: JOANNE REBBECK, USFS, NORTHERN RESEARCH STATION, DELAWARE, OH AT [email protected] OR 740‐368‐0054
Wilting AilanthusHealthy Ailanthus
Wilting
Initial Severe
Vascular Discoloration
Ailanthus Verticillium Wilt Photoguide – Help Find It in Ohio
Development of alternative methods of controlAilanthus wilt, Verticillium nonalfalfae
• Testing common woody species for susceptibility
• Initiate inoculation field trials of Ailanthus in 2014
• Monitor progression of natural spread of wilt
• Study “aftermath” regeneration within inoculated stands
Eric BoydaAppalachian Ohio Weed Partnership
Joanne RebbeckUSFS Northern Research Station
Dave ApsleyOhio State University Extension