aquatic chemistry & water pollution - sq10403 lecture 1
TRANSCRIPT
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 1/91
AQUATIC CHEMISTRY ANDWATER POLLUTION
SQ 10403
Abentin bin EstimBorneo Marine Research Institute
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 2/91
PRELIMINARY
Will covered 3 lectures.
1 Assignment;Water treatment systems
5 Practical classes
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 3/91
Practical classes
Replaced the 3 practical classes on;
Survey of aquaculture industries tounderstand water quality problems.
Title: Explain the stress syndrome. Shows some
photos or any examples.
Survey of pollution caused by aquacultureTitle: Explain three negative effects of untreatedaquaculture waste water on the environment.
Bioassays using selected pollutants.Title: How to determine bioassays using selectedpollutants, choose any elements (One only).
Assignment 2 Report.
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 4/91
Practical classes
1. Examination of pollution stresson aquatic animals
2. Analysis of selected waterquality and pollution parameters
Two in One experimentsOne report with Two Chapters
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 5/91
Marks
Assignment (2) 10 %
Practical Reports 20 % of 10practical classes (include Dr. Sujjat)
Final Exam 40 % of 100%
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 6/91
Visit my blog at;
http://abentin.blogspot.com
Answer a QUIZ question
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 7/91
INTRODUCTIONOver the last twenty years commercialaquaculture has experienced spectacular growth
These activities provided Protein (cultured fish and shrimp) Humans consume, especially in first worldcountries
Many species have gone from small-scaleregional production to large-scale globalproduction
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 8/91
INTRODUCTIONRapid growth of aquaculture increasedoccurrence of problems
Disease
Has substantially impacted the profitability theseindustries
Shrimp farming has failed to realize its potentialas a direct result of disease
caused by viral, bacterial, fungal and parasiticpathogens
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 9/91
INTRODUCTIONDeterioration in environmental and health
conditions
Asian aquaculture (> 90% of world production),
is paying a price for this unprecedentedIn recent years, disease outbreaks are becomingmore frequent in the region
and the associated mortality and morbidity havecaused substantial economic losses
HAB Phenomena
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 10/91
Stress Responses ofFarmed Animals
LECTURE 1By;
Abentin Estim
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 11/91
Historical perspectives
Early work on stress in fishBy Black, 1950 on ‘Metabolic responses ofsalmonid fish to exhaustive exercise and
to hypoxic conditions”.
In 1980 1 st attempt to draw currentknowledge on the Stress biology of fish
with the organisation of a symposium. Resulted in the publication of the Proceedingsin book form.
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 12/91
Since then, Rapid development on;1. Endocrinological techniques2. Stress physiology
Broadened
This field still growth, with a
steady increase in the annualpublications
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 13/91
The number of scientific publications during the period 1991-1997relating to stress in fish. The data were obtained from
the ISI online database
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 14/91
A breakdown of the published literature on stress
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 15/91
The gross analysis of stress/fish
publications of the 1990’s revealsthat over 40 % were studies onsalmonids.
The research in this area is stilldominated by work on temperaturefish.
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 16/91
Research Efforts on Stresses studies
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 17/91
1. Biochemical/physiological2. Neuroendocrinological3. Structural4.
Behavioural5. Population effects6. Traits performance + etc.
The responses of the fish in thestress can be broadly grouped intoSIX different categories ;
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 18/91
Bayne definition based on his work in mollusks, definitionof stress for aquaculture ;
“a measurable alteration of a physiologicalsteady-state that is induced by anenvironmental change and that renders theindividual more vulnerable to further
environmental change” Bayn e, B.L. 1975. As pects of phy siolo gical cond i t ion in My ti lus edul isL. with respect of th e effects of ox ygen tensio n and s a lin i ty. Proc .Nin th Eur . Mar. B iol . 213-238.
Definition of Stress
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 19/91
1. Most sources of stress in aquacultureunavoidable
2. Routine practices have significanteffects on fish physiology and survival;
Collecting
HandlingSortingHoldingTransporting
Pollution stress in aquaculture animals
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 20/91
The stress-related effects areinfluenced by;
1. Water quality
2. Confinement density3. Holding container design4. Agonistic and predation-
associated behaviours
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 21/91
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 22/91
The stress response is an integrated
reaction;to adverse conditionsand includes behavioral changes
as well as the better-studiedaspects of biochemistry andphysiology.
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 23/91
Refer to the handout on
CatecholaminesThe adrenal medulla
CorticosteroidsThe interrenal tissueInteractions between the
catecholamines and cortisolOther hormones.
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 24/91
Four major factors contributingto the physiology, behaviour and
survival of fishes
1. Water quality is one of the most important
contributors to fish health and stress level
2. High Fish Densities in holding containers
3. The design of holding container
4. Fishes held for relatively short durations
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 25/91
Lecture 2
Continue from last week
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 26/91
1. Water quality is one of the most
important contributors to fish healthand stress level
Fish may be able to tolerate adversewater quality conditions.
However, when combined with otherstressors, fish may be quicklyovercome by the resultingphysiological challenges
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 27/91
Most common water quality parametersaffecting physiological stress;
TemperatureDissolved oxygen
Ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and PhosphateSalinitypHCarbon dioxide
Alkalinity and hardnessHeavy metals
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 28/91
2. High Fish Densities in holdingcontainers are the most commonproblem throughout aquaculturefacilities, live-fish transfers and fishsalvage operations
3. The holding container design may alsocompromise the survival and immunefunction by affecting water quality,density and confinement andaggressive interactions
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 29/91
4. Fishes held for relatively shortdurations .Stress associated with overall health and wellbeing.
Influenced by;Negative interactions
Leads cannibalism and predation
These interactions can be lethal (i.e., predation)or may act as a vector for pathogens to enter(i.e., bites and wounds)
Predation may be a significant source ofmortality for fisheries practices that do not sortby size or species while holding
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 30/91
Impact of Stress on Performance
The key areas are;• Disease and mortality• Behavior
• Growth• Reproductive success• Product quality
A good farmer will recognize thestress signs at early stage Remedialaction.
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 31/91
Interactions betweenEnvironment and
Aquaculture and Nutrients
Lecture 2
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 32/91
Introduction
All human activities produce some impact onthe surrounding environment, andaquaculture is not an exception releases waste into the environment.
As the aquaculture sector developed,environmental aspects became of anincreasing concern
Up to now, most aquaculture practices haveproduced little negative effects on theecosystems.
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 33/91
Introduction
Potential effects of aquacultureactivities include;
• Water and sediment quality• Negative impacts on natural populations• Landscape• Other pre-existing economical activities.
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 34/91
Introduction
To a great extent, these effects depend uponfactors such as type of facilities, geographicallocation, and produced species.
The ultimate origin of this variety of effectconsists of a small number of sources,including;• Feeds offered• Chemicals• Animals excretions• Dead animals• and the interactions between cultured and wild
animalsexample: seaweeds.
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 35/91
Introduction
Despite the availability of scientificallybased monitoring techniques, there is awide range of different methodspresently used for sampling, analysing,and estimating these effects.
In addition, there are differentassessment approaches, includingchemical, ecological, and nutritional.
All of these aim to produce models inorder to predict this interaction betweenaquaculture and the environment.
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 36/91
Aquaculture & EnvironmentThe ecological effects of aquaculture on the coastal andmarine environments are loss or alteration of habitats.
• Changes of the natural coastlines
• Reduction or total destruction of natural habitats
especially mangroves and wetlands in tropical areas.
• In many places, wild capture fisheries are affected asspawning and nursery grounds are destroyed
• Aquaculture facilities in mangrove areas not onlyimpairs the habitat, but also reduces coastal protectionand other functions of the ecosystem.
• Expansion of aquaculture leads not only to significantphysical alteration of coastal areas but also tosediment mobilization which often affects a muchlarger area than the actual aquaculture site.
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 37/91
The environmental and its socio-economicimpacts of aquaculture have caused concern
about the sustainability of the industry itself.
Much effort has also been devoted toidentifying and promoting management
practices that will facilitate a more sustainablecontinued growth of the industry.
To be sustainable, the aquaculture sector mustensure that its impacts are kept within
environmentally acceptable limits.
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 38/91
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 39/91
Environmental Demands of Fish Farmed
Environment requirements (ER)depending on life stage.
ER must be satisfied for fishperformance;• Survival• Growth• Reproduction
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 40/91
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
The suitable seawater DO concentrations for marinefish culture are not less than 3 to 6 mg/L (Hugueninand Colt, 1989; UNDP/FAO, 1989; Rosly, 1990; Zweiget al., 1999; Khoa and Bai, 1999; ANZECC, 2000).
The seawater DO concentrations approximately 1 to 5mg/L are still enough for fish survival, but in a longexposure would cause into slow growth (Zweig et al. ,1999).
A number of marine organisms (includingeconomically important ASEAN species such asmilkfish and tiger prawn) were able to tolerate DOconcentrations considerably lower than 4.0 mg/L.
There were also some evidences that DOconcentrations in the vicinity of 4.0 mg/L could haveadverse effects (Khoa and Bai, 1999).
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 41/91
Temperature
In the tropical areas, suitable seawater temperature formarine fish is 29 to 30 oC (Lawson, 1995; Zweig et al.,
1999)UNDP/FAO (1989), suggested 27 to 31 oC.
For the L. calcarifer and groupers, suitable seawatertemperatures are 28 to 30 oC (Rosly, 1990).
The temperature below than 29 oC causes fish growth ratelow (Zweig et al., 1999).
Generally, tropical and subtropical species could not growwell if the water temperature falls below 25 oC and below15 oC may kill them (Boyd and Tucker, 1998).
Suboptimal temperature conditions can cause stress whichaffects behavior, feeding, metabolism, growth andimmunity to disease (Zweig et al., 1999).
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 42/91
Salinity
The optimal salinity for marine fish is 33 to 34 ppt (Lawson,1995; Zweig et al., 1999).
ANZECC (2000), cited suitable salinity for marine fishculture is 33 to 37 ppt.
However, Rosly (1990), suggested for the L. calcarifer and
groupers are 25 to 32 pptUNDP/FAO (1989), recommended a wider range thanothers, which is 15 to 30 ppt.
The optimum salinity for incubating fertilized eggs in L.calcarifer and groupers is 15 to 26 ppt and 20 to 30 pptrespectively (Beveridge and Haylor, 1998).
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 43/91
pH
pH of water can affect fish health directly or indirectly.
The sensitivity of fishes to extremes of pH varies.
However, a range of 6.5 to 9.0 is recommended for most species(Zweig et al., 1999).
Guidelines suggested the optimal range pH for marine fishes are6.7 to 8.6 (ANZECC 2000), 7.0 to 8.5 (UNDP/FAO, 1989)
and 7.5 to 8.5 (Rosly, 1990).
At approximately pH 4 or below and pH 11 and above, mostspecies die (Lawson, 1995).
Extreme values of pH can cause ammonia toxic form becomes
more prevalent and at lower pH, species ability to maintain saltbalance is affected and ceases reproduction (Zweig et al., 1999).
Generally, eggs and larvae are more sensitive to acid stress than juveniles and adults fish (Colt and Tomasso, 2001).
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 44/91
Carbon Dioxide & Ammonia
CO2 arise Photosynthesis & respiration processes.
CO2 affects pH by production of protons during itshydration. Therefore influence ammonia-ammoniumtoxicity.
Ammonuia is a degradation product of protein
metabolism and is mostly excreted via the gills.Ammonia is highly toxic to fish, especially in itsunionized form
Equilibrium between ammonia (NH3) and ammoniumion (NH4) is depend on pH
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 45/91
Toxicity
Tahap keracunan organisma
Dilakukan di makmal kajian pada
persekitaran yang tetap.
LC 50 Merujuk kepada LethalConcentration bermaksud 50 % drp
organisma akan keracunan sekiranyadidedahkan dengan sesuatu bahan dalamtempoh 96 jam
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 46/91
TAHAP KEPEKATAN MAKSIMUM
Merujuk kepada julat kepekatan yangorganisma boleh toleran
Kaedah menganggar tahap selamat /safe level;
96 jam, LC 50 di darab dengan faktor[pekali (0.1 – 0.05)
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 47/91
Cth: NH3 ; 1.2 mg/L
Tahap selamat adalah dlm julat;
1.2 mg N/L X 0.1= 0.12 mg/L
Dan
1.2 mg N/L X 0.05
= 0.06 mg N/L
Oleh itu, julat Nh3 toleran ialah0.06 – 0.12 mg M/L
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 48/91
LD 50 merujuk kepadaLethal Dosage
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 49/91
LECTURE 3NUTRIENTS
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 50/91
NUTRIENTS
What is Nutrient?The elements for phytoplanktonor plants to growth
Either;
Dissolved Inorganic or Organiccomplexes.Exp: Nitrate and Vitamins
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 51/91
The most important nutrients are;1. Nitrogen2. Phosphorus3. Dissolved silicate
Minor Nutrients are;1. Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Ca, Mg, Na, K
Others… organisms or species Small amount
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 52/91
Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a chemicalelement which has thesymbol N and atomic
number 7.
Elemental nitrogen is acolourless, odourless,tasteless and mostly inert diatomic gas at standardconditions
Nit g
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 53/91
Nitrogen78.1% by volume of Earth'satmosphere
Nitrogen is a constituentelement of all living tissues and amino acids
Many industrially important
compounds, such asammonia , nitric acid , andcyanides , contain nitrogen
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 54/91
NITROGEN
Exists Organic, inorganic, dissolved or particulate
The principal inorganic forms are;
1. Nitrate ion (NO 3- )
1 - 500 ug NO 3 -N/L
2. Nitrite ion ( NO 2- )
0.1 – 50 ug NO 2 -N/L
3. Ammonium ( NH 4 + ) / Ammonia (NH3)< 1 – 50 ug NH 4 -N/L
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 55/91
Phosphorus
Phosphorus , phôs meaning "light", and phoros meaning "bearer")
Chemical element that ha sthe sym bol P and atomicnumber 15
Phosphorus is commonlyfound in inorganicphosphate rocks
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 56/91
PhosphorusDue to its high reactivity,phosphorus is never foundas a free element in nature
Ph osph orus is a component
of DNA and RNA andessential e lement for allliving cells
The most importantcommercial use ofphosphorus-basedchemicals is the productionof FERTILIZERS
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 57/91
PhosphorusPhosphoruscompounds are alsowidely used in;
1. Explosives 2. N erve agents 3. Friction matches 4. Fireworks 5. P esticides 6. Toothpaste 7. D etergents
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 58/91
SILICON
Silicon (pronounced Siliken , Latin : silicium ) is the most common metalloid
It is a chemica l element , whic h has thesymbol Si an d atomic number 14 andatomic mass is 28.0855
A tetravalent metalloid , silicon is lessreactive than its chemical analog carbon
As the eighth most common element inthe universe by mass, silicon very rarelyoccurs as the pure free element in nature
But more widely distributed in dusts
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 59/91
But more widely distributed in dusts,planetoids and planets as various forms ofsilicon dioxide (silica) or silicates
On Earth, silicon is the se cond m ostabundant element (after oxygen ) in thecrust, making up 25.7% of the crust bymass.
Silicon has m any industrial u ses.Elemental Sem iconductor devices ,most importantly integrated circuits ormicrochips .
Remains as semiconductor at highertemperatures
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 60/91
and silicic acid (a type of silica)
forms the basis of the strikingarray of protective shells ofthe microscopic diatoms
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 61/91
EUTROPHICATION
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 62/91
INTRODUCTION
Definition;• Refers to an increase in the PRIMARY
PRODUCTIVITY of any ecosystem
Caused by;• The increase of chemical nutrients,
typically compounds containingNITROGEN or PHOSPHORUS
• It may occur on land or water
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 63/91
Introduction
A result of NUTRIENTS pollution
• Release from sewage effluent into natural
waters
• Naturally from depositional environments orephemeral basis (Upwelling in coastal systems)
• Proven from aquaculture activities
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 64/91
Introduction
Eutrophication generally promotes;• Excessive plant growth and decay• Favors certain weedy species over
others• Reduce the water quality
Dissolved Oxygen (for fish etc.)
Water becomes cloudy, colored – green,red, brown etc.HAB phenomena
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 65/91
Experiences
NO3 and PO4 stimulate algal bloom
Nutrients dynamics in the west coastSabah.
Sports complex in Kota Kinabalu.
Aquaculture activity.
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 66/91
Above issues have been recognized in the
past, and significant information onenvironmental interactions of aquacultureis available or continues to be generated.
A number of conferences, expertworkshops and policy meetings, have
been held to address the issues, and todevelop technical guidelines and policy
advice.
S t d b R h G t
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 67/91
Supported by Research Grants
Fundamental Grant ( FRG 041-ST(1) 2006): RM18,000.00Title:Water qual i ty rem ediat ion in anAqu acul tu re sys tem us ingaquamat and aquaponic f i l ters
E-Science Grant ( SCF 0041 AGR2007): RM88,000.00Title:Effect of seaweed (Euc heum a) andgeotext i le on seaw ater qu al ity andf ish g row th in a f ish h a tchery
MATERIAL & METHODS
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 68/91
MATERIAL & METHODSDAILY EX-CHANGE SYSTEM
3 weeks experiment
6 circular 1000 L fiberglasstanks
3 tanks were added with
modified Aquamat™ (norminalsurface area is 1.44 sq m2)
Seawater were filtered withcartridge size 200 µm
Water exchange• 25 – 75 % perday (1st week)• 25 – 50 % perday (2nd and
3rd weeks)
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 69/91
Seaweeds experiment
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 70/91
Seaweeds experiment
4 rectangular fiberglass tanks (100 L)were used
E. spinosum biomass = 90 ± 10 gcultured in each tank
Flow rate = 80 – 125 ml per sec.
Flow through system
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 71/91
The idea was presented in
the Biotechnology Asia 2006 ,3 rd International BiotechnologyTrade Exhibition, Conference and
Awards
Won Bronze medal
“Buoyant polymer and
aquapon ics to s upp lemen tb iof i l t rat ion fo r WQ remediat ion
in a hatchery system.”
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 72/91
Invited in thePecipta 07
Malaysia International Exposition ofResearch and Invention of
Institutions of Higher Learning2007
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 73/91
THAT’S ALL
Answer a QUIZ questionin my blog at;
http://abentin.blogspot.com
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 74/91
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 75/91
PUBLIC HEALTH
ISSUES
LECTURE 4
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 76/91
Increased Worldwide Production (2004)
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 77/91
I
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 78/91
Issues
Aquaculture Public Health Issues are highlyfocused, well known, and understood.
Public health issues can be grouped as;
1. Environmentally induced (sub-divided intonatural and anthropogenic)
2. Process induced , or distribution andconsumer induced hazards (Garrett et al.1997, 2000).
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 79/91
Issues on Aquaculture -Concerns
Consumer Perceptions ?
Suggested Aquaculture
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 80/91
Suggested AquacultureManagement Approach
Application of HACCP -based principlesas a risk management tool foraquaculture, development of written
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), implementation of Good AquaculturePractices (GAqPs), employee trainingprograms, and medical screening
evaluations of new employees canminimize public health issues associatedwith aquaculture operations
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 81/91
HACCP
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point
is a systematic preventive approach tofood safety and pharmaceutical safetythat addresses physical, chemical , andbiological hazards as a means ofprevention rather than finished productinspection.
Food Industry
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 82/91
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 83/91
The World Trade Organization (WTO)
emphasizes the need to apply riskanalysis as a basis for taking anySPS measure.
SPS The Sanitary andPhytosanitary (SPS) Agreement(WTO Framework)
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 84/91
With the adoption of the food-chainapproach for food safety t he responsibilityfor the supply of safe food is shared alongthe entire food chain from primaryproduction to final consumption .
The application of risk analysis to theaquaculture sector, which produces nearlyhalf the fish that is consumed worldwide,has become very important.
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 85/91
Guidelines for performing risk analysis
have been brought out by the CodexAlimentarius Commission or Codex .
Risk analysis is a process consisting of;• Risk assessment• Risk communication
• Risk management.
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 86/91
The output of risk assessment may be
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 87/91
The output of risk assessment may bea qualitative or a quantitative
(numerical) expression of risk as wellas attendant uncertainties.
Hazard Identification;considers epidemiological data linkingthe food and biological/chemical agentto human illness and the certainty
associated with such effects . PSPToxin
d h
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 88/91
Hazard characterization step;
A qualitative or quantitativedescription of the severity and theduration of the adverse health effect
that may result from the ingestion ofthe micro-organism/toxin/chemicalcontaminants is made.
E A
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 89/91
Exposure Assessment
During exposure assessment, anestimate of the number of bacteriaor the level of a biotoxin or chemical
agent consumed through theconcerned food is made. Toxicityexperiment
Th C d
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 90/91
The Codex
defines the risk characterization step as theprocess of determining the qualitativeand/or quantitative estimation includingattendant uncertainties of the probability ofoccurrence and the severity of the knownor potential adverse health effect in a givenpopulation based on hazard identification ,
exposure assessment and hazardcharacterization.
8/13/2019 Aquatic Chemistry & Water Pollution - SQ10403 Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aquatic-chemistry-water-pollution-sq10403-lecture-1 91/91
THAT’S ALL
Answer a QUIZ questionin my blog at;
http://abentin.blogspot.com