Arabia: Theoretical centre of Muslim world

Eurasia: Peripheral region

Exploring conflicts (internal and external)and other issues

Religious/scholarly centres of Mecca andMedina

Role of trade Zabid

Map Link: Arabia in 1453:

<http://www.timemaps.com/store/timemaps/2012/5/arabia1453ad.jpg>

930 Isma‘ili Carmathians of Bahrayn stealthe Black Stone from Mecca

951 Carmathians return Black Stone

Zaydis of Yemen

Ibadis of Oman

Shi‘ite movement

Take name from Zayd ibn ‘Ali (d. 740), great-grandson of ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib

Leadership/imamate open to any:1. Descendent of ‘Ali’s sons al-Hasan

or al-Husayn who2. Had piety, learning, and will to rebel

Prominent in Yemen by 13th c.

Zaydis

Origins in Kharijite movement

Take name from ‘Abd Allah ibn Ibad(d. c. 700)

Imam should be elected, can be deposedif errs and does not repent

Non-violent, tolerant

Isolationist, prominent in Oman

Ibadis

Conflicts:

With Ottomans (Zaydis)

With Portuguese (Ibadis)

Map Link: Arabia in 1648:

<http://www.timemaps.com/store/timemaps/2012/5/arabia1648ad.jpg>

1624 Ibadis elect Nasir ibn Murshid as Imam(r. 1624-49)

Attacking Portuguese in Oman, MalabarCoast, Persian Coast, E. Africa

1719 Succession dispute and civil war inOman

1748 Ahmad ibn Sa‘id, governor of Sohar,expels Persians from Oman

1749-83 Reign of Ahmad ibn Sa‘id as first Imamof Al bu Sa‘id dynasty (now Sultans)

1959 Expulsion of last Imam, Ghalib ibn ‘Ali(d. 2009)

1430s-40s Golden Horde splits into four majorkhanates: Sibir, Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimea

Muscovy, based at Moscow

Map Link: Eastern Hemisphere, 1500 AD:

<http://www.worldhistorymaps.info/images/East-Hem_1500ad.jpg>

1547 Ivan IV (the Terrible) crowned Tsar ofMuscovy (r. 1533-84)

Conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan

c. 1600 Conquest of Sibir

Tatars/Qipchaq Turks

Map Link: Moscovy Russian Expansion under Ivan the Terrible:

<http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Russia/rushist_3_files/image033.jpg>

Crimean-Ottoman alliance

Slave raiding, incl. as far as Moscow (1570)

Muscovite-Polish-Cossack agreement

Peter the Great (r. 1689-1725)

Modernisation and westernisation

Military reform, incl. conscription (1705)

Territorial expansion

Map Link: Muscovy to Imperial Russia:

<http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Russia/rushist_4_files/image016.jpg>

Gradual decline of Khanate of Crimea

1783 Catherine the Great (r. 1762-96)annexes Khanate of Crimea

Arabia and Eurasia: Different regions,parallel experiences?

Relationship of faith to conflict

Diversity of Islamic practices