Arabic Scientists

Sciences:The driving forces??

The Prophet Muhammad said "it is the duty of every Muslim man and woman to seek

education”.

How??

Teachers? men and womenStudents? men, women, muslims, non-muslims, no age limit

-Mosque schools which were founded by the Prophet himself.

-In tenth century, in Baghdad alone there were an estimated 3,000 mosques .

-Fourteenth century Alexandria had some 12,000 mosques, all of which played an important role in education.

How??

-First school in Baghdad : religious and intellectual sciences (mathematics, astronomy, music and physics)

-Universities in the Arab empire (e.g. Al-Azhar University in Cairo)

-Arab influence spread to Spain, Sicily and the rest of Europe.

-Europeans became increasingly aware of Arab advancements.

-Books were translated from Arabic into Latin and other languages.

The sciencesMain fields, Arabic scientists, some of what they did?

ChemistryJabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)Al-Razi (Al-Rhazes)Ibn Sina (Avicenna)

-Chemical reactions.

-dying cloth and leather, making varnishes to waterproof cloth and to protect iron, the preparation of hair dyes……

-Description of minerals, the formation of rocks and stones and the properties of minerals and metals.

..… -etc

Mathematics

Al-Khawarazmi

-Introduced Hindu numerals, including the concept of zero,transmitted to the West. Before that, the West used the Roman

numerals .1948 in decimal =MDCCCXLVIII in Roman !!!!

Which one you will choose!!?

-A special college for translators was founded in Spain, why???? most of the Arabic works on mathematics were translated

PhysicsIbn al-Haytham

-Use of experimentation and instrumentation.

-He designed a variety of instruments: pipes, sheets,

cylinders, concave and convex mirrors.

-Studies of optics, reflection, lens, vision….etc

What about nowadays??

Naguib Mahfouz

• Naguib Mahfouz (Arabic: محفوظ ,نجيبNagīb Maḥfūẓ) (December 11, 1911 – August 30, 2006) was an Egyptian novelist who won the 1988 Nobel Prize for Literature and who managed to modernize Arabic literature. He is regarded as one of the first writers of Arabic literature, along with Tawfiq al-Hakim, to explore themes of existentialism.

Ahmed Zewail• Ahmed Hassan Zewail (Arabic: زويل حسن born February 26, 1946 in) (أحمد

Damanhur, Egypt) is an Egyptian American scientist, and the winner of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on femtochemistry.

• Zewail's key work has been as the pioneer of femtochemistry—i.e. the study of chemical reactions across femtoseconds. Using a rapid ultrafast laser technique (consisting of ultrashort laser flashes), the technique allows the description of reactions on very short time scales - short enough to analyse transition states in selected chemical reactions.

• In 1999, Zewail became the third ethnic Egyptian to receive the Nobel Prize, following Anwar Sadat (1978 in Peace) and Naguib Mahfouz (1988 in Literature). Other international awards include the Wolf Prize in Chemistry (1993) and the Robert A. Welch Award (1997). In 1999, he received Egypt's highest state honour, the Grand Collar of the Nile.

• Cambridge University awarded him an Honorary Doctorate in Science in 2006.

Elsayed Elsayed Wagih• Prof. Elasayed Elsayed Wagih (Ph.D, DIC, CIDTTcand.) is an

Egyptian Professor of Virology and Biotechnology and vice President of the Arab Society for Biotechnology.

• He was born in Alexandria, Egypt, on the 21st of November, 1946. In 1970, he received a B.Sc. in Plant Pathology from University of Alexandria and in 1975, he gained an M.Sc. degree in Plant Bacterial Diseases from the same university. In 1981 he reveived a PhD degree in Virology from the Imperial College of Science, University of London and was awarded in the same year a DIC from the Royal College of Science, University of London. He has also studied for a CIDTT (Cambridge International Diploma for Teatching and Training) degree from University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Farouk El-Baz

• Dr. Farouk El-Baz (Arabic: الباز is an (فاروقEgyptian American scientist who worked with NASA to assist in the planning of scientific exploration of the Moon, including the selection of landing sites for the Apollo missions and the training of astronauts in lunar observations and photography.

• Currently, Dr. El-Baz is Research Professor and Director of the Center for Remote Sensing at Boston University, Boston MA, U.S.A. He is Adjunct Professor of Geology at the Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. He is also a member of the Board of Trustees of the Geological Society of America Foundation, Boulder, CO, and a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC.

Moustafa Mosharafa

• Ali Moustafa Mosharafa Pasha (July 11, 1898 - January 16, 1950) was an Egyptian physicist who was professor of applied mathematics, the Faculty of Science at Cairo University. He contributed to the development of Relativity theory and corresponded with Albert Einstein.

• Einstein said on hearing of his death, "I can not believe that Mosharafa is dead, he is alive through his researches. We are in need of his talents, it is a great loss, he was a genius. I used to follow up his researches in atomic energy, definitely he is one of the best scientists in physics."

Sameera Moussa

• Sameera Moussa (Arabic: موسى ) (سميرةMarch 3, 1917-August 5, 1952) was an Egyptian nuclear scientist who held a doctorate in atomic radiation and worked to make the medical use of nuclear technology affordable to all. She organized the Atomic Energy for Peace Conference and sponsored a call for setting an international conference under the banner "Atom for Peace".

Magdi Yacoub

• Sir Magdi Habib Yacoub FRS (born 16 November 1935 in Belbis, Egypt), is an eminent heart surgeon. He was involved in the first UK heart transplant in 1980, carried out the first UK live lobe lung transplant and went on to perform more transplants than any other surgeon in the world. A 1980 patient Derrick Morris, was Europe's longest surviving heart transplant recipient until his death in July 2005.

What about music?

Music!!Throughout their long history, the Arabs have been lovers of music in its various forms,A lot of Arabic instrument were

adapted by the Western world

'OudComes from the Arabic word meaning wood, It has a half pear-shaped body with stripes on its shell twelve strings (six pairs)

The 'oud reached Euorpe in the middle age

In Italy the 'oud became il lutoIn Germany,lauteIn France, le luthIn England, the lute

Qanoon Flat trapezoidal wooden box, with twenty-four strings ,first developed in the Arab world during the tenth century.

The Italian name: Canone!

The rabab, spread to Europe under the name rebec. it is played vertically, mostly by street musicians

For more information: http://www.alhewar.org/ArabCivilization.htm