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7/23/2019 archdischfn00064-0036 http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/archdischfn00064-0036 1/5 F32 Archives of Disease in Childhood 1995; 73: F32-F36 Use of the CRIB  clinical risk index for babies) score in prediction of neonatal mortality and morbidity Richard H B de Courcy-Wheeler, Charles D A Wolfe, Anthony Fitzgerald, Maxine Spencer, Jonathan D S Goodman, Harold R Gamsu Department of Public Health Medicine, UnitedMedical and Dental Schools, Block 8 South Wing, St Thomas s Hospital, London SEI 7EH R H B de Courcy- Wheeler C D A Wolfe  Spencer A Fitzgerald The Maidstone Hospital, Hermitage Lane, Maidstone J D S Goodman Children Nationwide Neonatal Centre, King s College Hospital, London H  Gamsu Correspondence to: Dr R de Courcy-Wheeler, Craigavon Area Hospital, 68 Lurgan Road, Portadown, Craigavon BT63 5QQ. Accepted 7 April 1995 Abstract A prospective studyof the outcome of care of a regional cohort of very low birth- weight (<1500 g) and very preterm (<32 weeks) infants was carried out. Its aims were to assess the ability of the CRIB  clinical risk index for babies) score, rather than gestational age or birthweight, to predict mortality before hospital discharge, neurological morbidity, and length of stay, and to access CRIB score as an indicator of neonatal intensive care performance. 676 live births fulfilled the criteria and complete data were available for 643  950/o). Compared with gestation and birthweight, CRIB was better for the prediction of mortality, was as good for the prediction of morbidity, and was not as good for the prediction oflength of stay. CRIB adjusted mortality didnot demon- strate better performance in units provid- ing the highest level of care. Either the CRIB score was not sensitive to perfor- mance or the level 3 hospitals in this study were performing badly. On the basis of this analysis purchasers and providers of neonatal intensive care cannot yet rely on the CRIB score as a performance indicator. (Arch Dis Child 1995; 73: F32-36) Keywords: CRIB score, very low birthweight infant, outcome. Health care professionals and purchasers of health care need to assess the requirements for neonatal intensive care, and to monitor the performance of units providing neonatal services. The only routinely available data in the United Kingdom are neonatal and birth- weight specific mortality rates which take no account of case-mix and are not specific to neonatal care. Several scores have been pub- lished which use clinical details recorded at the time of admission to the neonatal unit and physiological variables recorded within the first 24 hours of life.2-5 The CRIB  clinical risk index for babies) score3 has been reported to be a better predictor of mortality than birth- weight, and to correlate with morbidity at discharge from hospital, as measuredby ultra- sound evidence of major cerebral abnormality. The CRIB score has also been reported to take account of case-mix and to adjust crude mortality rates to allow comparison of the per- formance of neonatal intensive care units. After such an adjustment, teaching hospitals performed better than non-teaching hospitals.3 The study was criticised for failing to define teaching hospitals6; doubts were expressed about the ability of CRIB to rank hospital performance6 7 and bias in case selection was suspected.8 This study examines the outcome of care of a regional cohort of very low birthweight (<1500 g) and very preterm (<32 weeks) infants. Its aimswere to assess: 1) the ability of the CRIB score, compared with gestational age and birthweight, to predict mortality before hospital discharge, neonatal morbidity, and length of stay; and  2) the use of the CRIB score as an indicator of neonatal intensive care performance. Methods The South East Thames Low Birthweight Study collected data on all infants with a birth- weight between 500 and 2499 g and born to mothers resident in the region between 1 September 1992 and 31 August 1993. Babies weighing less than 500 g were included if ges- tational age was 22 weeks or more. All data were collected prospectively from each of the hospitals serving regional residents by two researchers (R de C-W, MS). The total study population was 3456 infants, comprising 95 of births notified to the Regional Child Health Computer database. The present analysis was limited to livebom very low birthweight (<1500 g) and very preterm (<32 weeks) infants admitted to the special care baby unit (SCBU) and for whom the CRIB score would be relevant. Six factors necessary for calculation of the CRIB score were collected - that is, birth- weight, gestational age, the presence of con- genital malformation(s) and maximum base excess, minimum and maximum appropriate inspired oxygen concentration in* the first 12 hours. Mortality was defined as a death occur- ring before discharge from hospital. Neonatal neurological morbidity was defined as evidence of intraventricular haemorrhage  Papile grades 3 or 4) on cranial ultrasound scan.9 The CRIB score was divided into four subgroups: 0-5, 6-10, 11-15 and more than 153. Gestation was rounded to 23 weeks or less, 32 weeks or more, and to whole weeks in between. Birthweight was subdivided into six groups: less than 500 g, 500-749, 750-999, 1000-1249, 1250-1499, and 1500+. The relations of CRIB score, gestation, and

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F32

A r c h i v e s

o f D i s e a s e

i n C h i l d h o o d 1 9 9 5 ;

7 3 :

F32-F36

U s e

o f

t h e CRIB   c l i n i c a l

r i s k i n d e x f o r b a b i e s )

s c o r e

i n

p r e d i c t i o n o f

n e o n a t a l m o r t a l i t y a n d

m o r b i d i t y

R i c h a r d H

B

d e C o u r c y - W h e e l e r ,

C h a r l e s

D A

W o l f e , A n t h o n y

F i t z g e r a l d ,

M a x i n e

S p e n c e r ,

J o n a t h a n

D S Goodman, H a r o l d

R

G a msu

Department

o f

P u b l i c

H e a l t h

M e d i c i n e ,

U n i t e d M e d i c a l and

D e n t a l S c h o o l s , B l o c k

8 S o u t h

W i n g ,

S t

Thomas s H o s p i t a l ,

L on d on S EI

7E H

RH B d e C o u r c y -

W h e e l e r

C

D

A

W o l f e

  S p e n c e r

A

F i t z g e r a l d

The

M a i d s t o n e

H o s p i t a l ,

H e r m i t a g e

L a n e , M a i d s t o n e

J

D S G o o d m a n

C h i l d r e n N a t i o n w i d e

N e o n a t a l C e n t r e ,

K i n g s C o l l e g e

H o s p i t a l , London

H  

Gamsu

C o r r e s p o n d e n c e

t o :

D r

R

d e C o u r c y - Wh e e l e r ,

C r a i g a v o n

A r e a

H o s p i t a l ,

6 8

L u r g a n

R o a d ,

P o r t a d o w n ,

C r a i g a v o n

BT63

5 Q Q .

A c c e p t e d

7

A p r i l 1 9 9 5

A b s t r a c t

A p r o s p e c t i v e s t u d y o f

t h e

outcome o f

c a r e

o f a r e g i o n a l c o h o r t o f

v e r y

l o w

b i r t h -

w e i g h t ( < 1 5 0 0 g )

and v e r y preterm

( < 3 2

w e e k s ) i n f a n t s

was c a r r i e d o u t .

I t s aims

were t o a s s e s s

t h e a b i l i t y o f

t h e

CRIB

  c l i n i c a l

r i s k i n d e x

f o r b a b i e s ) s c o r e ,

r a t h e r t h a n g e s t a t i o n a l

a g e o r

b i r t h w e i g h t ,

t o p r e d i c t m o r t a l i t y b e f o r e

h o s p i t a l

d i s c h a r g e , n e u r o l o g i c a l m o r b i d i t y ,

and

l e n g t h

o f

s t a y ,

a n d

t o

a c c e s s

CRIB

s c o r e a s

a n

i n d i c a t o r

o f

n e o n a t a l i n t e n s i v e

c a r e

p e r f o r m a n c e .

6 7 6

l i v e

b i r t h s f u l f i l l e d

t h e

c r i t e r i a

and

c o m p l e t e

d a t a were a v a i l a b l e

f o r 6 4 3   9 5 0 / o ) . Compared w i t h g e s t a t i o n

and b i r t h w e i g h t , CRIB

was b e t t e r

f o r

t h e

p r e d i c t i o n

o f m o r t a l i t y ,

was a s good f o r

t h e

p r e d i c t i o n

o f m o r b i d i t y ,

and was

n o t

a s g o o d f o r

t h e

p r e d i c t i o n

o f l e n g t h

o f

s t a y .

CRIB

a d j u s t e d m o r t a l i t y

d i d n o t de mon -

s t r a t e b e t t e r

p e r f o r m a n c e

i n u n i t s

p r o v i d -

i n g

t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l

o f c a r e . E i t h e r

t h e

CRIB

s c o r e was n o t s e n s i t i v e

t o

p e r f o r -

m a n c e o r

t h e

l e v e l

3

h o s p i t a l s

i n

t h i s

s t u d y

were p e r f o r m i n g b a d l y .

On

t h e b a s i s

o f

t h i s

a n a l y s i s p u r c h a s e r s

and

p r o v i d e r s

o f

n e o n a t a l i n t e n s i v e

c a r e

cannot y e t r e l y

on t h e CRIB

s c o r e a s a

p e r f o r m a n c e

i n d i c a t o r .

( A r c h

D i s

C h i l d 1 9 9 5 ;

7 3 :

F 3 2 - 3 6 )

K e y w o r d s :

CRIB s c o r e ,

v e r y

l o w

b i r t h w e i g h t

i n f a n t ,

o u t c o m e .

H e a l t h

c a r e p r o f e s s i o n a l s

a n d

p u r c h a s e r s

o f

h e a l t h c a r e n e e d

t o a s s e s s

t h e

r e q u i r e m e n t s

f o r

n e o n a t a l

i n t e n s i v e

c a r e , a n d t o m o n i t o r

t h e

p e r f o r m a n c e

o f u n i t s p r o v i d i n g

n e o n a t a l

s e r v i c e s .

The

o n l y

r o u t i n e l y a v a i l a b l e

d a t a

i n

t h e U n i t e d

K i n g d o m

a r e

n e o n a t a l a n d

b i r t h -

w e i g h t

s p e c i f i c

m o r t a l i t y

r a t e s w h i c h t a k e

no

a c c o u n t

o f

c a s e - m i x a n d a r e n o t

s p e c i f i c

t o

n e o n a t a l c a r e . S e v e r a l

s c o r e s

h a v e b e e n

p u b -

l i s h e d

w h i c h u s e

c l i n i c a l d e t a i l s r e c o r d e d a t t h e

t i m e

o f a d m i s s i o n

t o t h e

n e o n a t a l u n i t a n d

p h y s i o l o g i c a l

v a r i a b l e s

r e c o r d e d w i t h i n t h e f i r s t

2 4

h o u r s o f

l i f e . 2 - 5

The

CRIB   c l i n i c a l

r i s k

i n d e x f o r b a b i e s )

s c o r e 3

h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d

t o

b e a

b e t t e r

p r e d i c t o r

o f

m o r t a l i t y

t h a n b i r t h -

w e i g h t , a n d

t o

c o r r e l a t e

w i t h m o r b i d i t y

a t

d i s c h a r g e

f r o m

h o s p i t a l ,

a s

m e a s u r e d b y

u l t r a -

s o u n d

e v i d e n c e o f

m a j o r

c e r e b r a l a b n o r m a l i t y .

The

CRIB

s c o r e

h a s

a l s o

b e e n

r e p o r t e d

t o

t a k e

a c c o u n t

o f c a s e - m i x a n d

t o a d j u s t

c r u d e

m o r t a l i t y

r a t e s

t o a l l o w

c o m p a r i s o n

o f t h e

p e r -

f o r m a n c e

o f

n e o n a t a l

i n t e n s i v e c a r e

u n i t s .

A f t e r s u c h a n

a d j u s t m e n t , t e a c h i n g h o s p i t a l s

p e r f o r m e d b e t t e r t h a n n o n - t e a c h i n g

h o s p i t a l s . 3

The

s t u d y

w a s c r i t i c i s e d f o r f a i l i n g t o

d e f i n e

t e a c h i n g h o s p i t a l s 6 ; d o u b t s

w e r e

e x p r e s s e d

a b o u t t h e a b i l i t y o f

CRIB

t o r a n k

h o s p i t a l

p e r f o r m a n c e 6

7

a n d b i a s

i n

c a s e s e l e c t i o n w a s

s u s p e c t e d . 8

T h i s s t u d y e x a m i n e s t h e o u t c o m e o f

c a r e o f

a r e g i o n a l c o h o r t

o f

v e r y

l o w

b i r t h w e i g h t

( < 1 5 0 0 g ) a n d

v e r y

p r e t e r m ( < 3 2 w e e k s )

i n f a n t s .

I t s

a i m s w e r e

t o

a s s e s s : 1 )

t h e

a b i l i t y

o f

t h e CRIB s c o r e ,

c o m p a r e d

w i t h

g e s t a t i o n a l

a g e a n d b i r t h w e i g h t ,

t o

p r e d i c t m o r t a l i t y

b e f o r e h o s p i t a l d i s c h a r g e , n e o n a t a l

m o r b i d i t y ,

a n d l e n g t h

o f

s t a y ;

a n d

  2 ) t h e u s e

o f

t h e CRIB

s c o r e

a s

a n

i n d i c a t o r

o f

n e o n a t a l

i n t e n s i v e

c a r e

p e r f o r m a n c e .

Methods

The S o u t h

E a s t

Thames

L o w

B i r t h w e i g h t

S t u d y

c o l l e c t e d

d a t a

on a l l

i n f a n t s

w i t h a b i r t h -

w e i g h t

b e t w e e n 5 0 0 a n d

2 4 9 9

g

a n d

b o r n t o

m o t h e r s r e s i d e n t i n t h e

r e g i o n

b e t w e e n

1

S e p t e m b e r

1 9 9 2

a n d 3 1

A u g u s t

1 9 9 3 . B a b i e s

w e i g h i n g

l e s s t h a n 5 0 0

g

w e r e i n c l u d e d

i f

g e s -

t a t i o n a l

a g e

w a s 2 2

w e e k s

o r

m o r e .

A l l

d a t a

w e r e c o l l e c t e d p r o s p e c t i v e l y

f r o m

e a c h

o f

t h e

h o s p i t a l s s e r v i n g r e g i o n a l

r e s i d e n t s b y

t w o

r e s e a r c h e r s ( R

d e

C-W,

M S ) .

The t o t a l

s t u d y

p o p u l a t i o n

w a s 3 4 5 6

i n f a n t s , c o m p r i s i n g

95

o f b i r t h s

n o t i f i e d t o t h e

R e g i o n a l

C h i l d H e a l t h

C o m p u t e r d a t a b a s e .

The

p r e s e n t

a n a l y s i s w a s

l i m i t e d t o

l i v e b o m

v e r y

l o w

b i r t h w e i g h t

( < 1 5 0 0 g )

a n d

v e r y p r e t e r m ( < 3 2 w e e k s )

i n f a n t s

a d m i t t e d t o

t h e s p e c i a l

c a r e

b a b y u n i t

( S C B U )

a n d f o r w h o m

t h e CRIB

s c o r e w o u l d

b e r e l e v a n t .

S i x f a c t o r s

n e c e s s a r y

f o r c a l c u l a t i o n o f

t h e

CRIB

s c o r e

w e r e

c o l l e c t e d

-

t h a t

i s ,

b i r t h -

w e i g h t ,

g e s t a t i o n a l

a g e ,

t h e

p r e s e n c e

o f c o n -

g e n i t a l

m a l f o r m a t i o n ( s )

a n d m aximum

b a s e

e x c e s s ,

mi ni mum a n d m aximum

a p p r o p r i a t e

i n s p i r e d

o x y g e n

c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n * t h e f i r s t 1 2

h o u r s . M o r t a l i t y

w a s

d e f i n e d a s

a d e a t h

o c c u r -

r i n g

b e f o r e

d i s c h a r g e

f r o m

h o s p i t a l .

N e o n a t a l

n e u r o l o g i c a l

m o r b i d i t y

was

d e f i n e d a s e v i d e n c e

o f i n t r a v e n t r i c u l a r

h a e m o r r h a g e

  P a p i l e

g r a d e s

3

o r

4 )

on c r a n i a l

u l t r a s o u n d

s c a n . 9 The

CRIB

s c o r e

w a s

d i v i d e d i n t o f o u r

s u b g r o u p s :

0 - 5 ,

6 - 1 0 ,

1 1 - 1 5 a n d m ore t h a n

1 5 3 .

G e s t a t i o n

w a s r o u n d e d t o

2 3 w e e k s

o r

l e s s ,

3 2 w e e k s

o r

m o r e ,

a n d

t o

w h o l e w e e ks i n b e t w e e n .

B i r t h w e i g h t

w a s

s u b d i v i d e d

i n t o

s i x

g r o u p s :

l e s s t h a n 5 0 0

g ,

5 0 0 - 7 4 9 , 7 5 0 - 9 9 9 ,

1 0 0 0 - 1 2 4 9 ,

1 2 5 0 - 1 4 9 9 ,

a n d

1 5 0 0 + . The

r e l a t i o n s o f

CRIB

s c o r e ,

g e s t a t i o n ,

a n d

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U s e o f t h e

CRIB

s c o r e

t o p r e d i c t

n e o n a t a l

m o r t a l i t y

a n d m o r b i d i t y

F 3 3

T a b l e

1

H o s p i t a l

p e r f o r m a n c e

A d m i s s i o n s

t o

SCBU*

W o r k l o a d *

P a n e t h

R e g i o n a l l y

l e v e l

T o t a l

< I S O O

g

C a t e g o r y I

C a t e g o r y 2 d e s i g n a t e d o f

H o s p i t a l n=

( )

d a y s / y e a r

d a y s / y e a r

NICU

c a r e

1

2 4 6

2 7

7 9 9 t

6 2 9

Y e s

3

2 4 1 4 2 5

1 7 6 7 : t

1 0 6 0

Y e s

3

3 6 0 0

1 2

8 1 6 t

3 8 6

2

4 t

5 7 3 4 : 2 8 7

3

5 4 4 6

1 0 3 1 4

3 3

2

6 2 6 6 8

8 6

9

1

7

3 3 0

7

4 4

2 1

2

8 3 5 7

1 3 5 3

2 2

1

9

3 8 6

1 9

1 4 8 5 *

3 6 8

Y e s

2

1 0 1 8 1

1 2 8 0

7 9

1

1 1

2 0 9

1 5 2 8 7 9 8

2

1 2 4 6 3

1 2

6 7 7 t

7 Y e s

2

1 3 t

3

3

1

1 4 3 2 7

1 5 3 1 3

2 2

2

1 5 t

3

0

1

1 6

1 7 4 1 1 6 6

2

1

1 7

2 1 0

7 7

1 1

1 8

4 0 6

2 1 1 2 8 3 4

5 4 0 Y e s

3

* D a t a f o r

a d m i s s i o n s

a n d w o r kl o a d

f o r t h e

y e a r 1 9 9 0 t a k e n

f r o m

t h e a n n u a l

r e p o r t

o f t h e

R e g i o n a l P e r i n a t a l

M o n i t o r i n g G r o u p .

  4

t A d m i s s i o n

d a t a

f o r

h o s p i t a l s

3 a n d

4 ,

1 2 a n d

1 3 ,

a n d 1 4 a n d

1 5

a r e

c o m b i n e d .

t i g h

w o r k l o a d ;

more t h a n 5 0 0 h o u r s

o f

c a t e g o r y

1

i n t e n s i v e

care a

y e a r .

 

2

b i r t h w e i g h t t o h o s p i t a l

m o r t a l i t y f o r a l l b a b i e s ,

a n d

t o

m o r b i d i t y

f o r

s u r v i v o r s

w e r e a n a l y s e d

u s i n g

u n i v a r i a t e

a n a l y s i s .

S p e a r m a n s

r a n k c o r -

r e l a t i o n

c o e f f i c i e n t

w a s u s e d

t o e x p l o r e

t h e i r

a s s o c i a t i o n

w i t h

l e n g t h

o f

s t a y .

R e c e i v e r

o p e r a t i n g

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

( R O C )

c u r v e s

c o m p a r e d

t h e

p e r f o r m a n c e

o f d i f f e r e n t

t e s t s , b y

p l o t t i n g

s e n s i t i v i t y

o r

d e t e c t i o n r a t e

a g a i n s t

1 - s p e c i f i c i t y

  f a l s e p o s i t i v e r a t e ) . 1 0

The

b e s t

t e s t

i s o n e

w h i c h a c h i e v e s

t h e

h i g h e s t

s e n s i t i v i t y

f o r t h e l o w e s t

f a l s e

p o s i t i v e

r a t e .

ROC c u r v e s

w e r e c o m p o s e d

f o r CRIB s c o r e ,

b i r t h w e i g h t ,

a n d

g e s t a t i o n

t o

a s s e s s

t h e a b i l i t y

o f

e a c h

t o p r e d i c t h o s p i t a l

m o r t a l i t y

a n d ,

a m o n g

s u r v i v o r s ,

n e u r o l o g i c a l

m o r b i d i t y .

B a b i e s

w e r e

a l l o c a t e d

t o t h e h o s p i t a l

w h i c h

p r o v i d e d

m o s t o f

t h e i r

c a r e

i n

t h e

f i r s t

7 2

h o u r s

o f

l i f e . 3 H o s p i t a l s

1 - 1 8 w e r e

a l l w i t h i n

S o u t h

E a s t Thames r e g i o n .

H o s p i t a l

n u m b e r

1 9

c o m p r i s e d

d a t a

f r o m s e v e r a l

h o s p i t a l s

o u t o f

t h e

r e g i o n

i n w h i c h b a b i e s

o f

r e s i d e n t

m o t h e r s

w e r e d e l i v e r e d

o r t o w h i c h t h e y

w e r e t r a n s -

f e r r e d .

I n t h e

a n a l y s i s

o f t h e i r

p e r f o r m a n c e ,

h o s p i t a l s

1 - 1 8 w e r e

c a t e g o r i s e d

i n t h r e e

w a y s

  t a b l e

1 ) :

l e v e l

o f

c a r e ; w o r k l o a d ; a n d

d e s i g n a -

t i o n .

P a n e t h e t

a l

d e s c r i b e d t h r e e

l e v e l s o f

n e o -

n a t a l i n t e n s i v e

c a r e w i t h

l e v e l 1

b e i n g

t h e

h i g h -

e s t

l e v e l o f

c a r e . 1 1

F i e l d

e t

a l

1 2

r e l a t e d

w o r k l o a d t o t h e

number o f h o u r s

o f

v e n t i l a t i o n

p e r

y e a r ,

w h i c h

i s

e q u i v a l e n t

t o

c a t e g o r y

1

m a x i m a l

i n t e n s i v e

c a r e , 1 3

i n a d d i t i o n t o

s p e c i a l i s t

n e o n a t a l c o n s u l t a n t

i n p u t

a n d 2 4

h o u r m i d d l e

g r a d e

m e d i c a l

c o v e r .

A

h i g h

w o r k -

l o a d w a s d e f i n e d

a s

m ore t h a n 5 0 0

d a y s

o f

c a t e g o r y

1 c a r e

p e r

y e a r .

S o u t h

E a s t

Thames

R e g i o n a l

H e a l t h A u t h o r i t y

h a s

d e s i g n a t e d

f i v e

n e o n a t a l

u n i t s

t o

b e

t e r t i a r y

r e f e r r a l n e o n a t a l

c e n t r e s .

1 4

C r u d e

h o s p i t a l

m o r t a l i t y

r a t e s

w e r e

a d j u s t e d

f o r CRIB

u s i n g

m u l t i p l e l o g i s t i c r e g r e s s i o n

a n a l y s i s

t o c o m p a r e t h e

p e r f o r m a n c e

o f

i n d i v i d u a l

n e o n a t a l u n i t s , a s d e s c r i b e d

b y

t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l

N e o n a t a l N e t w o r k , 3

a n d

b e t w e e n

t h e

t h r e e

d i f f e r e n t

c a t e g o r i e s

o f

u n i t s .

The

r a n k i n g s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l

u n i t s

w e r e

c o m p a r e d w i t h

i n d i r e c t s t a n d a r d i s e d

m o r t a l i t y

r a t i o s .

The s t a n d a r d i s e d

m o r a l i t y

r a t i o

(SMR)

i s d e s c r i b e d b y t h e e q u a t i o n :

S M R =

x 1 0 0

  n l XE1)+ (n2XE2)+ (n3XE3)+ ( n 4 X E 4 )

w h e r e n i s t h e n u m b e r o f b a b i e s ,

E i s

t h e

e x p e c t e d m o r t a l i t y r a t e ,

a n d

0

i s

t h e o b s e r v e d

n u m b e r o f d e a t h s among a l l r e g i o n a l b i r t h s i n

e a c h

o f

t h e

f o u r s u b g r o u p s   0 - 5 ,

6 - 1 0 , 1 1 - 1 5 ,

1 6 + ) o f

t h e

CRIB s c o r e .

The

d a t a

f r o m

t h i s

s t u d y

w e r e

u s e d

t o r e c r e -

a t e

t h e CRIB s c o r e b y r e p e a t i n g

t h e o r i g i n a l

m e t h o d o l o g y .

T h i s p r o v i d e d new

v a l u e s

f o r t h e

c o m p o n e n t s

o f t h e

s i x f a c t o r s i n t h e

s c o r e

a n d

i m p r o v e m e n t s t o

t h e s c o r e w e r e t h e n t e s t e d .

R e s u l t s

T h e r e

w e r e 6 7 6 b a b i e s

a d m i t t e d , o f

l e s s t h a n

3 2 w e e k s

o f

g e s t a t i o n o r

w e i g h i n g

l e s s t h a n

1 5 0 0 g . A n a l y s i s w a s

r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e 6 4 3

w i t h

c o m p l e t e

CRIB

d a t a . T a b l e

2 s h o w s t h e

n u m b e r s

o f

b a b i e s t r e a t e d , n u m b e r s

o f d e a t h s ,

a n d

mean

CRIB

s c o r e s i n e a c h

h o s p i t a l .

T h e r e

w e r e

s i g n i f i c a n t l y

m o r e

d e a t h s

among

t h e

c a s e s

w i t h

a n

i n c o m p l e t e

CRIB

s c o r e

( 1 3 / 3 3 = 3 9 X 4

v

1 0 1 / 6 4 3 =

1 5 - 7 ;

x 2 =

1 2 X 5 6 ;

P = 0 - 0 0 0 1 ) .

H o w e v e r ,

s i x o f t h e d e a t h s w e r e i n

b a b i e s a d m i t t e d f o r

t e r m i n a l c a r e . The o t h e r

s e v e n l i v e d f o r

1 2

h o u r s

o r

m o r e ,

h a d

r e s p i r a -

t o r y s u p p o r t ,

a n d w o u l d

h a v e b e e n

e x p e c t e d

t o

h a v e h a d

a b l o o d

g a s

a n a l y s i s p e r f o r m e d , b u t

s o m e d a t a

w e r e

m i s s i n g .

A f t e r

e x c l u d i n g

t h e

s i x

b a b i e s

a d m i t t e d f o r t e r m i n a l c a r e t h e r e

w a s

n o

l o n g e r a s i g n i f i c a n t

d i f f e r e n c e i n m o r t a l i t y

( 7 / 2 7 = 2 5 . 9

v 1 0 1 / 6 4 3 = 1 5 - 7 ; x 2 = 1 X 3 3 8 ;

P = 0 - 0 9 ) .

CRIB s c o r e ,

g e s t a t i o n ,

a n d b i r t h w e i g h t

w e r e

a l l

s i g n i f i c a n t

u n i v a r i a t e p r e d i c t o r s

o f

h o s p i t a l

m o r t a l i t y

( P < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) .

F o r

e x a m p l e ,

m o r t a l i t y

i n

h o s p i t a l

r o s e f r o m

3

( 1 4 / 4 6 4 )

w i t h a

CRIB

s c o r e

o f 0 - 5 t o

94

1 5 / 1 6 )

w i t h a s c o r e > 1 5 .

M o r t a l i t y

i n

h o s p i t a l r o s e

f r o m

7

( 9 / 1 2 9 )

i n

b a b i e s b o r n a t 3 1

w e e k s

g e s t a t i o n

t o

6 1

1 1 / 1 8 )

a t

2 4 w e e k s .

M o r t a l i t y

i n

h o s p i t a l

r o s e

f r o m 6

9 / 1 5 2 )

i n t h o s e

w h o s e b i r t h w e i g h t

w a s

>

1 2 4 9

g

t o 73 7 0 / 9 6 )

i n t h o s e

w e i g h i n g

<750

g .

The ROC c u r v e s h o w e d t h a t

CRIB

s c o r e

p r e d i c t e d m o r t a l i t y

w i t h

g r e a t e r

s e n s i t i v i t y ,

a t

a l l l e v e l s o f

s p e c i f i c i t y ,

t h a n d i d

g e s t a t i o n

o r

b i r t h w e i g h t   f i g 1 ) .

T a b l e

2 N u m b e r s

t r e a t e d ,

n u m b e r

o f

d e a t h s

a n d m e a n

CRIB

s c o r e

b y

h o s p i t a l

H o s p i t a l

T o t a l D e a t h s

Me a n C RI B

s c o r e

1

7 4 1 3

3 . 5

2

1 0 3

2 1 4 - 4

3

3 6

8

4 - 1

4

4 5

6 3 - 5

5

2 1 1 1 - 6

6

1 3 0

2 - 0

7

2 2 1

2 - 1

8 1 0

0

2 - 2

9

9 5

1 8 49

1 0

5 0 2 - 0

1 1 3 3

1 1

5 - 6

1 2

3 9

7

4 - 6

1 3 1 0

0

1 4

2 2 2

2 - 9

1 5 0

 

1 6

5

0

3 - 8

1 7 2 0 1

0

1 8 5 4

4

2 - 9

1 9

6 3

9

5 - 6

T o t a l 6 4 3 1 0 1

( 1 6 ) 4 0

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d e C o u r c y - W h e e l e r , W o l f e , F i t z g e r a l d , S p e n c e r , G o o d m a n , G a m s u

1 0 0 o - - - -

8 0 _

j6

- - - - C R I B

s c o r e

  G e s t a t i o n

D 4 0

- - -

B i r t h w e i g h t

2 0

 

0 9

0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0

F a l s e p o s i t i v e r a t e

F i g u r e

1

ROC c u r v e s f o r p r e d i c t i o n

o f

m o r t a l i t y

i n

h o s p i t a l b y CRIB s c o r e , g e s t a t i o n ,

a n d

b i r t h w e i g h t

( n = 6 4 3 ) .

S i m i l a r l y ,

CRIB

s c o r e , g e s t a t i o n , a n d

b i r t h -

w e i g h t

w e r e

a l l

s i g n i f i c a n t

u n i v a r i a t e

p r e d i c t o r s

o f n e u r o l o g i c a l

m o r b i d i t y ( P < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) .

N e u r o -

l o g i c a l p r o b l e m s i n c r e a s e d f r o m 5 ( 2 2 / 4 5 0 )

w i t h a CRIB s c o r e

o f

0 - 5 t o

2 8 5 / 1 8 )

w i t h a

s c o r e o f

>

1

1 . T h e s e p r o b l e m s i n c r e a s e d f r o m

2 - 7 ( 5 / 1 8 3 )

i n

t h o s e b o r n a t

3 1 w e e ks g e s t a -

t i o n

o r m o r e

t o 2 5

2 / 8 )

i n

t h o s e b o r n

a t l e s s

t h a n

2 5

w e e k s

g e s t a t i o n ,

a n d i n c r e a s e d

f r o m

3

5

( 1 0 / 2 8 7 )

i n

t h o s e w h o s e

b i r t h w e i g h t w a s

>1249

g

t o 2 3

6 / 2 6 )

i n

t h o s e

w e i g h i n g

<750

g .

H o w e v e r ,

f o r

t h e p r e d i c t i o n

o f

m o r -

b i d i t y , t h e

ROC

c u r v e

s h o w e d n o

d i f f e r e n c e

b e t w e e n

CRIB

s c o r e , g e s t a t i o n ,

o r

b i r t h w e i g h t

  f i g

2 .

CRIB

s c o r e ,

g e s t a t i o n

a t

b i r t h ,

a n d

b i r t h -

w e i g h t

w e r e

c o r r e l a t e d s t r o n g l y

w i t h

l e n g t h

o f

s t a y ,

t h e

S p e a r m a n

r a n k c o r r e l a t i o n s b e i n g

0 - 6 1 2 ,

- 0 - 7 5 ,

a n d

- 0 - 7 6 6 , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

The

c r u d e o d d s o f d e a t h , t h e o d d s o f

d e a t h

a d j u s t e d

f o r

CRIB

s c o r e ,

a n d s t a n d a r d i s e d

m o r t a l i t y

r a t i o s a r e

s h o w n

i n t a b l e 3 . A f t e r

a l l o w i n g

f o r

e x u t e r o

t r a n s f e r s ,

s e v e n l e v e l

1

h o s p i t a l s

h a d z e r o m o r t a l i t y a n d w e r e o m i t t e d

f r o m t h e

t a b l e .

T h e r e

w a s

n o

s i g n i f i c a n t

d i f -

f e r e n c e

i n

m o r t a l i t y

o r

a d j u s t e d

m o r t a l i t y

1 0 0

_ D - -

80-

6 0

 

:

- a - -

B i r t h w e i g h t

c 1 ,

- - - v - - -

C R I B

sc ore

4 0

G e s t a t i o n

o

2 0

0

0

2 0 4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

F a l s e

p o s i t i v e r a t e

F i g u r e

2

ROC

c u r v e s f o r

p r e d i c t i o n o f i n t r a c e r e b r a l

m o r b i d i t y

(IVH

P a p i l e g r a d e I I I o r I V )

i n

s u r v i v o r s

( n = 5 4 2 )

b y

CRIB s c o r e , g e s t a t i o n , a n d

b i r t h w e i g h t .

T a b l e

3 C o m p a r i s o n o f h o s p i t a l m o r t a l i t y

r a t e s a n d r a n k s

C r u d e

o d d s

A d j u s t e d o d d s SMR

( N o o f d e a t h s )

b y

CRIB

b y

CRIB

H o s p i t a l *

O d d s

R a n k

O d d s

R a n k

SMR R a n k

7

0 - 2 2

  1 ) 1

0 - 2 7

1 5 7 1

1 8 t

0 - 3 8   4 )

3 0 3 0

2

6 6 2

1 4

0 - 4 7   2 )

4 03 3 3

7 5

3

1 2 t

1 - 0 3   7 )

7

0 - 5 2

4

9 0

5

5 0 - 2 4 ( 1 )

2

0 - 5 2

5

8 0

4

9 t

1 - 1 0

  1 8 )

8 0

5 5 6 9 1 6

4

0

7 0

  6 )

5

0 - 8 0

7

1 0 9

7

2 t

1 - 2 2

  2 1 )

9 0 - 8 4 8

1 0 9 8

1 *

1 0 0

  1 3 )

6 1 0 0 9 1 2 1

9

3

1 - 3 4   8 ) 1 0

1 - 2 0 1 0

1 2 8 1 0

1 1

2 - 3 5

  1 1 ) 1 1

1 - 4 8

1 1 1 3 0 1 1

* S e v e n

h o s p i t a l s

h a d

z e r o

m o r t a l i t y . A l t h o u g h

n o t

e x c l u d e d

f r o m t h e a n a l y s i s ,

t h e y a r e e x c l u d e d f r o m

t h e

t a b l e .

t D e s i g n a t e d

r e g i o n a l

n e o n a t a l i n t e n s i v e c a r e u n i t .

b e t w e e n

t h e

r e m a i n i n g

1 1

h o s p i t a l s (P>0 5 ) .

The

o d d s o f

d e a t h

w e r e

h i g h e r , b o t h b e f o r e

a n d

a f t e r

a d j u s t m e n t f o r c a s e - m i x

i n

l e v e l

3 , f o r

h i g h w o r k l o a d a n d

d e s i g n a t e d

n e o n a t a l

u n i t s

c o m p a r e d

w i t h t h e

r e s t ,

b u t t h e

d i f f e r e n c e s

w e r e

n o t s i g n i f i c a n t

  t a b l e

4 ) .

Ne w

v a l u e s

f o r

t h e

s e p a r a t e

c o m p o n e n t s

o f

C R I B ,

d e r i v e d f r o m

t h e d a t a

i n

t h i s

s t u d y ,

g a v e

i n c r e a s e d w e i g h t

t o

l o w g e s t a t i o n

( - 2 4 w e e k s ) .

Lo w

g e s t a t i o n

s c o r e d

1 / 2 3

i n

t h e

o r i g i n a l

CRIB

a n d 6 / 3 2 i n t h e n e w

d e r i v a t i o n . T h e r e w a s

a

s m a l l , s i g n i f i c a n t i m p r o v e m e n t

i n

f i t when t h e

s c o r e

w a s

b a s e d

on

f o u r

i n s t e a d o f

t w o

g e s t a -

t i o n a l

a g e

c a t e g o r i e s ,

b u t

t h e

c h a n g e

i n

t h e

ROC c u r v e

o f m o r t a l i t y i n

h o s p i t a l

w a s

m i n i m a l .

D i s c u s s i o n

A s f a r

a s we

k n o w ,

t h i s i s t h e f i r s t

s t u d y t o

e v a l u a t e

CRIB

i n

a

g e o g r a p h i c a l

c o h o r t o f

i n f a n t s .

D a t a f o r t h e s c o r e w e r e

e a s y

t o c o l l e c t

a n d c o u l d

r e a d i l y

b e

i n c o r p o r a t e d

i n t o

a n y

r e g i s t e r

o f

v e r y

l o w

b i r t h w e i g h t i n f a n t s .

To

i n t e r p r e t

t h e s c o r e , d a t a f r o m

e a c h

c e n t r e n e e d

t o b e

p o o l e d ,

w h i c h means

t h a t

i n d i v i d u a l

h o s p i t a l s

l o s e

s i g h t

o f t h e i r o wn

d a t a a n d

t h i s

r e d u c e s

t h e

i m p e t u s

t o

c o l l e c t i t . The

SMR

m e t h o d ,

w h i c h

c o m p u t e s a d j u s t e d

r i s k ,

c a n

b e

c a l c u l a t e d

l o c a l l y

o n c e

e x p e c t e d

m o r t a l i t y r a t e s

f o r e a c h

s u b g r o u p

o f t h e CRIB

s c o r e

a r e

k n o w n .

I n

t h i s s t u d y t h e

s t a n d a r d

p o p u l a t i o n ,

f r o m

w h i c h

t h e

e x p e c t e d

m o r t a l i t y

r a t e s

w e r e

d e r i v e d ,

w a s

t h e

r e g i o n a l

c o h o r t . T h i s i s n o t

n e c e s s a r i l y t h e

i d e a l s t a n d a r d

a n d

t h e r e i s

t h e r e f o r e

a

d a n g e r

t h a t

h o s p i t a l s

w i l l

i n t e r p r e t

a

l o w SMR

a s

a

v e r y

g o o d r e s u l t

when i t

m a y

o n l y

b e

r e l a t i v e l y g o o d . N o t wi t h s t a n d i n g ,

t a b l e

3

s h o w s t h a t

h o s p i t a l r a n k i n g b y

SMR i s

a l m o s t

i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h a t

u s i n g C R I B ,

t h e

d i f -

f e r e n c e

b e i n g

d u e

t o s m a l l

n u m b e r s

a n d

w i d e

c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l s . C e n t r a l

c o l l a t i o n o f

CRIB d a t a

c o u l d

b e

j u s t i f i e d b y

e n c o u r a g i n g

h o s p i t a l s

t o u s e

CRIB

when

c a l c u l a t i n g SMRs.

T a b l e

4

C o m p a r i s o n o f

c r u d e a n d

CRIB

a d j u s t e d

o d d s

o f

d e a t h b e t w e e n

P a n e t h l e v e l

3 h o s p i t a l s , d e s i g n a t e d

NI C

U s ,

h i g h w o r k l o a d h o s p i t a l s ,

a n d

r e m a i n d e r

C r u d e

m o r e a l i t y

CRIB

a d J u s t e d

o d d s

r a t i o

( 9 5

C I )

o d d s

r a t i o ( 9 S

C I )

P a n e t h l e v e l 3

1 - 0 1 0 - 6 5 , 1 - 5 8 )

1 - 2 8

  0 - 6 8 ,

2 - 4 1 )

D e s i g n a t e d

NIGU

1 - 3 5   0 - 8 4 , 2 - 1 7 )

1 - 0 7

( 0

5 4 ,

2 - 1 1 )

H i g h w o r k l o a d

1 - 6 6   0 - 9 2 ,

2 9 9 )

1 - 4 3   0 - 6 0 ,

3

4 2 )

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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/archdischfn00064-0036 4/5

U s e o f

t h e CRIB s c o r e t o

p r e d i c t

n e o n a t a l m o r t a l i t y a n d m o r b i d i t y

F 3 5

m

4 5

-

  X

. 0 o o

4 0

- 0

 

_ *

*

*

.

0

3 _

*

5

e n

 

3 0

- 2 4 2 5 2 6

2 7 2 8 2 9

3 0 3 1

3 2 + A l l

G e s t a t i o n a l

a g e

a t b i r t h

F i g u r e

3

M e d i a n

g e s t a t i o n a l a g e a t

d i s c h a r g e f r o m

h o s p i t a l

  i n t e r q u a r t i l e r a n g e )

i n s u r v i v o r s

  n = 5 4 2 ) .

C o m p a r e d

w i t h

g e s t a t i o n

a n d b i r t h w e i g h t

CRIB w a s

b e t t e r

a t p r e d i c t i n g

m o r t a l i t y ,

w a s a s

g o o d

a t

p r e d i c t i n g m o r b i d i t y ,

b u t

w a s

l e s s

g o o d

a t p r e d i c t i n g l e n g t h

o f

s t a y .

D a t e

o f

d i s c h a r g e

f r o m

h o s p i t a l

i s

a n

a r b i t r a r y

e n d -

p o i n t ,

i n f l u e n c e d b y d i f f e r i n g

p o l i c i e s

o f

c a r e

r a t h e r

t h a n

q u a l i t y

o f

c a r e

o r

i l l n e s s

s e v e r i t y .

H o w e v e r ,

i t

c o r r e s p o n d s w e l l

t o

p o s t - c o n c e p -

t i o n a l

a g e 1 5

a n d

w a s

r e m a r k a b l y

c o n s t a n t

f o r

b a b i e s

o f a l l

g e s t a t i o n a l a g e s

i n

t h i s

s t u d y   f i g

3 ) .

Thus i t

s e e m s

r e a s o n a b l e

t o u s e m o r t a l i t y

i n

h o s p i t a l a s

a n o u t c o m e m e a s u r e .

CRIB w a s

t h e n

t h e

b e s t p r e d i c t o r

o f m o r t a l i t y

i n

h o s p i t a l .

A t a f a l s e

p o s i t i v e

r a t e o f

5 ,

CRIB

h a d a

s e n s i t i v i t y

o f 67 c o m p a r e d

w i t h a

s e n s i t i v i t y

o f 41

f o r

g e s t a t i o n

a n d f o r b i r t h w e i g h t .

A

s c o r e w h i c h

c a n a c c u r a t e l y p r e d i c t

m o r t a l -

i t y

c o u l d b e

u s e d

b y

p u r c h a s e r s

o f

h e a l t h

c a r e

t o r e f u s e

t o

p r o v i d e

e x p e n s i v e

c a r e

f o r

b a b i e s

w i t h

a

h i g h

s c o r e .

T h i s

w o u l d

b e a n a b u s e

o f a n

e p i d e m i o l o g i c a l

t o o l

i n i n d i v i d u a l c a s e s .

T h e r e

w e r e 1 6 b a b i e s

w i t h a

CRIB

s c o r e

o f 1 6 o r

more

who

p e r f o r m e d

t h e i r o wn

t r i a g e .

F i f t e e n

d i e d a f t e r u s i n g

l e s s

t h a n

a t o t a l o f

2 5

d a y s

o f

i n t e n s i v e

c a r e ,

a f r a c t i o n o f t h e

p e r

c e n t o f

d a y s

s p e n t

i n

c a t e g o r y

1

i n t e n s i v e

c a r e

e a c h

y e a r .

T h o u g h

t h e

d e c i s i o n t o t r e a t

v e r y

s m a l l b a b i e s

p o s e s

m a ny

e t h i c a l

p r o b l e m s , 6

t h e CRIB

s c o r e

d e m o n s t r a t e s t h a t c o s t

i s a m i n o r

f a c t o r .

C r a n i a l u l t r a s o u n d

f i n d i n g s

i n t h e

v e r y

l o w

b i r t h w e i g h t b a b y

h a v e b e e n s h o w n

t o c o r r e l a t e

s t r o n g l y

w i t h t h e i r

n e u r o d e v e l o p m e n t a l

o u t -

c o m e

a t

4

y e a r s

o f

a g e 1 7

a n d CRIB

h a s b e e n

s h o w n

t o

b e

h i g h l y

c o r r e l a t e d

w i t h b r a i n u l t r a -

s o u n d

f i n d i n g s . 3

I t

d o e s

n o t n e c e s s a r i l y

f o l l o w

t h a t

CRIB

c a n

p r e d i c t

n e u r o d e v e l o p m e n t a l

o u t c o m e .

I n

t h e

c u r r e n t

s t u d y , a l t h o u g h

C R I B ,

g e s t a t i o n

a t

b i r t h ,

a n d

b i r t h w e i g h t

w e r e

a l l

s i g n i f i c a n t l y

a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h c r a n i a l u l t r a -

s o u n d

f i n d i n g s ,

t h e y

a l l h a d l o w

s e n s i t i v i t y

o f

a b o u t 2 0

a t a 5

f a l s e

p o s i t i v e

r a t e . Thus t h e

CRIB

s c o r e a s

c u r r e n t l y

c a l c u l a t e d

d o e s

n o t

i m p r o v e

on e x i s t i n g

d a t a ( s u c h

a s

b i r t h w e i g h t

a n d

g e s t a t i o n a l

a g e )

f o r t h e

p r e d i c t i o n

o f b r a i n

u l t r a s o u n d a b n o r m a l i t i e s

a n d ,

u n l i k e

g e s t a t i o n

a t

b i r t h a n d

b i r t h w e i g h t , 1 8

b a b i e s

h a v e

n o t

y e t

b e e n f o l l o w e d

u p f o r l o n g e n o u g h

t o

d e m o n -

s t r a t e a n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h

n e u r o d e v e l o p m e n t a l

o u t c o m e .

T r a d i t i o n a l l y ,

b i r t h w e i g h t

s p e c i f i c

m o r t a l i t y

r a t e s h a v e b e e n

u s e d t o a s s e s s t h e o u t c o m e

o f

n e o n a t a l

a n d o b s t e t r i c c a r e 1 d e s p i t e

e v i d e n c e

t h a t g e s t a t i o n a t

b i r t h i s

a s u p e r i o r m e a s u r e . 1 9

The

ROC c u r v e o f

m o r t a l i t y i n h o s p i t a l

a l s o

s h o w s t h a t

g e s t a t i o n a t b i r t h i s b e t t e r

t h a n

b i r t h w e i g h t .

I t i s s u r p r i s i n g , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t

g e s -

t a t i o n

a t

b i r t h m a d e s u c h

a s m a l l c o n t r i b u t i o n

t o t h e

o v e r a l l

CRIB s c o r e ,

a n d

i t

h a s b e e n

e x c l u d e d

i n

o t h e r s i m i l a r

s c o r e s . 4

5

Y e t ,

more

e m p h a s i s o n

g e s t a t i o n

i n

t h e

CRIB s c o r e f a i l e d

t o

i m p r o v e

i t s a p p l i c a t i o n

i n

p r a c t i c e .

H o s p i t a l s

w e r e

d e f i n e d a s

t e a c h i n g o r n o n -

t e a c h i n g

i n

t h e

o r i g i n a l

p a p e r

on

CRIB3

d e p e n d i n g o n w h e r e

m e d i c a l s t u d e n t s

r e c e i v e d

m o s t

o f

t h e i r

c l i n i c a l t r a i n i n g . 2 0

T h i s

d e f i n i t i o n

g a v e

n o c l e a r

i d e a

a s

t o

t h e r e a l

d i f f e r e n c e s

a m o n g h o s p i t a l s w i t h r e g a r d

t o n e o n a t a l c a r e

s e r v i c e

p r o v i s i o n .

C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s

b y

w o r k l o a d 1 2

o r

l e v e l

o f

c a r e 1

 

a r e

r e p r o d u c i b l e

a n d

c o m p a r -

a b l e , a n d f u t u r e

s t u d i e s o n h o s p i t a l

p e r f o r -

mance

s h o u l d

u s e s i m i l a r

s t a n d a r d i s e d

c r i t e r i a .

The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f CRIB

when u s e d t o m e a -

s u r e

h o s p i t a l

p e r f o r m a n c e

w a s

d i f f i c u l t .

E v e n

o v e r

a o n e

y e a r p e r i o d

s e v e n

h o s p i t a l s

h a d

t o o

f e w c a s e s t o

c r e a t e a m e a n i n g f u l s c o r e

a n d ,

d u e

t o

i m p l e m e n t a t i o n

o f

a

p o l i c y

o f

i n

u t e r o a n d

e x

u t e r o

t r a n s f e r

o f h i g h

r i s k

f e t u s e s

a n d

n e o n a t e s , t h e y

h a d m o r t a l i t y

r a t e s o f z e r o . I f

CRIB w a s f u n c t i o n i n g

a s

a

m e a s u r e o f p e r f o r -

mance t h e

  b e s t h o s p i t a l s   l e v e l 3 ,

h i g h w o r k -

l o a d , d e s i g n a t e d

NICU) w o u l d

b e e x p e c t e d t o

h a v e

a h i g h e r

r a n k . T h i s

d i d

n o t

o c c u r e i t h e r

b e c a u s e

t h e

l e v e l 3

h o s p i t a l s

i n

S o u t h E a s t

Thames w e r e

p e r f o r m i n g

b a d l y o r

b e c a u s e

CRIB

w a s

n o t s e n s i t i v e

t o

t h e p e r f o r m a n c e

i t

p u r p o r t e d

t o m e a s u r e .

The

e x c e s s

m o r t a l i t y

m ay e q u a t e

w i t h u n m e a s u r e d

r i s k

r a t h e r t h a n

i n e f f e c t i v e c a r e . 1 7 F u r t h e r m o r e , m o r t a l i t y

m ay

n o t

b e t h e b e s t m e a s u r e

o f

q u a l i t y

o f c a r e a s

h o s p i t a l s

w i t h

l o w m o r t a l i t y

m ay

d i s c h a r g e

b a b i e s w i t h

h i g h e r

l e v e l s o f

m o r b i d i t y . U n t i l

CRIB

i s

e v a l u a t e d

f u r t h e r

i t c a n n o t

y e t

b e u s e d

b y p u r c h a s e r s

o r

p r o v i d e r s

o f

n e o n a t a l

i n t e n s i v e c a r e a s

a s e n s i t i v e

i n d i c a t o r o f

h o s p i t a l

p e r f o r m a n c e .

T h a n k s

a r e

d u e

t o S o u t h

E a s t

T h a m e s R e g i o n a l

H e a l t h

A u t h o r i t y

f o r

f u n d i n g ( R

d e C - W , MS)

a n d

t o

t h e h e a l t h c a r e

p r o f e s s i o n a l s

i n a l l t h e

u n i t s f o r

p e r m i t t i n g

u s a c c e s s

t o

t h e i r

d a t a .

1 O f f i c e

o f

P o p u l a t i o n

C e n s u s e s a n d

S u r v e y s .

B i r t h w e i g h t

S t a t i s t i c s S e r i e s

DH3.

L o n d o n :

HMSO,

1 9 9 3 .

2 H o r b a r

J ,

O n s t a d

L ,

W r i g h t

E .

P r e d i c t i n g m o r t a l i t y

r i s k

f o r

i n f a n t s

w e i g h i n g

5 1 0 - 1 5 0 0

g

a t b i r t h : a

N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e s

o f H e a l t h

N e o n a t a l

R e s e a r c h N e t w o r k

r e p o r t . C r i t

C a r e

M e d

1 9 9 3 ;

2 1 : 1 2 - 8 .

3

I n t e r n a t i o n a l

N e o n a t a l

N e t w o r k .

Th e

CRIB

  c l i n i c a l

r i s k

i n d e x f o r

b a b i e s )

s c o r e :

a t o o l f o r

a s s e s s i n g

i n i t i a l n e o n a t a l

r i s k

a n d c o m p a r i n g

t h e

p e r f o r m a n c e

o f

n e o n a t a l

i n t e n s i v e

c a r e

u n i t s .

L a n c e t

1 9 9 3 ;

3 42 : 1 9 3- 8 .

4 R i c h a r d s o n

D ,

P h i b b s

C , G r a y J . B i r t h w e i g h t

a n d i l l n e s s

s e v e r i t y :

i n d e p e n d e n t

i n d i c a t o r s o f d i s e a s e

s e v e r i t y .

P e d i a t r i c s

1 9 9 3 ;

9 1 : 9 6 9 - 7 5 .

5 R i c h a r d s o n

D , G r a y J ,

M c C o r m i c k M ,

G o l d m a n

D .

S c o r e

f o r

n e o n a t a l

a c u t e

p h y s i o l o g y :

a

p h y s i o l o g y s e v e r i t y

i n d e x

f o r

n e o n a t a l i n t e n s i v e c a r e .

P e d i a t r i c s

1 9 9 3 ;

9 1 :

6 1 7 - 2 3 .

6

G r a n t J .

Th e

CRIB s c o r e . L a n c e t

1 9 9 3 ;

3 42 : 6 1 2.

7

F e n t o n

A ,

F i e l d

D ,

S o l i m a n o

A ,

A n n i c h

G .

The CRIB

s c o r e .

L a n c e t

1 9 9 3 ;

3 4 2 :

6 1 2 - 3 .

8

S e p k o w i t z

S .

The

CRIB

s c o r e . L a n c e t

1 9 9 3 ;

3 42 : 9 3 8 .

9

P a p i l e L - A ,

B u r s t e i n

J ,

B u r s t e i n

R ,

K o f f i e r H . I n c i d e n c e a n d

e v o l u t i o n

o f

s u b e p e n d y m a l

a n d i n t r a v e n t r i c u l a r h a e m o r -

r h a g e :

a

s t u d y

o f i n f a n t s w i t h

b i r t h w e i g h t s

l e s s t h a n

1 5 0 0

g .

J f

P e d i a t r

1 9 7 8 ;

9 2 : 5 2 9 - 3 4 .

1 0

A l t m a n

D ,

B l a n d

J . D i a g n o s t i c

t e s t s

3 : r e c e i v e r o p e r a t i n g

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p l o t s . BM J 1 9 9 4 ; 3 0 9 :

1 8 8 .

1 1 P a n e t h N , K i e l y J L , W a l l e n s t e i n 5 , M a r c u s

M , P a k t e r J ,

S u s s e r M. Newborn i n t e n s i v e c a r e

a n d

n e o n a t a l m o r t a l i t y

i n

l o w

b i r t h w e i g h t i n f a n t s . N E n g i

J f

M e d

1 9 8 2 ;

3 0 7 :

1 4 9 - 5 5 .

1 2

F i e l d D , H o d g e s 5 ,

Mason E , B u r t o n

P .

S u r v i v a l a n d

p l a c e

o f t r e a t m e n t a f t e r p r e m a t u r e

d e l i v e r y . A r c h

D i s

C h i l d

1 9 9 1 ; 6 6 :

4 0 8 - 1 1 .

1 3

C o o k e

R . R e p o r t o f a w o r k i n g

g r o u p

o f t h e

B r i t i s h

A s s o c i a t i o n

o f

P e r i n a t a l M e d i c i n e a n d

N e o n a t a l N u r s e s

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F 3 6

d e

C o u r c y - W h e e l e r ,

W o l f e , F i t z g e r a l d , S p e n c e r ,

G o o d m a n ,

G a m s u

A s s o c i a t i o n o n

c a t e g o r i e s

o f b a b i e s

r e q u i r i n g

n e o n a t a l

c a r e .

A r c h

D i s

C h i l d

1 9 9 2 ;

6 7 : 8 6 8 - 9 .

1 4 R e gi o na l P e r i n a t a l

M o n i t o r i n g G r o u p (RPMG). P e r i n a t a l

P r o f i k

1 9 9 0 . L o n d o n :

S o u t h

E a s t Thames R e g i o n a l

H e a l t h

A u t h o r i t y ,

1 9 9 2 .

1 5

P o w e l l P ,

P o w e l l C , H o l l i s

S ,

R o b i n s o n

M. W h e n

w i l l

m y

b a b y

g o

h o m e ? A r c h

D i s

C h i l d

1 9 9 2 ;

6 7 :

1 2 1 4 - 6 .

1 6 R o b e r t o n N .

S h o u l d

we l o o k a f t e r b a b i e s l e s s

t h a n 8 0 0 g ?

A r c h D i s

C h i l d

1 9 9 3 ;

6 8 :

3 2 6 - 9 .

1 7

C o s t e l l o A ,

H a m i l t o n

P ,

B a u d i n

J .

P r e d i c t i o n o f n e u r o -

d e v e l o p m e n t a l i m p a i r m e n t a t f o u r y e a r s f r o m b r a i n

u l t r a s o u n d

a p p e a r a n c e o f

v e r y

p r e t e r m

i n f a n t s .

D e v

M e d

C h i l d N e u r o l

1 9 8 8 ;

3 0 : 7 1 1 - 2 2 .

1 8 J o h n s o n

A , T o w n s h e n d P , Y u d k i n P , B u l l D ,

W i l k i n s o m A .

F u n c t i o n a l a b i l i t i e s a t a ge 4 y e a r s

o f c h i l d r e n b o r n b e f o r e

2 9 w e e k s o f

g e s t a t i o n . BM J 1 9 9 3 ; 3 0 6 : 1 7 1 5 - 8 .

1 9

V e r l o o v e - V a n h o r i c k S P , V e r w e y

R A ,

B r a n d R ,

B e n n e b r o e k

G r a v e n h o r s t J , K e i r s e

MJNC,

R u y s J H . N e o n a t a l m o r t a l -

i t y

r i s k i n r e l a t i o n t o

g e s t a t i o n a l a g e a n d b i r t h w e i g h t .

L a n c e t

1 9 8 6 ;

i :

5 5 - 7 .

2 0

T a r n o w - M o r d i W , C o o k e R ,

P a r r y G ,

O g s t o n

S . The

CRIB

s c o r e . L a n c e t

1 9 9 3 ;

3 4 2 :

6 1 3 .