archeo bacteria

5/25/2018 Archeo Bacteria

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Kingdom

Archaebacteria

Both kingdoms of bacteria have species that are

microscopic; humans cant see them unless we

stain them and then look at them under the

microscope. The pictures you see are magnified

many times!!


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Kingdom

Archaebacteria

Diantara Golongan bakteri terdapat spesies yg

mikroskopis, manusia tidak dpat melihatnya

kecuali kita mewarnainya dan melihatnya dibawah mikroskop. Gambar yang dilihat dapaet

diperbesar berkali-kali


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Background Biologists have long organized living

things into large groups calledkingdoms.

There are six of them:

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria

Protista Fungi

Plantae

Animalia


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Latar belakangPara ahli biologi telah

lama menyusunmakhluk hidup kedalam

kelompok besar yang di

sebut kingdom. Ada 6

kelompok yaitu Archaebacteria

Eubacteria

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia


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5 common characteristics used for comparison among living organisms:

Cell type2 kingdoms are prokaryotic; 4 kingdoms are eukaryotic

Cell wall4 of the 6 kingdoms have a cell wall

Body typeunicellular vs. multicellular

Nutritionautotrophic vs. heterotrophic

Reproductionsexual vs. asexual


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5 karakteristik yang biasa digunakan untuk membandingkan makhluk hidup

diantaranya

Tipe sel- 2 kingdom adalah prokariotik 4 kingdom adalah eukariotik

Dinding sel- 4 diantaranya memiliki dinding sel

Tipe selsel satu dan multiseluler(bersel banyak)

Nutrisi(cara mendapatkan makanan)- autotrofik dan

heterotrofik

Reproduksi- seksual dan aseksual


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Some recent findings

In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into two groups ofbacteria:

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Because these two groups of bacteria were different in manyways scientists created a new level of classification called a

DOMAINNow we have 3 domains sekarang kita mempunyai 3 domain

1. Bacteria

2. Archaea

3. Eukarya


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Beberapa penemuan terbaru

Pada Tahun1996, para ilmuan memutuskan untuk membagimodera ke dalam dua kelompok bakteri

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Karena kedua kelompok bakteri ini berbeda dalam banyak halpara ilmuan menciptakan tingkatan baru dalam klasifikasi yang di

sebut domain:

sekarang kita mempunyai 3 domain1. Bacteria

2. Archaea

3. Eukarya


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The Domain

Archaea

ancient bacteria

Some of the firstarchaebacteria were

discovered inYellowstone NationalParks hot springs andgeysers.berberapa dariarch pertama di etmukan

di yellow stone nasionalparks hot springs andgeysers.

Prokaryotes arestructurally simple, but

biochemically complex Prokariotik yang

mempunyai strukturalsimpel tetapi biokimianyakomplek


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Domain Archaea Bakteri purba

berberapa dari archaeapertama di temukan di

mata air panas dan airmancur panas tamannasional yellow stone.

Prokariotik yangmempunyai struktural

simpel tetapi biokimianyakomplek


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Basic Facts They live in extreme environments (like hot springs or

salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and

ocean water).

All are unicellular (each individual is only one cell).

No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.

Some have a flagella that aids in their locomotion.


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Ciri-ciriMereka tinggal di lingkuangan yang ekstrim seperti daerah

yg panas atau danau yg asin dan lingkungan yg normal

seperti tanah dan lautan

termasuk ke dalam uniseluler( tiap individu adalah satu

sel)

tidak ada peptidoglikan di dinding selbeberapa mempunyai flagel yg membantu bergerak


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Some weird things about this

kingdom Most dont need oxygen to survive They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight

They can survive enormous temperature extremes

They can survive high doses of radiation (radioactivity)

They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor vents deep belowthe oceans surface

They can tolerate huge pressure differences


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Beberapa kemampuan kingdom ini

Tidak membutuhkan oksigen utk hidup Dapat memperoleh atp(energi) dr mthari

da[pat bertahan hidup di suhu eksrim yg besar sekali

Dapat bertahan hidup di radiasi yang tinggi(radioaktif)

Dapat bertahan hidup di bawah batu dan lubang2 dasar laut jauhdari permuaan laut

Dapat menahan perbedaan tekanan yang sangat besar


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3 Main Types

Methanogens

Thermoacidophiles

Halophiles

3 tipe utama

Methanogens


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3 tipe utama

Methanogens

Thermoacidophiles

Halophiles


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Methanogens They release methane (CH4) as a

waste product

Many live in mud at the bottom of lakesand swamps because it lacks oxygen

Some live in the intestinal tracts ofanimals to help break down food

Others like to hang out in the stomach

Your intestinal gas is a waste productcaused by bacteria in the bodybreaking down the food you eatthatswhy farts dont smell sweet!


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Methanogens Mereka melepaskan methan (CH4) sbg

hasil sisa

Banyak yang hidup dalam lumpur didasar danau dan rawa karena disanakurang oksigen

Beberapa tinggal di saluran nusushewan utk membantu menghancurkanmakanan

Yang lainnya berada di perut

Gas usus kita merupakan hasil sisakarena bakteri di badan yangmenghancurkan mkanan yg kita mkanitulah sebabnya gas buang tidakberbau enak


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Significance of methanogens They could play a role in

garbage/sewage cleanup byhaving methanogens eat

garbage.

The methane waste the

bacteria produce after eating

the garbage or sewage couldbe used as fuel to heat

homes.

Some landfills already employ

this methodthe only problem is

that its expensive. Mereka dapat


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Thermoacidophiles Live in the dark

Live without oxygen

Like to live in superheated water with temperatures reaching 750 deg

F

Prefer environments that are very acidic (between pH of 1-3)

Live in a chemical soup of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and other dissolvedminerals (rotten egg smell)

Thermo = temperature

Acidophil = acid loving


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ThermoacidophilesThermo = temperature

Acidophil = acid loving

Hidup di tempat gelap

Hidup tanpa oksigen

Suka hidup di air yang sangat panas dengan suhu mencapai 750 derajat

farenheitLebih suka pada lingkungan yang sangat asam (sekitar pH 1-3)

Hidup di cairan kimia hidrogen sulfida dan larutan mineral lainnya(berbau

telur busuk)


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The interior layers of the Earth are

made up of many different types of

metals (iron, copper). The black color is

caused by a chemical reaction of the

metals with the ocean water. In

extreme temperatures and pressures,

this is where some thermoacidophiles

like to live.

Black Smokers


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Other thermoacidophiles like to live in hot springs or geysers. Hot

springs are pools of hot water that have moved toward earth's surface.

The source of their heat is the hot magma beneath and they can reach

temperatures as high as 400 degrees Fahrenheit


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Termoacidopila yang lain senang hidup di mata air yang panas atau ai

mancur panas. Air mata yg panas merupakan kumpulan dari air panas

yang bergerak menuju pusat bumi .sumber panas mereka berada di

bawah magma panas dan mereka dapat mencapai suhu tinggi sampai

400 derajat farenheit.


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http://www.nps.gov/archive/yell/oldfaithfulcam.htm

Old Faithful erupts more frequently than

any of the other big geysers. Its average

interval between eruptions is about 91

minutes. An eruption lasts 1 1/2 to 5

minutes, expels 3,700 - 8,400 gallons of

boiling water, and reaches heights of

106 - 184 feet.
http://www.nps.gov/archive/yell/oldfaithfulcam.htmhttp://www.nps.gov/archive/yell/oldfaithfulcam.htm


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Halophiles

Can live in water with saltconcentrations exceeding15%

The oceansconcentration is roughly

4% Halo = salt

phil = loving

The Great Salt Lake in Utah


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Halophiles

Halo = saltphil = loving

Dapat didup di air dengankonsentrasi garammelewati 15%

Konsentrasi laut sekiar4%

The Great Salt Lake in Utah


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The Great Salt Lake in Utah It is interesting to note that the Great Salt Lake is actually three to five times

saltier than the ocean.

Every year, members of the salt industry extract about 2.5 million tons ofsodium chloride (salt, NaCl) from the lake.

The Great Salt Lake has no fish. The largest aquatic critters in the GreatSalt Lake are brine shrimp.

Given that the salty water can be corrosive to metal, motorized boats arenot very popular at Great Salt Lake State Park. Additionally, since the salt

content of the Great Salt Lake increases the waters density, water skiingand jet skiing is not very common


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The Great Salt Lake in Utah Ini menarik untuk mencatat bahwa danau great salt sesungguhnya 3-5 kali

lebih asin dari pada lautan

Tiap tahun, pekerja dari industri garam mengekstrak 2,5 miliar ton sodiumklorida dari danau

Di dalam danau asin ini tidak terdapat ikan. Penghuni terbesar di danauadalah udang

Mengingat air yangasin tersebut dapat merusak metal, perahu motor tidakterlalu diminati di danau tersebut. Sebagai tambahan, sejak kandungan

garam dari danau dapat meningkatkan desintas air, ski air dan jet ski tidaksering di gunakan


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Kingdom

Eubacteriatrue bacteria


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Kingdom

Eubakteribakteri sesungguhnya


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Bacteria vs. EukaryaBacteria Eukarya

Internal

compartmentalization

No nucleus, few

organelles

Nucleus with many

organelles

Ukuran sel Very small; microscopic Small; still microscopic but

10 to 100 times bigger

than bacteria

Number of cells Unicellular Multicellular

kromosom Single, circular DNA

strand

Many chromosomes made

up of DNA

reproduksi Asexually by binary fission Sexually by mitosis and

meiosis

Flagella Common in most species Seldom seen in species;

longer and stronger than

bacteria

Metabolic diversity Can survive with or

without oxygen

Require oxygen to survive


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Bacteria vs. EukaryaBacteria Eukarya

Internal

compartmentalization

tidak ada ini, memiliki

beberapa organel

Punya inti, mempunyai

banyak organel

Ukuran sel Sangat kecil(mikroskopis) Kecil:mikroskopis tetapi 10

sampai 100 kali lebih

besar dari bakteri

Jumla Sel Bersel satu Bersel banyak

kromosom Single, untaian dna

melingkar

Banyakkromosm terbuat

dari dna

reproduksi Aseksual (pembelahan

biner)

Seksual(mitosis dan

meiosis)

Flagella Terdapat di bnyak spesies jarang terlihat di spesies,

lebih panjang dan kuat

dari bakteri

Metabolic diversity Dapat bertahan tanpa

oksigen

Membutuhkan oksigen

untuk hidup


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Bacterial Cell Shapes

Bacillus (rod-shaped)

Coccus (round-shaped)

Spirillum (spiral-shaped)


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Bentuk Bakteri

Bacillus (batang)

Coccus (bulat)

Spirillum (spiral)


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Obtaining Energy

Most scientists classify bacteria based onhow they obtain energy:

Photosynthesizers

Chemoautotrophs

Heterotrophs


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Memperoleh energi

Banyak ilmuan mengelompokkan bakteriberdasarkan bagaimana mereka

memperoleh energi

fotosintesiskemoautotropi

Heterotropi


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Photosynthesizers A significant fractionof the worlds

photosynthesis is

carried out bybacteria

Cyanobacteria are

blue-green bacteriathat contain

chlorophyll in their cell

membrane

Cyanobacteria arethought to have made

the Earths oxygen

atmosphere


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Photosynthesizers fraksi fotosintesisyang signifikan di

dunia dilakukan oleh

bakteri

Cyanobakteri

merupakan bakteri

hijau biru yangmengandung klorofil

di membran sel

mereka

Cyanobacteria arethought to have made

the Earths oxygen

atmosphere

C anobacteria


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Chemoautotrophs

Breakdown chemicalsfound in the soil; theyuse those chemicalsfor nutrition

The bacterias wasteproducts act asfertilizer and helpswith agriculture

A handful of soil canhave up to 10 billionbacterial organisms


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Kemo autotropi

Memecah bahankimia di tanah yang digunakan untuk nutrisi

Hasil sisa bakteridapat di gunakansebagai pupuk danmembantu bertanam

A handful of soil canhave up to 10 billionbacterial organisms

Satugenggam tanahdapat mempunyai 10miliar or anisme


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Heterotrofi Most types ofEubacteria are

heterotrophic Together with

fungi, they serve

as primary

decomposers for

the environment by

releasing nutrients

back to the soilafter living things

have died.


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Heterotrofi Banyak dian taraeubakteri adalah

heterotropi Bersama fungi

mereka dapat

menjadii

dekomposel utama

lingkungan untuk

menyebarkan

nutrisi kembali ketanah setelah ada

yang mati


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Pathogenic Bacteria

Your body is a treasure chest of wealth

just waiting to be discovered by bacteria.

Bacteria have evolved various ways of

entering your body and taking what they

need in order to survive

In some cases, the competition for the

resources in your body can result in youbecoming ill.


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Bakteri patogen

Your body is a treasure chest of wealth

just waiting to be discovered by bacteria.

Tubuh kita

Bakteri telah menyusun cara untuk masuk

ke badan dan mengambil apa yang

mereka butuhkan untuk bertahan

Dalam berberapa hal , kompetisi tersebut

menjadi sumber penyakit pada tubuhmu


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Bacteria are harmful in two ways:1. #1 - Bacteria can

metabolize their host byusing different parts ofthe body as their foodsource.

Tuberculosis is a less

common bacterialinfection that attacks thelungs of humans.

Mycobacterium tuberculosisis the bacteria that uses

the lung tissue as a foodsource.

The warm, moist environmentallows the bacteria toreproduce and populate

the lungs.

#2 B t i di b ti h i l


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#2 - Bacteria cause disease by secreting chemicalcompounds called toxins into their environment.

Humans are most affected when food is not properlyprepared. Food poisoning is the common namegiven to people who get severely sick after eatingsomething that wasnt cooked well.

Most types of toxin bacteria can be killed by boilingwater and cooking foods at recommendedtemperatures.

Kitchen and surface antibacterial products also helpin ridding our house of these relentless pests.

In 1928 Alexander


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Antibiotics In 1928, Alexander

Fleming noticed a fungusgrowing on a Petri plate

that was growing bacteria. He saw that the bacteria

did not grow near thefungus.

He concluded that thefungus was secreting asubstance that killed thebacteria.

He later called thesecretion penicillin.

Penicillin is one of manymedicines that help fight

bacterial infections.

Pada tahun 1928 Alexander Fleming


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Antibiotik

Pada tahun 1928, Alexander Flemingmengamati prtumbuhan jamur di cawanpetri yang disertai pertumbuhan bakteri

Dia melihat bakteri tidak tumbuh didekat jamur

Dia berpendapat bahwa jamurmemounyau suatu substansi yangdapat membunuh bakteri

Dia menyebutnya penicilin

Penicilin merupakan salah satu daribanyak obat utk melawan infeksi

bakteri


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Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

Problem #1:

Because bacteria can multiply very quickly, a 7-10 day course of antibiotics might not kill all ofthe bacteria.

The bacteria that remain become resistant andmay mutate their DNA and reproduce morecells.

The new cells are now resistant to the antibioticand make it harder to treat an infection the nexttime around.


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Antibiotik-perlawanan Bakteri

Permasalahan#1:

Karna bacteri dapat berkembang sangat cepat 7 sampai 10 harirangkaian anti biotik tidak mungkin dapat membunuh semua bakteri

Bakteri tetap menjadi kebal dan mungkin bermutasi dengan DNAdan menghasilkan banyak sel

sel baru tersebut menjadi kebal terhadap antibiotik dan membuatnyamenjadi susah untuk mengobati infeksi di waktu berikutnya

Problem #2:


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Problem #2:

Another problem insociety is related to

people not taking theirprescribed course ofpills.

Sometimes if peoplestart to see

improvement in theirsymptoms they stoptaking theirmedication.

This leaves moreopportunity for thebacteria not yet killedby the antibiotic toreproduce and createresistant cells.

P bl #3


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Problem #3:

Do antibacterialsoaps really work?

Apakah sabun antibakteri berkerja?

Regular, routine useof these types ofsoaps may be doingmore harm then good.

The bacteria that arecommonly found onour skin may becomeresistant to theantibacterialchemicals put in thesoaps.

Weve talked about why bacteria is BAD Is


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We ve talked about why bacteria is BADIs

there anything GOOD about bacteria?

Act as decomposers Sebagai dekomposer

Live within our digestive

tract (called probiotics)

Hidup di dalam alatpencernaan

kita(probiotik)

Many foods we eat are

processed by bacteria(pickles, buttermilk,

cheese, sauerkraut,

olives, vinegar, etc.)

Banyak makanan yangkita makan di hasilkan


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Manfaat Bakteri

Sebagai dekomposer Hidup di dalam alat

pencernaan

kita(probiotik)

Banyak makanan yangkita makan di hasilkan

dari bakteri

(acar,keju,yogurt, tempe

dll)

Bacteria can be used in

mines to breakdown the

surrounding rock and

leave behind the useful

archeo bacteria

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