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Archer Jean Cathy Alfred Marshall

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Page 1: Archer Jean Cathy. Who is Alfred Marshall?? The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics *Author of the famous

Archer Jean Cathy

Alfred Marshall

Page 2: Archer Jean Cathy. Who is Alfred Marshall?? The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics *Author of the famous

Who is Alfred Marshall??• The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics

• Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics

• *Author of the famous book called the Principles of Economics

• An opponent to women’s educational degree

Page 3: Archer Jean Cathy. Who is Alfred Marshall?? The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics *Author of the famous

Background Information• Born in a London suburb on 26 July 1842

• Died on 13 July 1924 (age 81)

• Educated at the Merchant Taylor's School

• showed particular interest for mathematics

Page 4: Archer Jean Cathy. Who is Alfred Marshall?? The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics *Author of the famous

Contributions to Modern Economics

1. Supply & demand curve

2. Elasticity of demand

3. Consumer surplus

4. Producer surplus

Page 5: Archer Jean Cathy. Who is Alfred Marshall?? The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics *Author of the famous

Supply & Demand Curve

Page 6: Archer Jean Cathy. Who is Alfred Marshall?? The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics *Author of the famous

Definitions

Demand: how much (quantity) of a product or service is desired by buyers.

Supply: how much the market can offer

Price is a reflection of supply and demand

A curve that shows the equilibrium between supply and demand

Page 7: Archer Jean Cathy. Who is Alfred Marshall?? The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics *Author of the famous

Price is a reflection of supply and demand

Page 8: Archer Jean Cathy. Who is Alfred Marshall?? The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics *Author of the famous

Shifts in DemandDemand Increases Demand Decreases

Page 9: Archer Jean Cathy. Who is Alfred Marshall?? The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics *Author of the famous

Shifts in SupplySupply Increases Supply Decreases

Page 10: Archer Jean Cathy. Who is Alfred Marshall?? The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics *Author of the famous

EquilibriumGoods are being distributed efficiently because the amount being supplied is exactly the same as the amount being demanded

Page 11: Archer Jean Cathy. Who is Alfred Marshall?? The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics *Author of the famous

Disequilibrium

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Quantity

Prod

uct P

rice Price

Floor

• Price above the equilibrium level• Supply surplus

Price Ceiling

• Price below the equilibrium level• Supply shortage

Demand Supply

Page 12: Archer Jean Cathy. Who is Alfred Marshall?? The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics *Author of the famous

Elasticity of

Demand

Page 13: Archer Jean Cathy. Who is Alfred Marshall?? The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics *Author of the famous

Definition• A formula that measures the change in quantity

demanded due to a price change.

Change in quantity demand

Initial Demand

Initial Price

Change in Price×

Page 14: Archer Jean Cathy. Who is Alfred Marshall?? The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics *Author of the famous

Values• Smaller than 1 - Inelastic

• Small change in price doesn’t create a big effect on the quantity demanded• Good is a necessary• There are no substitutes available• Doesn’t cost a lot (Salt)

• Greater than 1 - Elastic• Small change in price cause a great change in the quantity demanded• The higher the price elasticity, the more sensitive consumers are to price

changes• Good is not a necessary• There are substitutes available• Cost a lot (Pizza)

• Equals to 1 - Unitary elastic• Small changes in price do not affect the total revenue

Page 15: Archer Jean Cathy. Who is Alfred Marshall?? The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics *Author of the famous

Consumer Surplus

Page 16: Archer Jean Cathy. Who is Alfred Marshall?? The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics *Author of the famous

Definition

• The difference between the maximum price that consumers are willing to pay and the price that the consumers are paying for a goods

• Can be calculate from the supply and demand curve

• Adjustable for price ceiling and price floor

Page 17: Archer Jean Cathy. Who is Alfred Marshall?? The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics *Author of the famous

Calculation of Consumer Surplus

• Consumer surplus equals the area of the green triangle

• ½(5 × 5) = 12.5

Page 18: Archer Jean Cathy. Who is Alfred Marshall?? The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics *Author of the famous

Calculations with Price floor and Price Ceiling

• Consumer surplus equals the area of the green triangle

• ½(4 × 4) = 8

Page 19: Archer Jean Cathy. Who is Alfred Marshall?? The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics *Author of the famous

Producer Surplus

Page 20: Archer Jean Cathy. Who is Alfred Marshall?? The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics *Author of the famous

Definition

• The difference between the minimum price that producers are willing to sell and the price that the producers are selling for a goods

• Can be calculate from the supply and demand curve

• Adjustable for price ceiling and price floor

Page 21: Archer Jean Cathy. Who is Alfred Marshall?? The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics *Author of the famous

Calculation of Producer Surplus

• Producer surplus equals the area of the pink triangle

• ½(5 × 5) = 12.5

Page 22: Archer Jean Cathy. Who is Alfred Marshall?? The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics *Author of the famous

Calculations with Price floor and Price Ceiling

• Producer surplus equals the sum of area of the pink triangle and the area of the rectangle

• ½(4 × 4) + (4 × 2) = 16

Page 23: Archer Jean Cathy. Who is Alfred Marshall?? The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics *Author of the famous

Deadweight Loss Calculation• Deadweight loss is the loss of consumer and

producer surplus from government intervention

• Deadweight loss can be calculate in two ways:

1. (Sum of producer and consumer surplus without price floor and ceiling) – (Sum of producer and consumer surplus with price floor and ceiling)1. (12.5 + 12.5) – (8 +

16) = 12. Area of the gray triangle

1. ½(2 × 1) = 1

Page 24: Archer Jean Cathy. Who is Alfred Marshall?? The 1992 Nobel Prize winner in economics Founder of the Cambridge School of Economics *Author of the famous

THE END!