architectural decorations, ceramics and terracottasfrom veii (etruria ... -...

Per. Mineral. (2002), 71, SPECIAL ISSUE: Archaeometry and Cultural Heritage, 203-215 http://go.to/permin

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Architectural decorations, ceramics and terracottas from Veii (Etruria):a preliminary study

GIOVANNA SAVIAN0 1*, LUCIANA DRAGO", FERDINANDO FELLI I, MAURIZIO VIOL01

I Dip. di Ingegneria Chmica, dei Materiali, delle Materie Prime e Metallurgia, Universita di Roma «La Sapienza», Italy.2 Dip di Scienze Storiche, Archeologiche, Antropologiche dell' Antichita Universita di Roma «La Sapienza», Italy.

ABSTRACT. - A comparative study of archaic andlate archaic materials was undertaken with the aimof creating a ceramic and architectural database onclay production at Veii (Etruria) from the Iron Ageto the Roman Conquest (structural claycharacteristics, working techniques, materials andtechniques for surface refinement and application ofdecorations) and to define the state of technologicalknowledge, production sites (workshops) and thecirculation of manufacts. Materials were thefollowing: among the pottery, a grey buccheroossuary (Fig. 1) from the Grotta Gramiccianecropolis; among architectural terracottas, one ofthe large red and brown bases of the statues of thePortonaccio sanctuary (Fig. 2 a, b) and a red, brownand blue antefix with a female head surrounded by animbus from Casale del Fosso. All these materialsadd to the data obtained from previous works onarchitectural decorations and sculptures in terracottafrom Veii.

RIASSUNTO. Ai fini della costituzione di unabanca dati sulla produzione fittile veiente, siavascolare che architettonica, dall' eta del Ferro aliaconquista romana (caratteristiche strutturalidell' argilla, tecniche di lavorazione, materiali etecniche per la rifinitura delle superfici eI' applicazione della decorazione), volta sia alIadefinizione di conoscenze tecnologiche che dibotteghe e circolazione di manufatti, e statapreliminarmente affrontata l' indagine comparata dialcuni materiali arcaici e tardo-arcaici: tra ilvasellame un ossuario in bucchero grigio (fig. 1)dalla necropoli di Grotta Gramiccia, tra Ie terrecotte

:I< Corresponding author, E-mail:[email protected]

architettoniche una delle grandi basi delle statue dalsantuario di Portonaccio (fig. 2 a, b) dipinta in rossoe bruno e un'antefissa a testa femminile con nimboda Casale del Fosso, dipinta in rosso, bruno eazzurro, a incremento dei dati parziali ricavati daprecedenti lavori sulla coroplastica veiente.

KEY WORDS: Veii, Etruria, terracotta, bucchero,Archaeometry

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The aim of this work is to contribute to thecreation of a database of the terracottaproduction of Veii (Etruria), regardingearthenware and architectural decorations, fromthe Iron Age to the conquest of Rome,including both aspects regarding structuralcharacteristics of the clay (raw materials andworking techniques) and materials andtechniques used for finishing surfaces andeventually applying decorations.

The research aims and methods are in linewith already repeated standards (generallyCuomo di Caprio 1985, 1987, and referencestherein) for studies on ceramic production inthe main centres of South Etruria, starting fromdefinition of the geological characteristics ofthe clay beds of the various areas (Mannoni1988), in order to define both the state oftechnological knowledge and workshops and

204 G. SAVIANO, L. DRAGO, F. FELLI and M. VIOLO

Fig. 1 Bucchero ossuary in tomb 419 in Veio, GrottaGramiccia

the circulation of goods. This issue had alreadybeen approached for instance for buccheroware, especially from Cerveteri and Tarquinia(Cuomo di Caprio 1987, 1993; Mannoni 1993;Burkhardt 1994, 1996; Naso 1994, 1996) inline with studies already undertaken on theoldest production of ceramics from the Latiumregion (Cuomo di Caprio 1992).

During the first study phase, for reasons ofcompleteness, attention focused on a group ofmaterials of archaic and late archaic age(between the VIth century and the firstdecades of the Vth century BC). Althoughsample numbers were low, they did allowproper research to be planned andimplemented. Comparisons of bothearthenware and architectural decorations ofthe same cultural environment and

chronological layer were carried out, toprovide a set of coherent elements andhomogeneous information on the terracottaproduction of one of the main centres of SouthEtruria, in turn compared with that of othersettlements in and around the low valley of theTiber, originally called Lathan Vetus.

More complex study of the overalldocumentation of the First Iron Age and theOrientalizing Period (IXth and VIIth centuriesBC) was postponed to a later research phasetogether with the complex questions ofcomparisons between the oldest definitely localproduction of brown impasto, production inbrown and red impasto, and painted ware madewith purified clay (the so-called dep uratadipinta) more or less directly influenced by theintroduction of new techniques from the Greekand Levantine world, already preceding the ageof Greek colonization, and imported paintedwares in purified clay and the oldest productionof thin-walled black bucchero.

A comparative study between these varioustypes of production would contribute usefullytowards knowledge of the organisation ofworkshops - a problem already partly tackledwith regard to painted ware from Veii ofGreek provenance or imitating Greek ware,mainly from Euboea (Boitani, et al., 1985; cfr.,for the Campania area, D' Agostino and Deriu,1989; Bailo Modesti and Gastaldi, 1999),following technological studies on the ceramicproduction of Latium in the samechronological layer (Cuomo di Caprio 1992).

In this preliminary phase, therefore, somesamples were selected from the field ofarchitectural terracottas of late archaic age,including an antefix with a female headsurrounded by a nimbus from Casale del Fosso,decorated in red, brown and blue, alreadyanalysed in a preceding study (Saviano et al.,1999), a small group of samples from one ofthe large bases decorated in red and brown withdolphins, volutes and eyes, interpreted assupports for the acroteria1 statues whichdecorated the roof of the late archaic temple ofPortonaccio (Stefani 1946, 1953; Santangelo1952; Colonna 1985, 1987, 1998,2001;

Architectural decorations, ceramics and terracottasfrom Veii (Etruriai: a preliminary study 205

Baglione 1987, 1989-90; Michetti 2001) (Figs.2 a-b).

The final aim of our work was to comparedata on the antefix and the bases, both amongthemselves and with partial data available frompreceding preliminary research on architecturaldecorations and terracotta sculptures from Veii(Curri and Sorbelli, 1973; Gaugler andAnderson, 1989) and, more generally, archaicand late archaic architectural terracottas fromEtruria and Latium, based on eutopic and, morerecently, mineralogical and petrographicanalyses, not always accompanied by researchon the techniques, pigments and slips, used forthe preparation and application of polychromedecoration (Andren, 1940; Fenelli, 1981;Fiorentino, 1981; Tabasso, et al., 1981;Schweizer and Rinuy, 1982; Knoop, 1987;Cuomo Di Caprio and Romito 1993; Hulthen,1993; Zampi, 1993; Lulof, 1996;Pallecchi,1996 a, 1996 b; Cuomo Di Caprio,1997; Strazzulla 1998;). In the field of archaicceramics, a small group of samples of greybucchero ware was selected, from one of thethree ash-urns of Tomb 419 in the GrottaGramiccia necropolis (Fig. 1), dating from thefirst half of the VIth century BC (DragoTroccoli 1997).

These data may then be compared with thosefrom research on bucchero production in othercentres of South Etruria, in the first placeCerveteri, mainly to define the specifictechniques potters used to produce bucchero,including choice of clay, type of kiln, ways ofworking the clay and firing (Flamini et al.1975, Cuomo Di Caprio, 1993; Mannoni, 1993;Burkhardt, 1994; 1996; Naso, 1994, 1996) and,also, with data on bucchero ware from Latium(Cuomo Di Caprio, 1992).

Information on the archaic Veii samples ingrey bucchero, in a following stage of thework, may be compared with that from plannedanalysis of the oldest production of thin-walledblack bucchero from the same centre. Changesin clay composition and of producing and filingtechniques, compared with the OrientalizingAge production of thin-walled black buccheroware, will improve our understanding of the

ways and reasons for the passage from themore refined Orientalizing Age production characterised by a uniform black colour andshining surfaces - towards the later productionof the archaic and late archaic period,characterised by a thicker walls, lesshomogeneity between surface and inner core,and dull grey colours. Comparisons may alsobe made with the production of other cities inSouth Etruria, mainly Cerveteri, as well as withthe Latium b ucchero , for which localproduction has been presumed, besidesimportations from South Etruria (cfr. Bartoloniand Cataldi Dini, 1980; Ampolo, 1980; CuomoDi Caprio, 1992, and references therein).

Sampling of clay beds in and near Veii wasplanned, for comparisons with data concerningclay production, for both earthenware andarchitectural decorations, in order to identifythe clay beds used in antiquity and theirpossible use to produce impasto, purified clay,bucchero ware and architectural decorations.

METHODS AND TECHNIQUES

Techniques for producing manufacts wereanalysed, together with the compositions ofsingle parts of mixtures and all substances inthem occurring either naturally or added(Grimshaw, 1971; Nosbusch, 1988; Fiori et al.,1989; Mommsen et al., 1997).

Several sample areas without significantquantities of added strengthener were analysedby SEM-EDS, e.g., bucchero and terracottabase, in order to highlight possible differencesin mixtures, since such differences had alreadybeen found in some parts of the antefix fromCasale del Fosso. Production techniques andmethods of pigment application or naturalcolouring during firing were also studied bySEM-EDS (White, 1985; Hawthorne andMartin, 1995; Felli et al. 1997).

Diffractograms were made of small pigmentsamples from the base and from the wholemixture of the bucchero.

Representative samples were taken fromterracottas and ceramics from the Veii area,


Fig. 2 (a) Veio temple, Portonaccio: in situ reconstruction

Fig. 2 (b) - Model of an ideal Tuscanic temple, with decorations inspired to the Veio temple, Portonaccio.

Architectural decorations, ceramics and terracottasfrom \leii (Etruria}: a preliminary study 207

particularly the base of a large statue from thePortonaccio temple and a piece of buccherofrom Tomb 419 of Grotta Gramiccia (Veii).Chemical compositions were examined by Xray powder diffraction (Meurig, 1987; Zampi,1993) and SEM-EDS.

Thin sections of the two artefacts wereembedded in epoxy resin, polished for SEMmicroanalyses, and metallised by evaporisationof a thin carbon film.

STUDIED MATERIALS

The samples examined in the present studycome respectively from one of the largeterracotta bases decorated with dolphins andvolutes in red and brown (see Michetti 2001,and references therein), believed to be supportsfor the acroterial statues which decorated theroof of the late archaic Portonaccio temple inVeii (Fig. 2 a-b) and from one of the three ashurns in grey bucchero from Tomb 419 of theGrotta Gramiccia necropolis of Veii (Fig. I),dating from the first half of the VIth centuryBC (Drago Troccoli, 1997).

The base is currently under study by L. M.Michetti within the framework of the mostrecent work on the Portonaccio santuarycomplex in Veii, coordinated by Prof. GiovanniColonna (University of Rome «La Sapienza»).This piece has a truncated-pyramidal shape (h.70, lower base 90 x 83, upper base 81.5 x 57em), long bell-shaped walls leading to shortvertical walls with large arched openings forthe insertion of the columen rooftiles of thetemple. The long walls have small arches withmouldings on the edges, in order to fitsemicircular tiles on the slope of the roof, andtwo holes at a height of about I m, to lift andset the piece in position, probably with the helpof wooden poles. Dolphins and volutes arepainted in red and black, with details in whiteon the first layer of paint; the beige backgroundof the terracotta, was covered by a slip andsmoothed for later application of paint.

The grey bucchero ash-urn (h. 30, diameterof rim 13 em) has a small vertical rim, an oval

body decorated by groups of horizontal ribs, alow bell-shaped foot, and two horizontalhandles set obliquely on the shoulder. This urn,which contained the cremated remains of aprobably female adult, has a lid with a rim andoblique walls, and a grip in the form of a little«jar». It was deposited in a fossa-tomb withthree steps at the entrance, three loculi on therear wall and on one of the sidewalls, withoutany grave goods, like most of the tombs in Veiibetween the VIth and Vth centuries BC (DragoTroccoli, 1997, and references therein).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Terracotta

SEM-EDS analysis on samples from theterracotta base from the Portonaccio temple(Fig. 3) revealed the chemical composition of

Fig. 3 - Base fragment coming from the Portonacciotemple; SEM picture ( backscattel~d electrons) of a section.Inclusions of large dimensions are visible (clearer inphoto); they are composed of rounded quartz, feldspar andpiroxenes.


Average composition of Base

statua

Wtto

50,00

0,00Media Ar9Fon

5 Ca DFe DMg .AI Si K Ti .Mn

Fig. 4 - Average composition of the base of the statue coming from the temple of Portonaccio. ( analysis by EDS - SEM)

the mixture, nature of inclusions, structure, andtechnique used to apply the black pigmentwhich covers part of it (Curri and Sorbelli,1973; Tabasso-Laurenci and Meucci, 1981;Gaugler and Anderson, 19'89;Cuomo di Caprioand Romito, 1993; Hulten, 1993; Burragato etal., 1994; Lazzarini et al., 1994; Cuomo diCaprio, 1997).

The average composition of the mixture (Fig.4) is quite similar to that used for the antefixfrom Veii (Saviano et aI., 1999). Individualelements are recognisable; since no consistentsinterisation or vitrification occurred duringfiring, the structure is not well assorted andcontains rounded, rough-edged, andoccasionally quite large crystals. No specificorientation is visible in the inclusions.

Inclusions are mainly rounded quartz,kaolinised feldspar, iron oxides, and a largequantity of framboids, originally composed ofpyrite and marcasite, completely oxidised byfiring (Fig. 5). Small fragments of residual goldwere found in the matrix (Fig. 6).

A physical discontinuity surface separatesthe outer wall, black-pigmented, from the innerone (Fig. 7). As in the antefix, there is nosuperficial slip: the pigment was put directlyinto the mixture (Fenelli, 1981). The pigment isnot crystalline, as shown by the diffractograms,and SEM revealed the presence of iron andmanganese (Fig. 8), used to obtain the desiredcolours. The same composition of blackpigment has been found in other manufactsfrom the same site and dated to the same periodas the antefix (Schweizer and Rinuy, 1982;Saviano et al.,1999).

Ceramics

Analysis on the bucchero sample showedthat the chemical composition of its mixturewas unlike that of the terracotta objects (Fig.9): it has more iron and far less calcium. Thislast datum agrees with previous studies andanalyses, according to which the clay used for

Architectural decorations, ceramics and terracottas from Veii (Etruria): a preliminary study 209

Fig 5 - Photos of inclusions in the mixture of the ceramic body of the Portonaccio base (backscattered electrons); aframboid is visible: it's composed almost exclusively of iron with traces of sulphur, manganese and silicium. Marcasite andpyrite framboids are typical, they are oxidised in the firing process.

modelling bucchero ware contained very littlecalcium (Cuomo di Caprio, 1993 andreferences therein). EDS and XRD analysesshowed no differences in chemical compositionbut did highlight the difference between thepaler inner wall and the darker outer one.Sinterisation phenomena are visible in themixture, as are iso-oriented mica flakes, morefrequent in the superficial areas with fusionnuclei inside (Mannoni, 1993) and traces ofcombusted organic materials (Fig. 10)(Amadori et al., 1994). Further studies shouldfocus on FeO/Fe203 ratios and the quantity oforganic material with more appropriatemethods, partly in order to evaluate firingtemperatures more accurately.

Diffractometric analysis of the buccheromixture revealed quartz, feldspar with potash,plagioclase and muscovite. As thediffractograms show, there are no differences inthe composition of the paler inner and darkerouter parts (Fig. 11). Inclusions show bettersorting and also greater homogeneity in Fig. 6 - Residual gold fragment from the terracottasmineralogical composition, in comparison with mixture of the Portonaccio base.


Fig. 7 - Fragment of the Portonaccio base; on left detail of the of the section with the pigmented zone (backscatteredelectrons). The external layer is separated from the ceramic body by a thin line of discontinuity; on this part of the manufactthe particles are smaller and there are no inclusions. On right the maps made by SEM on the black pigmented areaFragment of the Portonaccio base); in this area there is concentration of iron and Mn.

Pre s e t » Off'!f't't" aEIOO c ou nt s [lisp~ 1 COrlm='~: El n psre d e ::;13 a e c.r--------------------- sT------------------------------------- -Pe-----------------------

Mn

Fe

o

II ~;I ~,~J,.".~,J li \i~_..._",m--d<--mfT-----f2-------r,------T~r-----T~·------r.,------W------nf-----n-~-of..· O,eJllfi Pilnne:; ;:::n.415£l ktlV ~J.t16el ,...

------------------------------------------------------_!~~::~!!:~:!_-~---~---------------~~-

Fig 8 - EDS spectrums of the analysis of the areas pigmented respectively in black (a) and red (b) on the surface of the baseof Portonaccio; the black pigment shows a greater concentration in iron and the presence of Mn, the red one has only iron.

the inclusions and added strengthener of thearchitectual terracottas. These inclusions aremade of quartz, feldspar, altered plagioclase,and iron oxide grains of various sizes (Fig. 12).There are abundant muscovite lamellae,confirming previous studies on bucchero warefrom Cerveteri with similar inclusion

compositions. The presence of small mica flakesand rounded quartz grains are explained not asthe consequence of river transport but rather asdue to prolonged marine neogenic action on thesedimentary paleogenic rock formations alongthe Cerveteri coast: the inclusions probablycame from fossil beaches. However, oxidised

Architectural decorations, ceramics and terracottasfrom Veii (Etruria): a preliminary study 211

Average Composition of bucchero

100

Wt% 50

oMedia Bucchero

Os K OTi liMn

Fig. 9 - Average chemical composition of the bucchero coming from the tomb of Grotta Gramiccia.( EDS - SEM analysis).

Fig. 10- Fusion nucleus of combustioned organic material.

iron which, when it occurs in the Tarquiniabucchero pieces is abundant, is explained asoriginating from inclusions from the TuscanApennines (Mannoni 1993; Naso, 1994;).

This study will be continued by extendingsampling to other objects belonging to thesame period and archaeological site and byfuther chemical and thermodifferential analysisby ICP (Inductive Coupled Plasma) of mixturecompositions, in order to confirm alreadyexisting evidence. Different types of clay wereused in the various preparations: richer incalcium and with moderate iron contents forterracottas, and types with more iron forbucchero objects. There seem to be nosignificant differences in the additives put intothe mixtures: for both inclusion groups, themineralogical type is compatible withoriginally local raw materials.

The difference in the greater granulometrichomogeneity in inclusions in bucchero warecompared with terracotta is probably due to thecompatibility which they had to have with thethickness of the final manufact.

tv......tv

0Vl:><sen II z

0- PoI r-..

.?=' 0;;0.(j)

Q :>cQ oQ)

PC~"'I'it"I1rCpo::lc,

~<(5r0

10 20 30 40

2:1 absolute const. area60

Fig. 11 - Diffractogram of the mixture of the bucchero's internal and external parts: there is no difference in the mineralogical composition. Q=quartz; Kekfeldspar;Pleplagioclase; M=mica.

Architectural decorations, ceramics and terracottasfrom Veii (Etruria): a preliminary study 213

Fig. 12 - Photo of the grey bucchero's mixturebackscattered electrons); there is a greater abundance ofiron compared to the compositions of the mixtures of thearchitectural decoration and sculpture in terracottaproduction. This is evident from the distribution of thiselement in the map.

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