Architectural Architectural Model to Enable Model to Enable Power System Power System

Tradeoff StudiesTradeoff StudiesChrys ChryssostomidisChrys Chryssostomidis

Julie ChalfantJulie Chalfant

David HanthornDavid Hanthorn

GoalGoal Overall architectural model for an all-electric Overall architectural model for an all-electric

shipship Fully-integrated physics-based simulation of Fully-integrated physics-based simulation of

electrical, hydrodynamic, thermal, and structural electrical, hydrodynamic, thermal, and structural components of ship operating in seaway. components of ship operating in seaway.

An early-stage design tool capable of performing An early-stage design tool capable of performing tradeoff studies on concepts such as tradeoff studies on concepts such as AC vs. DC distributionAC vs. DC distribution frequency and voltage levelfrequency and voltage level energy and power management optionsenergy and power management options effect of arrangements and topology effect of arrangements and topology

MetricsMetrics WeightWeight VolumeVolume Efficiency/Fuel ConsumptionEfficiency/Fuel Consumption CostCost Reliability (Quality of Service)Reliability (Quality of Service) SurvivabilitySurvivability

hull, mechanical and electrical (HM&E) hull, mechanical and electrical (HM&E) systemssystems

Naval Architecture Naval Architecture ModelModel

Begin with balanced design of ship envelope, Begin with balanced design of ship envelope, bulkheads, decksbulkheads, decks

Zonal arrangement of major equipmentZonal arrangement of major equipment Zonal distribution of systemsZonal distribution of systems Tool used: ParamarineTool used: Paramarine Very high level model but can monitor usual naval Very high level model but can monitor usual naval

architecture criteria (LCG, VCG, GM, Floodable architecture criteria (LCG, VCG, GM, Floodable Length)Length)

Distributed System Distributed System ModelModel

Paramarine

Distributed System Distributed System ModelModel

Simulink

Electrical Electrical LoadsLoads

PropulsionPropulsion RadarRadar Pulsed WeaponPulsed Weapon Load Centers in each Load Centers in each

zonezone Energy StorageEnergy Storage

Distribution Distribution SystemSystem

Zonal DistributionZonal Distribution Ring Bus (initially)Ring Bus (initially) Load Centers modeled Load Centers modeled

as lump parametersas lump parameters Switches included for Switches included for

isolationisolation

Distributed System Distributed System ModelModel

Damage ModelDamage Model

Center and radiusCenter and radius Anything within radius is destroyedAnything within radius is destroyed Trace systems back to first Trace systems back to first

undamaged isolation pointundamaged isolation point

Overall Architectural Overall Architectural ModelModel

Notional ShipNotional Ship Survivability MetricSurvivability Metric

Paramarine DesignParamarine Design

Began with a balanced low-level Began with a balanced low-level Frigate designFrigate design

Initial power requirementsInitial power requirements 80MW Propulsion80MW Propulsion 37MW Estimated future electric loading37MW Estimated future electric loading

6 vertical zones6 vertical zones At least 1 PGM per zone (except 1 – At least 1 PGM per zone (except 1 –

ESM?)ESM?)

Zonal and Machinery Zonal and Machinery LayoutLayout

Design Challenges/Possible Design Challenges/Possible SolutionsSolutions

Gas turbine exhaust, fore and aftGas turbine exhaust, fore and aft Diesels would give more flexibilityDiesels would give more flexibility Moving the bridge locationMoving the bridge location Restricting Helo operationsRestricting Helo operations

PMM placementPMM placement Podded propulsionPodded propulsion

Survivability MetricSurvivability Metric Manageable scope - useful in early stage Manageable scope - useful in early stage

designdesign Prioritizing loads:Prioritizing loads:

Survive the damageSurvive the damage Continue to operateContinue to operate Perform its missionPerform its mission

Can be applied to:Can be applied to: Electrical PowerElectrical Power Chill waterChill water SeawaterSeawater VentilationVentilation

Changes in fidelity of analysis by altering Changes in fidelity of analysis by altering level of system detaillevel of system detail

Electric Load PriorityElectric Load Priority1. Power Generation1. Power Generation

PGMs and required PGMs and required auxiliariesauxiliaries

2. Damage Control2. Damage Control Fire fighting, dewatering, Fire fighting, dewatering,

ICIC3. Basic Mobility3. Basic Mobility

4kt propulsion and steering 4kt propulsion and steering systemsystem

4. Self Defense4. Self Defense Sufficient sensors and Sufficient sensors and

weaponsweapons5. Exterior Communications5. Exterior Communications

All excommsAll excomms6. Helo and Boat Recovery6. Helo and Boat Recovery

Lights, RAST, boat davitsLights, RAST, boat davits7. Increase Speed to 10 knots7. Increase Speed to 10 knots8. Basic Offense8. Basic Offense

Min Radar, weapon, ship Min Radar, weapon, ship control syscontrol sys

9. Full Flight Operations9. Full Flight Operations All flight equipment incl. All flight equipment incl.

refuelingrefueling10. Increased Offense10. Increased Offense

Medium Radar, addl weaponsMedium Radar, addl weapons11. Increase Speed to 20 knots11. Increase Speed to 20 knots12. Miscellaneous Mechanical 12. Miscellaneous Mechanical

systemssystems Compressors, RO units, etc.Compressors, RO units, etc.

13. Full Offense13. Full Offense Full Radar, hi-energy weaponFull Radar, hi-energy weapon

14. Increase Speed to 25 knots14. Increase Speed to 25 knots15. All non-vital loads15. All non-vital loads

Laundry, Galley, heat, etc.Laundry, Galley, heat, etc.16. Increase to Maximum Speed16. Increase to Maximum Speed

Proposed Survivability Proposed Survivability TiersTiers

AShip likely to be lost with the loss of over 25% embarked personnel

BShip likely to be lost with the loss 25% or under embarked personnel

CDoes not meet Power Generation and Damage Control - Ship's status is likely to continue to degrade

DMeets Power Generation and Damage Control- Ship is able to combat existing damage but is vulnerable to further threats.

EMeets Basic Mobility and Self Defense - Is able to sustain itself against the enemy.

FMeets Exterior Communications and Helicopter and Boat Recovery - Basic functionality without offense.

GMeets Increased Speed, Basic Offense - Can perform at least one primary mission

HMeets Full Flight Operations and Increased Offense - Can perform most or all primary missions

IMeets Increased Speed, Mechanical Services and Full Offense - As far as a military asset, unaffected

J Complete functionality - all loads are filled

Survivability Calculation Survivability Calculation – – First MetricFirst Metric

Highest tier achieved while also Highest tier achieved while also meeting lower tier requirementsmeeting lower tier requirements

To meet the tier requirements the To meet the tier requirements the Boolean statement must be satisfiedBoolean statement must be satisfied

Example to meet Self Defense:Example to meet Self Defense: SeaRAM OR sensor AND decoy systemSeaRAM OR sensor AND decoy system

Example to meet Tier E:Example to meet Tier E: Self Defense AND Basic Mobility AND Tier D - Self Defense AND Basic Mobility AND Tier D -

implies previous Tiersimplies previous Tiers

Survivability CalculationSurvivability Calculation – – Second MetricSecond Metric

Total load value of all system loads Total load value of all system loads that can be servicedthat can be serviced

Uses surviving Generators and loads Uses surviving Generators and loads along with surviving connectivity to along with surviving connectivity to return a weighted scorereturn a weighted score

Survivability Metric Survivability Metric CalculationCalculation

Calculation processCalculation process Dijkstra’s algorithmDijkstra’s algorithm linear programminglinear programming

Four examplesFour examples full operationfull operation large PGMs isolatedlarge PGMs isolated zones isolatedzones isolated zone 4 damagedzone 4 damaged

Dijkstra’s AlgorithmDijkstra’s Algorithm calculates the lowest weight path calculates the lowest weight path from a single node to each other from a single node to each other

node node in a directed, weighted graph in a directed, weighted graph

Linear ProgrammingLinear Programming find the maximum of find the maximum of f * xf * x where where ffii is the weight/priority of filling is the weight/priority of filling

load load xxii

subject to linear constraints such that subject to linear constraints such that total power supplied by a generator total power supplied by a generator ≤≤ the the

capacity of the generator, capacity of the generator, the total power supplied to a load the total power supplied to a load ≤≤ the the

size of the load, size of the load, a generator only supplies power to a load a generator only supplies power to a load

for which connectivity exists between the for which connectivity exists between the generator and the load. generator and the load.

Ring Bus with ZEDSRing Bus with ZEDS

Zonal Load Zonal Load Centers Centers

PropulsionPropulsion RadarRadar Pulsed Pulsed

WeaponWeapon

LoadsLoads

Full OperationFull Operation

Survivability Tier J: Complete Survivability Tier J: Complete functionality - all loads are filledfunctionality - all loads are filled

Survivability Score = 100%Survivability Score = 100%

Full OperationFull Operation STBD PORTSTBD PORT 1 2 3 4 5 6 PULSE RADAR PMM PMM1 2 3 4 5 6 PULSE RADAR PMM PMMPOWER GENE 100 100 100 100 100 100 -- -- -- --POWER GENE 100 100 100 100 100 100 -- -- -- --DC 100 100 100 100 100 100 -- -- -- --DC 100 100 100 100 100 100 -- -- -- --BASIC MOBILITY -- -- 100 -- -- 100 -- -- 100 100BASIC MOBILITY -- -- 100 -- -- 100 -- -- 100 100SELF DEFENSE 100 100 100 100 -- 100 -- -- -- --SELF DEFENSE 100 100 100 100 -- 100 -- -- -- --EXCOMM -- 100 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- --EXCOMM -- 100 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- --HELO/BOAT -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- --HELO/BOAT -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- --10 KTS -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 --10 KTS -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 --BASIC OFFENSE 100 100 100 100 100 100 -- 100 -- --BASIC OFFENSE 100 100 100 100 100 100 -- 100 -- --FULL FLIGHT OPS -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- --FULL FLIGHT OPS -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- --INCR OFFENCE 100 -- 100 100 -- -- -- 100 -- --INCR OFFENCE 100 -- 100 100 -- -- -- 100 -- --20 KTS -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- 100 10020 KTS -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- 100 100MISC MECH 100 100 100 100 100 100 -- -- -- --MISC MECH 100 100 100 100 100 100 -- -- -- --FULL OFFENSE -- -- -- -- 100 100 100 100 -- --FULL OFFENSE -- -- -- -- 100 100 100 100 -- --25 KTS -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10025 KTS -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 100NON-VITAL 100 100 100 100 100 100 -- -- -- --NON-VITAL 100 100 100 100 100 100 -- -- -- --MAX SPEED -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 100MAX SPEED -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 100

Large PGMs IsolatedLarge PGMs Isolated

Survivability Tier I: Meets Increased Survivability Tier I: Meets Increased Speed, Mechanical Services and Full Speed, Mechanical Services and Full Offense - As far as a military asset, Offense - As far as a military asset, unaffectedunaffected

Survivability Score = 92%Survivability Score = 92%

Large PGMs IsolatedLarge PGMs Isolated STBD PORTSTBD PORT 1 2 3 4 5 6 PULSE RADAR PMM PMM1 2 3 4 5 6 PULSE RADAR PMM PMMPOWER GENE 100 100 100 100 100 100 -- -- -- --POWER GENE 100 100 100 100 100 100 -- -- -- --DC 100 100 100 100 100 100 -- -- -- --DC 100 100 100 100 100 100 -- -- -- --BASIC MOBILITY -- -- 100 -- -- 100 -- -- 100 100BASIC MOBILITY -- -- 100 -- -- 100 -- -- 100 100SELF DEFENSE 100 100 100 100 -- 100 -- -- -- --SELF DEFENSE 100 100 100 100 -- 100 -- -- -- --EXCOMM -- 100 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- --EXCOMM -- 100 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- --HELO/BOAT -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- --HELO/BOAT -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- --10 KTS -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 --10 KTS -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 --BASIC OFFENSE 100 100 100 100 100 100 -- 100 -- --BASIC OFFENSE 100 100 100 100 100 100 -- 100 -- --FULL FLIGHT OPS -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- --FULL FLIGHT OPS -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- --INCR OFFENCE 100 -- 100 100 -- -- -- 100 -- --INCR OFFENCE 100 -- 100 100 -- -- -- 100 -- --20 KTS -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- 100 10020 KTS -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- 100 100MISC MECH 100 100 100 100 100 100 -- -- -- --MISC MECH 100 100 100 100 100 100 -- -- -- --FULL OFFENSE -- -- -- -- 75 75 93 72 -- --FULL OFFENSE -- -- -- -- 75 75 93 72 -- --25 KTS -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0 025 KTS -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0 0NON-VITAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- -- --NON-VITAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- -- --MAX SPEED -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0 0MAX SPEED -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0 0

Zones IsolatedZones Isolated

Survivability Tier H: Meets Full Flight Survivability Tier H: Meets Full Flight Operations and Increased Offense - Can Operations and Increased Offense - Can perform most or all primary missionsperform most or all primary missions

Survivability Score = 73%Survivability Score = 73%

Zones IsolatedZones Isolated STBD PORTSTBD PORT 1 2 3 4 5 6 PULSE RADAR PMM PMM1 2 3 4 5 6 PULSE RADAR PMM PMMPOWER GENE 0 100 100 100 100 100 -- -- -- -- POWER GENE 0 100 100 100 100 100 -- -- -- -- DC 0 100 100 100 100 100 -- -- -- -- DC 0 100 100 100 100 100 -- -- -- -- BASIC MOBILITY -- -- 100 -- -- 100 -- -- 100 100 BASIC MOBILITY -- -- 100 -- -- 100 -- -- 100 100 SELF DEFENSE 0 100 100 100 -- 100 -- -- -- -- SELF DEFENSE 0 100 100 100 -- 100 -- -- -- -- EXCOMM -- 100 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- EXCOMM -- 100 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- HELO/BOAT -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- HELO/BOAT -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- 10 KTS -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 KTS -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- BASIC OFFENSE 0 100 100 100 100 100 -- 100 -- -- BASIC OFFENSE 0 100 100 100 100 100 -- 100 -- -- FULL FLIGHT OPS -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- --FULL FLIGHT OPS -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- --INCR OFFENCE 0 -- 100 100 -- -- -- 100 -- -- INCR OFFENCE 0 -- 100 100 -- -- -- 100 -- -- 20 KTS -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- 100 100 20 KTS -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- 100 100 MISC MECH 0 100 100 100 100 100 -- -- -- -- MISC MECH 0 100 100 100 100 100 -- -- -- -- FULL OFFENSE -- -- -- -- 100 100 0 100 -- -- FULL OFFENSE -- -- -- -- 100 100 0 100 -- -- 25 KTS -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 100 25 KTS -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 100 NON-VITAL 0 100 100 100 100 100 -- -- -- -- NON-VITAL 0 100 100 100 100 100 -- -- -- -- MAX SPEED -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 35 81 MAX SPEED -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 35 81

Zone 4 DamagedZone 4 Damaged

Survivability Tier I: Meets Increased Survivability Tier I: Meets Increased Speed, Mechanical Services and Full Speed, Mechanical Services and Full Offense - As far as a military asset, Offense - As far as a military asset, unaffectedunaffected

Survivability Score = 94%Survivability Score = 94%

Zone 4 DamagedZone 4 Damaged STBD PORTSTBD PORT 1 2 3 4 5 6 PULSE RADAR PMM PMM1 2 3 4 5 6 PULSE RADAR PMM PMMPOWER GENE 100 100 100 0 100 100 -- -- -- -- POWER GENE 100 100 100 0 100 100 -- -- -- -- DC 100 100 100 0 100 100 -- -- -- -- DC 100 100 100 0 100 100 -- -- -- -- BASIC MOBILITY -- -- 100 -- -- 100 -- -- 100 100 BASIC MOBILITY -- -- 100 -- -- 100 -- -- 100 100 SELF DEFENSE 100 100 100 0 -- 100 -- -- -- -- SELF DEFENSE 100 100 100 0 -- 100 -- -- -- -- EXCOMM -- 100 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- EXCOMM -- 100 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- HELO/BOAT -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- HELO/BOAT -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- 10 KTS -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 KTS -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- BASIC OFFENSE 100 100 100 0 100 100 -- 100 -- -- BASIC OFFENSE 100 100 100 0 100 100 -- 100 -- -- FULL FLIGHT OPS -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- --FULL FLIGHT OPS -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- --INCR OFFENCE 100 -- 100 0 -- -- -- 100 -- -- INCR OFFENCE 100 -- 100 0 -- -- -- 100 -- -- 20 KTS -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- 100 100 20 KTS -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- 100 100 MISC MECH 100 100 100 0 100 100 -- -- -- -- MISC MECH 100 100 100 0 100 100 -- -- -- -- FULL OFFENSE -- -- -- -- 100 100 100 100 -- -- FULL OFFENSE -- -- -- -- 100 100 100 100 -- -- 25 KTS -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 100 25 KTS -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 100 NON-VITAL 100 100 100 0 100 100 -- -- -- -- NON-VITAL 100 100 100 0 100 100 -- -- -- -- MAX SPEED -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 28 100MAX SPEED -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 28 100

SummarySummary

Overall Architectural ModelOverall Architectural Model Notional ShipNotional Ship Distribution SystemDistribution System Damage ModelDamage Model MetricsMetrics

Two-fold Survivability MetricTwo-fold Survivability Metric Survivability TiersSurvivability Tiers Survivability ScoreSurvivability Score

Backup SlideBackup Slide

Proposed Survivability Proposed Survivability TiersTiers

A Ship likely to be lost with the loss of over 25% embarked personnel

B Ship likely to be lost with the loss 25% or under embarked personnel

C Does not meet Power Generation and Damage Control - Ship's status is likely to continue to degrade

DMeets Power Generation and Damage Control- Ship is able to combat existing damage but is vulnerable to further threats. Minimum requirements: one operational generator with associated auxiliaries, two firepumps.

EMeets Basic Mobility and Self Defense - Is able to sustain itself against the enemy.Minimum requirements: achieve 4 knots with steering, one self-defense system (either a CIWS/SeaRAM or a sensor and associated missile decoy system).

FMeets Exterior Communications and Helicopter and Boat Recovery - Basic functionality without offense.Minimum requirements: one operational mode of exterior communications, close-in radar, able to recover helicopter and boat.

GMeets Increased Speed and Basic Offense - Can perform at least one primary missionMinimum requirements: operate at 10 knots, perform one primary mission.

HMeets Full Flight Operations and Increased Offense - Can perform most or all primary missionsMinimum requirements: flight operations, two primary missions

IMeets Increased Speed, Mechanical Services and Full Offense - As far as a military asset, unaffectedMinimum requirements: power to all loads at this level and below

JComplete functionality - all loads are fulfilledMinimum requirements: fulfill all loads, including non-vital loads