aristotle and galen

7/28/2019 Aristotle and Galen

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Aristotle made several efforts to explain how moral conduct contributes to the

good life for human agents, including the (Eudemian Ethics)

and theMagna Moralia, but the most complete surviving statement ofhis views

on morality occurs in the (Nicomachean Ethics). There he

considered the natural desire to achievehappiness, described the operation of

human volition and moral deliberation, developed a theory of each virtue as themean between vicious extremes, discussed the value ofthree kinds of friendship,and defended his conception ofan ideal life of intellectual pursuit.

But on Aristotle's view, the lives of individual human beings are invariably

linked together in a social context. In the (Politics) he speculated

about the origins of the state, described and assessed the relative merits of varioustypes of government, and listed the obligations of the individual citizen. He may

also have been the author of a model (Constitution of

Athens), in which the abstract notion of constitutional government is applied to

the concrete life of a particular society.
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Bernhard von Galen

Christopher Bernhard von GalenChristoph Bernhard Freiherr von Galen (12 October 1606, Drensteinfurt 19

September 1678) wasprince-bishop of Mnster. He was born into a noble Westphalianfamily.Reduced topoverty through the loss of his paternal inheritance, he tookholy orders; but

this did not prevent him from fighting on the side of the emperorFerdinand IIIduring the

concluding stages of the Thirty Years' War. In 1650, he succeeded Ferdinand of Bavaria,

archbishop of Cologne, asbishopof Mnster.After restoring some degree of peace and prosperity in his principality, Galen had to

contend with a formidable insurrection on the part of the citizens of Mnster; but in 1661

this was solved by occupying the city. The bishop, who maintained a strong army,became an important personage inEurope. In 1664, he was chosen one of the directors of

the imperial army raised to fight theTurks, but his troops came to late to fight; after the

peace which followed the Christian victory at the Battle of St. Gotthard in August 1664,he aided Charles II of England in his Second Anglo-Dutch Warwith theDutch, until the

intervention ofLouis XIV and Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg compelled him

to make a disadvantageous peace in 1666 in Cleve.

When Galen again attacked the Dutch Republic six years later in the Franco-Dutch War,he was in alliance with Louis XIV, who helped him take Groenlo. His troops went more

east and north and conquered not only Deventerand Coevorden. His army got stuck

before the city ofGroningen, failing to occupy the coast in the North, because ofinundation of the fields on purpose and marshes that were almost impossible to cross. In

October 1674 he withdrew his troops from the Dutch Republic and gave up his attempts

to restore Catholic faith in the Eastern provinces. In 1675 he deserted his former ally, and

fought for the emperorLeopold I against France. In conjunction with BrandenburgandDenmarkhe attacked Charles XI of Sweden, and conquered the Duchy of Bremen. Von

Galen died at Ahaus.He showed himself anxious to reform thechurch, and probably his chief energies were

directed to increasing his power and prestige, but he succeeded in getting rid off foreign

armies, occupying Westphalia since the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.
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aristotle and galen

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