arkansas water resources center...typical hog operations store concentrated animal waste in lagoons...
TRANSCRIPT
Arkansas Water Resources Center
RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY OF NITRATE
CONCENTRATIONS IN GROUND WATER IN HOWARD AND PIKE COUNTIES, ARKANSAS
Final Report for Contract 0003229
Submitted to:
Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology
By: Travis Thornton and Kenneth F. Steele
Arkansas Water Resources Research Center Department of Geology University of Arkansas
Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701
Publication No. MSC-0085
February 1992
Arkansas Water Resources Center Ozark Hall 113
University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701
Abstract
In recent years, the rapid growth of poultry and hogproduction in Arkansas has caused concern regarding nitratecontamination of the ground water. In the study area of Pike andHoward Counties, the number of hogs has increased from 3,300 hogsin 1970 to 75,000 hogs in 1990. Poultr¥ production for the areahas increased from 38,933,000 per year 1n 1970 to 62,774,000 peryear in 1990. As animal production increases, so does the amountof animal waste that must be disposed. Hog production is ofparticular concern. Typical hog operations store concentratedanimal waste in lagoons prior to land application. If the lagoonsare improperly constructed and leak, they can contaminate groundwater with bacteria and nitrate. Disposal of chicken litter onpastureland is also a significant source of 9round water nitrate.In response to these concerns, a study of n1trate concentrationsin rural water wells was conducted for Pike and Howard Countiesduring "wet" and "dry" seasons in 1991. Approximately fiftysamples were collected from each county and analyzed for nitrateas well as other chemical parameters.
Pike and Howard Counties are divided into two distinctphysiographic regions; the Ouachita Mountains and the Gulf CoastalPlain.
Comparisons of nitrate concentrations indicates that theGulf Coastal Plain portion of the study area may be moresusceptible to surface contamination than the Ouachita Mountainportion.
Average mean nitrate plus nitrite (NO3-N) values for theGulf Coast portion of the study area was 1.06 mg/L as compared to0.59 mg/L for the Ouachita Mountains. Also, nitrate data from a1955 study indicates that the increased animal production in pikeand Howard Counties corresponds with increased levels of ground-water nitrate. In 1955 the average mean NO3-N value was 0.26 mg/L(Gulf Coastal Plain area) as compared to 1.06 mg/L in 1991. Wetseason average mean NO3-N values for the Gulf Coast region (0.22mg/L)
and the Ouachita Mountain region (0.06 mg/L) were higherthan dry season NO3-N values (0.16 mg/L and 0.02 mg/L,respectively).
Nitrate levels in ground water for pike and HowardCounties were all below the 10 mg/L NO3-N drinking water standard.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
i
Abstract.
Table of Contents ii
List of Figures and Tables iii
L1st of Append1ces 111Introduction.
1Nature of Concerns 1Previous Investigations 2
study Area Location and PhysiograJ?hy Animal Production statlstics 336
General Geology 7
101111
General Hydrogeology Pike County Howard County
1212141515
Methodology.
Selection of Sample sites Sample Collection and Field Analysis Laboratory Analysis Quality Control/Quality Assurance
17Summary of Study Results..
References.
21
23
Appendices.
ii
List of :E'igures PageFigure 1. Location of the study area 5
Figure 2. Generalized stratigraphic column of theOuachi ta Mountain System 8
Figure 3. Generalized stratigraphic column of theGul f Coastal Plain 9
Figure 4. Location of sample sites 13
List of Tables
Table 1. Animal production for Pike and HowardCounties. 6
Table 2. NO3-N statistics of well water samplesfor Pike and Howard Counties 17
Table 3. NO3-N statistics of well water samplesby physiographic region 18
Table 4. Comparison of historical nitrate data tonitrate data collected for this study 20
List of Appendices
Appendix A. Resul ts of chemical analysis 23
Appendix B. Quality control/quality assurance 28
Appendix c. Sample collection field check list 32
Appendix D. Well locating system 33
iii
Introduction
In recent years, the tremendous expansion of hog and poultry
production in Arkansas has caused concern regarding nitrate
contamination of ground water. Nitrate contamination can occur
when animal waste is applied as fertilizer to pastureland. This is
of particular concern in rural areas where domestic wells supply
most if not all drinking water. It can also affect municipal water
systems, which may not adequately treat for nitrate.
While the major source of ground water nitrate in Arkansas is
surface application of animal waste, other agricultural practices
may contribute to ground water nitrate. The use of commercial
fertilizers containing nitrogen, sewage disposal, cattle feeding
operations, and the cultivation of virgin soils (leading to
oxidation of large quantities of nitrogen existing as organic
matter in the soil), have been considered major sources of nitrate
contamination.
Nature of Concerns
Nitrate (NO3) is by far the most dominant nitrogen species in
ground water. Measurements of nitrate concentrations are usually
reported in one of two ways: nitrate (NO3) or nitrate-nitrogen
(NO3-N). The current national primary drinking water standard for
NO3-N is 10 mg/L, which is equivalent to 45 mg/L NO3 (EPA, 1985).
There are two main health effects related to nitrate. The
first is methemoglobinemia ("blue baby syndrome"), a type of blood
disorder in which oxygen transport in young babies and fetuses is
impaired (Craun, 1984). The second health effect is the
1
~ --
possibility of forming cancer-causing compounds after drinking
contaminated water. Under certain conditions, nitrate is reduced
to nitrite in the gastrointestinal tract. It then reacts with
secondary amines and amides present in food and water to form N-
nitroso compounds, many of which are carcinogenic in animals.
A 1982 epidemiological study found evidence that elevated
nitrate in ground water may cause human fetal malformations. The
study found a higher death rate due to such congenital
malformations in a region that had 10+ mg/l nitrate-N in its
drinking water than had occurred in surrounding areas that showed
negligible nitrate levels (Scragg et al., 1982).
Previous Investigations
Although a number of nitrate studies have been conducted in
other parts of Arkansas, no recent study has examined nitrate,
levels in well water for this area. A 1955 ground water resource
study (Counts et al., 1955) examined an area of southwest Arkansas
which included the southern half of Pike and Howard County. The
purpose of this study was to gather information about the
occurrence and quality of ground water, with emphasis on areas of
Cretaceous age.
A water chemistry study was conducted in 1978 by a University
of Arkansas graduate student (Sharp, 1978). The goal of this study
was to examine the potential of spring water chemistry as a
geothermal and mineral exploration tool. Springs in Pike and
Howard Counties (as well as Sevier, Polk, Montgomery, and Garland)
were analyzed for heavy metals and the normal anion/cation suite,
including NO3-N.
2
~"'-C~ _c~~-_c~~--
A 1980 study was done to study the chemistry of the spring
waters of the Ouachita Mountains (Steele et al., 1980). Ninety-
three springs and nine wells were sampled, with twenty-five sample
sites located in Pike and Howard Counties. A follow-up study
examined these same springs and wells as an evaluation of ground
water sampling as a sampling medium for uranium exploration
(Steele, 1982). In conjunction with this study, an additional
study investigated the seasonal effects on ground water chemistry
(Steele et al., 1982).
study Area
Location and Physiography
The study area, which consists of pike and Howard Counties,
covers 1169 miles2 (748,160 acres). The two counties are located
in southwest Arkansas, as shown in Figure 1. The two county area
has a 1990 total population of 23,655, which is down 0.8% from the
1980 population of 23,832 (U.S. Census, 1990). The economy of
this area is based primarily on animal production and the timber
industry.
Both pike and Howard Counties are divided by the fall line
which separates Arkansas into two physiographic provinces: the
northwestern Interior Highlands and the southeastern Gulf Coastal
Plain. The study area north of the fall line lies in the Ouachita
Mountain region of the Interior Highlands. The study area south of
the fall line is located in the Gulf Coastal Plain.
North of the fall line (Interior Highlands) the outcrops are
mostly Mississippian and Pennsylvanian in age, and the land
3
surface is hilly to mountainous. The highly folded structure ofthe Ouachita Mountains produces long, narrow, east-west trending
ridges of more resistant sandstone and narrow, parallel valleys of
less resistant shale. South of the fall line (Gulf Coastal Plain)
the outcrops primarilyare Cretaceous in The surface
age.
expression of the Cretaceous area is characterized by low rounded
hills, aligned in a general northeastern direction, the trend
conforming to the outcrop bands of the formations. The moreresistant formations, such the Nacatochas Sand and the Tokio
Formation,
stand up as low ridges (Counts et al., 1955).
4
5
.M
Q)J.oI~t:J'
-r-irx..
Animal Production statistics
Pike and Howard Counties have experienced relatively
growth in poultry and swine production. Table 1 shows the increase
rapid
in animal production for each county over the last 20 years.
pike County
YEAR BROILERS SWINE CATTLE
197019801990
11,608,00017,200,00017,124,000
1,4002,700
18,000
18,00020,30018,000
Howard County
YEAR BROILERS SWINE CATTLE
28,00031,70033,000
197019801990
27,325,00043,369,00045,650,000
1,9001,500
57,000
Table 1. Animal production for Pike and Howard Counties (USDA,1970, 1980, 1990). Broiler numbers are total production per year,swine and cattle numbers are a one time head count for that year.
County ranked fifth of all counties in theIn 1990, Howard
state in broiler production fourth in swine production. Pikeand
ranked nineteenth in broiler production inand eleventhCounty
swine production (USDA, 1990).
6
General Geology
The Ouachita Mountain portion of the study area is part of a
structural belt which extends for more than 1300 miles along the
America from northern Mexicosouthern edge of North across
Oklahoma, Texas, and to southwestern Alabama (Flawn et
Arkansas,
The major this is the Ouachitaof beltal., 1961 exposure
Mountains of western Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma
A generalized stratigraphic column for the Ouachita Mountain
The lithologies of the Ouachitain Figureis shown 2.systemin age from Cambrian to PennsylvanianMountain system range
Paleozoic-ageOuachita Mountains mostlyrocks in the are
deposited in a deep oceanic basin.
sandstone,shale,
and chert
compressed,folded,
and faultedrocks were subsequentlyThese
late Pennsylvanian and Permian. ofSmall segmentsduring the
also folded up into the Ouachitaunderlying basaltic
Mountains (Guccione, 1985)
rock
were
Ouachita Mountainis theThe Gulf Coastal Plain south of
south-centralsouthwestern anddivision extendsand across
rocks
are not folded, and only a few normal faults
Arkansas.
The
rocks of the Gulf Coastal Plain wereare present. The sedimentary
southern partdeposited in the shallow sea that covered the
Arkansas during the Cretaceous and the shallow Gulf of Mexico
and the middleMesozoicthe lateduringcovered the same area
sedimentary rocks are all poorly lithified and
of evaporites, sandstones, and shales (Guccione,
Cenozoic.
These
mostlyconsistGulf Coastalfor the
1985).
A generalized stratigraphic column
Plain is shown in Figure 3
7
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8
Generalized stratigraphic coluron of the Gulf CoastalPlain. From Counts et al., 1955.
Figure 3.
9
---,.""'~.-
General Hydrogeology
The Ouachita Mountain portion of the study area is very
complex lithologically. This complex lithology, in combination
with intense folding and faulting and highly variable hydraulic
conductivities and porosities, results in very complex hydrologic
systems. The Stanley Formation, which is a turbidite sequence of
up to 12,000 feet of alternating sandstones and shales (Flawn et
al., 1961), supplies most of the well water in this portion of the
study area.
The Gulf Coastal Plain portion of the study area is composed
of a wedge of Cretaceous age sedimentary deposits that thin to an
edge at the fall line and thicken rapidly to the south. The lower
Cretaceous Trinity Group and the Tokio Formation crop out in a
band bordering the Interior Highlands.
The Trinity Group consists of alternating beds of sand, clay,
gravel, and limestone. The total thickness for the Trinity Group
ranges from 20 to 100 feet. The upper sand of the Trinity is the
principal source of water in the group (Counts et al., 1955).
Trinity water is usually fair to good in chemical quality.
The Tokio Formation consists of sands, gravels, and clays.
The Tokio Formation ranges from about 50 feet thick in the study
area to as much as 350 feet thick further downdip. It yields
moderate amounts of good quality water to domestic, industrial,
and public supply wells.
Both the Trinity Group and the Tokio Formation serve as both
recharge points and major aquifers for the study area. On the
basis of a few pumping tests and an approximation of its gradient,
10
the rate of ground water movement through these units is on the
order of about 5 feet per year (Counts et al., 1955).
with the existing data it is difficult to determine which
aquifer supplies a given well. While deeper aquifers such as the
Atoka, Jackfork, and Stanley may supply water to some wells, they
are rarely utilized because of sufficient water yields in
shallower aquifers.
Pike County
Most of the wells in the Ouachita Mountain portion of Pike
County receive their water from the Stanley Formation. Low volume
wells with fair to good quality water can usually be obtained at
depths of less than 300 feet.
In the region of the fall line where the Trinity group crops
out, little ground water is available. Here the Trinity group is a
calcareous clay that bears little water (Veatch, 1906).
Further south, the Tokio formation provides ground water of
good chemical quality (suitable for domestic use without
treatment), typically at depths of less than 100 feet. However,
at the extreme end of Howard County domestic wells may be as much
as 500 feet deep.
Howard County
As in Pike County, the Stanley Formation supplies wells in
the Ouachita Mountain portion of Howard County. In central Howard
County, many wells derive their water from the middle and lower
sands of the Tokio Formation. In the extreme south end of the
county wells yield water from the upper sand of the Tokio and the
11
Woodbine Formation. Sands in the upper part of the Trinity group
also supply wells in central Howard County (Counts et al., 1955).
Well depth varies from a few feet in the northern end of the
county to as much as 700 feet in the southern part. The chemical
quality of the Tokio water is generally good. Water supplied by
the Trinity group is generally highly mineralized and often
requires treatment.
IMethodology
Selection of Sample Locations
A total of 100 samples were collected from Pike and Howard
Counties. Sample site distribution is shown in Figure 4.
Initially, random sampling based on the use of a grid system was
planned. After evaluating the two county area; however, it was
determined that a grid system would not be practical due to the
population concentrations along roadways and the large areas of
timber company land. The sample sites in Howard County were
selected by spacing fifty sites as evenly as possible over the
populated areas of that county. pike County presented more of a
problem. Most of the chicken and hog production for pike County is
located in the upper one-third of the county along Arkansas
Highways 84 and 70, both of which run east to west. Of the 50
samples collected, 38 are distributed over this area. The
remaining samples are distributed over the lower two-thirds of the
county, which is predominantly timber company land (non-
populated) .
12
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13
Sample Collection and Field Analysis
Residential wells in Howard and pike Counties were sampled
this study. Two rounds of samples collected duringwere
successive wet and dry seasons. Wet season samples were collected
between March 21, 1991 and May 25, 1991. Dry season sampl.es were
collected between July 17,
1991
and August 10, 1991. A total of
100 samples were collected and analyzed for the wet season, but
only 91 samples were collected and analyzed for the dry season.
Reasons for fewer dry samplesseason range from well owners not
being home to wells having gone dry.
Samples collected at each site inwere 1000a mL
polypropolene bottle. This sample was then filtered through a 0.45
urn pore-size cellulose-acetate membrane and placed on ice. At the
end of each sampling day the 1000 mL filtered sample was divided
into three
portions.
A 500 mL portion was refrigerated at 4°C to
be analyzed for sulfate (8°4 A 250 mL portionand chloride (Cl).
to be used for the cations was acidified with 1.0 mL of HNO3 to a
pH of <2. The remaining 250 mL portion of the filtered sample was
acidified with 1.0 mL of 1:1 H2SO4 to a pH of <2 and stored in a
polypropolene bottle at 4 °C. This sample was used for nitrate
plus nitrite (as N) and ammonia (NH4 and NH3).
minimize contaminationTo
problems,
samples were collected
from the closest outlet to the well. Most samples were collected
the well house faucet. All wells were purged fiveat at least
minutes in order to flush the holding tank and well bore.
temperature, specific conductance, and totalWater
pH,
alkalinity as calcium carbonate determined in the field atwere
collection time. Temperature was determined with a mercury bulb
14
I
'
thermometer. Hydrogen ion activity (pH) was measure:d with an
orion Research Model SA 250 pH meter and a Ross probe. Field
conductance was measured with a YSI model 33 conductivity meter
and mathematically adjusted to specific conductance at 25°C.
Titration to the bromocreosol green/methyl red end point with 0.02
N H2SO4 was used to determine total alkalinity.
Laboratory Analysis
Analysis for nitrate followed Hach Company procedures (Hach,
1984). Prior to analysis the nitrate samples were neutralized to
a pH of 7.0 using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The concentrations of
the samples were adjusted to compensate for the change in volume
during neutralization. Nitrate and nitrite was then analyzed
using the cadmium reduction colorimetric method (APRA, 1985) as
modified by Hach (1984). A Bauch & Lomb Spectronic 20 Colorimeter
was used to measure the transmittance of the nitrate samples.
Samples that were below 12% transmittance were diluted and
reanalyzed. All the remaining anions and cations were analyzed
using EPA approved methods and time constraints (EPA, 1983).
Quality Control
Duplicate samples were analyzed to determine analytical
accuracy. For the wet season, ten of one hundred samples (10%)
were duplicates, and for the dry season, ten of ninety-one samples
(11%) were duplicates. A single pooled precision value of 0.015
mg\L as NO3-N for both seasons was calculated based on the method
of Skoog and West (1974). Appendix B, Table B-1 lists the initial
and duplicate analyses for both seasons, as well as pooled
15
precision values for both seasons.
Trip blanks and field duplicates were collected and analyzed
as part of the QA/QC program. All field duplicates and trip blanks
were collected, filtered, acidified, neutralized, and analyzed by
the same procedures as described previously. The results of these
analyses are listed in Appendix B, Table B-2.
various known NO) concentrations were used to spike selected
samples.
These spiked samples analyzed with thewere same
procedure as the other nitrate samples and intabulatedare
Appendix B, Table B-3. The maximum difference between measured
expected values was 0.06 mg/L NO3-N. A percent recoverymean
of 103.91 and a relative standard deviation of 18.06% for the mean
percent recovery was calculated for the spiked samples
Additional quality control was ensured by analysis of blind
NO) samples provided by the water quality lab at the University ofArkansas.
All blind sample analyses were within the 90% confidence
analysis is given in AppendixData from the blind sample
limit.B,
Table B-4
16
SUMMARY OF STUDY RESULTS
Because animal waste tends to be applied fairly close to the
production area, its seems likely that NO3-N levels in the ground
water would increase with increased animal production. As shown in
Table 2, Howard County has substantially higher levels of ground
water NO3-N than Pike County. This corresponds with the higher
animal production seen in Howard County (Table 1).
PIKE COUNTY HOWARD COUNTY
SEASON STATISTICS NO3-N(Mg/L) SEASON STATISTICS NO3-N(Mg/L)Wet High
LowAvg.
Medianstd. Dev.# Samples
4.56<0.01
0.480.040.99
50
HighLowAvg.Medianstd.
Dev.# Samples
Wet 8.50<0.01
1.250.302.05
50
HighLowAvgMedianstd. Dev.# Samples
Dry 6.32<0.01
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47
Dry HighLowAvg.
Medianstd. Dev.=# Samples
7.55<0.01
0.680.121.34
44
Table 2. NO3-N statistics of well water samples for Pikeand Howard Counties.
Because of the hydrogeologic differences in the study area,
the comparisons made in Table 2 may be misleading. Table 3
compares the Gulf Coastal Plain and Ouachita Mountain regions of
pike and Howard Counties. In the Ouachita Mountain Province,
median NO3-N values for both wet (0.56 mgjL) and dry (0.05 mgjL)
17
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seasons in Howard County are higher than the median ~.,et (0.02
mg/L) and dry (0.01 mg/L) NO3-N values for pike Counties. As
previously noted, this is likely due to the higher levels of
animal production in Howard County as compared to Pike County.
In the Gulf Coastal Province, median NO3-N values for both
wet (1.73 mg/L) and dry (1.94 mg/L) seasons in pike County are
much higher than the median NO3-N wet (0.19 mg/L) and dry (0.16
mg/L) values for Howard County. The higher NO3-N levels for Pike
County were unexepected due to the lower animal production of Pike
County. However~ it should be pointed out that only five sites
are located in the Gulf Coastal portion of Pike County as compared
to 28 sites in the Gulf Coastal portion of Howard County. This is
not enough sites for a meaningful comparison.
The Gulf Coastal Province combined wet-dry season median NO3-N
value is 0.19 mg/L as compared to 0.04 mg/L for the Ouachita
Mountain Province. The higher nitrate levels in the Gulf Coastal
Plain Province are very likely due to the nature of the Gulf
Coastal Plain sediments which serve as area aquifers.. These
sediments are in general permeable and susceptible to local
contamination; whereas, the Stanley Formation, which serves as the
aquifer for the Ouachita portion of the study area, is a
relatively impermeable shale unit. However, local areas of
fracturing and faulting in the Stanley Formation could be
susceptible to surface contamination.
It is also worth pointing out that many poorly ca::;ed wells
were observed while collecting samples. These wells, which were
often located on or near pastureland, would be particularly
susceptible to local surface contamination and might even serve as
19
"'"~c".c.~~~~ ~,,-~ ~---
be the result of surface contamination of poorly cased individual
wells or contamination from domestic septic systems.
other comparison that be made is withcan historicalnitrate data. In the study by Counts et ale (1955), 83 samples
from the Gulf Coastal Plain area in Pike and Howard Counties were
analyzed for nitrate. Table 4 is a comparison of these analyses
without regard to county or season
1955 STUDYNO3-N DATA
STATISTICS NO3-N(Mg/L)
AVERAGE OF ALL GULF COASTNO3-N DATA FROM THIS STUDY
STATISTICS NO3-N(Mg/L)
HighLowAvg.
Medianstd. Dev.
# samples
HighLowAvg.
Medianstd. Dev.# Samples
1.190.000.260.210.18
83
7.30<0.01
1.060.191.60
59
Table 4. Comparison of historical nitrate data to nitrate datacollected for this study.
In reference to the 1955 data shown in Table 4, it is worth
noting that the study area was farmed in the early to mid 1900's.
The nitrate levels seen in the 1955 study are likely the result of
fertilizers applied to
land.
Because littlecrop or no cropfarming now occurs in pike and Howard Counties, the NO3-N ground
concentrations in thiswater study likely the reE,ul t ofare
surface application of animal waste. Although the median values
for the studies
similar,
the highertwo value andare average
suggestsdeviationstandard for the present study increased
nitrate contamination in some of the ground water.
20
References
ARPA,
1985. Standard methods for the examination of water andwastewater (16th addition). American Public HealthAssociation,
Washington, D.C., 1268 p.
Counts, H.B., Tait, D.B., Klein, H., and Billingsley, G.A.,1955. Ground Water Resources in a part of southwesternArkansas. U.S. Geologic Survey, Little Rock, 35p.
Craun, G.F., 1984. Health aspects of groundwater pollution.Groundwater Pollution Microbiology, eds. G. Bitton and C. P.Gerba. New York, John Wiley, p. 135 -179.
1983. Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastewater.u.s. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-600/4-79-020, 430p.
1985. National primary drinking water regulations; syntheticorganic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, and microorganisms;proposed rule. Federal Register, v. 50, No. 219, pp 46934 -47022.
Flawn, P.T., Goldstein, A., King, and P.B. Weaver, C.E., 1961.The Ouachita Symposium. Pub. No. 6120, Bureau of EconomicGeology, Univ. of Texas, Austin., 401 p.
Guccione,
M.J., 1985. The Geology of Arkansas. University ofArkansas Geology Department, Fayetteville, AR, 281 p.
Hach Chemical Company, 1984. Water analysis handbook. Ames, Iowa,Hach Chemical Company, p. 2 -102.
Scragg, R.K., Dorsch, M.M., McMichael, A.J., and Baghurst, P.A.,1982. Birth defects and household water supply. MedicalJournal of Australia, v. 2, p 577 -579.
Sharp, J.B., 1978. Water Chemistry of the OuachitaSprings excluding Hot Springs, AR. Unpublished M.S.University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 99 p.
MountainThesis,
Skoog,
D.A., and West, D.M., 1969. Analytical chemistry, anintroduction, second edition, p 45 -46.
21
steele.
K.F., and Wagner, G.H., 1980. Chemistry of the springwaters of the Ouachita Mountains excluding Hot Springs,Arkansas. Arkansas Water Resources Research Center,University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 130 p.
steele,
K.F.,Arkansas.
1982.
Orientation study, Ouachita Mountain Area,U.S. Department of Energy, 38 p.
steele,
K.F., Fay, W.M., and Cavendor, P.N., 1982. SeasonalEffects on groundwater chemistry of the Ouachita Mountains.u.s. Department of Energy, 63p.
u.s. Census, 1990. Summary population and housing characteristicsfor Arkansas. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of theCensus, 235p.
USDA,
1970, 1980, 1990. Arkansas agricultural statistics. U.S.Dept. of Agriculture; Division of Economics, Statistics, andCooperatives Service, Little Rock, Arkansas.
Veatch,
A.C., 1906. Geology and underground water resources ofnorthern Louisiana and southern Arkansas. U.S. Geol. SurveyProf. Paper 46, 185p.
22
APPENDIX A
Results of chemical analyses
Format:
Sample locations -system used shown in Appendix D
Sample numbers -Locations are shown in Figure 4.
Ouachita Mountain samples -Indicated by * beside sample number.
Gulf Coastal Plain samples -Indicated by lack of *
Alk = Total alkalinity as mg/L CaCO3°
Spec.
Condo = uS/cm at 25 C.
23
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c:i
APPENDIX B
Quality-Control/ Quality-Assurance
28
Table B-1: Nitrate plus nitrite (mgjL as N) values obtained fromduplicate sample analysis.
Pooled standard deviation -wet season =
1131404251889194
104106
1121313846798699
107109
WETWETWETWETWETWETWETWETWETWETDRYDRYDRYDRYDRYDRYDRYDRYDRYDRY
SAMPLE SEASON INITIAL DUPLICATE MEAN % DIFFER~~
0.880.24
<0.010.76
<0.010.532.620.270.560.330.180.140.200.170.160.300.300.590.160.15
29
0.950.15
<0.010.72
<0.010.522.780.310.570.300.210.120.200.170.150.190.270.530.160.15
0.920.200.000.740.000.532.700.290.560.320.200.130.200.170.160.250.290.560.160.15
3.1625.00
0.002.700.001.892.886.451.756.25
10.007.140.000.000.00
16.673.335.080.000.00
Pooled standard deviation -drv season =Pooled standard deviation -both seasons =
Sample Initial Duplicate Mean PercentNumber Conc. Conc. Value Differ~
1014346469
0.054.560.921.180.10
0.074.750.851.050.10
0.064.660.891.120.10
-14.29+1.89-4.49
-6.250.00
Trip Blank ConcentrationNumber Cmg/L)
1234
< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01
Table B-3: Summary of spiked sample analyses.indicate NO3-N (mgjL).
Values shown
SAMPLE ACTUAL NO EXPECTED NO3 PERCENTNUMBER AFTER SPIiE AFTER SPIKE RECOVERY~- '-
77779999
1010
o.o.o.o.o.o.o.o.o.o.
o.o.o.o.o.o.o.o.o.o.
111
11
1
Mean percent recovery = 103.91 %
Relative standard deviation for mean percent recovery = +/- 18.06%
30
3789237938
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1100470347
Blind sample analyses of NO3-N.Table B-4:
PARAMETER TRUE VALUE 95% CONFIDENCE ANALYTICA.L(mq/L) INTERVAL VALUE (mqLll
0.23 *0.57 **0.51 *
0.16 -0.240.44 -0.550.44 -0.55
0.20.50.5
Nitrate-NNitrate-NNitrate-N
within 95% confidence limitwithin 90% confidence limit
***
31
Appendix c: Sample collection field check-list.
LOCATION INFORMATION
DATE COLLECTED:
WELL LOCATION:
SAMPLE NUMBER:
SURFACE ELEVATION:
LAND OWNER
WELL INFORMATION
AGE OF WELL: DISTANCE/DIRECTIONTO SEPTIC SYSTEM:
DEPTH OF WELL:
AMOUNT OF FLOW:
ODORS/MINERALIZATION:
FIELD TESTS
TEMPERATURE :
ALKALINITY:CONDUCTIVITY:
pH
LOCAL GEOLOGY:
NOTES/MAPS
32
Appendix D: Diagram showing well location system.
R 22 W R2/W R20W
T7S
T6S
T9S
33