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TIIE ItIGII'I` IiONOURABLE

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THE TARL OF CARNARVON,

PRINCIPAL SISC1tE1'AItY O F STATL FOR TH E

COLONIES.

<UY

THE 11 ON . C)IIA I?.LT#S 'I'U.PPER.

In reply to a l'umj,h!etpititled

CONF.EDERATION ,

CONSII)I;RI;ll IN RELATION 'l'O 'l'IIL; IIVTERI:S'rS OF THE

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TO 'l'III: RIGII'I' IInNOUR:1I3LE0

THE EARL OF CARNARVON,

Principal Secretary of Statefor the Colonies .

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My LORD ,

My position as Leader of the Government of Nova Scotia,.and one of the 1)elegates appointed, under the authority of theI,egislnture, by the I,ieutcnaiit-C,Uovernor, to arrange with Dcle-gates from Canada and New lir(inswick, and with lier Majesty's6'overnment Lere, a, plan of Union for the British North 'Ameri-can Provinces, renders it my djity to offer sonic observations'upon a pamphlet entitlccl, "Coiifecleration, considered'in relationto the Interests of the Eampirc," recc1ktlÿ sent by the llon .J oseph l'Iowe to the Colonial Ufl~ice : Air. Ilowe bas rested hisarguments largely ulion l& own unsupported statements . In theobservations I have to make on these statements I shall takethe liberty of qnuting, anii~nl; other authorities, one whicli thatgentlen>>ln ought to rcAl ►ect, for it is his 'own . I shall produco,

j o yonr 1,ordsl ► il,, from 11r . I Iowe's previous haLlic speechesand writings, the most claboratc "pfutation of all the reasoning•l,y whicil lie now en(le,ivourn to obstruct the Union of the13riti,91i North Aineriean Colonies .

Permit me; my Lord, at the outset briefly to state thôlirescnt liotsition of the Confecleration question'.

A little over 2,000 milès from Ireln'mi lies Nova Scotia, aproviiice covering an area of over 1S, 000 square miles, indentedwith the finest lua•Lonrs in the world, cnjoying a healthyclimate, Iwssessinl; a fertile soil, immense deposits of excellentcoal, iron ore in abttndance, equal in quality to that of the bestSwedish, and mines of golil and other minoralà of greatextent and value. • ' f

To the wcst .~of Nova Scotia lies New Brnnawick, with au

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an of about 28,000 square miles of superior land, with` forest8of the n~ost valuitLl~ timl,er; ancl nlso.~içli in .inérals . •

1 ;\~hincl Ne«, 13riün sw ick lies Cünacla, with am area of 331,000,,prluard , miles, cclcbratecl as a whcat=firôwing country, and rich •

in all . tl ► o various olcnicn,ts of uu bc,unclec( hro~perity . ,Jlittitig otüt icito thQ 4lantiç, Nova Siotia"fôrms tho nest

point of 'eo"tnmunication t`•ith the Uld World . Tt$ -spaCîduaharbours-invite the commerce of the globe . Ité geogrâplhical

. position an d n~ineral •clehosits,show that Uorl and nature intënclecithat it shoalcï be to Americin what these British Islands are tothe Continent te f 1?urope-.rtho great emporiuln of commerceand the highwny' of nations. , . '

'l'hc construction of 40( miles cif railway from . .Truro, inNova Scotia, throùgh, IV'cw l3runswick, to Itiviirre du Loup, i n

. Canada, i s all tliat i i twtuirecl to complcte an unhroken line o frail«•a,y, 1,4(K) nii k s' long, cxtenclinb from Ilnlil'ax, on th e Atlantic,to Sarnia, at the foot of Lake huron . 'l'ho construc-tiou of other 1, 600 rnilecv, from Lace Superior to the shores oftl►e I'acitcc, Would furnia

' Continent, all on British► a, stean~, communication across th yterritory, ancl'intersecting throughouti'•;

it~ etitire extent a couhinvigorating climate .

Yet Nova Scotia has prRhe possesses, that, after

r,v possessing a fertile soil and anm

gressod so littlo with nll the advantagea

the one si de, ancl of Canada on (he'other.Canada, brcat as has 1ieen the dcvclopcment of lier bounclless

power for thcir postal communication ta•ith the parent state . lait

1 ►e lupse of more than a ccntùry sinc eshe becaine a permanent lwssesg ion of Ureat 13ritain, lier popu-lation nu thbers Lit .t. 3GU,U0Q. -

New Brunswick, notwithstanûing the eatent of hems land ntidher invnluaLle forests of timber, intersected for some fourhundrecl nulles by the benutiful river St . . John, which- emptiesinto the fine harbc►ur of St. Johni lias but 280,000 inhabitants .Its trade iH restri ç te ( l by (lie custom -houses of Nova Scotia; on

resources, is for several montiis of the year pliut out from accessto the occan, ana lier 3,000,000 of l )eople clehend tipon a forcign

stranbe, my Lord, tliat, under tl ►ese ci;rcumstances, the policy ofuniting the s o Colonies under one gpvernment, thus strikingdown the hostile tariffs and diverse currenciea, and other impedi- -

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ments which obatruct their tra ( le, and giving tbem rahi 4 l andeasy mcans of communication with each other au ► l with Greatliritain; Ahoitlci long sincé 1 ► ave attracte (i the attention of publicmen interested in the welfare of tl ►cn ► all ; and of the e ►npir,Q ofwhich they form a not unimportant,part ?

So long ago as 1814, (;I ► ief Justice 5ewell of Quebec,,,, .animate►1 by these views, aclclressed a letter to his Royal Ilihb-

nese the I)uke of Kent, in which he pro L)osea a Federal Unio ► >,of British North America . The fathcr' qf our eover.eign in hisreply, dated Kensington Palace, Ncivember ~3Uth, 1814,^ye :-

My dear Sewoll,-T have 064 f lay llai l the hlcasnre o f ro~~eiv i`n g your t'" interestino note of ycstcrday . N utl ► ing cati be better arran gal than

the whole thing is . "

In 1839 l ; ; ►rl Durham, after the most tlïorongh * l ►ereonalexamination of the British North American Cul„ ►► ies, y u bu ► itteda masterly report to lier Majesty the Queen, in which he advo-cated, 111► the most conclusive mnntler, the a►lyunt►ibe and neces=sity of a Union of those Colonies under Mie government . Achroful etudy of thé monument thus left of the persl ► icuousstfiteBmanBhl p of that cliptinguiyhed nol,lem,tn; will show thatwhile lie, in the first instance, ad vocate (l a Federal Union,' andeub:jequently inclined to one of a Legislative cltaracter, lie hasoutlined a echome of gov hument almost analogous with thatarranged by the Cônferonco recently held at Q uebec. LordDurham said :-~ . . ,

" The views on which I found my support of a comprehensivo Unionhavo long been entertained by many persons in thoso Colonie, , whoseopinion is entitled to the highost consideration . , * * *

" I know of but one ditficulty in the way of such an 1Tniôn,and that

arises from the disinclination which some of the ieower l'rovinces might,

fool to the tranyferoneo of puwyra from tboir present Logislaturo W tha tof the Union .

is As the more amalt;a►nation of the Ilouses of Assembly of the twoProvinces would not be advisahle, or give at all a duo share of repro-

" sontation to oacl ► , a I'arlianwntatiryl :oin ►niHsiom dhoul(l be appoiuteii, fo rthe purpotsQ of forming tliu Electoral Division» and ileturn ► ininr thenumber of inembers to ho' reUu•ncil, on the principle of giving ropre•

" sontation, as near as may be, in proportion to population . 111111 a.verso

to every plan that has been proposed for giving an cilual nnmLcr ofmemberâ to the two Provinces, in order to attain the temporary end o f

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to m► trnttmhering the French, because I• ttink the same olijCct will be" obtnine'l withont any violation of the Princihles of relrresentntiom, an d

witLout nn v such nll lmnrnncc' of injustice in the schenie as wonld setpublic opinion, lmllt in E'nglnnd and Americn, strongly agninst it ; and

to bernnse, when 4 .1ni ;;rntiun shall hqve. increnticd the English population" in the l'hhur Province, the a(l'Ttio~n of such a Prini-ilde wonilif operat e

to ilc+Rvtt the very ht ►rlmtie it. iei inteniied to tierve . It )iltpenrs to mo" that ► uty sn ch electoral nrrnngement, ffiunded on the present Provincialto I)ivts ► 6ns, wonld tend to defeat the purposes of tution, and perpetuate" the idea of ilitiunion .

,_ ," ', The Mile l.'~inunission shoulcl form a plan of Local ( ;ovc~rnn~ent byI#elective hrnlièy sitlmrdinnte to the ( ;encral Legialnttu•u, and exercitiing a

" cumpl~to ccmtrol over snch local nflhirs as ilo flot co►no within theto province of'( ;encrral l,egitilntiun . 'l')te plan So .frnmed shonld be made

an Act of the Imlterial Parliruitent, M, as to prevent the t ;cneral Legis•lntt fe from omcroachinl; on the powers of (lie local bodies, ;

A Gcncral I';xrc.utive, on an i ►npru%ed principle, should be estab ." li .hrd, to-ether with a Suprctuo. Court of Altpeal, for all the North" A ►ncrican Colonies . The othA;r estaLlishment4 and lnws of the two

Colonies should be lc+ft unalt~re ► i until thq Logitiluttu'e of the Ilnion shotilil thittk fitto change t.hem

. "'l'he objection to t$it{ would arise ltirincihally, I iniagine, from thcirnot liking to give ult the immedinto control w)tich they now have overthe furi ► ls by which their local expcrtclitnrp is defrayed. I: have givensuch a view of tito evils of this 4ystetn, that I cannot'`he expected toadmit that an iuterfereuce with it wuulil be an objection to my plan .I think, however, that the Provinces would have a ril ;ht to cüpiplain i f

" these hnwers of local management, and of diHtrihuting fUncl for' local" purroses, wero taken from the Provincial AssetnLlies only 4rr'bo placed

in the yet more ohjectionaLle hands of a(;êneral ],cgislat .uro . Everyprec0.ut.ion should, in my opinion, be taken to prevent such a power, by

Seany possibility, falling into the hands of the Ggitilntnro of (lie Union .In order to prevent that, I won)() prefer that the Provincial AssemLliosshotild be retained with merely municipal I►owers . ]lut it %vould be fa r.4 11 betVr, in point hoth of efticieney and econotny, that this power should •be ontrnritA,d to the municipal bodit;s of much smaller districts ; and theformation of such bodies wonlil, in my opinion, be an essential part o fOf any dnraLle and connplete Union. * * *

ln existin); circu ►nstnnces, the conciusion to which the foregoingennhillf'ration s lead me is, that no time sl ► Aulcl he lost in proposing to

" l'arlitune ► it it Bill for rcluealing Ili(,, altit ( ;eu . Ill ., retttoring the Union" of, tlw l',uincias under one I,cl;islahu•e, and constituting lhem as one

Province .

" The 14i11 shonld cominin hrmisions by which any or all of the otherNorth American Colonies may, nu the application of thé I,egislaturo, bewith the consont of the two Canadas, or thcir"uniWd L,ogislaturo,

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" admitted intii the l'niot ► on such terms a~ may be agreed et5 betweenthem." i` .

In 1849 the British American League, a body of able anu~ .intelligent men, met at 'l'oconto, and cliacusseci the question ofColonial Union at great length . 'I'1 ►e plan they abreecl to subn ► itfor the considération of th~ Provinces is set out in detail, asfollows : ~

"The Canadas, New Brunswick . Nova Scotia, P . E. Islan(l, and" Newfoundland, to le joined in a 1'eo leral Uiiiuii, huiler tin' naine of" 13ritislr North A ►nerica, with a Sccnetary an t l Utlice in I)owning Street," and aVice- Regent, and l'c ( lcral I c gislnture .

" E act ► l'rovince t o ► have its local lAgislature, tho l,egislative Council" to be elected .

"'l'hc l eilenll Governmcnt t u ~ 1e ~ested in aViceroy or Governcxr-"Genernl, a I,ogislat .ive Ciuirncil alulwinted 'Iuy tLe (;rown, or elected l'y" the LegiKlature o f the l'rovinces t'r six ycaN, rme .tlrird retirinl; evcry" second year ; and rin Asyemhly cho ;en I,y the l'ruvineinl I•,egislaturo" front their own nreml,ers by a special clection, 'a deputat.ion of rnerubere" frorn the Legislative Council and fro ru the lieuse of AssemLly to have

seats in the Il ouse of Gnnnrons ." The powerè of the gener►il Government to he the imposition of

" taxes, duties, an d impurts, whi c h >,hould be unitürrn threûglr out tho" l'rovinces ; toi aselllUe aud pay t h e dehts of tlio seve tal l'rovincee, muni" provid o for tl ► i' pcace an i l welfarp of the Union ; t,o establibh uniforrn" rornq► ercial relations I,etween the o litrerent Province and foreign coun•" tries, not repriRnant to: the lawy of the United Kinqdorn ; deterrnino" disputes, regulate navigation of t he rivers an d lakes, promoto internal" improvementt3, regulate post o tlices, niilitia, d•c . A!inprenre Court" boing also a Court ot Appeni, ,te ., te . A sul,seqttept resolution padsed" againet the el e~ction of the I,égialative Council .' '

In the LegiNlature of Nova 5cotia, the lion . J . W . Johnston,the present J udge in l'~lu i ty, February 22ni1, 184, moved thefolloH•ing resolution :- ~

" Reaolred, 'l'1 ►at the Union or Confederat.ion of the llritish Pro ." vinces iin just princililuH, wliilo calcnlatc o t to prrp,tuatu t.l e ir c i ~rrnerGuu" with the l'arent SW ► te, Hill promu u tc tl ►vir advaucerneut aud prutiperity," inereaKe their strength and intlucuce, and elevatu tt ►eir position . '

Mr. Johnston saiil on that occaaion :-:-

" 1 do tLis, sir, tliat at tlme outnet it ► uRy 1e yeen t, I ►e tuy olr, tlit~,

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" the Imperial and Colonial Governmenta should be drawn to consider thi s".-brcat question, and to ►i ► oulil it, after full ►leliberât.i„n, into some fortn fit" to be presentfd fur the consiilerution of the several Lcgislaturee, and that

I• Presuino not at this stago of the çnquiry to offer any specific schemeof my own." ~ . `

Speaking of 'the proposale of the British North AmôricanLeague at Toronto, in 1 84 9 , Mr. Johnston said :- •

llero is presented a sclie ► uo of Con lVoratlon evidently preparedwith caro► and worthy of .cousï d e ►ution, which, it is to,Lo regretted, ha d

" not been pressed upon the notice of the different Provinces. .*" *" It only remains that a fùw words should be said on the natu'ro of

" the Union- This may be citlwr by--lst, Confûderatioü ; - or, 2ndly," by .Legislative Uniotl, inulu d iug all the l'rovincp s ; or, ardly, by l. .egis .'t lativo Union, including the l.qwor"1'rovincwith Confederation with" Canada .

"~ i all tlio instances which 1 have quoted, we do not meet with thescho 10 of Legidlat .ivo Union until Lord llurham's Report in 1838 ,•an1

" thorcfore example favottrN Conl'ederation ." 1 stated at the bilts et that 1 (lid not think that this was the time to

" spend much consideration on details ; but tl►bugh the mode of Union iëhardly the question for preseut

, deliberation, I will not hero withhold

my strong conviction, that a l.,egiylative Union would best hromoto the" common inv-rust, and the o bjects to be attaine d .

" But with this there must be connected a- ►nnturostnd porfect systemof Municipal Corhorations,-giving to tho poopl o in every county not

" only the control and management of their own irflmodiatq atl'airs, bu tmuch of that whieh` is now the subject of logisltttivô and exoeutive

• " functione ." . • ► . , °

Mr. Iiowe delivered on that occasion a speech, proposing anorganization of the empire lSy .meana of Colonial 'ropreeentationin the Imperial l'arliatnent ; but' the readers of that speech willfind that lie strongly favoured a Ut-fion of a Federal character, ifsuch representation in the llouao of Uommons could not beolxtairieds Mr. Iiowo aaid :-

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" Dy a Federal Union of the Colonies we should have somothing, Uke",the neiglibouring RepuLlic, and if I saw nothing better I should say at"• once let its keep our l,ocal IAgl9laturCS, and have it l'rrsident and Central

l'ongry;s. For all the higher and external relations of the Unitei tPro- vinces . UndLrr a Fedcral Union we should forni a largo ► u ►d prosperouay,T nation, lying between the other two branches of the llrit¢sh famlly, and" our duty would evidently be to keep Moiu both at'poaco . "' - . •

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The IIon ~Y . .:Young, tiow' Chief Justice, in a very ablea ( id ress upun 111r . Johnston's resolution, said :

" A Le- lilntlvo t .'Nion;cunt %- lnl)lnlCti the l'ntll'e n1)'( i 1j tlop (if our l.oC dl

77" I,c~ixlnturA~w, and the trnn,Iéno u v u of tlieir puwcr t o a unitc i l l'arlininrnt

sittii►g, many liund r,:d iniles' frein this Province, npd for this r ~Asun,

althongli I do not fee l mpsclf cnll„A upon to give a décided ohini ;)ü ,94 do not hositatu to avow that my present impressions, in ôl,ipositiou to

those of the nlover, bear stro ► ,gly tuwards a Federal and not a Legiè-lativci Union . "

. - Mr. Young concluded his -veiry cloquent speech as fol-'

lows :-

m

It wql be apparent, 1Ir . Clinirnian, from theso vie~~•s, tLat whilo I" am favourable tq an Cnion of th'(-,o Colonies, and kceuiy nlive ,to The" benefits that may I 1V ex p ,~ (k c d to Ilmiv'`fruni it, I uni iliyo of opinion that" wc are not hreparot to lui5s any rnt;u1ïltion that shoubl Lind its at the

" present moment . Till we ctt ► i at. till uvehts flçeiile w]ietl'r ttie•linionwu desire hhall be fe dr.ral or lcqgi ;lativir, it ;, witicr fer its to siïy nothing .

"'!'lint car~linnl point being Tonce u g rcc~l ,is~i by thu Cultniva ; 019 dyt;aüe, ,ÿ .must bu 's~sttlç~l by a C„ ► lvvntiuu ~~f'tlie alrlest and •inbst ùKIHrjence

d" men. . '['licir report wonht ~t~.~r( hack to the >< shective Législatures forruvisiort or cuntirnlatiun'; "gud 'iu place of it pr~cil,itat.o movement, aUniun . niihht be Q011-Sinuniatcd by ~enor'ul consent, aftur ndcliberatq an d

" caliu ravi6W, and give to British AtnOrica, tinder time old flag and" sur,r6wlauql4nd endeared by tlie old qysu.ciatïons, a UovCrutncnt formed" on the nluyt,appVuvwl mudel, whic;h ltupuLlicans might envy and a free . ." people wouta vUnorat9 and aefbnd ." "

I havo~`here shown your Lordship' that thrée of the most able 'and prominent •meq that have been called to 4iscllprge

public functions in thatf Province, so long ago as 1854'' madethis question, the Union of the Colonies, familiar to the 'public •mind qf' Nova Scotia, as . wel~ as to tho rest of British North

.tLmoric~, and that a remarl~abla agTt~stnent ié' to be found bya close ~exatuinatiou of the views of all, in faiour of such aschetno as is now 1 ►rohosecl . . And this important fact will als

o be noticed, that all were in favour of the scheinc being sul,mittetjtô the Legislatures to be'passed uhon and finally disposed of .

lluring 1855) and 18,56), P . S .- I Iami~çua,, Esq .,-.tlte hresen tCotnmissioner of illiuos, 1 ►uLliril ►ed two forcible and well-writtenpamphlets upon the- Union of the Colonies, and again in 1860

addresaed a letter to his Graco tho Duke of Newcaetlo upon the. ~ .

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sanlo snbject . I», that letter, to whicll I shall h A*vo occasion °again to reler, it %% ill be seen that a scheme of Uovérnnlent nottinlike that reeently arrnngecl, was ]lro}lose(i .

two I)cle ~ , er, c 1nr8e( .t,at(.s to tl,e British l..overnlllent, the Ilon . - 1<leesi•s .

I Johnston and Archibald, to conf'ci• with the `Secretury of Statefor ,thc,Colorties lr])oll the suLject ,of Colonial Union .

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d~t'lie firllowing yeal•, the l lon, ' 111 r . ( ialt Illove(1 in the Calla(1111i1I;el;lslntnre avour of n Colonial Fe(lerntion, and I Ion . Messrs .- Cn4l ti°r, 4t 08s, - nn(1 (lnlt , were (lè}lttte(1 by the 0 ~vernor-(C cite rnlto ] ► ri ► ]

1111111t3-trntion (,f ~~,)li~lr I)in(] the ]io, 1

nour to Iie a memb 1 I

SIlortly alter tlle cllnn ;Q of C,ovcrnlnent ili 18G7 tl o nC i

] }, Uc ttre M tllo 111e-chnnics' Institttto at St . Jolln, N. 11 . I thntndciress ; u} )on "TheP())itica] Coll(]itiun of liritish North Americn," which was suLse- t(lucntly re}lente(I at l fit] ifitx, and in other parts of Nova Scotia ,I a(]voctlte(l, to tlte IlesCof Iny allility, it nw(lif]e(i f(1•rnl of FederalUnion of -British North Arllbrica, as the great (]esidernttlnl of •tltese Colonies, ns will llo seer ► from the (ollowing extract frommy lecture, which was reported fully at the tinlo in tue St . Johnpnpors :--y

ns t le Bill)Ject again before the Imperial authorities .On tllese occasions tllc I lonle' ( :aoverrullent refase(1 to act, •becnuso I)elé%utes had ►iot ~ çen `(luly nutlrol•izc(l .];y all tho

Provinccs intcl•cstcd .. . .llurinl,r the nutulun of 18 60, when a member of the •O 1 lpo-

sition, I was invited to (leliver the o lenin r ' l (

"'I hu nloru important c011 Ai t io 1-11 t.ion, lul(ülubt4dly, is t11() 11ni()n of" the I'rm•incrK nt: the cnl•licst p1•nclirnLlo lnunlcnt . It, would be pro ." rllnturo to decido detinikdy on n ► ly p,u'tienlly plrul by wLich that nligllt" he ncconlplitihvd, until the Ntllijcct if+ diKCUresc~l, ns disctttiaod it must be,it and tllnt at 110 (li ;ltallt ilUttfr by. tllo ~ent linK lnen of' all thax0 Provinces ,ami of all parties, in c,inclnvu ; Lut the suggestion t1u•uwal out, by 11r .Ilnntilton reàvntly, in llia lelter to the 1)nko of Nuwcnstlu, is oviaontly

" worthy of attention, nltllough it is llot unlikely that it wïluld be foun d. suecep ti b lc I)f e 01114, 11101 lilicntion itnil ilnprovenlenl . Witll your per.,illtiH 10 11,0 will i1u6t0 his uL,(Ir%nliidlÿ (m thie lMint . 110 anl•s :- ' Thewri1~ r will Otily vrntttl•o tu oJ)ycl•vU ns all ilt i livid tlnl opinion, thltt aFw,crntivu Cous(itution S iluilur to t.ltnt lately nccor(Ied by llullcrialAct, to Now % vi ~nnd , q livi d in~ lltu vhol t + 1ltlitu d Cnlouioa into a numborof l'ruvinve,;, un cIl with an clèctivo Sitllurinhn dunt nud Council Wndtninihter nnd Icl;iNlnto nhon côrt.,l,in• dclineti and exclusively localatlkirs ; thQ whole boing tiubordiilato to a Viceroy, appuintud by theM ••

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"' Crown or horeditary in a Irrnn ( h nt' the Royal Family, and a metro-politan Parliament of two h(m ,es, tn (lrnl,~~ilh n)1 matters of Frnèrnlinterest, and to possess jhe power of cxereisin6 it qenernl ,SUloerviFion(1 %•er the local l t •jiAlntl(111 of tll e l'r( )v Ini•e, so as to Ilitt•IIII1111Ze tllei rnrti(m, wrn ► l(l seOnl to c(nilbinv the gt•~•ute,t (le~re~~ of secilrity to localinterests, with the grentest nunnimit . %• nl(on all tnntterH of iinP~rtnncenflectinq tho whole United l'oInnie'ti . '

"'l'llo desirability of the i'uiun in any tin' ► n bcin}( once, arrived at,there is little reason to doubt that it could be arranged in n ►nnnnersatititilctory to nll sections (it' the ('unto(12•rntion ; and giving Iii the wholondvuutitges of the Ligliest (•linr,lctrrc n(it now enjoyr(I,#wllile it wouldnot materially detract f► t►nl any Iirivileties of it local chnracter at Ilresentin their possesàion . "

. . . . ',

Near the' doso of the Secmion of 1861, the Ilon . Air. llowe,_(heu Lcatler of the (loverntttet ►t of Nova ticotia, , moved thefollowing resoltrtion, which hàssc ► i untinimo.usly :-.-•

1{'hercas the sitbjeet of a Union of the North Atncricnn Provinces,or of the Maritime Provinces, l't'uln time to tinu+ lins bc ,en ►nootu(1 andcliscuKse(1 in all the Coluni`• s

" And tuhcreas ; wLile ►unny,ndvuntnges may ho secure(1 by such aUnion, citller of all theyo Ih•ovinees, or it l ;ortion of tlletu, nu ►ny antl

" serious obstacles de Ilresente(l, which can o ► lly be overcome by wutual--er`e<tnKUltntion of tLe• landing nlen of the Colonieé, and by free coni-

mttnienti(m with the Imllurinl ( ;overnment :•" Therefore reRo ►ued,'l'1 ►at Ilira l ;xcellcncy the I,icntcnnnt Governclr

'"cho ruslwct.fnlly reqnustod to put llims„lf in eommwliention With His,"(irnCO tllo Colonial tiUr.rutary and 11is 1•:xculleney the (Jovornor .(leucrnl ,

and the l .i~tutun(tnt•U(lvcrn(nx of she North Anierirun'l'olonirs, in orderto ascorlain the Iloliey of Iler 11njc•sty'N U(lverntnent, and tilt- opilliollsof the otllor Colonies, with It view to tue enliglitenccl consi(Icrnti((n ofa question involving the highest inte ► •er ;tti, and ulion which the publie

" mind in all the Provinces c,ugllt'lia be at rest." 0,

In transntitting this resolution •to the Colonial Office in 18 6 2,Lord Mulgravo sai

d As all abstract (luesticm, the lTnien of the North Atnerican Colonieslins long received the support of ►unny prryouti of tvtil{ht ►uul ability,but as far its 1 nm aware, n(i prncticnl nl(I(t of cnrrying out this llnion

" has ever beén Ilrolloytui ."Th(;) question ha4 ► ussumo(1 various Nhnlloti and IrrollirrtionN, some

" d C tl I' 1 1 I1 f 1 1

p

r

a vo ng . uc orn nlon 0 L 1( . w 1oIe (lf Ilrltltah North Amerlca ;sonie a lugislativo Union` of the Lpwor Provinces. With all this

~~- •

to divoryity of opinion as to tho ehnracter which the Union Rhould asetunc,tho feeling in favour of a Union yuf some sort is decicledly on tltoialcrentie iu this l'rovincc. -

li,ulcr tlui,u virritnlstnnilcs my (in1'el'iltll/'nL are of opinion tllat a1114•oting of tiio Ieailiug tukvt of the dilG-rrnt Provinces I;llot

,

ilti tttkoplace, in tllc I 11, ltio tlli.tt, uftcr flill Ilrlilleratiiln and diycttHsiun, sonlo prac .tirql ,cllowo nlny be (I"•isctl GO wllich 1111blio aüout .iuu ►nay l,u clirueledin the future consideration of (l ►u bubject. "

, 0 ,

..In Itie r#l)iÿ to tl ►ie deapatch, i lis Urnco th4 1)uko of

Newcastle obecrvctl :--

No ono cati bo insényiblr to thu importance of tho two men sures" wl ► iclrt ►ru nll~ lu~ril tu ; and I am far 1'rutu ~~uusi~lcriti}~ thut they (16 nnt" Gorni a v~~ry~ propcr nltlijrct for cnltn drliht-rntiun . •'l'lley am, huwevvr,

of it nature t% Licll .rcu(fers it cs ;eutiully fit, that if vitllur of tlle ► u bepruposed for ruI(qKion, it rauollld etnluu ► tV in the firrit inH1MnC0411 ' )m th e

" Provinces, tuld should bô .concurre l in ' by all of tllrtn whic11 it woltkl" affect . I tilli)ltl dl Bc U no el ijvc t1Ut1 t o 'atly consultation I l IJ tlltf Btl bi e e t" tul Wng st tllr lrai linri tnetulwr, of the ll ci v iv rntncnta -con' t•c+t•nc d ; but

wllut+,v C r tilt' rO!tiult ut; Nunc Cmuyultuliun nligltt be, tito most ent''r.,l'itclory" mode of trtitittl{ the opinion of the people 'uf _Itritiall North ,1tn1 nca,

won Id lnn)bubly be by meuna of rexolattOl or nddn'Qa l,rciponed iu thelegi5laluru .uf cnch l'ruvincu by its own (itiwW't1tllCllt . "

~

Untlur tho authority of that despatch, Ilowo a(idroesodthe following lutter to each of tlttl other provinces t-- \

~ ~ , •l'rovincilll SoerotAry'e OIilco t

" l ath August, 1 862 .Sir,-Tho tmhjoct of a 1lnion "of tho lirilirlh I'rovincow of Nort h

Antoric.a Lltviug I)cen, t;inco tho pulllil'Itlion tlf I,or4l 1)urhatn'4 report,Illyetl9tiQd iN all Of lhçu ► from titnu tV tiunt, it was tllought IIoYiralllo by

" the l ebiwlaturo of Nova Scutin, in tiykl session of 1H01, that tilt) question" should be set at roat by tjuo•h it formal diHCUSwiun an d deoieiun as would

prolnotu-auch it Illll(in, if tllel'o was any guttural dot ► iro to ell'oct it, and" savo n ►uch tiniu if thor6 was not .

'l'llo rraulutilln, it copy of which I have now tho honour to onoloso," has submitted and IlnSywl unwlitnuusly clurlllK that soasion .

" As n gonçrnl c luctiun.occtu•rud in New It«1111Hw ick in 1H111, and as

the I 4 l 1 wd uf' l'rincu I ;~ltttu~i tvns tnnch occnpicd with it eo kltrl ► ,•orhy' that vnt,rns sc i l publie utt cntù,n in that, year, the (7overnmcnt of Nov a

Scutilt thought it prudent to mnit for n luoru convenient ecaeon botilro" invitinK,tl ► o attention of Her Altlkjusty's DliuiHtore or of tho Colonial

Uoveruwénle to a question of dttcli maguituclo and imlwrtt ►nco .

13

"'l'Iro resolut.ion was transmitteel to the Coloni~►1' Sccretary in Diày

"last, and Iiie rrace's'answer, Hhieh reached Ili s 1?xcollency tho I?arl

" of Dlulgravu hy last, mail, 1 have nuw; hy command, the honour to

" enclose . •"]'ou will perceive that 1ho Colonial ( ~om• rntnenty are b ','t free to in .

" vite the IeaelinR uien of all thu l'rù v inees e~rnce n ► cel tü a elise ;us .ion of

''the question o f tJnion, e'itlier of all tGo l'ro v incea, or o f 11 ► ï~ ;\l ont in ► o

" Provinces only ; and lier Alajetity's ( 1o ver ► iment, it woulel ahpear, ar e

" eiie;poécd to give duu wcitiht anel cc ►►► hi . ie'ration to any re5ulutiona in, •" which tlo Colonial Lé•qislaturei utu►y concur_.

" It~

ust ùo obv ien ►s tlaat thero can bo ne great lïroqress ►naelo towarelK

" an al,juHtment yf tl ► ie question unle'sa the re sohitionw to l se s uL ►uittr'el

" to the Colonial I eg i s laturrs are' in substance tho Name, and in order

" that ► tniforu► ity in spirit, and, il' possible, in leu ► tiuatie, ►nay bo sce urea,

" 1 am e•hnrg ed to invite, fn~m thu (im•e'rnme'nt of ('atouts, a prompt

„ conhielerntion of tho Ku hject, and ter; rrsp~'e'tfully reelu etit that y on ► will

" all v i9e ►Ile w_Ilether it, ► Ill`Ililn'rti are I~rt•lell ► '. 'tl i) 1 , l ► RCUNH t)itt question of

" llni ' ~u, unit whethe'r, il' l )e l e gat t 'w aru app e~iutrei hy the other p ruvi ►► iey,

" it will ho c o n v enie• ► it ( o have a wectinh in heeu ► u ce ►► trnl'hlae•o uLout thu

" u► iddlo of Scletu i htwr. ' *

" I huvo the honuur, <<•c . ," (tiitineei) JnS E l'11 IlO11•l9 .

"'l'he lion . A . A . 1)ont9N, l'ro~' incieil Secretary of Canada,

" llueLoc ; alsu tu

"'l'hu .1 loti, S. I„'l' ►► . ► .F:v, l'rovincial Secrott►ry, l rcelcrictou,

" New lirunhw ick ; ►u ►et tu ' '

" Wet, Il . PorM, i' ;ay ., Colonial Sorrelary for l' . E. Island,

" CharlottutNwut "

Iii 18G4 the (l overnttirnt'of Nova Scotta, llcehrtiir ;ng of seeing

the Union of all the llritit,lt North Atueriaut Provinces at once

effccte ► l, and reburding the . Leg lHlatlve• tlllloll 'of the ' tltreo

111aritilne l'rôvinice as a atel) tuwarel the ae c(inil ►lir+~tment of .tltc -

greatvr tin ► 1 more iml►ortnnt. Union, suLinitt ç ►1 tlto followinb

reeolutiott to the Legislature of that Province :

" Reaolned, That an hun ► hlo aelelrr'sy he proKentr~l to Ilis 1?xcellency

" the Aelmiuititrat r cef the l)o u crntacnt, rryurétiut; hiin to appoint llcl '' -

" I;atrs ( nut (o i' x cee.' d I ive), to re~ IIfct wit ii I ) cle' g utrti w he, ►nay he al ► .

" l i ointe't l l,y ll ►o llo v e' r►u ►► e ' ► it s of Nu«• Itruun«•ick ttmi l'ri ► ie•u 1? , ir►•ar d ;

" 151eu ► d, l'ur the I l url tuau CI' e'emsielcri ► ih (lie auLje'ct f the l T nion of tho

„ three Provinces uneler `ciner ( ~u v rrniue'nt a ►►d IA' g islature ; t;uch lini 'i u

" to tako ellèrt when e'untirine d by 1hr I,egielalivr e nact ►nente of tho

" varioue l'rovinc oe inturc s ted, and ►►pprovuJ by lier DI ►11esty the Quctn," 'n

. w

14 4C.)

In moving this resolution, I sfâted my anxions clesire for âUnion of all the British North A'mcrjcàn Coloniqs in the mostexlilicit termN, and exi,lnjnrli at lc't ►gth tlly reneonR for deRllajrjtlgof Q ecing it then nccoml,lisllecl, a :i* will be sec'n by reference tothe following extracts fi-qui the speech with which the cleLtitowas o. Ilenell :-= -. , , 11 •

.it 11,11 ditllculti~ 9 IItl1'~ I ccn 150I1,1n11-nnd I may say inaul/crable ditll•" cultics-in I;rappling with that w•hich ho manv of the ablest mindH i n

this country llnvo ndh ocntcd in comnection with tlliv'hulljcc.t. •*," I think, therl-fore, we nlliy put aeille, for tho present at all events, -

" the grcntcr qucnlion w .llich lins cnpnKti1 the attt-ntion of public men i n" titis and the other l'r"OnreH in British America in eonnectiliirl with" this t,ubjcct . 11'hilst I Lclit .%c that it l'ni o n of the Maritime Provinces

and ('anndn-of all British North ,Inlericl}- midvi% uno+ (iovernment ," would be di'tiirnl-le, it' it 11•crn pructicnLlc-I helieve that to be a

question wllich,t'ar trunsccnll, in it,4ditlic4llticti tlle Ilol~er Of nny )lntnnn

advllclu•v to nWc~u11pIis11, I nln not ïnhcllsiblc to tLo feeling that thetünc nu►y uot he I'nrdititnnt when cvcntti m llicll are fur luorc pnwcrtlll tita

n any humait ndvucncy. lnily plurc Iiriti-h Alncriwl in-n ptl,,itimn to rrnlle r" it l'nil~n into 4111e l'41Inl1ucl M111le n o taOnly ln•nctirnlile, but absolutcly

neccxaary• * « «. + p « « F *- Hostile as I Iwlic•Nr the ticntinlentw of ('numIn aw at the luehen t

' tinlc t il it I'nionl with titi ~Inritinlr l'roviuccH, the dny i s, not far distantNlll'll it 1t1ll ly' t'ur the Illti•1t'st of luitll+ . 1111Jtc, Illltl ('nlln(Ia N'III, I lla v t 1no 4(1)nl .l, ncA. in"tllnt I'lli"n tllv --oIntion 611, tllu"e Ilitlicultic'y that aien o w 1 i611114 in "nt i cru b l i, in flic Inmvrnlncnt of the c ountry. 'l'hehu l'ro .

"\'111 i 4't1, 1 11111 p1'ullil to kn im','\1t , ltlil 1 1 1'PR c llt i llttii'1 c llt lirv ll, I w lllllntlo ll,". niai rr suurrca to cxcr c i su n ll snlnll n ► u ount of, iullucucc ill the H cnlr

but %% (,(.n th (, tw~l sclti t n s in l% lli c ll , l'nund rt is Ili % i l t vd .Inooking, thhh, ut the pwitifm wllil'll this quv4tilil occ1t11icR, I think

it is not nnlikcly_tlln( Zllc tinte 1t111V ► I0 Le t•ruwtc tvhcn 411cilnl4flu1crs" Inn~ m,colnpli,h that Miicl ► , its I r;uil Iict'orc ; illlru•t from the intlncncu ofit powcil'ul cNents, no lutinait 1111%cmal'y lit tlle prcticnt tilue luny bo able toit grlyillle w'ith . "

I have tnkcn the lillrrtrilf givinAlleae extrncts tQ ehowthat my N•icwé llpve tulllrrt;clnr tlo cllullf;li" .*.-tLtlt I Ntnteci whila tI Ileliuvecl a 1111ion Nvitlt the t'lulnllns to be clesjrnllle, yet I saW- `` .cijflicltltics NN llic'll I tlillttg llt interfered with tnl:jnri ull tha

t cluestion. SI1Lselltiently to (lie passage of' (]tilt resolutjlül-NUb-eeyuently to the eviclenc'e givcll by the I,c};jc,lnture of NI, vnScotia, that they were disposed to séck in it Union of the :11ati•time l'rovjncea uwjl,ier field for the commerce and "enterllrjao of

,

,

is .. ; . .

e country thnn it nt present enj ôys-the public men of Canadacame to the hntriotic resolution t o sink their .l ►olitical d ifferences

in an attcmpt to ol ► tain iti soûi ider pn (l 1 ► etter ConsYitntion fortheir country, and an unforescèu and unexl ►ected conil ► inatiou

took, place hetween the two parties into which Canada Wasdivided , bascd uI»n a 1 ►ropos ►il to confed erate nll British North

A merica untler one conimoi ► ( ~overniuent, an d , in fnilure of that,to forni it Co i federation lietween Upl ►er and Lôwcr Canada . Ihave no doubt that the action of the Legislatures of NovaSco.tia,'New Brunswick, and Prince Eclward Island-the d esirc

ovinced to break down the barriers that aeI ►nratecl one from th'oother-incluced the public me n of Canada to turn their attentionto tho practicability of nccômplishing the Confcilerntion of nlltho Colonies .

lp t Chnrl9ttet o wn took 1laco ; but, hreviously,The Conferenc e

the Licutenint-(ovrnors of the tl ► ree Provinces r eceived iï d is-

hatch froni t h e U overnor-( k iier ►il, ►iskinb wheth e r thut Confcre n ce

would receivo u el e lnitation of the ( .'anad i ► u ► G overinu e nt, w ho

were' desirous of exl ►ressing their opinions a ) n the sul ►ject of

Colonial Union .`l'ho severiil Covcrninents ►unswered the question that wns

put to'tl ►em in the afliriuutive, and the C1lnalllan 11e11nÎatlon cüllle

riown ; not to take an offiriul lx ► yit ion in the Conference ; but to

express their vicws on the sul )jcct of Colonial Union . ~ As the

discussions 1►rocecded, it became evi deitt thi►t a Unioij of iill the

Provinces iuight ho nchioved , and it w ► is ( lecidecl to adjourn the

Conferenco until thnt question coul(l bo dealt with oflicially .

In October 181~4, at tllo instance of the (~ovcrnor-(~encrai ofCanada, the ( I overnmotits of Nova Scotia, New 13runswick,

~ Nowfoun d lan ►l, and Prince'1 ;dward Island, sent l)elegates toQuebec to confer on the question of Co lonial Union . 'l'lie reso-lutious arrived ► tt bÿ'this Conferenca, corn l ►osed of rel ►resentativr~of evory scction,' race, ircliï;ion, and luirty, in British ,Nort hAinçrica, iiro contained in tl ►é Apl ►cnilix . 'l'hc spirit in whichtl ►ese rchol u tions were frnm ed , an~l the ol ►ject3 c ►f the (bnfcrcnce,are well descril►ed in tue li ► llowing cxtriicts from n(icNl)atch ofthe ItigLt I lonoural ►le the Secretary of Stat for the Colonies,

M r . Cardwell, nddressed to Lord M onck, uuuler ~l ►► te of I)eccu ► I ►cr

1

3ra, 18t~4 :.

164-

" With the etihctio» of the Crown, and upon the invitation of the" C;ovi~rnor-Grnernl, men of every Province, chosen by the respective" I,ieut~ nnnt•l ;~wcrnor, witllout distinction of p,trty, assembled to Con-' r;i(let" qltostiints of We tHmost inlci•est to cvcrysnhjcct of the Qut+cn ' :

of wIlntever rucv; or 1•uitll, rrsillrnt in tltnse l'rovinvcst, tu ► d have arrivrdIf nt , n ( •uilcln,inn llest ilic(l tu c\crvi .e ti tuost important influence ttlton the" future, wcllhre ut' the whole ronultunity .

" :lnimntr+l by tho wnrtu c5t sctltinlents of loyalty and tlmotion totheir 5overeiqn,, -vur► lestly lctii ► •+ ► uti to sccure for tllcir l+osteritj• tltrottgh•

If out all fl ► tnro time the lUIvQtltn""+'H whicll tLcy .enjny as Kubjecta of th eBritish Crotvn,-steu+lfn`tly nttuclue+l 'to the institutions undcr whichthey live, they have condu+ted their ► lelihct•utiunN tivitlt patient bngncity,

" nn+l Lnv ►► tirrivr+l nt unnnilnouN cnnclnt;i ►mK "n +lueytlnntrint•olving nlnnpif tlitlicultios, and cal 'Viii itt et I, tnl+l cr le:,., favorable auspices, to hnvc givo n

riw to Innuy ditli•rence, of' op ininn. * * * * *" Her \Iujr4ty'+: 6ovcrn ► n, .ut tiltticil ►ntr nn t;criratti +litii ►•ulty in this

part o f the rn,r, sincr tli+, re,oluli++nzï will qrtuc rnlly l+e f+mu+l httllicientlyr\plivit to {;lli+li+ ll ► +ISv tvL+ ► tt ill be entrlttitr+l with the prel+nrnlion of' th e

" Bill . It up lro,u:, to thwn, therrfoo•e,'tllttt you ahould uow take immediate" nt<usuh~R, in concert witlt the I .iuuti ntult•(iuv~ rn~~rN of tho Fuveral

l' ►•ovinrey, for euL ►uillint; tu tho respective Le;~isluturee lltie projoot o fI . the 4;+Infrrrnc e ; ►uid if, as I Itopr, you are aile to report that theyo" l,rhi'1lit(m•cS tinnction nuil ad-l+t the t;clue ► 11e, Her Alttjr,xty's Uovernmont

will rrn ► ler you ail the u,sistunc ► , in thci>r power for carrying it intou otlltet"

]

\

On tue meeting of, the jJnnntlinn l'nrlinnient, tut ndtlrees tothe Crown was carried by overwhelming ,Innjorities in bothbranches, praying llor 111aje8ty for the passage of an A d by theInll ► eritil l'+trlintltrnt to givo effi'ct, to tlrbee reaoltUi(,ne, and unitotue l'rovin(;cA under one ( overlmeut

. In. N~,w Brunswick an appeal to the people hnvin}; takenI ► lnc01'cfore the sttl ► jt'ct had been diecttrtveti in the Let;ieliittire,the (lovernnlent were tlt'fentcd, and n' largo majority Nverb ro- -turneti opposed to Coltfetlerittion .

lJnder t)teNe cirçtnnNtancce, lying nH New 13rinlewick dtïeet ►ettveeit Nova Scot l1 and l'mtlultl, hentierint; union with (`ttnatlnimlwe`iLle without the concurrence ,,of New Brunswick, the con-eitiurntien of the tlttcstit ► was 1 ►onthonçtl in the Legislature ofNova Scotia, on `th(, t;rout)tl that itmnMinte Union was then

.,matlo itul ► rnctic, ► l ► le .

After mm` re than it year's ettheeyuent, diRellesloll of thequestion in tlte I,cgiKlature, nt . 1ml ► lic ntectinhe, and in the 1 ►rcee,it bectuno evident that the public ~otittnlout in Now Brunswic k

I

17

.

.

0

,

►

had entirely changed . Thé Government formed to oppose l"'on-

fedcration comn l itte (l the ►nselves to the'policy of Union in the

speech with. which the Legislaturé was ohene t l in February 151r1~,

and the, I,egislative Council of that Province passed it resolution

approving of Co ►dc ►lcration .

It being now evi ( lont that all obstruction in New, Brunswick

would be specdily reniovc d , I I moved tha 'following resolntion on •

tho 10th day c;f April last, in the Iiouso of Assembly of Nova,

Scotia

){'1►ereus, in the Opinion of this IfouKO it i4 QcHiralllp that a Con-

" fod eration of the British North ilnu:licai► .l'ro}•incce Hlli)ullt tako Illico :

+' Rt, so(red therefore, l}' ~,llat IIiK 1?xrclluu~~y the I .il~utenant- ( ,o N'erno r

" l~U a}ltllorl'/.cll to ahhOlllt 1)c lrgalrs to urrlulgo With the Imllrrial lio vern•

nient a KcLulno o f Union wllich' w ill utl'uctual fy ensur e .lust l - rov iaion for

" the riqLts an d interc sts of this Province : u ncl ► of th-3 l'rov ilu•oa cu-

" olwratinq to have an c i tual voiru in hn c 1 ► UO i• "utiol ► ; 1111 pe r and I,owur

" Canada buiug for this v l r lw5o v icw c i l a,- kw lnu•ut c l'ro v inces . "

~ • ' M.

On the 18th day of Ahrïl, aft er fitll di scussion, this resolu-

tion was carried by it majority of thirty- 01101 t oi nineteen ; an

amendment, to defer action un til the question had ll e,cn referre d

to the people at tLo ho11 +, having I/eett firKt negatived by a' ma-

jority .of thirty-one to cigLtecn . In the I,egiHlativo Council it

similar resolution was carried by a majority of thirteen to five .

Iti New ltranswick, the llonso of :1sac ► nbly having been again

d issolvc(1 specially on this iasuo, tl ► irty-tiirco m cn iburd %v.ero

olecte ► 1 pledged to support Confederation, whilo but eight

►nombers' ol ► l ►oseX to it could olltain . scats throughout! that

Province, atxl t.llct Union party havit ►g been retarne ►1 to powei,

a xceolution, nearly identical with that passed in Nova Scotia,

was triumphantly carried . >'<Tn (1 ►+r the ► iutüority thus given by

the Legislatures ,of Nova Scotia and New I3runswick, tho i .icu-

tenlu ►t-(.7ovornorH of tl ►os e) Provincca, .a. as your I.orl,it♦ hii ) is well

aware, have al ►Iwintcll the lh1 chlited wl ►►i i ►ow await hcra the

arrival of I)olcKates from Canada, in order to carry out the

views of tl ►osio' threo Colonies-. . 'I'1 ►e co-operation of Nowfo nnd =

land au l t Prince EMwtirll Ielan d , nlthough clesirühle , is, from their •

soparato 4n ►1 insulai position, by no ►ueans indispensable to tlw

effcctivu Cunfe (ioration of Canada, Now Brunswick, an d Nova

ScottA, ~ • . . •a• yi ~

18

in tl ►o'following tcrms :-: ~, . I

0

IncrccliLlo ae it èeeme, my~.Lord, ~ir. Ilowo bas describedthe conAtit ►►tionnl action of both brnncliès of the Legislnt ►tres inthose three Provinces by immense mnjorities ; imuctionéd by thereln•esrntntiveH of tue Cro%%'n and by Her Majesty's G ovcrntuont

" W lien Prufitiin m•crrun Schleswig•liolstein All Europe criod shnmo ;and the m oral senso of 'E n g lnnd was deeply wow ► cled . When the

all brentlie more freely when ho yicldy to the dictntcs'of prudence ►u ► d

and Appropriation, un n ►nuru gignntiu senlo than any that has titnrtlw l

the resolution above quotecl, declaring "that uaany advantages

Emperor of the French to o k Nice, in return for tho service ren dorôd toItnly, the Press of 1?n g ln ► i d indigua ► tly protested yainst that nppro•ln•intion of territory . Ilowevor nnxious tho Emperor may be At tLopre sent moment, to extend his dominion and rectify his frontiers, li e

" wi sely spnros Belgium, nnd does not nclvnneo his boundaries to theRhine. 'if lie d itl, a bloody war wouhl convulse the Continent, n► l we

" njo~l~ rntion ." The ln ► l~lic sentiment o f L;nglnnd ought as religiously to respect

" the bo ►►n d nri ey nn d rightK o f large co1llt11U111tICs on the o thor side of" the Atlnlltie ns on this ; nn d yet, strange to say, a t ►icnyuro of spoliation

l'airope, nnd w liirli for two ycnrs lias convulsed s octety in British" Aiuuricu, Seeius to have ndvocatus n ►►d dofen dcry li0ro .". .

IIow weak and trntcnal► lo Mr. Itowo must have felt his ownpoNition; in nttoml ►tinl; to oppose the Union of British NorthAmerica, must be ►► 1 ►1 ►arent from this introduction ; - It wasscarcely complimentary to the intelligence of those lie mightLol ►e to influence, to presume to tell them that there was anyannlogy between the vqlttntary action of the co ► idtitutional repre-sentntives of threo British Colonies, asking the Imperial Legis-lnturq to unite thent uncier one Government, and with oneLehibintttre, and the forcible seizuro by a foreign power of Stateswhiclt owed it no allHl;innce, and by which the balanco of powerin l'trol►o w ►ts to be nffâctecl .

AZr . I lo wo lias _venturccl to aftirm througl ►bttt his brochure,that titis policy Of a Union between C ►inncln- nncl the MaritimeProvinces is all nnt`! ► it jous ►uid unAcrttl ►alous attempt at "spoli-ation " anci " appropriation " oi ► thô part of Canada. ' Whatmust be tltou};I ► t - .of his tetnerity in tnitking such a Htnte ment,when viewed i ► i' .tl ► t; light of the fact, that when Mr. Howe wasLeader of the ( i ovcrtimet ► t of Nova Scotia, in 1861) lie moveci

19

~~raay riso from such a Union, and wrote ati official .letter to the

(l ove muent of Canada, t►ased nlu in tl ► at reAolution, which i ► n ►l+Leen unanimouRly carrie ►1 in tire AwKetul)ly of Nova scot in,ael;in Canada to entertain Lie overtttre~ for Union,_ and hro-

cceth 1 to QueLec, in 18(2, a I )e lel;nt~t ►~ press his .sitit? '

w, when the I~olicy of Union,' or w Liul ► for many year e

" i ►►habitants, or abuut cibLc to every square ►►► ile of terrilory. tilio liad

M r. llowo elllleavoltrs to alto~v tl► at Canada is in ►lefen :;iLle .

e says

" liut ( 'analle ict ni~t eo ► nhact . tihu 1 ► , ► .y y e t o ►► ly three millions o f

ho p )fossc &1 euch ► levotion, iK likely, iir : c ► tl ► cr han ► ls, •to l,e miro

aucc eful, ho tlenourlccë it as au atte mp teti 'Hlwliatiou :' If

thit3 Jnion _of the Provinces Le a"spoliation " on tl ►ci part of

Can la, no man has more' to tu)rswer ' for in connection with it

tltan Atr. Ilowo. For twenty yearA ho hat ; 1 ►een a ►lvocating the

cons motion of an Intcrcolonial Itailway antl ithe tJnion of tl ► o

Pro inces, as the best nteanH of a ►lvancing tl ►eir interet+ts, pro•

mot ug tl ►oir hrosl ►erity, an ► 1 tue only rucans of Hecurinl;, in any

par of Ilritish Atn erica, the I ►ert~)anc'nee of British i ns titutione .

lie hae now, after a long viwit to \1'neil ► ington, ►li4covc`rc ►1 that

Un n inateatl of strenhth ~vill Le vv'eaknest, ; that Union will

ca o ruin inetend of 1 ►rosl ►erity ; and that the construction of

tlt Intereolonial Itailway, whicl ► , in 1FG2 , 1 ►e otlicially atzsuredtlt Colonial 11it ► ister woul ►1 rcncier British IV'ortl ► Atnerira im-

1 ►r hnablo, woul ►1 loi tu)worthy of' the countenance or support of

t) o Irnl ► erial (luvcrtunct ► t . ;

" 1♦ te ►nLers «f l'arlia ► uent dixlare tl ► cy could mot ;and tliat it'i'anada,

" thus ovurrun, is ever reeo v ered to tl ► ts llritish Crown, it ► m ►st be aftcr

" can ► paigne in o tl ►cr directions, an i l a ducrea4fu1 naval war, jn whicl ► it•is

" evidet ► t that that Province, being fro~iet ► ►► 1 ► G~r ti vu n ► onthH (if the yuar,

" ai ► d having nu sl ► ipa or dailoN to sppru, can re ► tder nu aNsistai►cu. * *

an exposed ttiui ►► tier i~f i'mW thoiitinud n ► iley, witl ► tin ► iatural ,h func e »

:' fur eiKl ► t 1 ►un ( lrr I l utiles al~o y u 1 ; ►►ebe c . Alu ►► g 11iu w holv of tl ► is fro ►► tie r

" lino ca~o ir+ me ► u ►ced or ove~rlapped by tLe grrat ltuhu b lir, w itL tliirty•

" four u ► illio ►►a of inhnlptii►► té an u l a million io t' train vd ►;ol d iere who have

„ been ut ►der th•o . 'I' ho ,se trus ~ p a;, accuxt~m ► ed to <ihey otlirer4 o f Kreat

" aLility, fawilinr witl ► tl~i> art o t' w nr, roulil, by ►nrana o f tw e nt y, railro ad N

" po intinh t ,, tl ►u ('ana u lian froutier, bc ► naN sed ' in a w rek, ► u ►►1 th row ►►" i ►► to tl ► u l'ruiv inc e . \1' hctli ,r, wlien they got tlicre, th e ( 'iu ► n d ians coul d

" drive tlii'.► n out, ►ti•itl ► th e ir ccm m harativ ► ' ly tiiuall force of volunteury t►nil

„ tnilitia, Ov cn when assi s fei l by tL .+ troua pa tliiN country roul i l spart', iS IL

" wilitary question wliicl ► I w ill ►►o t ►► u i l ertake to drei de . 1)iHlinquiAl ►o tl

as it appears they desire to li>r►n thelnHelvoH, into,' n new Nationnlity . '

'l'hoy qro , ;hut in by froat tl•oni tho outor wcirlll for flvo rllo ►1thH o f" the year. 'l'hoy 'nl•e nt tlle merey ôf 'n 1,,,1►•t;rful ► ieighhotlr whpae 1►opu-

lutit,n ulrtn~ly t,utnlnlil,trry-tllcln Ly ►nure than ciKLt it, one, and who a",11,nrtt - r of it ccntur•y' ll cu,•r will I,rv,Lnbly sent hixty-cil;ht ►nillinnH to" six millions in the ~Illlw5itu Hitle, of tl' ► Ilttlll•nlly tlvti-nt•clesa frt,ntier,

Surclÿ such conditions its these eught to rcln•etis inortlinote ambition or ." luat 6f territory on the l ►rt of the lmbtic men of ('snndn . 'l'ile wiadum" of tiolulhu,n, nntl• the euurg y and Hti;utehy of l- 'rederick the liront, wc,ulti" Hccli ► to he requirutl to 14csurve and t+trcntitllt-n such a people, if formed,

"Wllilo they tlyiticllnrKt, tluvir tltlt.iexna unl,l,trllai~•e good neiKhl,ourH to th oHurruuu~liug pul,ulution H, and of loyal aubjcctx of tho l :nil,irc,,GrcntIlrilain will l,rutcct them by her energy in t,tllcr tt44liH Hhould the .l'ruvirltAl berulnu lu ► tcnul,lu ; but it in ctitlt~nt that It more. unlrrolpi,.iug

" 1111cIt . uN of It new nation clul hardly be fuuntl on the fncu of the earth," und that any t,rguniie,l ruuuullniticH, hnviuti'u r e n s ,,nH b le t•hnnco to tlo

any tllillg Lvttcr, wouM be l,liticnlly inHnne' to qive up their distinct'' furtnutitma und r;ubject tllcluHelveH to the duminntiun of Cn ► Intln . "

On ti ►o itujlort, ►nt ( laeHtiotl, wltether (ainitlitz can be defended,tllü opinion of I,i ►~ut .- Col . Jcrvoieo, who •a~~'ny sent, lly HerA1njrHty'd ( luvcrnment to inveetignto this matter, oug l ►t to co ttntfor Hutltethinh► e'vçll iu opposition to Mr. Ilowo' s . 'l'l1At officereny i in his Report thttit-

"Althoutill, owing to the l v ll ~ tl ► wul ip nture of ' tllo frontier of" l'nnntln, it was ilul,tivi b lt, to rrutrct it thruutihuut itH iithule extent,

an 1'llvllly 11111 " 1 IIO1'~ 1'tllt'lt'VY squire 1N,Hat'a1+1t,1 ► of' certain PItAl puillt H" h4- t'„ ►•t 1 It o culll,l u6t 1 ► in any tlrci,l etl Inilitary al v rtlltnR e ;--~tllnt theru uru" only It ti- ►t' such t,,,in1H,-lultl that if proper lu• ►•nnti e lllentN wcro wn,lo

fur the tlcl v ucu of those 1,1nreH by the construction of ti,rt.itlcntiulla, thoprovision of tiul ► I,uutH, nuit the il ►► l,ro v culcnt of ctmul ►wlicntiunH, th e

" Inilitin 111111 v tllul ► teer fer e eH of the coui►try, if properly orKnnir.ud, and," uitle(l by ItlitiHl ► tru„I,H, w o ul ( l bu u llnblctl to ht,lll them tltu•inK the

pi, riutt ( only.nhout six rlleuthH in the year), when militnry epernt.iunH -url udtirge Hcnle c.uultl ho clu'ricd on n{{ninHt tl ►enl, and 1I1118 t11tIHe forcescoutil rtqi0t an ultuck with th(! I/eHt tll)HKIIIIo chance of' Huccoas," •

'l'hnt tito United S tatey-Ilnvo lievelllllcll i t, largo amount ofmilitary a+lll naval-power no ol ► o w ill deny , but Air . liowc eeetnH 'to luti%T- forgotten that, in another prirt slf his luuul,hlut, 1 10 Hutn-nll ►rily disposes of his U w ll rirgtllltetlt ilt the l'ollu w ing lulu ►uur .lie anyd of the United S tlttcH, p . 8 ;-

„ Itnilrto Htlv, caunl s . htcluucre, and teleqrnl,hy tl ►cn canto in and ua .aiHt e tl to l,iutl the country l ogctlwr ; bitt in oigl ►ty )cure, with all thubo

21,

. ~," aide and nhplianeoe, tl ► t' gaine was •plnyed out ; and the same enusce,

" wliieli in every tlnart~ r ut' tlio o l l wtrlti, ►cntl in al ►noyt everÿ nqe, have

" a8de ►•te~l tlu ► nKt+l~cx, c :uno tIiStinrtly intn ~irw, ►narking the snLjectimt

" even of (iii' l ;rcat Itipultlic to tha' laws which the Creator, for seine

" wiHci purposo, 1 ► aa c s Utl , li s li tt 1 for the government of tho universe.' It

" is true that, by the ixhc ►► tliturt of a ►million o f liv•ea and of nearly fou r

" thuut<nnd initiions of dollars, th e wountr~' is still nominnlly kept toge . °

" ther; but wl ►en hetu•tH . are catrnngrd and inturrsty are aiiverMc, whc p

" cofn ► nu ► titirH, bnhtiretl in blootl and tc•ara, tind in a I;reat. cnln ►nity evi'r

" recttrring c+lements of diacord and t•rproaih, tl ► u timo is rapidly drawinK

" im whc ►► eeparatiun is inuvitidtle, nn t l when new ro ►nbinationa will hr o w

" ont of the hlny of the paetiittnatu n►nbitionx whicli the wit (if ►nan has

" hitl►urtu Iecn tiiuntl howerlc•Ht+ to rtrntrl~l . Anybody wl ► o +;pemly an

" hour un l'.nnwylva ►► ia Avenue will Kut+ os tnany vnrktlefl of IIuI11üi1 belllga

" as in Constantinople . A Kentuckin ❑ is no more like a 13uettrnian than

" aVirKinian is liko a mnn frein \Iniue ; iuul everl' yrur tl ► o distinctions

" are ltoct) ►► tinK ► uore markcd, and i ► tt,rnsty are Kr owinK ul ► whicl ► , H•hilo

" posaeeKotl of luolitieal power, one section br an o tlier is c•ver t,~ ► nltt,etl to

" t ► verridu. l'rnvide ► u?o t ►►ay calm (lie ten ► I est (if angry passions wlûrh

" tl ►o lato Civil \1'ar tl ►rc,w up, antl the Reht ►blic may stagger on for sottie

" yrart; ; hut tl ► o s ignn ut' the ti ► n i 's do flot cnrourage us to break down

" a dyHtem of tçovrrnn ►ent which is working well, that wo utay try anotitor

" oxperi ►nunt on a grand Hcale, without iN+it ► q drive ►► by tho necodeity tliat

" coorcut l, or encow•ageil by tl ►o acccaeoriee tLat aidocl, tho foundure of

" tl ►u grcat lialt ublic .' ' .

If, tuy Lord, thia ho a truc picturo of tlto United States,-- .

anti it is tlrawn l ►y :.ono who lias !ll ►cqt iuuch tinte thero in carofully

etutly ►ttg tltcir condition,-wc nccd not I,U 1 ►art► lyzc (l by at ►y

unwauly fear for the eafcty of 13ritidl~Atnerica: If; na btr. llliwu

decluroe, tl ►o Attterican (Uovertuncnt, with all tlioir et ►ergiee un~-"

fetterçli, wero four yeare in sulKtuing i1 fuw millions of Soutitornoreahut out froui coutniunication with any country, and tltat victory

co st tlteni " four tlwusauli millions of dollars," and the "eacritico

~of a n ►illiou of . ) iveB, Low long dooe • ho , think it woultl tako

tl►om, wlten thus ohprossed ►,y a de l,t eo gigantic, and 1 ► aralyt.cd

by intornal convulsions, and with ; tl ►o South ettll in their roar,

deairittg eeparation tw unitcllly ui+ evùr; tp coucluor four millions

of free men in tlto North, not lyaa hardy and brave, nor" loea

tlevotod to tlteir int,titutione than ore the people of the Soutbern

States, aull duetaitted l,y the power of the utiblttiest etul ► iro in tlto

worlll ? . .llayitt~ llrawn your Lor/lehili s attention to the eignitieant

~ •

/

?, ~

fact that, in or(icr to show the indefeneil,ility of Canada, Mr . I lowe11118 been oblib6l, on one page of his pamphlet, to liortray the

is inevitable and that nothing but a~iirect interposition of

with it l'uir proportion ol'nlubiliouH Inilit,u•y cGiuftoillH, uluulouH of t1iH-

United States aH it gibnntie and consolidated power, which will, aquarter of a century 1 ►ence , number eixty-ei gLt millions ; yet,on nilother page of the anme 1)A1111111lCt, he has described the lto-lm l,lic as lrrodtrate ( i by debt, shattered by interttal " ► iiscord ," anddeclared that the " time is rap i ( uy drawing on when S el ► tiration

" 1'rovicienco " wil'1 ent►blo it to " stabger on for eotlte yeaCe,"I will now place b efore ' you the ►lelibernte opinions enter-

. . tttincd by the saine gentleman before lie undertook the diflicult• ta:+k of ojllloii ing"tho Union of British North America.

• tiu lately (60 Il,;c~~tnber llif ;l , i~tr. Ilowe u ► V irescseu a B tatopalier to 11 fis l m rave file lluke of Newc~wtle, frow wl ► iclt' 1 ntakothe following extract i :-

"'l'ho Nortllurn S l, ► G~H have now nt lca st ü quarter of•a million of" ombtulietl troo ltH ylwn tllo ltytomnc, conyitlvrulilo ntun borH llntlur nrnla

• " in vnrltrux St1 ► tuia, and -50 , 0 1111 thr eo nwutl ► H men, who f luvu rotu rnwl 'to tllt•ir litillu•H, with Homo tluircu of tliHciltlinu and soute klluwletlt{o '

"ttf cunllt lit, .' 'l 'ho whole ni the Nortlu•rn States is one vuHt recruiting► •' Krolu ► tl . Shoultl tAio hreHCUt v ivil wAt contil ►ut+,•It is co ► Itull,lutl by

lluluo that tliuru will be l'ull ulnltlttymunt for theHU forccH at thu , South ;" b11C vulnurublu its Cuuutlu now i s , site invites attack from that surplus

force whit•II now uxiNtH. liut when this c 0 11tUHt 11 11tIH, nutl und it must"(even ►+httultt no conttict with IIH'Inl ► rk the in ( urvul) v it111t1• by ttIII1HlIHId1111,

by conquu Ht, or by tllt, i ► It erfrr e ucu of foruigll IlowOrN, tlluru will remainin tho Nt rtllûr ll States two or tllreu lluntll-y d t1louHlu ► d trainutl s oldiurH,

tincl.iull ; or, it Inoy Itt l, not intlfrrlwncd to witw o ut, in foruiKl ► IlultlH, the

rrliluwlu•t ►nct .+ or tli s rttlutitarrH t•xlu,r ~ ~llr v ti in civil htril'u . 1 1 t+Hidu1, d iH•ciltliuutl Inl► s~;ud of xultliurn, the United States will have ueeuululAt.ot 1

" vast pturoa of wnl•liku pu► tcrilil . 1• .IlornwnH yluwtitiuH of enlall arme" and of cnuurm have Itu e11 purchnaal or manutiwtural, and tlw " uel a b1ieL :

nu - ntH, G6wuletl by a luvi'Hh ( •xprnditt ro,`cnll r4 1%t 4 ily•HUltltly as rnnuy" mtur . The Uilituti States thuH have been Hutltit)nly traueformoli from" hcncoful ' coullnuniticH, ltttrelling lawful c tm1111 e rco, to a,llilitûly Ito ." public. • ,

"•l'ho British Provinces survey thoHo l lhvuomitlln without for>,r, butnot witllout vnuo tiuu ; nutl they uHk, its the Iii-et n1uuH un•p, of iutliHllond•able hrrcnutittlr luul ObviollH tlufwlcr, that the lutwcûlw ► il►1 lü►ilrwkiHllnll be t~omlrluletl w•ithout tl~•lay . . -

"\\'ithout that rontl'tlw l'ruvincoe tire tlialocatud, and altltoHtin .• " capah,lo •uf aufulloo , for a vro t► t portion of the year, except ut such a

I

'0 23_ ~ t '~~ p

~ ~••

s5érilico of life and hritpcrt} nurl at such nn enormou>♦ contYtu the

mother country, its makes the sroall contribution which aime is asked let'

give to~tvar(IH its constrnction-Hink into insigniticnnce . - NN ith that rail :

" rond we can concentrato our forces on tho ►uenncetl ])oints of otfr l'ronticr,`'

" guard the citadels and works whic,l ► have been erocted by Great llritttiw

" at vast expense, cover our cities from surprise, and hold our own till

" roinforcomunts can be sent across the Hoa ; while, without the rpilway ,

if an nttnck were made in winter, the uûalwr country could put no

" army worthy of the national 1 ►onuur, and adequato,to the exigency, upon

tho Ctu ► adian frontier, without it pu,itivu wtisW of truasttru, far gt•ual.etP,

than the principal tif the stuu, the inLoreHt of which al ► o is asked to

the cunHh•net.ion of the lntur~~ulunial . Railroad u ► ight save is ti~ cuHt

the Maritime Provinces may be cut nyunder and ontllanked at any

States of America, is n6w i►nn ► inunt, The frontier, which wu*itl have

been defundud by muais of, rapid connuniratton, is unprotecWtl, an d

couta•ibuto, or rather to risk .

'l'ho liritit{l1 (iovern ►uent htivo'biiilt exp, I nsivu t•itxtlulH at llalifax,

(Zuobuc, and Kingston, and have Hturcy if ► utu ► itions and warliko mnturial

" in them. But thuir foublu garrisons will be inadequato for their t10-

fenco unless the Provincial forces 'cnu be concentrated in and a ►vuna

them . An enterltrising enenty woah ' l carry them by cilupa•de•r ► taitt be .

" fore they could be reint'urced from l ;nglaud, and oncû taken, the port s

and roadsteads which they have been erected tti tlufun(l, would not .bo

over Hafo for the naval armau ►unUi sent, out too Into for their relief. * * -

"'l'hurufuru, we desiru to HtrenKthun our frontier by thu ca ► nplutiu ► i

" of a work indispensable W its dcfunco . It is not too mnch to Ht that

of it wnr ; for the Awerirans are themselves Ht►gtwiuuH unuugL to soo,

that with that work complutud, surprise is impossible, alla the results of

it ltrotraated war at least oxtCu ► nuly duuLtful . Withuut it Canada art d

11, •" moment without the possibility of their popnlat.ion luaning upon com•

mon points of support, and aitliüg and Ht;rungthun'► ~K each uthpr. ' *

The war .whirh, in the Provinces, we have lungÎhtcHeun as likely t,u

arise out of complications Lutween time Dluther Country and the United

oxl ► osod to the concwttratio ► '' A tf truops upon'thu tertnini of at toast

seven railroady. ' Wintur is upon us, and a hundred thottsand mon ca n

" be thrqwn by the enomy upon time frontier, with more cayu than a single

" battury can be transported to Ctutüda, or a Hinglo barrel of flotir can be

n a " hrenKht down tu the Heaboard l'ruvincos : which, cut off by war, (l'u m

N the United Statue, and by ico from Canada, ►nust tloponIl upon Europe

" for ltreadstuffH, with time granarie'

H of half a continent i ►► their rear .

If thosu events and strategio'cuntrtwte, now patent to all time world,

(lo not p l ead the caneu of British Atncric.n, and fiunlly Huttlu this quQ:+-

" tion, tho undernigned fcel that nnything they cuuld a+ld V ~uuld be it

" noc(IlusH intrusion upon the patience of the Cabinet . ° ~

"'l'he nndei-Hignml du ► iot beliuve, that in prusuncu of thu perils

" whioh all Her 111i+justy'H HUbjuctH tire cailu ( l upon to oonfru►► ty nn huur

" ehould be lost in dociding upon a question which hua at time very Lani q

„

1b.

w

24

of national dufwlce . If the ProViuce9 are to be plunged into a war,"'without the cheap-deferico which thr~y- have u[gea was indispensaUlç to" their protection, let them have at least the' satisfaction of reflecting that

it is for the last time ; and if our cdmmerco is to be imperilled, and ourcities exposed'to' pillage +aud côutlagration, lot us not have to dofend'both with the depressing conviqtiou on our minds, that Her Majesty' s

" ministors are iuditrereut to our'positiou, and care less for the security" of our frontier than they do for that of their island honies . "

'l'hosé opinions were not hadtily, forlned ." 'l'hioughout hispublic life, Mr. Iiowe has been the earnest advocate of an'Intorcolonial li,ailway, which can only be 'dbtained by Union,"as the best means ' of rendèring the position of all the BritishNorth 'American Colonies liccure. , !Ie has' again and . againoniphaticallÿ declared that in this way only tcoiilcl the citadel ofllalifax be made safe. _ Now he proposes to strengthen the thou-sautl miles of unfortified sea coast of' Nova Scotia, by leaving thethree hundred and fiftythousancl inhabitants of that Coloriy withoutthe support of three millions and a quarter of 'their countrymenin, Canada and Now Brunswick, wboni 'l~o would abandon to th e

nited States. 04In a speech at - Soutliampton in 1851, Air. Howe thus

graphically aescribecl the result of the policy he now advocates :-

13ut suppose tho Northern Provinces noglootod, and ultimatAy),ost ; imagine the territories of the Repi)blio oxtqndod to liud5ou'sI3ay ; and that the spirit goricratod by two wars, and wLich a word, asingle act, do roâdily revives, pervaded the continent, strip England of •every point on the Atlantic and Pacifie Oceans ; kmvo lier witl ►out a ton/Qf coal for lier steamers or a apar to repair ev sl ► ip-I~auey the fivothousand vessels that we now own added to the euen ly's fleot, and tliofour hundred thousand mon that we could arm to-morrow added to he

r for~es; tlie onen ►y's outposts and arsonals would thon be advanced liv ohun"lrod miloi nearer to England, and the West India Colonies 'over

. howered and lost, as a matter of coprso. Would not tile balance of" power in Europe be thus fcarlùlly disturbed, becâuso England had failed-0" to maintain the balance of power in America?" %

A i

In the saine year 1\çtr. Ilowe wrote to Earl Groy t--

: Look now, my l,ortl, at the map of Anterica . A very common idephrovailK in this country that nearly the wholo coiltjuent of NorthAmerirn waw lost to l ;ngiand at, the revolution, and that only a few

", insiKnilicnul and almost worthless Provinces remain. This is agruat and," if tLu o r ror ext,ê"vely hrevail, may be a fata l raistako. Great Britain,Iq

025

'' your Lôrdship is well $ware, owns up to this moment one-half the

" Continent, and, taking the exampl e of Europe to guide us, the best half.

" Not the best for slavery, or for growing cotton and tobacc o , but tho best

" for raisin3 men and wowen, the most congenial to the constitution of the

" northern l:uropèan, the mo,t hrovocative of steady industry, and al l

Continent, sho could thon laugh at the freo-tràt lo policy of Eng-

" things else b e ing equal, the uiiost impregnable and secure. * *

" Suppose the Kopubliô could ôxtoud her taxifC over tlio `othor portion o f

„ lad,"~

R©forring to the conetrti'c`tÿon of the Intercoloninl Railway,

Mr. Howo wrote to his coiietituetrts in 1851 ;Y-

" Upon the great issuo now preseqted to the conetitucilcies of Nova

" Scotia hangs not only their ►naterial interests, but the seCuritf and"~dvancomont of all the l~ritish North Amoricnn Provinces, "

In his spcech in the A88en1Lly, in 1854, oin Mr . Joluteton'sresolution for a Union of the Colonies, Mr . liôwo eaid :-, • . . .

" Is the balance of power in America an unimPortant considoratïon," and how is it to be prosôrvod oxcopt by preserving that half of the Con-" tinnnt that ùelonga to Lnglantl, and that can only bo done by elovat .ing

" the inhabitants ~of tlioéo Provinces in their own opinion and in that" of the world at largo? I. knww thrit it is G►shionablo in F.ngland to

" count upon'.tho sympathies and cordial co .oporat .ion of the Rupublic . '

," A year ago Cobdon and other apostlcs of his sehool wore proaohiug and" relying upon universal pcaco . Nuw all Europe is arming.' 'l l► oy

" proaeh day by day that Colonies are a burthon tô thô mother country .

"'l'he reign of peaeo, of univursal brotherhood, may eome .' . Should it

" nt, and should itopubliean America throw herself into the contWst" against Lngland, whon ongaged with other powers, as sho did in 1H1~,

" what, thon, would Lo England's position should thuôblo 1'rovincos of

" North Auiorica have boen tlung dway for tho want of a littlo foresight

"the doekyards and dehût• and arsenals of the enemy advanced 1000

T " and conunon sonso P " .

" The power of tho Repuhlio wouhi 1►o brokon if ottr half of the

" Continent u~aintainud ite allegianc.o . But if that woro tbrown into the" othor scalo, what thon? Fancy the stars and stripos floating over our

•" six thousanù vends . Fancy tlvo hundrod thou8anll hardy North

1 " Atnoricans, with arms in tlieir handy, in a detlant attitude. Faney

" half a Continent., with its noble 1 ► arbourN, and Hvo, thousand miles of

" Bea coast, with all its flsheries, roal mines, anu`l i .iniber gono. Fanry

" miles nearer to England . Oh, Sir, 1 havu turned with disgust from

" the•et,ernal gabblu about tho lalanco of power in Europe whén 1 have

" thought how lightly llrit.isl ► statesmon seem, to value the power that

" oan at once balance thuir only commercial rival . Uûo euLeidy to sonne

" petty I:uropean lmtentate Ilas' often cost more than .all rn ►r railroa ds" would have coRt, and ;yet they would have developed oufi resources in" peace and formed our hest seCtirity in war. * * •_ *

"liow . ot'ten have we heard that our republicRn neighbours wero" .Roing to overrun the 1'rovinces . Thoy have attarnpto (i it once or twice," but have always been Leaten out, and I do not hositate to say that tho" liN tish A ►ne ► icans, over whom the old flag flies, are able to defena eve ry" inch of their territory, © ven tho ►igh lier \Iajesty's troohs weru with-

" four millions), evrry fifth pçrsoiï shoul d l~e able to draw a trigger, ." hiving fitlU,Ot)ll men capable of bearing' ar m s . Such a force wotild b o" t»werlesx as an invading army, but in dofunco of theso Provinces in-

vincible hy any foPce that cuuld bo sont from abroad . "

. When, in 1i3 63, the lion. T. D. 11tcGee catno on an invi-tation tû Ilalifax antl delivored an ad ►lreae 'on the Union ofBritish North A merica, bir . Iiowe eeconded a vote of thauks toh1r . D1eUee in those woras, âs reporte d at the titne t-

"'l'nking our population at twci millions and a half fit is now ncaro r

" drawn . .

" selves. The States wight assail us ; but if we had a railwal ÿ which" truups could ho sont fron~ Lluebop or other n ► ilitary statione tu the" tiiroatonod point, we would be suvod . lie hoped wLon 11ir . 11tot~ee

" tho number of 1000 .ton ►;hil►a which, we wero buil ►ling, whic4, with" our other yoalth and resuurces, we ►u•o willing tG ► thruw into the ono" great stock, lie ttiought a Union shoula not bo delaye~l till we Lad" drift4d into diflicultre~ . Ilow shortsighWd wero the 1•;nglistJ statey ► uon'' of ol~l who lost them the thirteen stutes, when the ~liflieulty çoul~l" have been arranged in a month, the horrure of tho rovulutionary wpr" l~revontud, and all uur race living at poace and har►uuny at I ► ruso ► ft". witho ►it the bickeriug aud"auimusity, whic~h pruvail in their ►nidat, ''plk"of the fâll of l,Itwboe ~oing alsourco of sorrow •to the iuhabitante of" this Province, It would bo more, If the St . Lawrence were in the" 1 ►anda of our onomios, we Ahoula be co►npelled to beg permission to" tear down the British flag. 11'hat ho wiyhe~l for Nova Sootia was, that" eho may be the frout~o of a mighty (,blony ; upun which it may bo" truly said the sun uovor sot.. No man can look upun Halifax and ite" environs, its harbour, its éitadul, and sa3• it was made for this l'rovinco" alone .

"''1 ► o Unit~~d States Lavo drift4d into a civil war ; nnd we inay drift" into a tight place, frotn whicl ► it ►nay ho ~ütlicult t

" horth Amer►can l'ruvtuces, but 1 ► e was fur an Intercolunial ltailruad" first . Thon the ruad wuttld bring about the Union . lt,would unablethe CanadianH tu see► our faccy, to becomo fanailiar with us and to se

. w`was with h ►m ►n ail 1 ►o eaul, lie was for a Union of' ail the Britis h

"lt would Le injustice to the locturer to sny +nore , further than ho

. 27

returned to Canada he nonld he able to say, ` I have been down amongthose people, and there I have seen keen politicians bickering upo

n small topics, but when the great subject of national Union was

'"brought before them, then all ~nninor ditTerencô wasdisreoarded, and I

111 found them uniting and ]lugliing and cheering me on in this labour o f

love .'' !

the Empire, the undorsignnd are prepared to assume, undur the imperial

,'rhreo years ago, then, \Ir : IIowe declared to the people of

Halifax that if t~►e St. Lawrence and Qucbec were in the handsof an enemy, " they would be compelled to beg permission to

tear down ' the British flag ;" now, with equal vehel"l±neç, be

ondeavours to convitice the people of Great Britain that theabanclonment of Quebec and the St . Lawrence would be the

best means of preserving Nova Scotia .

In 1 862 Mr. Ilowe signed the following record of his opinions

on this question at Quel.lec, and 1 ► lcdgeci Nova Scotia . to pay the

cost of three and one-half twelfths of the Intercolonial RailwayV

on the grounds. stated :- I

'l'hat with an anxious clesirô to bind the l'royinces more closely

together, to strengthen tl ► o connection with the' mother country, topronlotW their common commercial interest, and to provide faoilitielf`

osKential to thô public defenco of those Provinces as iutugral parts of

guarantoe, the liability for the expenditure necessary th construct this

great work . "

Great as are the commercial advantages tô be derived by all

the Provinces from the expansion of their trade which would

follow Union, the leading, object of tho representatives of all

the Colonies was undoubtedly a desire to unito their resources

and consolidate their power, for the purpose of being béttor able

to maintain, with the aid of this country, the British institutions,

to which the whcilo population of British Aiuerica of all parties

and clasace are loyally dcvt,tcd . Canada, 'Nova Scotia, and

Now Brunswick, cordially concur in the Bolltiment$ contained

in the following extract froin Mr. Car►iwell'e dospatch to the

Governor of Nova Scotia :---

You will fit the same time express the, strong and deliborate opinion

" of Her Dlf~esty'r► tioverikulont, that it is an object much to be desired

that all the British North Amcric nies should agree to unite in

one Uovcrnment . In erritorial oxtont of Canada,, and in the

." maritime and eommoreial enterprise of the Lower Provinces, He r

,

28

Y I

0

111filjesty's Covernmont see tlc .eleménts'of power, which only require to" be conlbined in order to securo for these Provinces, which shall possess" the"' all, a . Place aulong the luost considerable communities of the" world." In the spirit Of luyally to the British Crown, of attaclnnent to" British connexion, and of love for British Institutiorj*s, by which all thes e

Provinces are animated alike, Her 1{Iqjesty's Governrnent recognize theorVi by which all may be combined under one Governntent . Such an

"Union seems to lier Jlll<justy's ( .overnmout toAcommund itself to th eProvinces on man)l grounds of moral and matcrial advpntngos-asgiving a well foundud prusl>tct of improved administration and in .creased prqsperity

. But thoru is one consideration which Her 111fijesty'e Government " fuel'it more especially their duty to press upon the I,egislaturo of Nova" Scot.ia . Looking to' the ~ determination which this country has, ever

exhibited in regard to the dcfi~nco of tlio Colonies as a matter of Im-perial concern, the ( ;olonio~ must recognize a right, and even acknuw lC4 go al obligat.lon, incluul)ont on the I Ionue Governülent, to urge, with

earnestness and just authority, the moatiii~es which they consider mostexpedient on'tho part of the Colonists with a view to th©ir own defenco .

Nor can it W doubtful that the Provinces of British North Amorita" are incapable, when separate and divided from ench other, of making

thosu just and etlicient * prrliarntions for national defenco which wouldbe oasily undcrtaken by a Province, « nit.ing in itself all the populationand all the rusource's of the whole . "

111;r . Iiowe next draws the following picture of the disloyaltyof Canada, and the incotiipetency of her public men :-

O no would suppose that the public mon of a country so plaeoù-oo"vntirely at the mercy of the chapter of accidents, so unimprovol aiiù" sparsely populated-would not be over anxious to enlargé their turri •

tury or incruasu their respuusibiliticy, even if they had displayed, in thepi►st, a fair average acyunint,ulcu with the wuiunco of govornnlent . Lot

' .' its nuu if they can chùiu credit for much more . Frein the conquest by"Wolfe, in 1761 1 , to the flight of l'apinVau and Jlchunzie,lll 1837•8, with

the uxcupt.ilin of the two periods when the fear of invasion stilled thevoice of faction, the his~oFy of Canada is but thu history of internal

" etrifü butween parties muru or luss' acrimonious and uncompromising .Iu the I,owur, Province th43 French and English parties divided thel .ogisln{,ùru and sociuty, and in tire Uppor, to the'ordiuary rivalries be .tweuu Liburals an d llouservativuy, coniulou to_the ,Uothur Country andto all the l ;oloiiies, iuteruiinablu jstrifu lwtwcen thu Orange and theI rish 1kctiuns lias been u dded . So bitterÏy have these feuds been main-i,►iuud,'lhat'l'oronto has soinotilney been disturbed by armud organiza•fions, whilu at Kingston thu l'rince of 11'ales was prsventcd front land-ing by jul unçowpronii .ing assertion of Protestant ascenaency . -In -1637 ana 1838 both l'ruviucus,wure ,convulsed by open iu surrectrons ► °

M

29

" which were only put down by the shedding of blood, the suspension ofthe Habeas Corpus Act and of tho Local Constitutions, antlyby tltQ ex .

penditure, p"w~eost of the British Govorun►ent, of more thün a

million tlte (liug . q," Iu 1811 the two l'ruvinre~ ~~ ero united, and it was hoped tl ► a Ithe

" sevorô lessqus of the pa,t would uot be lost upon the public mvn' of

Canada ; but, eight years afterwardg, their national antipathies and 1~r-

" sonal rivalriea'culu ► inatqd again in \cts of ypen violence . "v

'I'hat certain parties in CanadÀ carried to an extreme length

their struggle for constitutional privileges, which have since beenfrankly coucedcd, must be admitted bufr the charge of disloyalty

has neeti dieproveti by her whole Listory . S~i long, ago as 1776)

the overtures of Franklin, Chase, and Carroll, sent by the revolt•ing titates to tutrn, the Canadians froui their allegiance to theBritish Crown, provetl ttnsucceaeful ; and those emiesaries hadto réturn homo diticotufiteti . Th-ede diplomatic efforts were

followed tip by hostile armies led by Arnold and Montgomery,

two of the ableat Americatï generals, whom, with but a handful of aoldierssent from England to aesiKt thew, the (,anadiat ►s euc-

cesefully resisted, raisetl the siege of Quebec, and recaptïtreti Mon .

treal. 'l'ho struggles of 181 2 , 1813, and 1814, when Canada was

attacked at every point, again proved the 11111on11taLle7 courageand loyalty,of Canadians, who, unheeding the specious allure-

ments heltl out to them, met and drove back the enemies of .

England, and Canada was once more saved to the Empire .

Canada may now tlafely put the following wcll-çarneti tributoto her lùyalty uttered long after theciu events by Nis'(irat'o

the Uuko of Wellington, alongside of 11r . llowo'e detraction .

l l is Graco aairl :--~-

"'l'hat the Canadlans had, by thrir vigon ► us cxertione in tlû war,

" carried 1?nglan(l through it prriotl of great (litlieulty and danKer, and

" ha d, by their gallant condttct at it time when 1• :uKland'x hands were tied

" in l'airohean wars, raic;v~l it nw ►► tuucnt to tlteir Power equal to that

which any country in the civiliied worlil could boast of. "

It its . ►litito true that, at tl ► o time of the Union between UF ► 1 ►rc

and 1,ower Canada, the triuie of botlt was paralyzed, the country

stagnant, antl their tinanr~'a in it ruinouK contlition . A glance

at what has since been achieved will enable your I .ortiship to

•estimate the value of llr . llowe'<i dnrers at tl ► o . public u ►eu'61'

Canada. The recorda of the Legitllature of th, t country show

d-

1 . t

1

30

hundred IIncl sevcn. .

and fifty -four thousand nine hundred and seven .

_ ~ .that Parliamentary Reform and the Registration of Votera haveheen secured ; a system of Municipal Institutions ôf the' môst

~ advanced character estahlished ; education, ' hoth in the higherdepartrnents, and as regards the com mon schools ôf the country,proviticd for bÿ enactments which' 11ir. IIowe tljroughout hispublic career did his beet in vain to adopt in Nova Scotia ; the .

- Clèrgy l~eserve question, fraught with iinmense difficulties, hasheen effectually eettl4; and the system of feudal tenureabolished ; while tlie simplification and codification of their lawshave given them etatute books of which any country might be ~ .

' justly hroud ; \

A glance at the statistics of . Canada will show that hermaterial prôgress hna _keht pace with l ier I~eg islation . 'l'hopopnlation of Canada rose fro m one i~iillion eiglit hundred anciforty-two thousand two hundred and ixty-fivo in .18u1 to twomillions five hundred and six thousand eeven hundred and fifty- `six in 1H1 ;1 . 1ltontrcal has ax population 'of one hundred andten thou sand, muid QucLlc of sixty-five thousand ; in 1831 theyeach had but twenty-seven thousand . The population of 'lbrôntohaè rihen since 1842 f`rom thirteen thoueaircl tô eighty thousand .inhabitati ts .

The tracle of Canada in exports and itnp~rta increasedinhvelve ycars, Uetwcen 18G 2 and 1864, from thirty-four millionsthree hundred and forty-two thouband four hundred and eixty-six dollars to ninctÿ-or ► o millions one hundred i►nd sixty-ûvothousand five hundred and twelve dollars .

. 7'he numbcr of acres of land helcl in Canada by privateownerA in 18G2 was niue millions eibht hundred and hventy-fivethousan d five ~hunclred and fi ft~en ; in 1861 it haci riaen tothirtcen millions three liundréd and fil'ty-four thousand nin o

• In 1862 Canada hacl three millions seven hundred and twothocisanci seven hundred and oif;lity-eight acres of land 1111(1ercultivaition ; in ltit ; l she lincl thirtecn millions three hundred

In IRfi:3 Canada proclucecl twelve millions eighthuncired anda two thousand five hundred and tifty hushels of wheat ; in 18 6 1

twenty-four millions six hundred and forty thousanci four hu ndredand twenty-tive. N \

~

r

.

31

.-•'jShe has expended twenty millions of dollars on her canals, an d

contributed an equal amount to prompte the construction of,, thef

and may still retard, its pl'ogresy. ~'r* * * l: iic f

two thousanq miles of railway with which the country is inter-

sected in all directions ; and four thousand miles of telegraph

in.Canâïiasnow 'Place almo every considerable village in tllay' .

great country in imniedi e communication with . London, the

commercial nletropolis ô he world.

These facta and figu s, .my Lord, will effectually niee t

Mr. Iiowe's disparagement of canada and her people, but I Willalso add his own testimony as regards both. -

Ilaving visited Canada in I8,11, lie thus recorded his opinions

of that great country :- ,

" The question has been put to us twenty times a day, ' What do you

think of Canada?' and as it is likély to be many times repeated, we takethis early opportunity of recording our convictions that it is one of the

noblest countrios it has ever been our,good fortune to beholdi - Canada

wants two elelllellt$ of ptY)spel'lty wlllcll the LOWPr Colonies poSSCSB,--

open hnrbours for general commerce, and -a holno g,enefflus population',-

but it has got everything elso'that the most fastidiou4 political econolniyt

would requirù . * * -'l'ho more extent of the country

would nofjporhaps impress the niind so strongly if thero was not so

much of the vaat, the magnillcont, the national, in all its lealllllg

featw•ey . It is iuipossiblo to fancy that ~ou are in a l'rovinco-n

Colony. You ►ee1 at every stop that Canada must become a great nation,

And at every stop you pray most devinttly for the tlescent ulion th e

" country of that wisdom and, foreaight and energy which :;hall lnukù it

the great ttrensury of British institutions upon this continent, and ami

" lionuur to the British nnmo. * / * Canada is it

country to be proud of, to inspird high thoughts, to cherish a love forthe sublime and beautiful, and to tuku its stand atnong jliu nations, of

" the eartlt, in spite of all the circumustiutcas whicll have hitherto retarl ed,

" among the resources of Canada must be regardcM her bouudleny t acts

is of ricll and fertile land . For many miles below ~uebeo tho it i s

excellent, and tue tltrther you prucced onttinrtl the better it becoiue :;,

unt~l, in the Western regions of Upper Gnnûda, it is found inferior tonuuu on the continent of Atnericn . No mnn can eatitnato the ntuuberd

that Canada could l'eed, or tin•nt the least idcn of whist its nririculttu-a1export might be if all the land capable ?f ilupruvuntent were unde r

" cult.ivntion." `I

NI r . 1[owe now rebukes the " vaultipg umitition'; which woukl .

t

op

32

attempt to ensure nationality to British North America ; yet, in âspeech in the Assembly of Nova Scotia, in 1854, lie said :--

Sir, the first question whioh we meû~ of the North must put to our ." solves is, have we a territ,)ry broad enough of which to make a nation ?

I think it can be shown that we have . Beneath, around, and behindus, stretching away front the Atlatitic to the l'acific, are four millionsquaro' miles of territory . All Europe, with its family of nations,contains but three million seveti hundred and eighty thousand, or tw o

" hundred and ninety-two thousand miles less. The United States includ e• " three million three 'hundred and thirty thousand flvo hundred and

" âevouty-two square miles, or seven hundred and sixty-nine thousan done hundred and twenty-eight less than British America . Sir, I ôftensmile when I hear sonmo vain-glorious 11epuLlican exclaimiug-

~.Po pent-up Utica contracts our powers,"' The whule,unLounded continent is ours I '

" forgetting that the largest portion does not belong to him at all, but to" its, the men of the North, whose descendants will control its destinies" for ever. Sir, the whole globe contnins but tt ► irty-soven million square" miles . We, North Americans, living under the British flag, have one .

ninth of the whole, and this ought to give its ' ample room and vergeonouglt' for the accommodation and support of it countless population .

* * * * * * * *

nnl not sure, Sir, that even out'of this discussion may not aris ea spirit of Union and elevation of thought that may lead North Americato cast aside her colonial habilint ents, to put on national aapecta, to asse~rtnational claims, and prepare to assume national obligations. Come whattuay„1 du not liesitato to express the hope that from this day she wil l

" aspire to consolidation as an intt-:gral portion of the rçalùt of England," or assert her clainta to a national existence ." -

Mr. Howe, in a speech at Halifax, in 1861, thus eloquentlydealt with the nreat suh1'ect upon which his minti uow a1>!>ears to.have become so dwarfe(i :-- J ~

But, Sik, inring its May appear the scoho of this conception, high" as the (lestiny may SrO n ► W hicl ► it discloses for our childrrn, and bound .

leziy its are the fields of Lonuurablo labour which it prrsenty, another,grahiler in proportions, oliens boyond'; uno which the iüti ►giuat.iun of a

" poet cuul%L not exaggerate, but whicl ► thu .sti► tesinan may grasp ai► d" realize, occu in our Own dny . Sir, t~) Lind thcso disjointed l'rovtncL~s" tol;ether by iron ronds ; to givu theiu the humoKrnuoud'charactcr, fixed .\\" ness of ptu•posc, and clevation of sentiment, which they so niuch reqttire," is our first duty . But, after all, thuy'occupy but it lituitud portion of!' that boundless héritage which l7oa and nature have given to us and to

~

" our chil ►lren . Nova Scotia and \eiv Brunswick are l,ut the fromtn,e of

" n territ o ry which incln ►les four millions of S q n,u• e ► niles, stretcliin R

ta " nwny Lcltintl tuul hcvon~l the► u to tl ► e frozen regiuns on the oua si~lr

•• " and the l',tcilic on tl ie itl ► cr. (1f tltir; grent section uf titi : l;l i ~l,r, nll tlte

'' Tluo«ing awilo the a o e Lleik nui ilhuspitall e rlions, \ti• t have n

'\•nncotn•er's l sltu ► ~l, w.itl ► its va st et ni tiu•nsrn• i s, li i s l~cyo n t l . 'I'1 ► ?

'' snils of onr clhil~lren's I cl ► il~lr~rn «~ill rrllext as tiuttili,u•ly the 5 ► utl~ettu ► s r~ t f

' with ordcr, intelligence, tu ► 4 enrr gy, t~r titis grrnt w~~rk? Itefut~i, and

' ~vritinq nl,on land and sen i, lo y ou ►mintcllig ihÎo 1tu ► hunri i' ; rrt'ns e , nn ►1

" Nort1L i rn l'roviuccs, iuu lit i lin g Prirnce I;d H• au• d ISl,uul and \en f~ wi llan l l,

" occitl ► y Lut fur l ►nn irc i l nn i l cig l ► ty-six tlton,an ► 1 square ►nilr ; . 'l'Itc

~

. n tifc~' tutu ,nn~l miles ." lltuison'K Bay tcrritory in c lud •s t wo lttn o irr~l nn~ l

" n ► agnificent. country bet~vicen l'unn t la nu t l the Pacifie, out uf wliicl ► livc

" or six noble Prov inces ntav h~ ? f~ i rmed , lnrgcr tltnn nny wçltnve, a ►t t l

" presentin g to tl ►o ltnu t l et' in i lu,try, nui to the tvt of t;h~ctilation, every

" vnriety of s o il, cliinnte, and ru ; i ~urcc . W itl ► :;u cL n territory as tltis ti ►

" ovrrruu, l ~rg ►►nizc, and iin p r~n• e , tliink ) i ~u tLn t we :lïnll st itp cvcn nt ;

" tlto western b omn~ls o f ('nnn~ln? or cv ern nt the sluort , of lite l'ncitic 1

'! henutiful islti, o f the Vacille, ami the l;row in g co ► t ►m i rcc of tl ►i' occ ►u

" are Lcy o nd. l'o lmb ais China tiu~l tl ► r ri c h 1?nt;t art L'yom ti ; and tl u

" the South as tl ► oy no{v brave the n ►► gry tr ► t ► I~é,ts o 1' the North . lJ'1 ► 0

" i\luritiu►o l'rovinccs ~ t ►clt 1 n~~w n~l~lres,, +u'c but tlto :ltltu ► tic fron~t ►Ru~ lÎl."'of tl ► is boundloeK and hrulitlc rehir;n ; the whnrvcs u pon tvl ► ic)r ► ts

" business will lie trtu ► sa tcd , nnil Lrs i de ~v lticl ► itw ri c h nrl ;o,iea aie t,(i lie .

" Nova Scotin is one of thcsc . ' \1•ill yon, thrn, put y o ► u• 1 ► nn ds un (((cilly,

" yuu are recrennta to cvcry princip lu «•1 ► icl ► lies nt. tlLC Lntic o f yuur

" cuti ntry's p ro t;hc ►tity rlu~l ndvancc ► ur ►► t ; rcfnse, nn ► 1 tl ► o I)city' / 1 ► un i l-

" Nova Scotin, inst eal ut' „rcnl i y in g 'tl ►u fo re g rv,un tl n~ slw nn• dits,

" slurrtld have becu tlhrmtn bnrk, ut lcn,t hcltin i i the R o cky onntuin :; .

"(loi has p lnntrd yuur com ► tiy i ► t tl ►o front of tltit:l,ut ► mllcs ► rcf; ► it n ; sre

" thnt you co ►ul►rchcnd its tlrtitiny tnn d re sources-s eo tl ► nt yoq i li,chnrrRr,

" with cncrl,y n ►1d elevnlion uf soul, tha dtttiey wLich devolvo t11 ►ou you i n

" virtue of your IwKitiou ."~ I .

' Scotinn i ►►crcly, for 1 ► c waw Cnntulian as ~veÎL ll_ . httiiy nevct• tlionl ;lt t

u

•«'hen, in 18G 1, the lion. bir. Atc Geo wne entertnined in

Ilttlifuz, as a nieutl ► ei of >1 l~ovrrnt ► tci ► t fornteti t~i I ► r omoto tti

\ Confetler atiun of the Colonies, A1r . llowo nttide tlto following

epeet•lt :- '~

" Ite wn+: n ►► t 'oho of tlu►se tvho ~thnnke~l (1oi1 thnt~ Lo n•ny ts Nova

" 1 ►e wes t► No v i t Scotinu, but hr ltml louke tl *croAx tlïo hrond cent inclut ,

" t► t tha Krrnt trrritory whicl ► tltu Al ► uigl ► ty 1 ► n i l tiiveu its l'ur an inhcrit-

" tt nce, end Ktu~liwl the mole b y wIticl ► it coul d ho conÂolidnlc~l, tue ► no d u

" Ùy wl ► ich it coülil l,o united, the ►uotlo l~y which it c~iuld ho mtulr strong

" and vigorous, wltile tho old flag still tlonted ovcr t~to soil . Ilo wt~e ► lc-

t+

34

was the 4 lre1uü of h is boyhoo d wcnil d bo realized before he died. "'l'hnnk Ilud the time had come whenIle,r 11 ii j esty'ssuLjects, whether

the ( lay wné rapidly appr o arhing when the Provinces w o uld be tlnite d

" lit;hte,l to see such a scene as this, which gave p\ cniso that that which

" I"nt;lish, French, Scotch, or Irish, might meet• together under the old" t1ag, and maintain c o tnntctn sentimentv

.of unity, and look forward to

" the time when we shomll~i ;lnnko a new I?nglalrl"here ; not a new 1?nKlandwith republican int;tit~lt '► i, ► ia, but a new Knglnnd with monarchical in•stitntions . lie, had always heèn in favour of the Int©rcolOnial Railway .

" IIg Wished every notv. and again te seê the, scwthing falls of Mont-` mbrenci, to see the Imlianq of Lorette dancing about the silvéry stream ; "

. ..'a ho wanted to . visit Canada, not once in a lifetimo, not once in fivo or si x

" years, but once or twice it year ."With the territory of Canada, with the rivore of Nova Sèôtia, wit

h " the inexhaustiblo 1{shcribs; Mhnt a country to. live iti I And why shoul d" Union not ho 1,4

.)nght about? Was, it Leenuse we wi«;hed 'to live and

the in our insigniflcnnre, that we would aooner mnke ►noney rather thanthat our cottutry should grow 1 G od forbi ►i I I Io felt that it was too

-" lnte to snv i luc~; though there was utuch to say . IIo knew that 'th e"(1utudini) kontlcme ► would take in good part what he was going to say .

11c ha d nli~~ ;iys hr e n in fuvotu• of uniting any twô,'threç, four, or the4110 1e five of tilt) l'rowiilces . 11'e11, they knew the history of the pnetin Canada ; they k.new %%-]('lit division had produced there, and how ,uu jo i c r tl ►d ~tirüui ' d i s pcnsnti o n, they at last becnlno ulilltell into ou e

" urn ;ltificont çrilony. 'l'here now cnlno rwnours ncross the land tha tthvy w,rr gi:~ïnK to'split Canada, into two part`s•a6nin ; that they were

" g. Oing kr,re,dnce that eountry t(rits luw stntus of two Provinces iustead" of onc: 0, my friendd, i.; liid the hom. gentlt .►unu, go back to ywu•" homeg, nutl say that theru is at lOnyt uuo Nova -%cotilul honest c nou6h" to say to you tliis, .7thnt, if you (lo that, you will commit * an"'nct of,'.' 1 )0 , litiral suicide : anal nith o ugl ► I onKht not ilërhnlls to givo . You file" adrire, I would rat lier see cvery public ►unn npon Lotl ► 'tiideH ôf politiv .y

crucitied, than I wo uld tlivi ( le Canada now that Canada is united . Jointhe Maritime l'r~lvini ► Y if you can ; but, at any rate, stick togeti ►4r--hold Your own . Let the (log return to his vomit ratllor than Clfila► luto ► livision . lit eoncluhûul, ,itlr . Ilowo said that he t~as plensed t( i ' think

with one ffug abot,`e their lt ea ► 1a, one thouphf itu all their bosoma,,witA Prie ~` •Sovcrei;~n and one Constitution .

\lr. llowe, at Port P ollittson, in (;anluilll in 1$62, tlit>a . elo-llttently tle fetiti v tl the C ,tnlulians ngaittst ihtÿ', w lto wotïld illn•o t o. , ,trntluco hein :- . , , .

• 'x And still sonie fow sail thoughts nrose ou this occasion when hy~rè-► ilenlberrd the insnltinK ► unnn 4' r in whieh âlich Calnulilit people as tlio s o

" llrt'sent had 1o ►m spuken li t' in E nKlantl . Certain IAirds at honlo had. 11 been slandering these tine people .' Yes, the Lords and Cout ►nonsof thp

British Parlinment, to gether with n professor oi somo University, and

" two or thrre no wsPaper etlitors, had Lcen slaml t rinR Cti'nada. *

" *' * * l'hese '. cn• tic h l . arolfu~l, in thc+ '. irinity of

' ' this v ery meeting place,-these ~ cry fields witlt t hi ir Ét ou•nl v rea,llerti ons,

"-wero a snflici ent testim ony agaiu5t such a supposition that the l'e"l'l e

h " of Canada «•eroj flot worthy ► f ►lefence . 'l'hr erutlite noLb ►nen of

" F.nt;land ought to have knnwn bettcr than to have sent forth such

slantlers . * ' * * * * As to the attacks

" 'madp upon Canada in the British Parliament, as to the imputation that

" tli"e_ PrQvinces wt ro ntl lon ger orth frtifying, he w o ul c l remind her

" ,slandei•ers` ti,i# ►t ('anaela hal hcFn lovai tt the (rown for more than a

" ► entlra . I lé «•ould tell th e m that it• «•as the local militia of Canad a

1" that twico put down d istnrban ces . ► to would renlind tlutse I,or d y and

" l'eerH that. if ('nnatla tles iretl t o se v èr her a11e} ;ianco to 13ritain, sho

! coqltl very realily Lave crilshe d l tlte Ilandful of troolls in the l'rovinces '

" .when the disturbftiucK hroke out . lty i l n inq as eho lta i l .lono, Canada

" workecl liersalf on to he,r prescrit Rreat position . 'l'heir ol d Ilattlu•tleltlz~

~ ' ' near at hand had been the scen e s whc re ( 'tulai la had testitietl her loyalty .

* * + Fresh as ho (M r . llowe) no ~v was front

" Lower Canada, from hleasant intercourso fo r a frw c laya w ith French

" CanatlianN.-fre s h from tlll'lt• llulllPB E1t111 Itltices of' hllslt 1 e8 ' ,-frer;l ► front

r' a lle4lo w ho b tootl hiqh in intelligence and business ahilitit s, antl wh o wo

" mal tni ' rs wero in v itint;anil thcirsocietyagrrcable,-h o. could tostify that

" those French Cann d ian gentlcntrn, an d tlleir l'rcnch ( an aillait lltlhlllti-

" tion, tvero in a position of s trcll g th and prosllerity whi ch at umco p ro-

" noun ed thotio 1•:nqlitih l:ttlt e nue nt4 as r;lan ders. * * *

" ile, 1 ioked Itolte fully f„r w tu• d to the time whrn .tho tireat l'r0vincetr of

" Canada wmild lue co nncctci l w ith the Provinces helow, tind wh e n a

' -' " tnan'woul d fcel that t ec lu a Itritisll Alnrrican wa s ti ► Lo tlle citir.rn of

" a ctnintry w hich inclutled all tl osr fcrtile Innll :;, nll theso inexhÀuytil ilo

^. " tlt;llerira, a\ l this iminlcn ae n i w•inr,-rarryinK to nll s eay the' tlak of' t ► I~ l

" l' :rigl tund, if slt e wo uld lrt ns ; il' toit, titi ttug of Ilritish :llncricn ."

Watat must yonr l,orlltahil ► think of Any'.' 1► tibtic, man wltô

coulll,~after thut3 lawlinl; ( ',utall,i and itt~ people, in th e ir 1 ►resence, .

~ only four yeare ago, now usR ►► il thcm Ilefore the British Intl/lic °

• Cv itli detraction so un q ttnlifih d? "`

'l'ho action of Canada, when rrcently threatenell with inva~ion,

has given the Uest anewer tll all thalt 11r, llowe : haa eaill al;,tinyt,

her lôyalty . A rnll for tetl tltousanll volunteet•e wllt3 so Ç ~lherly

~ reshondeli, to, thnt in twenty -four honrs fourtecn thotteanli nrtnell

men wero retuly to utarch in any direction to liefena thrir

.cottt ►tty tu ►d tl ►eir institutions .

A~r. .llowo next wtiiert ake r to show that the nntngonien~ of~ ~• . ,

r

. 'S

~ ~ ', '

36

rnce forms a fatnl, objection to the prohoeed Confederation . He ienyA, 1 ► . ! • ' . i~

our long Strlkgglo Ilct ►►•ceu thu two lu ► bio ►►alitics of w11ic11 the Province

the population are l'rcnl'h will tl ► ree .fiftllK KnglisL . 'l'llcy aru there .

they have hn t l two Icnllcrs, resting on ti o ltl p l o nul,iurilicy, eacll bide ut'

From nll tllcso cullllllicutiomH nnll IlitHrultil's tl ► u Maritime Pro .

States of tllr Anlerican Union, in perfect su but'iIiÎü►tiuu to the llovcrtl •

. ~ ~"'l'IIe llI51u1 of ('tlllü~ln, R ► 11P1' the jln`+a11~{t? nt' tl1U 11ni ( in Il a s

'r ~l ► ► ~ 1~ ► l~r l,t tilrilnl;'• ulltn, uuisll ► I lit ► t c~ u the l'I-per and I .i~tt•~ r l'r►►vincc*

" with whicll tlle l1olol ► IIII iom Lrsi(lo tllr srn nlny he Imr(ll ►ned if they de siro

'" to Ila\'o IU'tÎiltl .!, 11'lllttc1t'l' to (110 . 't'lll'rl' l3 \vAI'lllllh 1ll 1110 a[1taho 111H1 ►1

of races nrbitrnrily hiinnol h~getlu'r, shaken by illconlllatiLility -of tem •

' t per, till the ► nnulcut of a'lllu•ati~~n, as in the cnso of IlolRil ►rn an d

!' l l o lllulll ; ttnil Listory i s filll o f cxnnllllcn to prove how inil e lihlu tiro thelincs whicll ► liville lnr gc. nul Ss ; 's of ► uon sl ;cnkiuh diffèrent lanKunKos,

and s l ►rin g inh from sotu•rcs whose ► 1 rihinnl watcr - r;hrll (to ho rrott; i t

" fihlu•u from the K cuRrn p llcr i ) has h eeli n ► lu•k ► A by itllllnsHnldo harriers .

"'l'h(! history of l'lulu l llt, t o r tllc lnat twenty ) clu• s , is l , ut the history of •

" is co lnll osal. * All 'l'l ey aru nllt, its we llav o*

,. Hluowu, a ►•ct•y llnrm ► mious or hotnof; euc o uw coil ► Inlluity . `I'wo.fifthu of

for„ p rr p lrx„ll with an internal nutag lluism which wnH fhtal ti ► , t11e► luity of Itrlf;ilun iu ► I 1 Il ollnnll, and ivl ► iclt, unicna the fuNion of races

At hi rc o u ►ca rap i d lu1 11 c orrn p l c tc, must c.ver be if source of wrakucse. *

"'l'h ti c onltlict Inn, I ic v n nhf;rnvatcll by luuo ther nt ►otulil ►► uK c►► 1 ► t .ri ► tt ►ce

which is it liure ( 'lu ► a i liuu illvcnti O n . I In l :u g laud , and in all the other

"('o lol ► irN ►t•Ilcro her intitituti o lly have been col ► i oa , it l'.allinôt is fi/rmcl lit by agrntlcInlu ► , who leads the (luvcrilment luldNirect4 the pl ►licy ► If lie" country for the time bcinh ; but this simple modo rarely satistics tlluit l .olltlicfinf ; raves nnll rival tircti ► Innlkln of l'nnnilu . For Inany year s

the l ;itliinct rtwtrollniblo to its owl ► llivisiln ► of the l'rovillcu ; and, as

nlit;llt, rrlOily br ru ►pl,osl'il, the c onrtc q u ► 'llw+y have been 'intcrlninnLll+'" llralllockH, agrrat ob,trurlion to business, and an oxa`llvration uf lll o

lrrilinlu•y l ultllirty incident to 1► r~`l,rrticntulivo sy,tull ► of gl ► vurnn ►unt,trt'tun luilirrontN an(l vrxatiou,l in tllo rxtrclnl, .

"vi11C1'» art, t1o1►• froc`, nnll Rlu•rly tl ► ,+)' 1 111 ty Iru partloncil,if U ► oy-.iuwu no

do-kiro to 6u tllixcd pl ► ►tith'tllcnu . 'l'Ilcir rï}stcn ► is very ►timlllu . 'I'huy

govern thelnaclvcN its l' ►inllllctrly its any tltlwr British Provinces, t ►i• any

" nient and l'arlialnclit of' tllr h:m ►hirof' ,

The followit ►g speech, ntullo by Plt• . 1lo)ve, at Q ►tcbec in18,► t, nFl'orl1K ttt ► âtntt :+iug cotttruet to the foregl,ittg rxtrart .--

Iicforc I clu se, l , 'l 1y►e alluo lc to one topic wLich is ~~ft~~ii refcrrc ( l to" as unfav► ~urnl~lu t~~ ~ ► ln• fïUure 1► rohres,4 . The llistil ►vti ►►n of race is t10

il ►vidione t1 ► cluu ►► 1a ► 1 ► which alîtr ► nihtw love to llwrll . l'et•Ilnp you wil l

10 " bear with inc when I say, that to it stranhcr ct/nling alitong y .oti, thcye 'very llistinet.ione supllly most of the variety which charme . We AngRo .

it chaructoriatics of the gruat utuullcs t►•uut wl ► lt, t t luy luv 1 ' •

Saxons, prou ( l of uttr rave ►ul l l tl ►cir lie) liueeu ► cuta, are tuu apt to for '~rt •

how ltu•gely the Norman-French c l emtul ► t e ►► tered into the v tnnpusitiun ut'

luntl for Cru-tl ►ut racc . We forge t tlutt. L'reurLu ►elt lor iluA it over I :ug

" tut•i o s ; that their laws were a d ►uiuistorud ir► her triltlutls, ttu d th e ir•

la~iguago spukuu in her ctllu•t5 . ( ;t• al lually the, tlistiuctiony f v l c( l, and

44 oitt of a -COlt1111011 ltltee 'Ad'y Came a new rave, which has givr ► 1 luws and

it civilir.atiuu'tiï tue worl d . So it will be now. Sprttllg \fl;Si 4 two of the

'r"tùru►no,lt nations of the earth, sl►eaki ►►ri,two noble languit,'", copyiu K

t'ron ► ea0 ► other the arts of life, the var)-ill ., lights and sLudea wh't9h

give it expression, who tluul,ts that a race will grow up. in North

Alnorica equal to tl ►o require ► ucnta of the cuuiltry, an d groutl of the

1 1• 1 o s n•ttn 't " .

Asaiu, it, a speech doliveretl in the Rome of AssevnUly o

Nova Scotia, Mr. llowo said :. . . ,a ;

't laeutluulen sLould bear in lnintl that the FrOtlclmleu nf LoworAt Lanmlo were right almost up to tlw time they had turnoil out with aruls

it in tl ►uir I ► an~lrl . * * * * * * * *

Au idea uow-stat•ted was that the French of Lower (:, aut1tla silould

" bo Anbliliud. it was tu•gc(l they sl ► ould Lu uitltur tlriven oitt ot th o

l'roviucu or 1 ►o forcetl t o sl►oak the 1•;nglisll lauhuag u. One, no tlou b t, .

could be as easily utlùcto d as thu other. ' l'his lluwovut• was not the

policy aftutr 1Volfe's vietury . It was thon thought wiKe 'tÛ keep the ,ls' l-4 t:oluuy t ► lled witl ► l~ruuel ►mo ► l, its a barrier to the Unitud Stat- s . 'l i

policy was well ruwarkled at It aubae 4 tuut► t periud , when tl ►oae l'roueil ►uu ❑

it turuud out zealously to rolntlsu the euumy and resist invasion . '

Iu 1 862 , Mr. Ilo Wo t3aid, in a speech in the Legialativo .

Assenil,ly :-

L vunturo to say t6, that an)' guntlomuu Who saw ( ;iulqtla suvu ► 4 ur ui ,l ► t

it yuurc► alto, and who sees her now, will t.al tlK that she I11tY Nllrt ► I1~ f~~rw ur~ l

with a 1 ► ouutl, antl llaa felt ► tn iulnle d iutu impulse from the ül ► urati omy

" of her free inatitutiul ► y . All 1 ► ûr public tnuayurus have boon carried with

" a spirit of' wllrreee duutotl harolony: "

It Oalltlot be disputed that tllll ,l ► rovi li ion iu the present cott-

stitutiou of U tU111tI11, wlliclt - makes the tutul ► er of representatives

equi►l in Ullller and l.owcr Cana4lu, irt'çylioetivu of their polltt- .

lttition, has been fraught %y itlt ull the tlitTtuultiea ttu fully furutult l

.-'bÿ" l,orti Durham vvlteu it was urigitutlly p ul; geste tl ; 1 ► itt, surt'ly,

Alr. llowo ol ► Kltt to be able to ace that the Cut ► futlur ►►tiun of tl ► u

British Norih Atuuricun Colonies, ullut ► the 1 ► a s iH of representation

by population, not only tii ., l m,ut; 'uf that tliflimulty, but that Ill

the autt►guuis t ►t of race, lttnbttgo, muid religion, which 1 ► u as3ettd

38

.

V

exi~;~s between Upper and Lower Canada., and the 11 indeliblec1~a~ac :ter" of such causes of difference, the Maritime Provinceshave an undoubted assurance that with forty-seven memisêrs ina IIouse of Commons of one ' hundred ând ninety-four members, itis quite impossible that t heir interests can ever be endangered .

It-ought not to be necessary to inform Mr . Howe that theanomalous arrânbement' wllich requited " double majorities,"upon which lie, again and again, in his - pamphlet, lays so m uchstress, has no existence save in his `own imagination. It wasabandoned y eArs ago in Canada, and the practice of Englandadopted .

The ' othèr pbrtions -of the foregoing extracts have beenalrea tiy so thoroughly refuted by the quotatiotis I have givenfrbm Mr. llowe's speeches as to require 'no further, attention ;but I carl not pass by the assertion, that all these constitutional

,difficulties have existed in Canada alône, and the boast.that the

Maritinie Provinces have been entirely free from them, withoutcontradiction .

The archives of the Colonial Offico will 'J)rove, " that sincefree institutions were conferred on British Nortli 'Atnerica, eachof the Maritime Provinces has been the seene of étrqggleson constitutio u' al quo tioits, 'in which the interference of theImperial Uovernmcnt - has been invoked much more freqttently'than 'Canada . I In fâct, it has been nùundantly shown that the

- difliculty of working the British Constitutional' system is in an-Iverse ratio to the size of the Colony which it has bee 4aliplied . Nova Scôtia, Newfoundland, a d . Prince EdwardIsland, .have, withiirthe past half-dozen year been the theatreof more bitter political contests on religious qi cations than haveover convulsed Canada .

No one, my Lord, in the least acqualntéd with politicalscience can doubt,',that, just in proportion as you exteAd thefield of énterprise, and the minds of public nien are occupiedwith large nn~i , iniportant questions, tho n~6ral status will beelevate~l and the intellect,exalted above th e narrow, personal,party, sectictnal, an d sectarian influences, that often detract somuch from the character ôf those upon wl ;otu the conduct ofpublic affairs is clevolved .

1Ir . Ilowe says c-- \

.

i

r

, ,39

ny people beliere that the British Empire is too large . This

may or may not be true, but there aeems only too much renson to fear

" that it must collapse whenever the dominion of the sea is lost ; an(1

" how to retain it would seem io be the question for us all to cônsider a t

" the present t.ime. \, "

No man, except Mr. Ilowe, is likely to entertain the extra-

ordinary ideâ, that Nova Scôtia, with a thousand miles of un-

fortified sea coast ; can be better held when New Brunswick and °

C3anada, now British Provinces,-- have been` abandoned to the

enemy. It'is obvious, therefore, tUat the loss of Canada means

I the loss of New Brunswick; and that when they fall into the : .

hands of a foreign power Novv Scotia must inevitably share

their fate . Nd I then ask your Lordship whether the causeoT civilization, of human progress, and of the peace of theworld, to say ~nothing of the security of this Empire, renderait_deeirable that theyUnited States should acyuire theseColonies?

British America has an area of four hundred thousancl square

miles, and apopulation of abollnrsfour IIc ltrade inlie rlmports pnd .

exceeds fourteen millions o,f dexports amounts to one hundred and fifty millions of dollars per

anuùm, an)he has more than one million tons of shipping, andis building ships at the rate of a quarter of a million of tons per ,

ànnum . She is developing, as fast as lies in her power, the same

free-traçlq. policy which is now accehted on all hands as the

great source of Britaüi s prosperity . But Iwill not refer to the

disadvantage to this country of having these great and rising

Colonies émbraced in the exclusive and protective policÿ which .

prevails in the United States ; but, taking a more cosmopolitan

view qf the question, confidently ask, whether there is any othercountry in the world that would be willing to sec the power *

of the United States extended over British America? ~

<' '1'hat tLé acquisition of the' British I'rovinces is desired 1iyI think,

the (,lovernment and people of the United States is,

apparent . 'l'he great counteracting influence of Rlavery in the

' Soutl1ern States is gono . W'hile slavery exlstell, tl ►e South was

hostile to the acquisition of northern and anti-slavcry territory . ,

Now that objectioii is removcd, and the United States on ev~ryaâcount are anxious to acquïre those Colonies. 'I'hi3 would bring

to their aid, in sustaining the enormous del,t and taxation thât \• ,

✓

M

40

have been thrown enq, lenly 11Pon tl ►em, a prosperous countryas large a3,tlleir uwn . It wuilf,l renwve the co ntraat which the,free aiïd nutaxed peop le of British A nlerica will furnish to theirA n ►erican nci g l ► boiira, an , [ which ►ml st attract lrop, lution, cap ital,and èkill, that wûul ( f otl tcrw ise fluw into the United States .It would e; ive tllen ► possession of the valuaLle tirt~ber forestsif ~~ 1~ ► iia~ a . ►n~l New 13riinswick, the ~,~re,nt coal-ficl(le of Nova

and Congress of tlle [!,lite (

traie was largely in favour,of the States . The Eastern States

coti, ► , and the priceleas fiyherics of British North America. It~I,u+ ► l~i swell tll e ir marine to truly b•i M ,lntic j ►rop rtiona. I tvoul d strike ► lotvn the Free Trade j,ulicy uf 13ritisl ► Anlericn ,vhich brivea to the ►nuuiifachlrcrs of I•:n~;l,uul :i~ivuntn~~ ►e.

un ►j intcrferey so lar -~ the o s eu great,~,~ly With thc fiscal l,oli Ÿv of the l{ejluLlic .And, above all, it %vuul ►1 en~► I,le flic Atn~rictuls to attalli the greatôbject of their anibitiun-the sway of thè entire continent

.IuHuenced by such consi4eratious as these, the Uovernmen t

r eat l States abrogated a[tecij ► rocityy at an ëilortnous commercial sacrifice . Under the ol,e,ra-tion of that treaty, the cu ►nn ►çrcial intercourse bet ►veen 13ritiel ►erica and the United States had ns3un,ed"1>roilurtiuns twice as

great as tvc.►uld otherwise have existe ► i . The balauce ,of that

► jejen dte ► ujwn Nova Scotia for t,•as cû ;ll, ~11 ►1 were largely en-gaged in the ~~r~~secutiun ut tl ►eevery tiHhcries in British Waters : yetèo ►umercial consideratioi ► waé sacrificed to the cjesire toproduce a fcclin ; in favui r of Annex . ►tion by enil,arrassinb thetra(le of the Culuuic;3 . 'l'j ►e recel,tiu ►1 on the llour~ of Cungrésaof N'eniau Lea ►fcr+, au ► i. the recent cxpressions,ôf the 1'resi ►ient-of the United stntes, show the extent to wl ► ich evet ► the threatenedinvasion of Canada ol~tain y

country .t4 le èy ► nj

)atl ►y of.

the people of that.All that, in my oj ► ini olu, is required, my Lord , to naeeteffectually this condition uf a ffairs, and secure not only British-1lmrricri, but hreserve

'~ jnsting j ►eace Whveen Great Britain andthe (1111tC4 States, is tl ►e ('unfe ► l eration of the Prov inces 'and thefirm bit tétn pcrate assertion by the British ( jovernment of thea ( 1 ►nittc ►1 rig l i ty of this ù)untry. A llolicy .of concceyiun is certain tobe niisnndcrstoud , and attri buted to anj•tliinb► but I1111b11a1111110UHan d t;enerouA n ►ativcs . A• fecling' of profound devotioi ► to theCrown of l :ng land , of ►► n ►j, lalitie ►1 attachment toBritish institutions,

, ..

•4

41

the encouragement and co-operation from the Parent State to

Tho Annexationists who are el ►deiivouring to obtain the

pervades every portion of British America, including nll ' races,religions, and parties . 'l'hèy have the nan~w•pride in all that hasmade the Empire ;;lorious. that is felt by the inhabitunte of theseislands, and they are all auiu ►ated with the conviction that, under

tlle-free indtitltt-ions that prevail in British Amcrica, there is asecurity for 1ife, jlnd prolierty, and personal freedom, which is tobe fotind neither under tl ► è'dcyl ► otic Uovern ► nents of Europe northe republican institutions of :1 ►nerica. Uur greatest incentiv©to it Union of British An ►erica is that we may be better able, a

s an united people, to► liec}larf;e ir t uty to our Sovereign, an dthat we may hall(] down ore securcly, to our children, the

-hr-iccleas blessiubs of the ritish institutions woh we so highlyvalue. The Province of . Nova Scotia annually calls out forseveral d ►iys' ► lrill; no less than tifty tho ►►eau ► i al,le=bodiea andintelligent' men, who cheerfully reepoutto this call of duty

,without a farthing's remuneratioil . 'l'1 ►e readiness tivit)t'w6icjlthey acquire a knowledgc'of p,lilitary evolutions has excited theadmiration uf the hibhest 1 ►rofesai„nal itutlloritiea . An artillerycorps, of a thousand etronf;, is traine( i at Halifax, to man thefortificatiôr►s ; and a nava) brigade is now being formed-in allthe principal ports of the Provincc .

If the three hundred and fifty thousand inhabitants of Nova

Scotia can make such an effort in the defence of their country,

what may not be expected of the four millions of British Americansanimated by:tho sanie feelinbe of loyalty, braced by an 'invigo- °rating climate, inured to camp life and the use of the axe and the

riflù !'l'hat the loyal spirit of niy çountrymen will meet with

wLi411 it is entitled I entertain no doubt, and if it (io, my Lord,'no one need entertain any fetïr for tlle .lleacc and security of British

'America when unce united . 'l'he prompt adoption of the Britishpolicy of Confederation, when it was prolosüd by the Quebec

Conference, in 186-1, and lleartily coucurred iu by the. BritishUoverument, would, I am confident, have prevented the abroga .tion of the ~ Reciprocity "Pre ►ity, and would have avoided alltrouble from the Fenians . •

British Colonies by political meaue; and the Fenians and tLeirsyulpathisere, were alike deceived by tllel, false impression that

the reason why Confederation had not been accepted was that alarge portion of the people wqulli 1 ►refér to join the United States .ThesuLsequent action of the a-,islatures of New Brunswick andNova Scotia, where, by very large majorities, the Union policy has

'been adopted, will undeceive these people : and if the Union ofthe Provinces is now consumma ~d., , in twelve months hence theAmerican Government will, in alY'probaLility, sue for a similarTreaty, and the designs of the Fenians upon British Americadvill, douLtless, be mtimberea among' the thinl;s of the past ; as withthe Union of the Colonies, all hope of their acquisition, eitherby diplomacy or fôrce, will speedily disappear .

Mr. Howe B ay s' that s' the English ilid not aspire to governsubject communities when they were only three millions ofpeople, and were w ithout a navy ." . lloes he not khow that theAmerican States achieved tlieir * independénce , with a smallerpopulation, less trade, less revenuo, and infinitely less shippingthan British America=which only wishes to perpetuate, in Union,its present form of governbent-can now boast 4\ ~

The purchase of the Iiudson's Bay ' Territory` I need nottouch ut~on, as the question of Confederation is ' quite ind©-pendent~of it, but it is only necessary to read the following ex-tracts from Mr . Ilowe's pamphlet to show that something oughtto be done to'remove what' he declares " is a standing reproach

o to the British Qovernment, and a blot upon our civilization :"-

" Between Canada and the Rocky \iountains, and divided from herby a bolt of comparatively sterile country,' lies a'magniflcen t, region ,

" which is a standing reproach to the British Governuiont, and' a blotupon our civilization. The RopuUlicaus have shown their appre iationof the value of this territory by providing, in General Banks' Bil tha t

" it shall be organized at once into two Territories, and presontl intotwo StAtve of the Union . What has England over done with it? ~Nhil ethe Government of the United States has, within the past half cont ry ;formed out of their grent West one noble State after another, wh hhave become the granarievof Europe ; the Government of Lnglat d ,

" having a\1'est of great extent and fortility, have done nothing 'niitio n" or slstestyaulike with it, but have allowed it to be locked up as a hunt" ilig-ground, for the exclusive beWefit of a Fur Company, who, monopo ~

lizing the çonsuiuhtion of Indian tribes reduced to a stato of subjeotionakin to slavery, have mnintained to this hour, in the fac© of the froo

~. ` .~deas and • advaneing civilization of l~ .i•ope and America, a,lob sogigantic that men dtand aghast when they contrast the unpeoplsdwilderness which these persons have got to show with the noble States,populous cities, and waving cornfields on the other side of the line ."

43

ç'

That the inhabitants of th© Red River country should long. witü eager aesire for the same security for life ana property .

power, can surprise no one except Mr, klowe, who seems tô have

the 'spirit of Mr. Ilowe's pamphlet, let me invite your attention

which Canada i'njoys, is but natural, and tl ►at all ,the BritishNorth American Colonies, both on the Atlantic and the Pacific,should look with intense jealousy upon the proâpect' of seeing .forty millions of acres of the most fertile land in the worldlying between them overrun and appropriated by a foreign

arrived at the conclusion that the presence of British subjectson thé Northern Continent' of AmericA is only tolerated by thegiant Republic during " good Lel ►aviour." ~

Lest yqur Lordship may suppose I am not' doing justice to

to the following passage. lteferring to the de'sire which has insome quarters been exhredsed to see a member of the RoyalFamily, at some future day, at the head of a great BritishAmorican power, Mr. Iiowe says :-

" Iit thns'respecting our rights, the Aruerican Govornment have had " to withstand pressure at all t_imes from those who adhero t<o the Monroe

" doctrine . Of late thisliarty has been reinforced in two directions, by" the -financiors who seo in a long lino of frontier a certain doss of revenue" while high duties prevail, and by the I'onians who, affect to have dis-" covered in the Provinces the shortost road to Ireland . Hitherto the

" Government of the United States has loyally resistod this pressure .If mattors romain as they are, I think they will loyally resist it st .ill ;

' and will not, •the face of the workl, assume the responsibility of" provoking a gr~st war by any attompt to rectify boundaries, or interfere" with political arrangements which they have for eighty years solemnly `

recognized ." But if we begin in a spirit of menace (which ) ia~s been too prevalent/

throughout these Confederation (l iscussions) t~ bu i ld up now nation-

" alities, and to plant Crown Princes beside them, who'can tell «°hat may

" halipen? llow long will the American people, thus challeuged, be in-'

" diflèrent, and how long will their Goverpment be able to withstand the

" pressure? No sooller 18 the Quehec scllenle laullehe d tllan Ae are mo t

. " by Aticither, far more comprehensive and seduet .ive, to incorporate the . .

. •" l'rôvincès into the ltepublic,'an d by a proposition sustn~ ►ied by an

" tinanimous vote of the Ilouso, of llepresentativea for a repeal of the

Iv'eutrality Laws. 'l'hese p ro lwsitioua , are naturally born of the other, .

;' and thoso who desire to soc the two ~ountries wiited in the bonds of

" peaoe should pray that all may Ue thrown into the Ire . ° .

'!,13efore we eeriously entertain tho . policy of making one of our, . . ~

44, .

1" Royal Princes V icer,,y or King . of Canada, lot us ponder what is pasaing

in Mexico at the ]rres~nt time. Louis Napoleon, in Anierictis h omr ofsore distress, tlwunht to l,uil ( l III) a INew Nati~~nalit~•,' and iltaximilia n

" accepted the throne . I le has worn what one of the newspaperé aptl4~"dcycribes as a' Crown of Thorns ' for a fùw brief years ; his Emlu

is now in France,` and he E mperor can oi i ► ly sustain him on his tot-tering throne by risking an expensive an d bloody war with a verydoubtful issue . Will 1L dAo this? We shall~"e . But coma what will ,

the world to maintain monarcJ+~cal principles in all their purityan d greatness in any portion of her empire, the iiiagic words13rita tm icilts sum wUi have lost the talismanic influence whic h

in the hearts of any loj,)tl subjects of the Crown in this countrÿ ;I can boldly say'it will no t in those of my own, When, my Lord,the dark hour for England's greatness arrives, in which it willbeconie necessary for her to aslw pôrmission• 'from any power in

mcr Ia, t,rown into an empire, may venture to ask ,for aking from the house of Brunswick, it is not necessary now toinquire . The name and `rank of llulted British America maysaf'ely be left whQrc the Quebec Conference left it-in the handsof Her Majesty the Queen ; but I cannot believe that the cravensentiment contained in the above extract will find any 'respons e

1" enough is already known 14) warn us frou ► rel,outing the Imperial bluniler

at the instance of certain pnrLlin d Canadian j? oliticians, who certainlyhave an original way of njanifesting t) ► eir attachment t p the Sovereign

" by proposing to overwl ► el ►~ her family with humiliation and disgrace . "

Mr. liowe commenced his argument bÿ,treating the Unionof Canada and the Maritime Provinces by 4n Act of the Im-perial Parliament, pa ssecl at the roqnest of the T,,egislatures of theColonies, a8 . " spoliation and appropriation on a more giganticscale than any that ]tas sttrtled Europe," nn ,~ compared it t o

France extending her borilers to thé Rhine ;" here he delib-erately proposes' to Englishtnen the humiliating doctrine that,trembling in the presence of 'n power so giganti ~ as the UnitedStates, British institutions in lrltl9ll America niust be mouldedin coatt'orntity witlt the vie w~a 'of the Republic, and that theBritish Government have no more right to carry out themonarchical principles of England in their own territory inAmerica than Louis Napoleon to found an e mpire in bZexico fo r~I axltmllan . ~

Whether, my Lord, the day will ever arrive that British'A A

h

pow attaches such value to tliem throughout the civilized •

worlel .The Bill introeluceel by Mr . I anlcs into' Con,~ ;ress, and which

appears to be so seelucti %~e " te \ir. Iiowe, providing for the

ailmiysion of the British Provinc s into the Union, has been only

regarded as apicce of vulgar i lsolence, and treated with th e

it is fixeei Uy'the inexorable l(~~ic of eventg that Canada nntst .

become a prominent and elistinguitihcel part of the . United States . The

establishment of a monarchy ul ►on the nortl ►er ►► Uo ►md ►u-y of the United

States is contrary to its lwliry, ininlicai tei its vast interests, and theexpressel views of its thirty-six millions of people . "

In the Irish People, the organ of Feutatllsm in New York,I find the same sentiment now so fully put forward by ;11r .

same intense ridicule, both in his country and in Amertca,as woulcl be excited by a prop sition from a member of theFrench Chamber to, annex the British Islands. .'l'he expressionof these extraordinary and insulting pretensions now put forward

by 'Mr. IIowe, of the right ôf the United States to dictate what

institutions shall be permitted in British America, has riot eventhe merit of originality to excuse it .

The Annexatioritsts of New York and the Fenian organizationhave both published manifestoes and iHslted proclamations to theopponents of Confederation in 'British America, containing

langnal;e alniost llrecisely sinlilar, to that quoted above . The

proclamation from the Annexation League, •dated New York,

August 1866 , says

- ~~ ~ .

'" England knows tllat she must logo Canada unless, by sonie legcr-

demain, she can convert'tit into a i nontu-cl ►y for Prince Alfred. But

thwl that ugly Monroe &, ictrine stilre~ l ► e i• in the face, ► u ►d America is

not to be bullied or tritluil with any l o uge, r." ,. .

Again the 11 re to York Herald, equally the énçmy of England,

and zealously co-operating with tlle A nne ::ationiyt9, the Fenianp ,

and Mr. Ilowe, in' opposing Confederation, says :-

Iiowe ":=

• . , - +" l'hert is anot)ter rcasott uhty the mission of the 1•'enlan.Y 1 $ ielrntica l

with that of the United States. It is oppose•d to the Confieleratio ►t or~

Co ►tsolidatiori of the Canadien Provinces ► cith a Guelph upo ► t the throne,

and it is also opposed to Intperialisnt in Mexico, with all Austrian or an

y - h

\ ' ' 1

" otherEuropean Prince upon.the throne . The poliey of the Fenians, like" that of the Iirst .~•ccpoleon, is Anti-Angl jean . It oposes English men" and F,nglish nieasures f,•om all points and all nationalities ." '

Howe says trnly that the Fenian excitement produced aetrong feeling in füvour of Confederation in the Maritime Provinces,

~ and contriLuted to its adoption . Nor w1s it snrprising that l~a lmen of all classes should have heen rallied under the flag ofBritish Confederation, when the Feniane boldly proclaimed thatthey wore prepared to co-operatç with the enemies of Union inpreventing the Cônsolidation of British power in thé NorthAmerican Colonies.

I1tr . Iiowe predicts'that---" Th© first session of tue Confederato Le6islature would not l i àve

" closed , beforo the logical results of the false step wc arc asked to take" woulcl be apparent, and the Colonial Secretary would bo informed that" lie .mibht witl ► draw his Viaeroy, and the Fbreign Secretary that we had" sont our qwn Aliniéter to Washington .

" I will not say tliat the wisü ie here father to the thought ; butit would certainly not be unnatural if it were' ao, with one whoseems so deeply imbued with an overlwwering sense of the great-ness of the United States, and 'thç impotency of Lngland andher Colonies to preservo tl ►e latter, as again cvideüced by the,following extract :--

t free to cherish ami tu act ulion lier hereditéry attaclirnoctt to thoso

front ; and whist is n ► ore, the Reciprocily 'l'reaty lias expired, the

z

" If British A morica, . cn•ganized into n nation, could stand alono,

" Islands, and if the Parliament of Great llritain, with the eonsont of" tho Crown, after full review of tho iiiterests of the Empire, were to" abso lve us from o un• allegianc e , we.migllt with cheerful s p irits Set about" the task, howover innvisely au~i hreniaturely imhosed. We migh t have" attemp ted lhiH with a cliaaico or two of suceti4, in onr favour ton years" al;o, wbeu (lit' Uniteil States presented (lie aspcet l' a great industrial" eomiiiunity, in i lisho5ed tu ~ iar, w ith .wh ti m Wtl hnil diplomatically adju9ted" everv irritating questi t ~n, and. whose .standinR anny uumbered but tell" thousahcl men . But uow the whole cliequer .boaril lias cLanged . The" United States havc'snddcnly become a g1•eat 1filitary and Naval Power."•«•hon the Union is reconstructed and the~Sontlierii States are brought "" again within the fold, tiare will bo u million and•a half of disciplined

soldiers nuci a howerl'ul navy for Lord Dlonck's new'nationality to con-

" Alabama clai m us are unsettled, attd a million uf Feniaus have slrr ung ul ►" to give an aggressive lurn to Aniorican dil,lomacy, and to i ►ang liku a '" war•oloud over the frontier ." - ~

_ , `; „

-#«

.J

C

" ocean frbutage " for a great country lying behind tl}em, tee mvinces for the obvious reason that it would, make the! latter thdeavoured to • induce Canada to unite with the Maritime Pr

Napoleon." - I)oes he not perceive that if it be true, as he as rts,that Canada is shut out from the sea during the winter r ionths,and can nev*6 r beconio a really great country, and that the jequ~lly

balauced state of the Légi #Iature between Upper and! Lo er

Ca la(la made a change in hor Constitution ~ j' iidispen ~able~ it

wa not strange that she should seek, in , a Confc~dera+tion, themeans of olitaining acce88 by railway to the océan, a nd of re-`moving that ernbarrassing provision of her present (,'onIstitution w

' ÿy which the two great sectioiis of th; country•wer equa~lly

represented in the Legislature irrespçetiveof their rowth oi<

population? The reflection that lli' .,ltowe had hi~iself e~i =

Mr. Howe not only tréats the proposed. Confederation a~ an

attempt at " spoliation " on the part of Canada, but sa}•s the m-bition of her public men overleaps that oi''" Bismarck or, L ui s

Iwhereby British power in America might be endangered .

f 47

Who would 'suppose that this was th same Union in whichthe "game was played, out," to use 111r . Howe's graphic -ex-

pressions on page 8 of his pamphlet ; that ' this was the sanie

, pow er" in which, fro in " ever recurrm; elements of discord and

reproach, the time is rapi d ly drawing on when separation is in-

evitable," an d 'when"new combinations will grow out of the playof the passionate ambitions which the wit of man has hitherto beenfound powerless to control ?" But,'. seriously, asàuming, a

Mr. Howo does, that a special interposition of," Providence mayl

calm the tempest of angry passions which the late Civil Wa~

threw tip, and the Republic may stagger on for some years~fI need not- remind yonr Lord ship of the entire ~ fallacy

M r. Hôwe's premises, as we neither desire to form an inclepéti -

dent nation, nor Adk to be absolved from our allegiance to Ihe ,

Crown . Our highest ambition is to preserve intact the glorious

privileges v~ now, enjoy under the free institutions z0hich liûve

been alread,y conçcd ed , in order that we may, under one Govp rn=

nient, bG better preparCd to maintain amicable relations with all

Foreign States, âud co-operate more efïèçtually than we o her-wise could with the Imperial Government In Rny contin eucy

ing with wealth and indûstiy; ought for ever to prevent him

from . charging Canada with atte rnpted 11 spoliation." That"

neither Canada nor the Maritime Provinces can ever attain any

real greatneA , except in such a combinatüon as is now proposed, -

cannot but, be seén by anyboSly in the least acqttnintal with the

position they occupy relatively to caE•h other . With a different

geographical position? nud with diverse natural productions, they

are formed for mutilai co-operation and support, and, under the

in fluence of an united interést, will, I believe, exhi b it a rapidity

of (lcvelopn ient . wl ► iclt will astonish the world .

It-will not be rieccssary for me to meet the statement that

the proposed Confederation will diminish the po wer of ]:nl;laïui

by transferrin g the seamen of Nova Scotia to,Ottn wa, founcled

as it is upon the baseless supposition that Confederation, which

has ever,lséen regnrded by its promoters in the Colonies, and by

the Iriipèrinl Government, as the best means of cementing the

bonde of union between them, means the formation of a sèpa-

rate and independent power .Mr. Ilowc 6ndeavours to excite hostility / against Canad a

It would oltly'have' been ingenuous,had Mr . llowo reheatedwhat lie said on this subject a year ago at Detroit, when defend-

" Then certain persons in tue mannfactnring towns hall been dis-I Om Itlitish('ttstr(i «itli the lii ;;h (lnti~ts Nt•lii~~h ( 'iutn~i n 111141 inip~~se l

prvodnrtions . 'l'lieY were nngry and (litt not stay to reftect tlint,if Canadawere in 4ror, the Maritime Provinces ouhht not to .Lo Pttishe~l for lier

" faults, seeing that they had never followed her exatnlile . "

among 13ritish manufacturers by saying :-i

Brunswick hn\*e comOete(l the l,nl)lic wot1 :4 crnttcmltlnted iutdcrexiytin~, enacttnents, tltcir indebtedness per liruti will be as large

all that-of Canada . But amuming that it bè true that, the ; I policy

lie . iNigl ►t have ntllletl that, wlten Nova ticotia nutl ; New

- "Now in the Provinces our people are naturally nnxious to improve

" their internnl vonntttnuicnt.iony, and bring lltent up to a le v el with o ther

" portions o f tlie continent . Yield ing . to is hressitre, the (lov,enunent

of ('anndn, has e xhen t e~l largo t3unts in the construction of rnilrond~ and

" cnnnlx . But t(uw moS,hy l w inn c xpeu t lrd, of cour se the interest lins to

" be Ftid, and that this might be done, etinngea have been , ntn f le in the

tnritl' from time to timr . Tho nevessitie4 of Canada fro in these largo

or}iend itnt•es coni pelleil her to rnise her import duty . "

ing the Canadian 'l'ariff :--

q

49

of the Maritime Prdvinces is much more in favour of Free -trndethan tliat of Canada lias been, is it not the interest of everyBritish manufacturer to 'throw that free-tracle leaven into the .Canaclian Legislation ? It would h ave Leen but -jt hnd 11r .IIowe admittecl the well-known fact, tLat from the ante of th eQuebec Ccinférence ùo w n to the l )resent liour, the greatest strideshave Leen taken in Canada i ni the direction of Free~trade, and .

M r . I Iowe says :-

, that the opponents of Union have eKhecially clenotuiced "Jir. Ùalt,~`~. .. the lnte able Finance M inifster of Canada, for liaving carried a

tnça:+ure througTi the Legislature at the last sittinti, putting in

the free list the goocis cliargecl 30 and ,25 per cent . duty, and

reclu c ing thé 20 her cent . tariff to 1 (5. No one thing l ias beeii

so ltelcl uh to 'public reprohation in the Maritime Colonies by ,

111r . Ilowe anil tiie ohponents 6f Union, as nny nttempt to suU-

stitute direct taxation in lieu of a (luty on imports ; and yct ho

ventures to appeal for aid to the syYnpatLy of the manufacturing

intereste of this country .

" When Ilerod and Pilate coalesced there was a sacrifice, and when

" 1ir . Unlt an d i11r . lino «•n,' aftcr y c:arK of pcrsonal b itterness and ma-

" lignant Vittclmrutiun, conscntecl t 4) claylc handsJ it 'waë with the tnidcr-

" standing tliat the L .Uiwcr l'ro»inÇcs, wliich üad had nothinR to do with

" their disputes, were t 4) be .sacrificc d tn illustrate tLeir reconcilinticin . "

Su ppose this to be true,, as Messrs . Galt and Brown only

aciopted the policy propose d hÿ 11r. llotve, I rnight ask, weroI clishosecl to hursue this rather I►rccfane' figure, whether hu was

not the J•nclas who had hetraycci the .llaritime Provinces ?

Ln referrin}; to the imj~osition of a duty on American flourby Canada, which is a large exliorter of breadstuffs, 111r . Ilowe

oufiht to'have state(l that Nova Scotia ndoptecl the same lïolicy ,

• as the best mcans of promotinl; the réi)e~val of the I{eciprocity

~ Tre»ty ; and he mit;ht have added tliat the price of flour camnot

i thtts Le enhanced in the Maritime Provinces, as Canacl .c exhorts, annually to tlce Stateft' tlic eiglit hnncireci thonsancl b,crrels o f

tlour w ich the Màrit4tne Provinces import . The efièct, tltere-

fore, of this luolicy will lte, to lcaci to a mutually advantagcons

interch ► y;e of articles aniong the Provinces, without enriching

our Re ublü'an neighlrours by the charge levied in, transihu , and

teachit~ theui, at tLe' sanie tiuie, . the useful leeqon that their

D

Ivoluntary obstructions to the trade whf~h had grQwn up unde r

the Reciprocity Treaty will injure no oie so mnch as them selves .~1,jllt ;tre ► tly anxi~~us to unway évcrj•thin~; hé{hucl pre,viouely .

uttered, M r . llowe next eutleav4y t ir~ t~? .ol ►tnin the co-oheratl~.n1 . s ,~nen ► n tht5 eutu► tr~y' looh ing forof a very sninll class of public,

Colonial i ,,ovexltorships . 'l'ho~/rQucbcc` reet,lntions ktrovt( k tl►at ;

the Govcrnor-Geucral of . British North Anierica, selëçted Pÿ11cr 1lajesty, shall in Council'aji j)oint the, L ICutPfitlant:-Govern0rsof the Provinces of which the 0onfetleration ie composed . .ee =ferrina to this pr9posal, ;1[r. Ilôwe says /'

" The single I golden link,' af+ it is somelinles crelled, which biqds u s" t•i't,he mother yO untr}•, is to be rudely severed, nnd tbe' only nfeco o f

~~alr~mnge reserve d to the Crown in return for thq,lll'otectloll W11 fcl ► the 'New Nhtionnl ►ty' cannot ï lo without, is to bo «`rencl ►ed frbm the

' - 5, i~•erei~u~aud ùiai~ïnpe~t front some lntrcau at,i)ttawn . ' 'T'1 ►e prbtension ' idmodest . Lookinri down the long line of ( ;r) vèrnors who have bee n

sent toelis from t?nKlnit4 , there lua}:, have Well ouQ or two not overwise ,'• or wlio' Kere' indiscrcet ; `` but°nt all .evrnt,s 'they . were gentlemen, and

inany brinugl► t with htr6ut ladies trnined in the ~ccolnpllstSlnents an dpure douiestiç life of this country: I Ci►n`\rememl)er I .ord I3alhou~ie ,

" 1~rJnnles Ke ►nttt, Sir l'eregrino \lnitlnlr~l, Sir John Ilt$rvey,eSir t)aspnr d,' ~e Marcltstlt, Lord lorniAuby, and {tthers, wlto bad . acquired expe•" ri,enco or woli • distiuction in tho ser % ie©• of the Crowu? The - ex empl o" r~et by such people And t ie ► r falnili é is to be traced in th6' 'soc ial cul-

tivntiun and gentle nlanera diflused fr(lin our capital to the sLiro.towns, and all over . the eotit.► trye But all, this is to be changed . Of `

". course no such people will be elig.iblp under Confotlçrntion,t No noble-:,. ." ntantôx gentleman, who has served his Sovereign hY land or sea, need

apply . Lve ii'thg V ictoria,Cross~~vÿuld be no 'rtcp u,luwen d ation ."► . . : :~ _ .

Your T.or(lship WiWnot fail to l )erceive • that, with a view.toltnrmo~ ► ious action behv.een the-Q enérlil and Local 6rovernment sof the Coufe ► ierate ►l Provincge, it ie inilisllençable t6t the repre-sentative of - the Queen ini '13ritish North' A merica should ho •eurllowere ►1 to aVlwiut the I,ieutcl~nnt-(;t>vernore. Nor do Ibelieve that the prospect w.hich tl ► ié arrangement pretents oflirovidinh ' in the Colonies llosts of 'honourablè -distinction to ' rwhich vali ► altle servants of the Crown, who have d ~voteil theirtime and talents in the sefivico of their côuntry, niay properly

1

1 aspire, will be regarded by, any patriotic tilind in Ûreat'Britaiqwith any but feelings of unalloyed satisfaction,

I .will not say one 'word to. detract from the l ► igh character oftlhe (xrivernors sent by tLô Crown to the Colonies . The adn ► inis-

tratiqu of the di5ting ►► ishéd hobleman, Lord Monck, who now

preSÇ( lea ovcr Canada, has been marked by the most sif;nal%aLility

and success .` The honour of the Crown has been maintained ,

and the best interests of the country promoted during years, ofunusual difficiilty and dang6r. I ► Nova Scotia,, men of all

classes revero, the character of the intrepid Sir Fenwick

Williams, whoee military genius shed such lUBtrcL on British arins

at Kars ; whilc his regard for constitutional usages coniniands

the conficle ►tce and respect of all political parties in the Colony .

The g ►► llant_ General Doyle, who now ad ► ~inisters the govern-

~`iio ►ls, on two occa-ment of New Brunswick, has,fiSr long j ~sions, represénteil Her Majesty in the Government of Nova

Scotia. , Both during the Trent difficulty and the Chesnpenke

affair he proved eclna l to evcry emergency, and all parties in th e

wl~ile )earing my humble testimony to the worth of these dis-

tinguisl ► ed men, I wonld be guilty of the greatest injustice to

the public men of British America (lid I permit this imputation

t► pon their attAlnments and position to pass unnoticed.' No

on the ►ccess whicl ► marked his administration. gut, my Lord ,Let; ►slat re jo ► ne ► 1 ► n an unanttb►ous a ► l ► lress, congr tulathng him

country in the world has, in prohortion to its progress, producedmore men whose unselfish devoti on to the best interests of -theircountry bas not only ele vated ► und advanced the Provinces t o

• which they respectively belonged, but also proved their fitnessfor the 'discharge of the highest gubernatorial duties in anyportion of Her Majesty's Colonial Empire . I am quite ready toadmit that the wives of - tlie Licutenant-(iovernôrs sent fromthis country have been graced by'all tlifaccompl5ahtpents whichlend such a charm to society in l:nglantl ; but it would be botlt

un ►►Vinly and unjust d id. I conceal the fact, that, in British

America they ha~ç found themselvq associated witb ' ladies whowere not tlieir inferiors in re finement of manner or intellectualculture .

The following extracts from M r . Ilowe's, writings and speeches`will sltow~your Lordship that his estinlato of British NorthAmoricans has not always béCn éo low, or his, sycâpl ►antfc a(llni-

ratiqn of English gentlemen so anqualified, as the above woul d

i

. ÿ . ,

•s• . I .

indicaté, In' the prospectus of the °:British North Ameriçan1 Association, written by him in 18('r2, the following passage. ,,,,,, . . .. .. . . • • \ • .

.

- " either in the Government or in society . No provision is madé for them ;

" The loyal Provinces of British Arnica are unrepresented hero ,

" and üpon the seùnt courtesy of any administration they have n~ claim . !"«•hen queens aro crowned, princes Uuried, parlianients opened, treaties i" framed, or wars deelared, thPir existence is ignored," aud tLeir feelings" are néver respected . Governors are sent to them of wliom théy never i" heard,-wlio aro unknown to the higl ► er walks of British parliamentary'

life, science, literature, diplomacy, or war ; and now, with war impend-" ing along a frontier of fifteen hundred miles, the two largest Provinces" Lave bèen intrusted to two ofT'icers who never saw the coüntries to be I" d©fended, and are withôut any local knowledge or e"xperience ." I

Mr, IIowe,"in his speech on Mr. `Johnston's resolution in'favour of "Union in 1854, âaid :-

"The

i . K

timo will come-nay, sir, it has come-when theso l egrading" distinctions must no longer peril our allegiance . will any' man say" that North Amsrica does not produce men as fit to govern ~tates and`" Provinces as tLose who rule over Maine or 1lassacLusetts at tLis hour?" -as most of tliose w ho are sent to govern the- forty Provinces of the" Empire-as many that we have nQw sent to darken, counsel, and" perplex us in the \1'est? IIow long will North Aniericans Le content" to sze their sons syste matically egéluded from tue gubernatorial chairs," not only of the Provinces that we occuPy' , but of every otller in the" Empire? Not long . , If monarcliical institutions are to bof lireserved, -" and .Tho power of the Crown maintained, tho leaiing spirits of the" Empire must be cLosen to govùr,n the Provinces, and te selection" must not'be con fined to the circle of twp small islands; to old officers ,

(4!' or broken-down m®i,ubers of Parliament ."

- ,

i' Twenty years ago Mr. I3owQ said, in a letter to ~.ord JohnRussell :-

" Tliere are mn now in North America wLo, if tlmeso P~ovincôs were". s tates in the Union, wotild be 'generals, senators, govornors, secre-" taries of state, or foreign nmUassadors . I have scen au~l heard tl,ose" wLo figure in the State Let,■islatures and in Congress, aqd, with a few" exceptions (foriued by the ilispiring cqnflicts and great questions of a" vast country), I could have picked tlieir equiils from ampng lier •Afa=" jesty's subjects on this continent 'at any Lime witLin .the last ton or" fifteen years." • '

,~

The following extract,is from tue report of a speech madeby Air. Howe in New Brunswick in 185 1

Ilavin; very adroitly sketched some of the prominent publicmen of New Brunswick,! and brought out in bold relief the pro-

portions of that great fie1d of honourable enn ► lation and exertionwhich they would tread, when Union of the Provinces by iron

roads had been followed by the political organization which•• wduld be the immediate result, lie sai ► 1 :-

,,, If the sphere were wi de enou gh here, what wottld you clo with euci ►men ? You would "end Judge W ilmot to adininisterjustice . Where

? Toa small l'ro v ince? No : but to ah A merican cmp ire . YotYwoul d

place Mr . Chandler on tjltô benclt. of the United Provinces ; you would

hold out to the youug men of your country a sphere and a field for" tlteir exertions and their ambition which none of tltçm ha ve open t o

tltent now . IIow ? 13~ violence? I ;y rebellion ? By b loo,lslte (l,? No.

YSu would seek to li v e,/ under the old dag. You would seek not sulra

, . " ration from the mother , counU•y-that w o-uld be matne5s., foll )- , bad

faith ; but w ith the consent of he Sovereign, and the acy ,t iescenc•e of

the Lnperial c,ûtlwrities, by tlté un'itecl action and good sense of all the

Pro v inces . l'yu would seek by union ta elevate tltem all to a hit;he r

" status than any of them separately can ever enj i,y . I believe that t•also tltat" ways K•ill be of great use to these Pro v inces, but I believ e

is necessary, üay almost indispensable, to produce a social and poli tical

organiza tion of the people, to ra tse these Provinces to fi higher position

'ÿthan they can ever singly attain ." • I

Iiaving nôw noticed in detail most of the leading points ih

Mr. Ilowe's pântphlet, I will examine the question lie has raised

touching the Cunstitutional • right of the Intperial Parliament to

enact, .,at . the .'•request of the Legislaturessof all the Colbniee

interested, a Union betwyen Canada, New Bruns w ick, and Nova

Scotia .After full exami,nt}tion and discuspion, both branches of the

Legislature in Ctillada, in New Brui~wi~c, and in Nova Scotia,

by overwhclqging majorities declared thèTselves in favour of

Confefleration, an d now ask tl p Imperial I'arli Tuent to give effect

to their wishes . Notwithstandinb this Constttutional declaration

of the wishes of the people of these British 9~th Ame v~can

Provinces, Mr: Ilowe says, p. 24 :-

"The noblemen and, gentlemen who were members of I the last Ad .

" ministrat,ion are of course committed to this sc home . . I3ut lèus hope

~L . ~1

54

1' that they are not too old to unlearn ° errors, or so unpatrio ' as topersist in a line of policy that can no longer be defended ; and -Mat

" they will not lightly value the pledged faith of England to loyal anddevoted •co ► nmuuities, who have done no wrong ; nor, in the face ofsuch petitions as have been sent here from Nova Scotia and Newfound .land, attempt to sacrifice those Provinces at the shrine of Canadianqlnl,ition, without regurd to tue forms w}ic}i innll free countries pro-tect from rash innovation institutions which the people value ."

Seriously, my Lord, it is difficult to understand how an y

one in the least degree acquainted with Constitutional usagesunder the British Reprësentative system of Government couldcommit himself to a proposition so utterly at variance with everypro~nciple it en► bodics .

' Sir W . Blackstone; treating of the power of Parliament, andquoting from Coke, says :-

'The power and jurisdiction of l'arliament, says Sir Edward Coke,is so transcendent and al~solute that it canuot be couflned, either forcause or persons within any bounds . And of tl ► is high c6urt, lie addsit may be truly said , ' Si antiyuitatem spectes, est veh ►stistima, si'diguit ►item, est lionüratis .i ► na; si jurisdictiuneiu, est cahacis5ima .' Ithatl ► sovereign uncontrollaLle authority in the makiug, confîrming,enlarging, restraiuing, abrogating, repealing, revising, and exPoundingof- laws concerning matters of all possible den"mii ►iations, ecclesiasticalor temporal, civil, ndlitary, maritime, or criminal ; . this being the placewhere that absolute, despotic power, which must in all Governmentsreside somewl ►ere, is entrusted lty the constitution of these kingdoms .

1,')A11 nnischiefs and grievances, operations and remedies, that transcendtl ►e ordi ► iary course tf the laws, are within the reach of this 'extra .ordinary tribunal . It can regulate or new ►aodel the succession to the

" crown . "

May, in his Nxork on the privileges of Parliament, says :--

'I'he Legislative,authority of Parliament extends over the Unite d" Kingdom and all its ColonieS and Foreign Possessions, and there are

no limits to its power of makiug laws for the whole empire other than•'•-those whicL are incide ► tt to all sovereign authority-the williugness of the

people to obey, or !hcir power to resist . L'nlike the Le;;islatures ofma ► iy other co ►u ► U•ies, it is boun(l by no fundau ► ental charter or con-

do stitntion ; but ha-, itself' the sole eo ► t s tihu timual right of establisl ► ing" aml altrring the lo ► rs and ( ;overnme ►► t of the 1:mpire . "

The power of the Iniherial Parliament being thtïs con-clusively established, I need 'not remind ÿour Lordship that ,

• i'

P19

under the Liberal Constitution which has lieen conceded to the

British North American Provinces, thé saine powers are çnjoyedby the several Local Leaislatnres, subject alone to the sovereibnty

of Great Britain, as are here possessed by the Lords alla (2on1-

rrions of Great Britain . As Mr. llowe aoea not venture to

question the wishes of the people of Canada, and as thé peopleof New Brunswick, at the polls, have elected the pr~

Isent As-

sembly by ►i majority of thirty-three, pledged to support Cûn-

federation as opposed to eight dissentieno, the ~+iestion is

narrowed ciowi► to Nova Scotia alone . In that Yr,ovince, ►uy

Lord, at the last general election, \lr . liowe, the then Leade r

~ of the Government, was. defeated at-the polls, and has not éiuce

obtained a seat in the Lea6lature . Only tbirteen tnénibers were

returned out of fifty-five to support the' Governrrlent of whic

h lie was the Leader. 11e was therefore compelled ~to resibn, an d

his opponents were called upon to form an ~ldlniuistration .

That (;pverntnent has, up to the present time, be~n'triumphantlysustained in the Legislature, having carried the most difiicultmeasures by very large majorities . The resolution in favour of

Confederation was passed by a majority of thirty-cine to ninctcenin the Ilouse of 'Assewbly, and of thirteen ttq

Itive in the Legis-

lative Louncil . ' No one acquainted with NcAva Scotia will

venture to assert that the L.egidlatilro of that Province does not

fairly relrresent the education, propért'y, indepet,deut spirit, and

industry of the Colony. In that v~te the Government ~~•ere

sustained by the leaders of the llpl ►osition, both in the Upper

and Lower Chambers . The. gentlentçü, who had held the otlicesof Attorney-General, Solicitor-General, Chief ltailway Conl-missioner, and Receiver-GenerAl, in "IN r . Ilowe's Government,

in fact, every former member of his Alministration now in the

Legislature; except two,'remained true to the principles withwhich he had so zealously iudoétrinatcd them, and-éustained th e

resolutions in favour of Union,

" the Empire . "

On page 7 o A . VIT p I I ~1ltaritime Provinces :- '

Tl►eir system is very simplo . They gove n themselves as com•

plotely as any other British Province or any States of the American" Union, in perfect subordination to the Government and Parliament o f

C Dl il e'a am )hlet h says speaking of the

Again, page 12 :-

These Provinces now govern themselves, and do it well ." ~

Now,mÿ Lord, what is the theory or practice of the BritiRhConstitution? «'here is the limit which Lounds the power ofParliament, and says, thus far and no farther shalt thou go? .Where does 111r .' lIowe find the principle laid down in the$ritish Parliamentary System that Constitutional changes canonly be made by the "people at the polls," passing upôn eaçhindividual question beforc it cal, have the force of law ? Now,my Lord, it haa been the boast of Dlr. IIowe for twenty years,thut,, subject to , thé power of the Crown to disallo w , we had theBrifish Parliamentary System as perfectly_ t~a the Parent State .In 1840 a message was sent by the Governor-General to theParliament of Canacla, iilforming them " tha~he had ;received" lIer Majesty's commands to adminieter ` the Gover•nments of"the Provinces in accordance with the ;well-un derstood wlshtrs" and interests of the pe,ople, and to pay to their feelings, as

" expressed through taieir representativès, the deference that is" justly due to tliem. "

b1r. Iiowe saicl in a speech in he Legislature, in 18~0 :-." This lieuse had asked for a Gov nment resp iblo in local afl'airs

" before his Lrn•dship (F,arl Durhnm) s this cont' ont . 11e would refer" to the a(l dress of 1837 ; in that they~ asked for such responsibility as" would assure to the Provinces the fair influence of its Legislature in a ll" matters and the spirit of the British ~onst .itüt.ion . "

In support of this principle, D7~r . IIowe quoted the eloqu©ntlanguage o f the gréat Dir, Fox, as~ fol tows :-

" Had not a m' rity of the Ilottse of Commous, almost from time" immemorial, governe this country? ' Was it not a confidence in the" House of Commons th t gave energy and effect to every administration?""'as it not the coun~ ance and concurrence of the liouse of Commons" which gave popularity and stability to the throne P Was it not in" cla,hing with this ra d ical and primary principle that so many calamities ~" had hahpened in some o f the rei gns prior to (lie llevolutiou ?" n o t to the influence of this Priucihle tLat we owed all the glorious7rii d " mem orable tbing5 tbat had been a ehirveil during the war before lâ~t ?" W hat could be the reason f„r relinquisliirnh a ln iuci p le wlii rh ever sinco" its prevalence has been marked with the n ►ost striking advantages?" `

In 1849 , the British American League, embracing a great• ,,;

4 ,'

.

i

~~,• '

.~

It

57

body of able ând leading ' men in Canada, undertook to suggestimportant Constitutioiial changes . Mr. IIowe, on that occasion,

gave Mr. Chapman, the chairman of that body, the benefit of

his opinions as to the propriety of Parliament alone déaling with

sûch matters, as follows :--.

A Confederation of the Colonies may be the desire of your Con yen .

tion. If so, .the objec,t is legitimate ; but it must be pursued by legitj,mate

means . Believe me, it can only be wisely attained by and through theProvincial Legislatul•es, not by self•clected societies acting independentlÿ

and in defiance of the 1 . Suppose to-morrow propositions were sub-mitted to the Lower (~ctlonies for a I .egislative Union or General" Con-

federation . if made by the Government and Parliament of Canada

they would b e treated with tieference and respect . If made by a party

" in opposition they wou~l not be for a moment entertained . , * ,

We desire li free-trade among all the Provinces under one -

national flag, with one çoiu, oile measure, one tarift; one post office . We

feel that the courts, the press, the educational institutions of NorthAmerica, would' be el~vrited by Union ; that intercommunication by

railroads, telegra,phs, and steamboats, would be promoted ; and that if

such a~combination of interests were achieved wisely, and with prope ;

guards, the foundations of a great nation in friendly connection withthe mother country would be laid on an indestructible basis ."

~ ' •

In 1842, Mr. Howe, in the Legislature, thus vindicated therights of the Representativesof the People :-

" But when l ;epresentatives have been elected, though they are con-sidered tlio peculiar guardians of the places whence they were returned,by the theory of the British Constitution, which we claim for our in .

horitance, ancl, according to tlie views of the highest minda in the Empire ,

" the moment a man takes bis Place in Parliament lie is not a Represen-

tative of 'a part f, the country„ but of the nation at large ." °

On th 'ournale of the Legislative Councils for 18 61, your_J

Lordship will fi d the following minutes in Council, signed by

117r . Ilowe: Y I `

A vast majority of ..the people of Rngland are not represented in

it Parliament at all, 'yet the l;xecutive Council need not inform your

Excellency that a public man would be 1 igbed at who claimed to sei•r.o

tbo Govi-rnment because ho had , their supp • rty counties inFngiand, with a population, in 1N~11, of nin~5~n'i ion, one hundred an d

it nine thousand, two liiundred and cility-ône, l ►a but one hundred and

forty-tbreo members, while one hudred and eighty-seven cities and" boroughs, including but five million, eight hundred t►qd seventy-ni.ne

county members at his back, if he claimed to rule England, or compe l

" twenty•three . . Now what would be thought of any statesman, . with the

thousand; three hundred and twenty-seven, had three hundred an d

the . Soyereingn to dissolve, with the Representatives of the cities an d11 boroû~hs, a~aiust ltim ? W hat Representative of the stnallest constitu--

r enVy in Gréat Britain would yield to the member returned by the larges tany more influence than lie had himself ; or admit before a ministrywas turned out that it was necessary not only to count the members inthe lobbies, but their constittténts also? ' * * * Atthis moment a majority of the, people, of the constitueucies and oftheir representatives, support the AdUniuistration, and we have â largerpr oportionate majority to sustain us than Lord Pal merston ha4 in themother country . Under . these circumstances we are not verÿ much

" afm i d of the interference of the Imperial Parliament.Janunry 2 1.1, 1 HG1-31imute :-

Ur. Hatfield and M r . Campbell are the best judges of thasounduess of their own views and the propriety of their conduct. T hey are not

Delegates but :liembers of Parliament, and from the moment of theirtl" election they were bound to represent, not only Digby or Ar 4yle, ~ut

the whole Province, whose great interests were committe d to théir care .This doctrine laid down by 111r . Burke at Bristol, in 1774, ]tâs neve r

" been questicined in the Imperial Parliament : and Mr. IIorsntan,lnembor" for Stroud, tl#ouglt recently caile~l on by his constituents to resigu, has

asserted his ights, an d illustrating this sottnd British doctrine, posi:\tively refused . ~t If inentbers wFre to resign whenever for a moment theydispleased ths•ir constituents, the calls would be frequettt-personal in .dependence worild be rare, and questions would be discussed by requi-

". sitions rather thRn by fair deliberation and manly debate . If Parliamentweré to be dissolvcri whenever a gentleman changed sides, or a~discon•tented constituci cy petitioned, free institutions wouhl become auendlessdistraction, and t~o man would ever dare to deliberate or run thé risk o

f being co}ivinced. `

March 3bth, I1RG1, Lord 11iu1grave , by the advice of theGovernment, of ~vhich Mr. IIowe was the Leader, said in adeepatch to the Colonial Secretar y

" It is the undoubted principle of the British Constitution that amember once returned by a constituency has to consider what he believesto be the interests of the whole country, and notytlto simplo wishes f

" oonduct ; but they have no right, pending the duration of the Parliamen t,

hey .have a right to represent to him-their views, and to refuse tt re""'elect hitn th d f 1 'at o en o t t C 1 grltament, tf they are dissatisfied with his

6ate, and the coustttuency have given to him for the limited period fixed11 by law for the duration of l'arliament, the power which they possess d .1

0his own co n stitucncy . I lc is clcutell a lleprescuti► tive and not x Dole

;d

à

.'% to eoerce his actions ; still less have they the right to expect that the

1' Royal Preroôativé should be used becauso they are dissatisfied with the

~" choice they have made.", ~ r

In aclvocatinb the policy of' direct taxation for the supportof schools, Jlr. Ilowe, in the Lel;islature, thus forcibly illustratedthe sacrifice nt which this boon must be oLtained, and assertedthe Constitutional ribht and duty ûf the Legislature to serve th e

• best interests of the country even in opposition to tue- wishes of

the people :-

"An objection wbicli préssed on many minds wae the unpopularity

of direct taxation. It was unpopular in every country, although l,ess

" so where it was experienced thun where it was only spoken of. A

" change to direct taxatioai . for general purposes would not be advisable, '" yet even under such a system the country might proslier' as well as

" under the preseüt. But for the sacred purposes of education, for

" founding a provincial character, for the endowment of common schools ~" for the whole' population, no hesitation need Le felt at coming to direc t

" taxation . . Few perhaps were more worldly th n himself, or more alive

" të the value of popularity, yet lie would willi~gly take all the Llame, all

" the unpopiilarity that might be heaped on him as one who had a share

" in establi,hing that wliich lie proposed. 'l'hey were representatives of

" the people, and lie put it to theni as tliey were greatly honoured should" they not greatly dare ?'l'hey were sent to do their duty to their con-

" st.itùents, whether their acts alwayy gave satisfaction or not . 'l'hey

" were sent to represent the opinions of the country when -they believed" the people were Uetter informed tlian the llousp, but to exercise their" own judgineqts when they felt con~inced they were Uetter informed

" than the people . 11e called on gentlemen not to betoo timid in risking" popularity, and not to rerkon too carefully the price of doing their

" duty. * * . * * * * * * *

" They should look to the ultimate benefit, and in some degree coerce

" the people ; tl ►at was a duty tue Ilouse owed them as their Itepresen-

" tatives. * * * Should it Le said that Nova Scot.ians

" were not prepared to pay the penalty of loss of scats in that Assembly" to do a gruat good to the I'rovince . "

' I have already sliowttl your Lordship that this question o f

a Union of the Provinces has been a subject of much dis-

cussion for lminy ycars in Nova Scotia ; that all the leading

men of both the political parties into which the Province lits,

l~een d ivided have avo w ed themselves the advocates of such

Union ; that when llr. lio sve was ln power in 1861 he obtained

the uuanimous approval of the Legislature to that policy ; that,

// 60

previously to the last géneral election, I had publicly advocated~ now popose~, and gone to

the hustings pled~ell to it in the stronbest manner. A ieferenceto the history which I have already gi,ven of this proj~~ct wil lshow that Lord Durham, His Grace the Duke . of Newcastle, the~ltig ht lion. 111r . Car(lwell, *the lion. Chief Justice Young', thelion . Equity-Judge Johnston, and Air . IIowe himaelf, have allrecorded their dclil~erate •j u ( lgnment, that the proper Constitu-tional nio( ie of settling this 'question is by the action of theLe~;islatures of the Colonies and of the Imperial Parliamént ;

the same system of Conf ~ (leration 1 °

that I3ritish Constitutional pï•actice has beén followed : and yet after all this, 11r. IIowe ventures to demand aii al)peal to th e

people at the polls from the deliberateaction-of an immensemajority of tioth IIouses of Parliament .

The defeated gambler is of course always rea(ly to play thegame over again for the stakes already lost ; but I have yet tolearn that, un(ler our system of Itepreseütative InstitutionR, it

is incumbent upon a Government to dissolve a Legislature so longas they are haticlsomely sustained by larp majorities in carrying

measures considered indispensable to the prosper ty and securit yof the country .

I the publ ic good. For every vote that would be iufluenced igeneral election by the 'question of Confedcration two woul

e present Government, in a spirit of self-sacrifice, at the shrin eh Ydmtnistration by passiito, has been put on the statute-book b

r. ot~e advocate~l so abtj~, but uever vei ► titred to peril hisM II

~ No one, my Lord, knows better khan Mr. Ilowe, that if the

support o common school education by ( lirect taxation, which

LegislAture were d issolved to-morrow,, expressly on the Con-federation ' question, it woul (l be impbssit,le to obtain the um biasse(1judgment of the ProC vi4çe. The measnre lirovidfings for the

e gjven on the obnoxious subject of direct taxation, so revoltü~

~all young countries .

The provision in the Quebec scheme, which place(l the c I -ol of banking in the hauds of the (Ueneral ( ;overnment ~Iadgislattire, arrayed a large number of gentlemen intcrestc~ nine half - clozen local banks . against Confederation-and capita l

aIµ'ays,find agents ; but I am prdtid to be able to say thatgreat bôdy of the educateéi, intelligent, thinking men of the

61

Province, of all particé, itiGlqcling almost the entire clergy and

ministers of all denominations,.

are warmly in f~votq of the

Union of British North America, and have no liasitation in-

asserting• tlrat no po %l~cr on earth could induce . the ny(,et insi gnifi-

cant proportion of my coiu ► trynien to, assu me nn ,~attitude of the

least h ostility tQ the Iiu} ) erial G(wer uent ôr I?arliament i n

conseqtieiicè of the passing of an Act ro consummatç,this Vnion.

Were Mr. Howe to succeed in convincing the British UGovern-

ment and-people that Nova Scotia is yet unfit to e njoy~t~ie free ;

institutions w hich were conce ( le d to ber a qüarter of a cc ury

I

ago, - and that it is necessary that the lnr pertal Governn ~nt

should interpose and override the constitution f,t l action of hé r

Legislature, it is not very likely that the first "excrcise of such• an authority would be uKcl to aiitagonize a 1lollcy 11'h1Ch bas

been recommended by your Lorclshilr's immediate hreclecessor,as best calculated to perpetuate British power On the Cofitinen t

of America . But I have no such fear. Mr. Howe may pro-

perly be told, in the lanf;unt;e 'of his pamphlet, "«'hen self-with-government was conceded, it could never afterwards be

drawn, unless upon 'amhle hroof, elicited by legal for us or

deliberate Parliamentary enquirV, that : it had been g osslyal,uéecl," • * * * " Sir, it is unfair for you to comehere and attempt to mix the Government and Parliament ofEngland ul, in your disputes ; .1'ou possess ample powcrs to',

mature a scheme of Government . "

But Mr. Howe says, ." The jrreseut flouse is sitting tcport a

franchise 1cAich e. ►pir•ecl a year cl/u, arrrl had not, accordinq to

British usage, the ri!/lit to pass arry r•csulutioit at all . Yurliame ► r t

in this country is invariably i7issulcecl iclren nm -rc franchise is

adopted . "It is quite true that-Alr. llowe, in 1R63, jn, rrevious to the

last general election, obtained the enactment of a law under whichmore than a quarter of the electors of the Province will be

disfranchised ; but in introducing the Bill to the Legislature,tho Attorney-Geveral of lris ' 6overnment distinctly' declare

d that it would not involve it new general election until the usual ~

period . Now, my Lord, I have yet to learn that it is at all in-'dispensable, under the British system, that ageneral electionshould take place w~eu the franchise has been extended . Such

0

has not been the pritcti~c in Nova Scotia ; but, eveii were it so,I challenge Mr. llôwe\ to show a single instance in "Britishuyage" «•here an a phéal to the people took place in conseq u cnceof the franchise havinb ben narrowerl, an d a large portion ofthe electors deprived of tho privileges they had hitherto enjoyedunder the law.

vinces interested ,iwould req uire to characterire such an Act as

" a measure of spoliation and appropriation oti n more b ib►anticcale than any that h~tis startled Europe," or to compare the foutnd -

ing of a 13ritisli niôniarchy in British A,merica with the establish-ment of an Imherial d cshotism in Mexico by I,oui~ Napoléon .

When` \Ir. Ilowe wishes ,to prove that Canada, Nova 5eotia,and New Brunswïçk, de pendent u ipon each other for the advance- ,ment of' all, ami drawu together by a comuion interest and acommon danger, had Letter retnain i solated, ht,Y presents thetJnited • Stutcs as _ riven by inte rnal ciiscord . and breakingup : into a half-dozen different and antirbonistic Govern ments ;yet on the next page, w hen he endeavours to prove that Great13ritain and ~i United British America will he unaLle to protect .and 1 ► reserve the latter, lie reunites the scattere ( l fragments ofthe Uréat liehublic and declares wltll equal confi ience that itwill not only "stagger on for'some years," but tha~ a quarter of _a century hence the American Union will `ex h ilit a consoli dated

dressed himself is well Illustrated hy the extravagant hyperbolesand incongruous statements ~with which his pamphlet abounds .Its readers cannot fail to bo inipressed wifh the fact, that every

argument advanced is not only in distinct contradiction with

every sentiment in which, in a trulÿ\British American spirit, Dir .IIowe lias udvocatecl a Union of "the Colonies throughout hispublic career, but, what is still môrâ strikint,► , tLat the reasons •he now advanceR to sustain the v~tiridiis points of his present •position effectually refuteeach other . ~'\

_ No man, my Lord, who had a sul,stahtial Constitutional ob-

jection to urge against the hroposed Union of British Americaby an Act of the Imlierial l'arlianient, at the request of largemajorjties of both branches of the Legislatuires in all the Pro-

•l'tie impossible nature of tthe tadk to which Dtr . IIowe ad-

phetçc. If there be any truth in the former, no one need fea r

•-. It is obvious that both of these staterueuts eannot b© pro-

power, numbering sixty-eil;ht millions" of peoide .

`: ~\

63

for'the safety of British America ; and,, .if the latter should b

more accurate ; British America ougbt ~ not to be a cause o f

jealousy to a 1 ►ower so f ;i g;antic . 01, one page of his pauil , hlet,+1'

111r . Ilow e shows conclusively that C'ana►}a, with all her re.

,

.

4

àources, cut off from conun ►►nication with the sea, can never be

a great country ; and Yet lie charges her public men with,ovorweening ambitio ►~," because they are endeavouring,y by,Union with'the Maritime Provitices,'to obtain accesa to theocehil, and rapid and easy communication at all seasons of theyear with the Parent State . In like manner Mr . Howe ex-

%aggerates theantagonism of race, religion, and language be-twecn Upper and Lower Canada, rendering, ai lie says, goveri ►-'mént all but i ►npossible ; and yet fails to perceive tbat;'if

bis, premises be correct, the . Union, , which will remove thi s

difficulty, n ►ust commend itself to the cordial support of everymail who desires flte advancement of British America . Again,

RIr. IIowe, redardless .of. the fact that lie has endeavoured toshow that Upper and Lower Canada must' for centuries be

strongly ohpose ►1 to each other; proves equally to his own satis-

faction that, by the cordial union and co-operation 'of,,the twoCanadas, the Maritime Provinces, with their forty-seven ilietn-berè in a Iiouse of Comn ►ons of one hundred and ninétÿ-four,

will l ►4 swamped, and their interests sqrificed ; and that an Upper

Ch. ►niber; in which they are represented equally with either Upperor Lower Canalla, will be powerless to obtain for "JO m fai r

consideration. - 'Volunteering his advocacy for Nova Scotia; l~tr . IIowe" has

nothing better, to . proposé than that it be made a .Gibraltar

for Great Britain ; yet, putting out of sight the impossibilityof holding cighteçn thousand square miles of country, withônly three hundred and fifty tbousand inl ►abitants, and an un-

fortified sea coast of a tl ►ousand tuiles in extent, with all .the

reut . of the Ant~ri.can continent aban ►1Wnç ► 1 to the " l;iant Re-

public," wl ►ere, •I would .ask, cati lie expect t ►i fVul nuotber

Nova Scotian who would bi; content with a position of,isolntion

so utterly fatal to'that probress •and importance to which, withher great natural resources and position, as the Atlantic fi•ontage ~

of British America, she may now • look confidently forwa'rd ?

But, my Lord, it is not necessary to dwell upon this point, as'. ithe power that is' not able to aid successfully four millions of- .

energetic and brave men ii British America to mAint 'aln con-nection with the Crown tq, which they are all so loyall del t d

coas s of thl"great centre of our civilization would be any the more secure ? NOEngland that now fights for Empire would be compelled to, fight for oi-ist©ncc ; < and Irelaï~d, r4ow tolerably stendy, impressefl ' by the odd

s against England, might becomo a doubtful nlly; and'wl~at would ~beworse, millions of loyal suhjects, trained in love and devotion to tlieMother Country would be coerced into a contest in which victory wciuld

". be even more heart-rending and degrading than def~~at . "

I)eeply impressed witll the truth ôf thesc o 1111A,11 - h '

hiirbour of refuge, a spar, or a ton o f coal on the wl R loI Ccmtinentt of"•Ameri~~i,--when four, millions of British suijects had been drawnbei~ind the .1lorrill 'l'ürifi; and every lovai Irishman in British America

had been converted into a Fenian,-wlien tlie•mrtposts of th© énem~ ." had been advanced h0o miles nearer to gland by the possession o f

Nova Scotia and NewPi~undland,-does anybody believe that Americalidiplomacy would be any the less a~~gressive or that the t

o u son s I3ay,-wlien her Mercantile Marine was increased11 by a million of tons of sliipping -w}~6l, I~ ~~,•l i

us o V10USlv fall in hreserving Nova Scotia . ''T'he clisastrouseffects of the loss of British 1~lnierica to Great Britain

is tllusgraphically described by 11Ir . Ilowe, on p. 33 :- .

"~~'hen this vas done,'"thè parties in ; this country who take un .FnRlish views of everything might be satisfied and consoled . But howwould it stand with these Islands? When their only formidable eom-mercial rival ruled the whole Continent of America, from the Gulf of

It Dfexico t If d '

P P, parfrom the great interest which, as a British American, I fegl inthis question, I shoul d be a traitor to the Crown and to theEmpire if I (lid not endeavour to promoto thc Union of-theBritish North American Colonies, as the only meana• by whichthis great national misfortune may be averted .

That a 11olicy alike demanded by the best interests of theBritish American Provinces and of the Parent State, may nïectwith the aphroval of llcr lt ' itajestys iinisterg and ohtain t h

I os o e ~nt .llumble Servant,~ • .:Your Lor~layi >'s m t b d' ~

breat natural resources and the indolnital ► le character of the race :•from which lier; Iieol ►le are sprung, are the earnest aspirations of :

le hoslhou atnong the nations of the earth indirated b 1

IS 1tAnlerica may, under the agis of ( .re;lt Britain, rapidly advanceu tl

0sanction of the Imperial Parliament ; and tha't an Unitèd 13rit' 1

CHARLES TUPPI3R, -

APPENDIX .

,` REPC3R T

OF RE90LUTIONB ADOPTED AT A" CONFERENCE OF DELEOATEB 1~

FR01i TIIE PROVINCES 'OF CANXDA, NOVA SCOTIA, AND NEW~BRUNSWICK, AND THE" COLONIES OF NEWFOUDLAN A D

• PRINCE EDwAnD ISLAND, AELD AT TIIE CITY OF QUEBEC, r

lOTii UCTOBER, 1$r,4, AS"-'THE BABIS OF A PROPOBED CON-

FEDERATION OF TIiOBE PItOvIKCEs AND COLONIES . .❑

~ f 1. The best interests au~ ' present and future prosperity of• British North America will be promoted by a I'éderal Unio n

under the Crown of Great l3ritain, hrovided such union can beet)"ecte d on principles juàt to the sevèral provinces . ~

2, In the Federation of. the British North 'American Pro-. .vlnces, the systcln of Governnlent . best adapted, under éxistingcircumstançes; to protect the d iversified interests^of the several

t Provlncénnti secilrc eflrciency, har mony, and pcrmaneney intJle working of the union,' would be a General Government

` charged with matters of common interest .to the whole couhtry ,and Local Governments for encll of the Canadas and for thpProvinces of Nova ticotia, New Itrunswick, and Prince Ed ardIsland , chart;etl with the cvntt•ol of local Imtitters in theirreshectivo sections,w-- proviHion bcing made for the admission

~ . into the Union, on etluital~le teriny, o~ Newfoundland, tue North- - .• \\ 'est 'I'et•ritory, British • Qlnmh in, and Vancottver .

3. Iu fralning •q .Ç~o u'stittitiun for ( he,Geleral G overnment,the Conference, with a view, to the pér.l )etnation of our ccinnecti onwith the lluthcr l,'uutrtr~, aîitl to the prumotion of the I i r~s

t intere;+ts of the l )eohlè of tltese Provinces, tlesire to f ( ~llo W t / t eulodel of thè l3ritiHll Constitution, so fal, a4 our circn 4 nHtuny~e awill permit. •

•

ouncil Dy 24 members, Lower Canada by 24 memhers, and the ~three Maritime, Provinces by 24 members, of which'Nova Scoti ashall have ten,• New Brunswick ten, and Prin~. Edward Islandfour member's .

9. The Çolony of Newfoundland shall be entitled to enterthe propospd Union with a representatiori in the LegislativpCouncil of four members.

°10. The North-West'Territory, British Columbia, and

Vancouver, shall be•admitted into the Union on such terms and-"conditions as the Parliament of the Federated Provinces shal l

deem equitable, and as shall receive the assent of Her Majesty ;`and , in the case of -the Province of British Columbia or Vancqu- .ver, as shall be agreed to b~ the Le 1 t - f~ % y g~s a nre o euch Province .~ 11. The Members.'of the Le~islativo Council hall be ap_

t 1 b

1 66\ tl •\•

4 . . The Executive Authority or Government shall be vestedin the Sovereign .of the Unitéd Kingclom of Great Britain• and •Irelan( l, and be a~lniinisterécl according to th .e ., well understOodprinciples of . the British Constitntion, by the Sovereign person-ally, or by the Ilepresentative of the Sovereign, duly authorizéd .5. The . Soveroign, or Tl,el~esentative of the Sovereign,shall" be Commander-in-Chief of the Land and Naval Militi aForces. k

6.- There shall • be a General Législature ; ôr •P~irliament, forthe Federated Provinces; composed ot .a Legislative Council atltia House of Commons. .

?. , For the , pûrpose'of forming the Legislatit~e Council, theFederated Provinces shall be consic~erèd as consisting of threedivisiôns :-1st--jUpper Canada ; 2nd-~Lower Canada ; 3rd-- .Nova Scotia, New I3runswick, and Prince Edward Island;-eachdivieiôn with an equal representation in the Legislative Coimcil .8. Upper Canada shall bè represented in the Legislative

` C

pom ec y thé Crown under the, G reat Seal of " the General ~Government, and shall hold ' office during life. ~, If any Legisla-tive `Councillor shall, for two c 'onsecutive Sessions of Parliamént ,. fail to 'give his • attendance in' the 'said Council, his seat shall .t~érTuy bécbme vacant. I

i"2. The Members of the Legislative Council shall be BritishSubjeçts by birth- or naturalization, -of the full ace • of thirty

° years, shall possess a• éontinuous real property qualification of

V

67

fôur thousand dollars over and above all incumbrances, and shallbe and continue worth that sum over and above theiftebts an A

liabilitiés ; but in thé case of Newfoundland and Prince EdwardIsland, the property may be either real or personal .

13. If any question shalL. arise as to the qualification_ of a

Legislative Councillor, the same shall be determin~ë-d ~ .the

Council. • .14. The first selection of. the members&f the Legislative

Council shall be made, except as regards Prince t dward Island ; .

from the Legislative Councils of the various Provinces, so far, as

a sufficient number be found qualified, and willing to servp ; such

members shall be appointed by the C~own at the recommenda-I ° tion of he General Executive Gove.rnment ; upon the nomination

of the aespective Local Governments,-and in such nomination,due regard shall be had to the claims `of the membeis of theLegislative Council 4the Opposition in each Province, so that al l

•~ - political parties may, as nearly as possible, be fairly represented .

15. The Speaker of the Legislative Cônncil' (unless othér-wise provided,by Parliament) shall be appointed by the Crownfrom among the members of the Leffislative C.ouncil, and shall

hold office during pleasure; and shall only be entitled to a casting

vote on an equality of . votes .

. 16. Each of the twenty-four Legislative Councillors 'repre-„senting Lower Cana0k in the- Legislative Council of 'the; GeneralLegislature, shall be appinted to represent one of the twenty-four Electoral Divisions mentioned in Schedule A of Chapter

Firstja~the Consolidàted Statuts of Canada, and such Councillorshall reside or possgss his qualification - in the division he is ap-

pointed to represent .

17. The basis of representation in the House-of Commonsshall be population, as determined by the official census every

ten years ; and the nlimlier of members at first shall be 194,

distxibuted as follôws:- ~ ' -- L7pper Canada . . . . . . . 82

-Lower Canada' . . . ; . . . 65

Nova Scotia . • • : • • ~ • 19New Brunswi4 : . . . • . . . 15

Newfoundland . . . . . . . 8

and Prince Edward Island . .\ . . 6

f

.,

r

.

68

18. ' Until the official census pf 1871 bas been made up ;there Fhall lie no changé in the nnmber of representatives fromthe several sections .

W. Immediately after the completion of the_census of 1871,and immediately after every ejecennial census thereafter, t be're-presentation from each section in the IIouse of Comm+ons shallbe re-adjusted on the basia of population .' 20. For the purpose of such re-adjustments, Lower Canada

shall always be assigned ' sixty-five members, and each of theother sections shall at each re-adjuëtment receive, for the tenyears then next succeedin1g , the number of nlembers to which itwill te entitled on the'same ratio of representation to populationas Lower Canada will enjoy according to the census last tàkenby having sixty-five members .

21 . No reduction shall be made in the number ôf inembersreturned by any section, unless its population shall have decrèasedrelatively to the population of the whole Union, to the extent offive per centum .

22. In computing at each decennial period, the nuniber ofmembers to which each section is entitled, no fractional partsshall be considereri,, unless~when exceeding one-hRlf the numberentitling to a member, in which case a member sha Vbe givenfor each such fractional .part . . - •

23 . t. The Legislature of each Prov ince shall divide suchProvince into the proper number of constituencies, and define theboundaries of each of them.

24 . .Tke Local Legislature of each Province may, from timeto time, alter he electoral d istricts for the purposes of representa-tion in the IIo se of Commons, and distribute the representativesto which the Pr vince is entitled in any manner such Legislatutbmay think fit

. 25. The nu ber of inembers' may, at any time be increase d

_d~

by the General Pâ liament, regard being had to the proportionaterights then existin .

~26. - Until pro ~aions are made by the General Parliament ,all the Laws which, at the d~te ot~ the proclamation constitutingthe Union, are in fo~ce in the Provinces respectively, relating tothe qualification and dieqûalification of any person to be electedor to sit or vote as a~pember of the Assembly in the said Pro=

,

' I

. , .

69

vinces respectively, and relating to the qualification or` (hsquall-

ficatlon of voters, and to the oaths to be taken by voters, and to

returning ofpicers and their powers and duties, and relating to

the proceedings at elections, and to the pério .l during which euch

t~lections may be continued, and relating to the trial of contro-

`verted elections, and the proceedings incident thereto, and relatingtô the vacating of seats of inembers, and to the issuing and exe-cution of new writs in case of any seat being vacated otherwisethan by a dissolution,-shall respectively apply to elections o f

~ memers to serve in the Liouse of Commona for places situatein those Provinces respectively .

27. Every House of Commons shall continue for ft1re yearsfrom the day of the return of the writs choosing the same, andno longer, subject, nevertheless, to be sooner prorogued or dis-

- 'solved by the Governor. .28. 'I'here shall be a Session of the General Parliament onc e

~ at least in every y~r, so that a period of twelve•calendar months ..

.

of any Province. ~

4 . The imposition or regulation of Excise Duties.6 . " The raising of mocy by all or any other modes o r

éhall not intervene between the last sitting of the General Parlia-mept in, one Session and the first sitting thereof in the nextSession .

29. The General Parlia ent shall have power to make . Lawsfor the peace weltare, anood Government of the FederatedProvinces (saving the Sovereignty of L:ngland), and especiallyLaws respecting the following subjects :-

1 . The Public Debt and Property,

2 . The Regulation of Tra(le and Commerce. ,8. 'rhe imposition Ar regulation ' of lluties of Customs' o n

'

~j

' Imports and E~cports, except on Exporte of Timlier ,. Logs, Masts, ~dpars, lleals, and Sawn Lumber, and

of Coal and other Dlinerals .

7, Postal Servic~.8 . Lines of Ste~m or other Ships, ltailways, Canals, an1

otherworké, connecting any t.~so or_ more of tProvinc©â together, or extendingbeyon(i the limit e

systems of Taxation . ', s . The borrowing of money on tl~e public credit .'

property and civil rights in Upper Canada, NovaScotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and PrinceL`d%vard Island , and renaerin -uniform the procédur eof all or any of the Courts in these Provinces ; butan Statute for this pwpose shall have no force o ratlhority in . any Province' until sanctionéd by theLegielature thereof.

.70 -

9. Lines of Steamsbips between the Federated Provincesand other countries .

10. Telegraphic Communication and thè. Incorporation ofTelegraph Companies .

11 . All such works as shall, although lying wholly withinany Province, be specially declared by the acts au-thorizing them to be,for the general advantage .

12. The Census.13.' Militia-Military and Nâval Service and Defence .14. Beacons, Buoys, and Light Houses .15. Navigation and Shipping .16. Quarantine .17. Sea Coast and Inland Fisheries .18. Ferries between any Provi~ e~nd a Foreign Coun{ry,

or between any two :fovinces .19 . Currency and Coiiiag ~ ' . -20. Banking-lncorporsf.ion of Banks and the issue o f

Paper Money21. Savings Banks22. Weights anc~i leasures .23. Bills of +' change and Promissory Notes .24. Interest .25. Leaal ;I`ender . I26.' Baakruptcy and Insolvency .27. Patents of Invention and Discovery .28 .' Copy Rights .29. Indians and Lands reserved fQr' the Indians .30. Naturalization and Aliens .31 . Marriage and Divorce .32 . The Cri m inal Law, excepting the Constitution of Courts

ofCriminal Jurisdiction, but including the procedureon Criminal matters .

~ 33 . Rendering uniform all or ïiny of the'laws relative to

/1

34. The Establishment of a General Court of Appeal fo r

the I'ederated Pr11vinces. '

35. Immigration. ~36 . Agriculture

. 37. And generally respecting all matters of a~eneral cha- •racter, not specially and exclusively reslved for theLocal Governments and Legislatures .

30. Tlïe Gn x ►I- Government and Parliament shall haveall po~~~ers nec or prop!r for performinb the obligations ofthe Federated vin~•es, as part of the liritish Empire, toForeign Countrie , risina under treaties between Great Britainand such countries .

31 . The General Parliament may 41so, from time to time,establish addition3l Courts, and the General Governinenc mayappoint Judges and Officers thereof when the sanie shall appearnecessary or for the public advantage, in qrder to the due exe-cittion of the laws of Parliament . ~

32. All Courts, Judges, and Officers of the several Provincesshall aid, assist, and bey the General Government in the exer-

x

, cise of its rights and powers, and for such purposes shall be heldto be Courts, Judges, and Officers of the General Government .

33. The General Government shall appoint and- pay the4 .,Judges of the S~uperior Courts in each Province, and of theCounty Courts of Upper Canada, and Parliament shall fix their

salaries :34. Until the Consolidation of the Laws of Upper Canada,

New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and- Prince Ed-ward Island, the Judges of these Provinces appointed'bÿ theGeneral Government shall be selected from their respective bars .

35. The Judges of the Courts of Lower Canada ehall `beselected from the bar of Lover Canada. -

36. The Judged of th Court of Admiralty now receiving

salaries shall be paid by the eneral Government .

the address of both Houses of Parliament .

37. The Judges of the Superior Courts shall hold theiroffices during good behaviour, and shall be removablQ only on

sure as aforee~id, and also by message to both Houses of Parliment within tl e first week of the first Session aftérwarcls .

Lieutenant overnor immediately after the exercise of th e

for cause ; suçh cause to be communicated in writing% th e

~ , p casu*,e no L DI

be exerciséd before the expiration of the firet five years excep t

the Federated Provinces during pleaaure -snch 1 "

38, For each of the Provinces tliere'shall be an l ;xecutiveOfficer, styled the Lieutedant Governor, who shall be appointed

\by the Governôr General in Council, under the Great Seal of '

LOCAL GOV EItN11II:NT .r

39. The ieutenant Governor of 'each Province shall bc~paid by the General Government .

40 . In und rtaking to pay the salaries of the LieutenantGovernors, the C nference doeé not desire to prej udice the claimof Prince Edwar Island upon the Iniperial Government for theamount now paic .I for the salary of the Lieutenant Governorthereôf. I

41. The Local Government and Legislature of eachu Pro-vince shall be constructed in such . manner as the existingLegislature of such Province shall provide .

~ 42. The Local Legialatures shall have power to alter oramend the constitution from time tô time .

43 . The Local Legislatures shall have power to make lawsrespecting the following subjects :-- ,

1 . Direct Taxation aiid imposition of DutieH on tue expprtof Timbe`r, Logs, 11'tasts, 5pars, Deals, and SawnLumbe and of Coals and other 1Vlinerals .

~ 2. Borrowing inoney „n the credit of the Province . »' '3 . he establ bhnient aud t~ f

4 .

6 .

6 .

euurc o Local Uffices, and theappoint ent and liayment of Local Officers .

Agricultur .Immigrati n .

Education saving the rights and privi _Protest nt or Catholié m iority in both Canadas i i,uyposseâs s to their den ninational schools, at th etime wh~n the Union goe into d,eration .

~ ■ //

7 3

7 . The sale and management of Public Lands, exceptingLauds belonging to the General Government .

8 . ' Sea Coast and Inland h'isheries .

9. The establishment, maintenance, 'and management of .Penitentiaries, and of Public and ReformatoryPrisons .

10. The establishment, maintenatice, and management ofHospitals, Asylums, Charities, and EleemosynaryI*titutions.

11 . Municipal Institutions. 12. Shop, Saloon, Tavern, Auctionéer, and other Licenses .

13. Local Works. 14., The incorporation of private or local companies, except

such as relate to matters assigned to the General

Parliament .

15 . Property and civil rights, excepting those portionsthereof assigned to the General Parliament .

16 . Inflicting puni,shnlent by finie, penalties, imprisonment,or otherwise for the breach of laws passed in relationto any subje

'ct within their jürisdiction.

17 The administration of justice, including the constitution,maintenance, and organization of the Courts-bothof Civil and Criminal jurisdiction, -ând includingalso the procedure in Civil Matters . . ~

18. And generally all matters of a private or local nature,not assigned to the General Parliament .

.

44. The power of respiting, reprieving, and pardoningpriso rs convicted of crimes, and of commuting and remitting

'of s tences in whole or in part,'which belongs of right to th eCro , shall be adminlstCrea by the Lieutenant' Governor ofeach Province in Council, subject to any instructions he mayfrom time to time receive from the General -Government, andsubject to any provisions that may Ue made in this behalf by the

General Parliament .

b'iISCELL~iNEOUS.

45. In regard to all subjects over which jurisdiction belongsto both the General and Local Legislatures, the laws* of theGeneral Parliament shall control and supersede those made by,the Local Legislature, and the latter shall be void so far as theyare repugnant to or inconsistant with the former.

4G. Both the English and French languages may be employedin the Genéral Parliament and in its proceedings, and in theLocal Legislature of Lower Canada, and also in the FederalCourts and in the Courts of Lower Canada . '

47. No lands or pro})erty belonging to the General or LocalGovernment shall be` liable to taxation . °

-48. 'Al% :I3ills for appropriating any part of the PublicRevenue, or for imposing any new tax or impost, shall ouiginatein the House of Commons or tlieti House of Assembly, as the casemay ba, •

49. The IIouse of Commons or House of Assembly shallnot originate or pass any vote, resolution, address, or bill fo rM the a t f ' ppropria ion o any part of the public revenue, or of an ytax or impost to any purpose, not first recommended by messageof the Governor General or the Lieutenant Governor, as thecase may~be, during the session in which such vote ; resolution,address'or bill is passed .

50. Any, bill of the General Parliament may be reservedin the usual manner for Her Majesty's assent; and any bill ofthe Local Legislatures may in like manner be reserved for theconsideration of the Goverrior General .

61. Any, bill passed by the General Parliament ' éhall besubject to disallowance by Her Majesty within two years, as inthe case of bills passed by the Legislatures of the said Provinceshitherto' ; and in like manner any bill passed by a Local Ltrgis-latur,e shall be subject to disallowance by the Governor- Generalwithin one .year after the passing thereof.

52. The seat of Government of the Federated• Provincèeshall be Ottawa, suLject to the Royal Prerogative.

63. Subject to'any future 'action of the respective • LocalGovernments, the Seat of the Local Government in ; Upper

. . ,

Canada shall be Toronto ; of Lower Canada, Quebec ;; and tht'r

Seats of the local Governments in the other Provinces Aall be

as at present .

PItOPLItTY AND I.IABILITIES

~ 64. All stocks, cash, bankers' 'lsalances an ` securities formoney belonging to each Province, at the time of the Union,except as hereinafter mentioned, sh4ll belong to the Genera l

Government .

.

V4. Steamboats, Dredges, and Pqblic "Vessels .

5, River and Lake Improv"ements . I -6. Railway and Railway 5tocks, /Mortgages, and other

Debts due by Railway Com}~anies .

7. Military Roads .• 8 . Custom Houses, Post Offices, a id other public buildings,

except such as may be s t aside by the General.Government for the use the Local Legislature s

and Governments . J

9. Property transferred by the Imperial Government andknown as Ordnance Property .

10. Armories, Drill Sheds, Dlilitary Clothing, and Muni-

tions of War, and

, 11. Lands set apart for public purposes .

66. All Lands, Mines, Minerals, and Royalties vested in'Her Majesty in the Provinces of Upper Canada, Lower Canada,Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island, forthe use of such Prôvinces, shall belong tQ the Local Governmentof the territory in which the same are so situate ; subject to any

trusts that may exist in respect to any of such lande, or to any

interest of other persons in respect of the same .

. Canals. .

~L . Public Harbours .

3 . 'Light Houses and Piers .

65. The following public works and prop rty of each Pro-vince shall belong to the General Government to wit :~,

57• All sums due r -f om pnrchasers or lessees of such L~nds ,Mines, or.Alinerals, at the time of the Union, shall also belong

to the Local Governmcuts .58. All assets connected with^such portions of the public

debt of any Province, as are assunïed by the Local Government,shall also belong tô those Goverümenta respectively .

59. The several Provinces shall retain all other publicproperty therein, subject to the ribht of the General Govern -ment to assume any lands or public property required for fortifi-cations or tue, defence of the country .

60. The General Governnient shall assume all the debts andliabilitieé of each province .

61 . The debt of Canada, not specially assumed by Upperand Lower Canada respectively, shall flot exceed at the time ofthe Union

$62~500'OUONova Scoti "a shall • enter . the Union with a debtnot exceeding .

.

.. 8,000,000

And New Brunswick, witha debt not exceeding '• 7~000~00062. In case Nova Scotia or New Brunswick do not incu r

liabilities beyond_ those for whieh their Governmente are nowhound, and which shall make their debts, at the date of Union,less than $8,000,0)0 and $7r000,OOo respectively, they shall beentitled to intereet at 5 per cent

. on the amount not so incurred,in like manner as is hereinafter prc,vxded for Newfoundland andPrince Edward {sland ; the foregoing resolution being in no re-spect intended to liuiit,the powers given to the respective Gov-

ernments of those Previnces by Legislative authority, but onlyto limit the maximum amoun~t `of charge to be assumed by theGeneral Govérnment . Prc~ided always, that the powere soconferrea by the respective Legislatures shall be exercised withinfive years from this _date, or the same ehall then lnpse .

63. Newfoundland and Prince L+'dward Island not havingincurred debts "equal to those of the other Yrovincea, shall beentitled to receive, by half-yearly payments in advance from theGeneral Government, the interest at five per ceût, on thediflèrence between the actual amount of their respective debteat the time of their Union, and the average aruount of indebted-nese per head of the population of Canada, Nova Scotia, andNew Brunswick,

~

it

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I

77.

64. In consideration of .,the transfer to the General Parlia-ment of the

.power9 of taxation, an annual grant in aid of each

Province .shall be ma i le, e(fual to 80 cents . per head of the popu-

lation, as . cstahlishcd by the cci.sns of 1S1A, the population ofNewfoundland heing estimated at 130,000 . Such aid shall be in .full settlement of all future demands upon the General Govern-

ment for local purposes, and shall be paid half-yearly in advanceto each Province .

65. The position of New Brunswick being such as to entaillarge immediate charges upon her local revenùes, it is agreed that

for the period of, ten years 'from the time when the Union takes .•

effect, an additional allowance of $63,000 per annum shall hemade to that Province . But that so long as the liability of that

Province remains under $7,000,000, a deduction equal to the

interest on such deficiency shall be made from the $63,000. .

66 . In consideration of the surrender to the General Govern-ment by Newfoundlan d of all its rights in mines and minerals,and of all the. ungranted and unoccupie d lands Of the Or9wn, itis agreed that the sum of $150,000 shall each year be, paid tothat Province by seni i-annual payments . Provided that thatColony shall retain the right of opening, constructing, and con-trolling roads and bridges through any of the said lands, suhjectto any laws which the (aeneral Parliament may pass in . respectof the same .

67. All engagemente that may, before the Union, be enteredinto with the Imperial Government for the defence of the countryshall be assumed by the General ( .; overnmènt .

G8. The General Government shall seçure, without delay,the completion of the Intercolonial Railway from Riviere-du-Loup, through New Brunswick, to '.l'ruro in Nova Scotia.. 69. The communications with the North-Western Terri-

" tory, and the improvements required for the development of thetrade of the Great West with tlie`5eal,oard, .u•e rag:rded by thisConference as subjects of the highest importance to the FederatedProvinces, and shall be prosevuted at the earliest possible periodthat the state of the - finances w ill permit .

.70. The sanction of the Imperial and Local Parli I ment s

shall be sought for the Union of the Province's, on the principlesadopted by the Conference .

7 1 . That Her Majesty the Queen be solieited to determithe rank and name of the Federated Provinces

. ne

, 72. The proceedings of the Conference shall be authenticate dby the signatures of the Delegates,'and submitted by each Dele-gation to its own Government, and the Chairman is authorizedto submit a copy to the Governor General for transmission .to theSecretary of State for the Colonies .

t