arm show.ppt

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Asatoma sat gamaya

Tamasoma jyotir gamaya

Mrityorma amrutam gamaya

M.SELVAM, M.Sc.,D.IT.,M.Phil.,(M.E.)

LECTURER,DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION SYSTEMSKARPAGAM UNIVERSITY COIMBATORE 641 021

4 April 2013SELVAM1

EMBEDDED SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT USING ARM PROCESSOR



4 April 2013SELVAM

System : is a way of working, organizing or doing one or manytasks according to a fixed plan, program, or set of rules.

An Embedded System is one that has computer hardware withsoftware embedded in it as one of its most important component.

It is a dedicated computer based system for an application orproduct. It may be either an independent system or a part of alarger system.

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4 April 2013SELVAM

Hardware : Microprocessor or Microcontroller or DSP withits supporting circuits.

Software : The application software may perform

concurrently the series of tasks or multiple tasks.

RTOS : The Real Time Operating System that supervises theapplication software and provides a mechanism to let the

processor run a process as per scheduling and do thecontext switch between the various tasks.

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P o w e r S

u p p l y ,

R e s e t a

n d O s c i l l a t o r c i r c u i t

S y s t e m A

p p l i c a t i o n

S p e c i f i c C i r c u i t s

Input Devices, Interfacing/Driving circuits

Outputs Interfacing / DrivingCircuits

Processor

Timers

InterruptController

Program Memory /Data memory

Serial Comm.Port

Parallel Ports

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4 April 2013SELVAM

Abacus : first mechanical calculator – Babylonians – 500 B.C – used up to 1642(Pascal invented gear teeth)

Electrical age : 1800 electric motors (Faraday) used to drive gears of mechanicalcomputers up to 1970

Vacuum tubes (1930) replaced mechanical parts.

ENIAC : first general purpose computer (1946) 17000 vacuum tubes, 500 milesof wires, 30 ton weight. Programmable by rewiring.

Transistor : 1948 – Bell labs – semiconductor Advent.

IC : 1958 – Jack Kilby – Texas Instruments

RTL : 1960 100‟s 1000‟s of transistor in a single chip. Mini computer were placedfor automation – expensive & bulky – the basic hardwire was logic gates, flipflops, counters, multiplexers etc.,

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4 April 2013SELVAM

Microprocessor Evolution :

Intel 4004 : First MP – 4 bit – 4090 x 4 memory – 45 instructions50KIPS- requires additional circuits.

Intel 8080 : Three separate buses- 72 instructions- 500 KIPS –

64 KB

Intel 8085 : Additional interrupts – 3 to 5 MHz – serial interface

Motorola 6800 : 1974 – two accumulators –index and relativeaddressing

Zilog Z80 : More registers – additional non mask able interrupts – 2 independent flags – 158 instructions

types.

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* Intel 8086 : 16 bit – 2.5 MIPS – 1MB – BIU & EU – MUL & DIV

Zilog Z8000 : 8 MB – 16 16bit regs. – can be used as 32 & 64bit

Motorola 68000 : First MP having 32 bit Regs. – two 16 bit ALU – 4 to 8MHz – 16MB – 8 external interrupts – 6 data types

Intel 80186 : improved version of 8086 – on chip PPI

Intel 80286 : designed for multitasking – 16MB – 4 MIPS

Intel 80386 : 1986 – first 32 bit MP – 4GB - UNIX &multitasking applications - requires coprocessor

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4 April 2013SELVAM

Intel 80486 : 1989 – includes co-processor – 8KB cache – 50 MIPS

Intel Pentium : 1993 – 64bit MP -110 MIPS – super scalar technology – separate cache for data and code- 2 ALU with separate pipeline

ARM11 : 32 bit RISC MP – DSP extensions – MMX supporting

- consumer devices includes 2.5G & 3G mobile phones – PDAs – Digital camera – IP and broadband modem etc., - 400 to 1200MIPS

IBM Power PC 750 : 32bit RISC core – 64 bit data bus – 32 bit addressbus – 500 MHz – low power – JTAG interface

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4 April 2013SELVAM

MC : is a integrated chip that has the processor, memory and severalother hardware units. These form the micro computer part of theembedded system.

Criteria for choosing a Microcontroller :

1. It must meet the computing needs of the task. 8bit/16bit/ 32bit – speed – packaging – power consumption – amount of RAM ROM – number of IO pins – cost etc.,

2. Availability of software development tools such as assemblers,

compilers, debuggers, simulators, emulators etc., This will reduce theproduct development time.

3. Wide availability and reliable sources in needed quantitiesboth now and in the future.

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4 April 2013SELVAM

* Intel 8051 : 1981 – 8bit – 128 RAM -4KB ROM – two timers – 1

serial port – four parallel ports – six interrupts etc,.

Intel 8052 : 256 RAM – 8K ROM – 3 timers – 8 interrupts etc.,

Intel 8031 : ROM less version of 8051

Intel 8751 : UV EPROM version of 8051

Atmel AT89C51 : the flash ROM version of 8051

Dallas Semiconductor DS5000 : the NV RAM version of 8051

Philips P89C51 : 6clock/12clock mode – extended features such asADC, DAC, PWM etc.,

Cygnal : High speed high cost CPU – 100 MIPS – 5ADC – 8 IO ports –JTAC – voltage comparators – 6 Timers – 2 USARTS – CAN – CCP

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4 April 2013SELVAM

Microchip PIC Microcontrollers :

RISC core – versatile choice for specific need - 8 to 64 pin count – 62

MCs in 16Fxxx series - world number II bestseller – IDE user friendly

PIC 12CXXX : 12 bit instructions – 512 / 1024 x 12 flash memory –

25 / 41B RAM – 6 IO pins – one 8 bit timer – 4MHz speed

PIC16F84a : 4024 x 14 flash memory – 68 B RAM – 64 B EEPROM RAM –

13 IO – one 8 bit timer – max. 20 MHz

PIC 16F873 : 4096 X 14 flash – 128 EEPROM RAM – 192B RAM – 22 IO- 28pin – 5 ch 10 bit ADC – 2 PWM – one 16 bit timer – two 8bit timer –

USART – I2C – CCP etc.,

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4 April 2013SELVAM

PIC 16F876 : 8192 X 14 flash – 256 EEPROM – 368 B RAM

PIC 16F874 : 4096 X 14 flash – 33 IO – 40 pins – 8 ch 10 bit ADC

PIC 16F877 : 8192 X 14 flash - 33 IO – 40 pins

PIC 17CXXX & PIC 18CXXX : high speed CPU – 40MHz – 16 bitinstructions – CAN controller – transmit, receive buffers – filters etc.,

Other popular MCs : Motorola M68HC11, M68HC12,M68HC16 – TaxasInstruments MSP430 – Samsung SAM8 – Zilog Z80 etc.,

AND FINALLY WE ENTERING ARM FAMILY

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4 April 2013SELVAM

The software is the most important aspect, the brain of the EmbeddedSystems. It may be classified as follows,

* Coding of software in Machine Codes

* Software in processor specific assembly language

* Software in high level language

* Software for device drivers and device management using anoperating system

* Software design for scheduling multiple tasks and devicesusing an RTOS

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4 April 2013SELVAM

Software in machine codes :

The programmer defines the addresses and the corresponding bytes.

It is time consuming because programmer must first understand the processor instructions and their machine codes

Software in assembly language :

Programmer must understand the processor and its instructions thoroughly.

Extremely useful for configuring physical devices like ports, display interface,ADC, DAC, device driver codes etc.,

Provides optimal coding solution

Time consuming but suitable for simple and small scale system

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4 April 2013SELVAM

Software in high level language :

The detailed operation of the target processor is mostly hidden

Permits code portability between different devices

Reduces software development time

„C‟ , „C++‟ or JAVA are preferred languages

Most of the time C is the preferred language because :

C is not designed for any one particular area of application – is a

general purpose programming language – provides code efficiency –

elements of structured programming - rich set of operators, making C

a convenient and effective programming solution

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4 April 2013SELVAM

Software for the device drivers and device management using OS :

In ES exemplary physical devices are keyboard, display, disk, parallel

port and network card

DEVICE : The control registers, input data buffers, output data buffersand status registers form part of the device hardware

DEVICE DRIVER : is a software for controlling, receiving, and sendinga byte or a stream of bytes from or to a device. It controls three

function :

1. Initialization by placing CW into CR

2. Calling an interrupt handler routine

3. Resetting status flag after ISR service

Device driver accesses parallel port, serial port, keyboard, mouse,disk, network, display, file and pipe at specific addresses

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4 April 2013SELVAM

OS : may provide device driver codes for system port addresses and for the access mechanism for the device hardware

Using OS functions, device driver coding can be made such that the

underlying hardware is hidden as much as possible – an API definesthe hardware separately

Device Management software modules provides codes for detecting

the presence of devices, for initialization and for testing the devicesthat are present

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4 April 2013SELVAM

Software design for scheduling Multiple Tasks and Devices using an

RTOS:

Embedded software is most often designed for performing multiple

actions and controlling multiple devices and their ISRs. Multitasking

software is therefore essential. For scheduling multiple tasks RTOS are

most often used

In a multitasking OS, each task has a distinct memory allocation of its

own and a task has one or more functions or procedures for a specific

job. A task may share the data/memory with other task

The kernel‟s important function is to schedule the transition of a task

from a ready state to running state. It also controls IPCs, messaging

and sharing of variables, queues and pipes

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4 April 2013SELVAM

Editor : for writing C / Assembly codes using the keyboard of

the PC for entering the program. Allows the entry, addition, deletion,

insert etc.,

Assembler : translates ALP into binary file. Also creates list file

which has address, source code and hex code

Cross Assembler : converting object codes for a processor to other

codes for another processor

Interpreter : line by line translation into machine codes

Compiler : Uses the complete sets of the codes, may also include

codes, functions and expressions from the library routines and

creates object file

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4 April 2013SELVAM

Simulator : To simulate all functions of an ES circuit including

memory and peripherals

IDE : Software and hardware environment that consists of

simulators with editors, compilers, assemblers, RTOS,

debuggers, tracer, emulators, logic analyzers, EEPROM programmer

for the integrated development of a system

Prototyper : summarizing the complete status of the final target

system during the development time

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4 April 2013SELVAM

ARM

CORE22



ARM Ltd Founded in November 1990

Spun out of Acorn Computers

Designs the ARM range of RISC processor cores

Licenses ARM core designs to semiconductor partners who fabricate and sell to their customers.

ARM does not fabricate silicon itself

Also develop technologies to assist with thedesign-in of the ARM architecture

Software tools, boards, debug

hardware, application software, busarchitectures, peripherals etc

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Introduction

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Leading provider of 32-bit embedded RISCmicroprocessors, 75% of market

High performance

Low power consumption

Low system cost

Solutions for

Embedded real-time systems for massstorage,

automotive, industrial and networkingapplications

Secure applications - smartcards and SIMs

Open platforms running complex operatingsystems 4 April 2013SELVAM



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Version 1 – The first ARM processor, developed at Acorn

Computers Limited

1983-1985

– 26-bit address, no multiply or coprocessor supportVersion 2

– Sold in volume in the Acorn Archimedes and A3000products

– 26-bit addressing, including 32-bit result multiply andcoprocessor

Version 2a

– Coprocessor 15 as the system control coprocessor tomanage

cache 4 April 2013SELVAM

ARM Architecture Version



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Version 3

– First ARM processor designed by ARM Limited (1990)

– ARM6 (macro cell)

ARM60 (stand-alone processor) ARM600 (an integrated CPU with on-chip cache, MMU,

write buffer)

ARM610 (used in Apple Newton)

– 32-bit addressing, separate CPSR and SPSRs – Add the undefined and abort modes to allowcoprocessor

emulation and virtual memory support in supervisor mode

Version 3M

– Introduce the signed and unsigned multiply and multiplyaccumulate

instructions that generate the full 64-bit result

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Version 4

– Add the signed, unsigned half-word and signed byte

load and storeinstructions

– Reserve some of SWI space for architecturally

defined operation

– System mode is introducedVersion 4T

– 16-bit Thumb compressed form of the instruction set

is introduced

Version 5T

– Introduced recently, a superset of version 4T adding

the BLX, CLZ and BRK instructions

Version 5TE

– Add the signal processing instruction set extension




Version 6 – Media processing extensions (SIMD)

• 2x faster MPEG4 encode/decode

• 2x faster audio DSP

– Improved cache architecture

• Physically addressed caches

• Reduction in cache flush/refill

• Reduced overhead in context switches

– Improved exception and interrupt handling

• Important for improving performance in real-timetasks

– Unaligned and mixed-endian data support

• Simpler data sharing, application porting andsaves memory



ARM Architecture Version




Naming Rule of ARM


ARM {x} {y} {z} {T} {D} {M} {I} {E} {J} {F} {-S} –x: series

–y: memory management / protection unit

–z: cache

–T: Thumb decoder

–D: JTAG debugger

–M: fast multiplier

–I: support hardware debug

–E: enhance instructions (based on TDMI)

–J: Jazelle –F: vector floating point unit

–S: synthesiable, suitable for EDA tools



ARM Processor Core

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Current low-end ARM core for applications likedigital mobile phones

TDMI T: Thumb, 16-bit instruction set

D: on-chip Debug support, enabling the processor to halt in response to a debug request

M: enhanced Multiplier, yield a full 64-bit result, highperformance

I: EmbeddedICE hardware

Von Neumann architecture

3-stage pipeline

4 April 2013SELVAM

ARM C Di



ARM Core Diagram

32 4 April 2013SELVAM



The Registers ARM has 37 registers all of which are 32-bits long.

1 dedicated program counter

1 dedicated current program status register

5 dedicated saved program status registers

30 general purpose registers

The current processor mode governs which of several banks is accessible.

Each mode can access

a particular set of r0-r12 registers

a particular r13 (the stack pointer, sp) and r14 (the link

register)

the program counter, r15 (pc)

the current program status register, cpsr

Privileged modes (except System) can also access

a particular spsr (saved program status register)

4 April 201333 SELVAM



When the processor is executing in ARM state:

All instructions are 32 bits wide

All instructions must be word aligned

When the processor is executing in Thumb state:


All instructions must be halfword aligned

When the processor is executing in Jazelle state:


Processor performs a word access to read 4

instructions at once

DIFFERENT STATES




Thumb is a 16-bit instruction set

Optimised for code density from C code (~65% of ARM code

size) Improved performance from narrow memory Subset of the functionality of the ARM instruction set

Core has additional execution state - Thumb

Switch between ARM and Thumb using BX instruction

01

5

31 0 ADDS r2,r2,#1

ADD r2,#1

32-bit ARM

Instruction

16-bit Thumb

Instruction

For most instructions generated by compiler:

Conditional execution is not used

Source and destination registers identical

Only Low registers used

Constants are of limited size

Inline barrel shifter not used

Thumb




SAMPLE CODE

#include <LPC214X.h>

int wait(unsigned int w)

{ unsigned int a,b;

for(a=0;a<w;a++)

for(b=0;b<200;b++);

}




int main()

{

PINSEL0 = 0;

PINSEL1 = 0;

PINSEL2 = 0;

IODIR0 = 0XFFFFFFFF;

IODIR1 = 0XFFFFFFFF;

IOCLR1 = 0XFFFFFFFF;

IOCLR0 = 0XFFFFFFFF;

while(1)

{

IOSET0 = 0XFFFFFFFF;IOSET1 = 0XFFFFFFFF;

wait(50000);

IOCLR0 = 0XFFFFFFFF;IOCLR1 = 0XFFFFFFFF;

wait(50000);

}

}




4 Ap il 2013SELVAM

“A hundred times every day I remained myself that myinner and outer lives are based on the labors of other men,

living and dead, and that I must exert myself in order to give in

the same measure a I have received and am still receiving”

ALBERT EINSTEIN

Thank You

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arm show.ppt

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