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I. Three reductions, Three gains

The aim of the Three Reductions, Three Gains (3R3G) project is to reduce production costs,

improve farmers health, and protect the environment in irrigated rice production in Vietnam

through the reduced use of seeds, nitrogen fertilizer, and pesticides. It was developed by the

International Rice Research Institute and introduced to farmers in South Vietnam by the

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in early 2000 through traditional extension

work and mass media. Farm survey data provide evidence of adoption of 3R3G primarily in

terms of lowering seed rates. The resultant changes in the farm production/cost structure and

farmer profits are measured.

II.Hoa Binh province

It is a good farming system, why I said like this?

This picture shows that it has the term stability, Long-term sustainability of farm productivity,efficiency and sustainability. Now we look at the nature irrigation system, forest which can

produce the rain for water supply. When the tree or plants release the water by evaporation,

this water may become the rain and fall down. This water is very important because it carries

the organic matter from the mountain through the upland than store in upper stream than

farmer can use the water in the stream for irrigating the paddy rice. At the upland, actual

yield from Rice swidden, Cassava and Canna due to the slop very high that cannot store

water for long time that why they grow the crop that need few water and can produce the

organic matter to the paddy rice by water runoff. In this condition, the farmer can get the

Potential yield by planning the rice which needs a lot of nutrients and water.

This system has the high protected system; the main things are mountain, forest and

major crop at the upland. It prevent the soil erosion like wind erosion and water erosion.

Hence, the farmer need to keep the forest at the mountain or high slop land, and cover

the land by the crop event it has low yield like cassava and canna.

III What are the meanings of this diagram?

The obvious ways for Long-term sustainability by improve and protects soil property and by

protect stability of the crop from pest.

What are the constraints of the grazing system in the Red River Delta and the

Netherland? What are your suggestions to solve the problems?

The first picture is after harvesting and there are some cows and a few weed if we compare

with the second picture that has more cows and weed. This cause may be from the herbicide,

I think that because we know that weed easy to grow in the wet soil and fertile soil but in this

case red river delta have less weed for feeding the cow.

Suggestion: Farmer have to keep the weed before harvesting by reducing amount of

herbicide. Weed is very important for farming and covering the soil which prevent theerosion.

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IV. What are the disadvantages of fragmented cultivated land? And How do we

minimize negative effects?

Land fragmentation is said to harm productivity in a number of ways. First, fragmented land

holdings can increase transport costs. If the plots are located far from the home, and far from

each other, there is a waste of time for the workers spent on travelling in-between the plots

and the home. Management, supervision and securing of scattered plots can also be more

difficult, time consuming, and costly. Small and scattered plots waste land area and require

more land for fencing, border constructions, and paths and roads. Land fragmentation might

also increase the risk of disputes between neighbours.

Small fragmented land holdings might also cause difficulties to grow certain crops, and

prevent farmers from changing to high profit crops. More profitable crops, like for example

fruit crops, require larger plot areas, so if the farmers only posess small and fragmented plots

they may be forcet to grow only less profitable crops.

Other costs associated with land fragmentation include the hindering of economies of scale

and farm mechanization. Small and scattered plots hamper the use of machinery and other

large scale agricultural practices. In small fields operating machines and moving them from

one field to another can cause problems. Small land holdings might also discourage the

development of infrastructure like transportation, communication, irrigation, and drainage.

Finally it is noticed that banks are sometimes unwilling to take small, scattered land holdings

as collateral, which prevents farmers from obtaining credit to make investments.

Method:

There are six different parameters generally used to measure the degree of land

fragmentation:

farm size, number of plots, plot size, plot shape, spatial distribution of plots, and the size

distribution of the plots. A common measurement of fragmentation used in studies is an

average of the number of plots per farm. In an attempt to standardize measures of

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