articulations - learning.hccs.edu
TRANSCRIPT
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Jason LaPres Lone Star College—North Harris
9 Articulations
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to Articulations
• Learning Outcomes • 9-1 Contrast the major categories of joints, and
explain the relationship between structure and function for each category.
• 9-2 Describe the basic structure of a synovial joint, and describe common synovial joint accessory structures and their functions.
• 9-3 Describe how the anatomical and functional properties of synovial joints permit movements of the skeleton.
• 9-4 Describe the articulations between the vertebrae of the vertebral column.
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An Introduction to Articulations
• Learning Outcomes • 9-5 Describe the structure and function of the
shoulder joint and the elbow joint.
• 9-6 Describe the structure and function of the hip joint and the knee joint.
• 9-7 Describe the effects of aging on articulations, and discuss the most common age-related clinical problems for articulations.
• 9-8 Explain the functional relationships between the skeletal system and other body systems.
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An Introduction to Articulations
• Articulations
• Body movement occurs at joints (articulations) where two bones connect
• Joint Structure
• Determines direction and distance of movement (range of motion or ROM)
• Joint strength decreases as mobility increases
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9-1 Classification of Joints
• Two Methods of Classification
1. Functional classification is based on range of motion
of the joint
2. Structural classification relies on the anatomical
organization of the joint
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9-1 Classification of Joints
• Functional Classifications
• Synarthrosis (immovable joint)
• Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable joint)
• Diarthrosis (freely movable joint)
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9-1 Classification of Joints
• Structural Classifications
• Bony
• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial
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Table 9-1 Functional and Structural Classifications of Articulations
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Table 9-1 Functional and Structural Classifications of Articulations
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Table 9-1 Functional and Structural Classifications of Articulations
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9-1 Classification of Joints
• Synarthroses (Immovable Joints)
• Are very strong
• Edges of bones may touch or interlock
• Four types of synarthrotic joints
1. Suture
2. Gomphosis
3. Synchondrosis
4. Synostosis
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9-1 Classification of Joints
• Suture
• Bones interlocked
• Are bound by dense fibrous connective tissue
• Are found only in skull
• Gomphosis
• Fibrous connection (periodontal ligament)
• Binds teeth to sockets
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9-1 Classification of Joints
• Synchondrosis • Is a rigid cartilaginous bridge between two bones
• Epiphyseal cartilage of long bones
• Between vertebrosternal ribs and sternum
• Synostosis
• Fused bones, immovable • Metopic suture of skull
• Epiphyseal lines of long bones
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9-1 Classification of Joints
• Amphiarthroses
• More movable than synarthrosis
• Stronger than freely movable joint
• Two types of amphiarthroses
1. Syndesmosis
• Bones connected by ligaments
2. Symphysis
• Bones separated by fibrocartilage
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9-1 Classification of Joints
• Synovial Joints (Diarthroses)
• Also called movable joints
• At ends of long bones
• Within articular capsules
• Lined with synovial membrane
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9-2 Synovial Joints
• Articular Cartilages
• Pad articulating surfaces within articular capsules
• Prevent bones from touching
• Smooth surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid
• Reduce friction
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9-2 Synovial Joints
• Synovial Fluid
• Contains slippery proteoglycans secreted by fibroblasts
• Functions of synovial fluid
1. Lubrication
2. Nutrient distribution
3. Shock absorption
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9-2 Synovial Joints
• Accessory Structures
• Cartilages
• Fat pads
• Ligaments
• Tendons
• Bursae
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9-2 Synovial Joints
• Cartilages • Cushion the joint
• Fibrocartilage pad called a meniscus (or articular disc; plural, menisci)
• Fat Pads • Superficial to the joint capsule
• Protect articular cartilages
• Ligaments • Support, strengthen joints
• Sprain – ligaments with torn collagen fibers
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9-2 Synovial Joints
• Tendons
• Attach to muscles around joint
• Help support joint
• Bursae
• Singular, bursa, a pouch
• Pockets of synovial fluid
• Cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub
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9-2 Synovial Joints
• Factors That Stabilize Synovial Joints
• Prevent injury by limiting range of motion
• Collagen fibers (joint capsule, ligaments)
• Articulating surfaces and menisci
• Other bones, muscles, or fat pads
• Tendons of articulating bones
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Figure 9-1a The Structure of a Synovial Joint
Synovial joint, sagittal section
Medullary cavity
Spongy bone
Periosteum
Fibrous joint capsule
Synovial membrane Articular cartilages
Joint cavity (containing synovial fluid)
Compact bone
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Figure 9-1b The Structure of a Synovial Joint
Knee joint, sagittal section
Synovial membrane
Intracapsular ligament
Joint capsule
Meniscus
Femur
Tibia
Quadriceps tendon
Patella
Articular cartilage
Fat pad Patellar ligament
Joint cavity Meniscus
Bursa
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9-2 Synovial Joints
• Injuries
• Dislocation (luxation)
• Articulating surfaces forced out of position
• Damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule
• Subluxation
• A partial dislocation
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9-3 Movements
• Three Types of Dynamic Motion
1. Linear movement (gliding)
2. Angular movement
3. Rotation
• Planes (Axes) of Dynamic Motion
• Monaxial (1 axis)
• Biaxial (2 axes)
• Triaxial (3 axes)
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Figure 9-2 A Simple Model of Articular Movement
Initial position Gliding movement Angular movement Circumduction Rotation
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Figure 9-2a A Simple Model of Articular Movement
Initial position
Initial position of the model. The pencil is at right angles to surface.
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Figure 9-2b A Simple Model of Articular Movement
Gliding movement
Possible movement 1, showing gliding, an example of linear movement. The pencil remains vertical, but tip moves away from point of origin.
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Figure 9-2c A Simple Model of Articular Movement
Angular movement
Possible movement 2, showing angular movement. The pencil tip remains stationary, but shaft changes angle relative to the surface.
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Figure 9-2d A Simple Model of Articular Movement
Circumduction
Possible movement 2, showing a special type of angular movement called circumduction. Pencil tip remains stationary while the shaft, held at an angle less than 90º, moves in a conical pattern to complete a circle.
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Figure 9-2e A Simple Model of Articular Movement
Rotation
Possible movement 3, showing rotation. With tip at same point, the angle of the shaft remains unchanged as the shaft spins around its longitudinal axis.
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9-3 Movements
• Types of Movement at Synovial Joints
• Terms describe:
• Plane or direction of motion
• Relationship between structures
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9-3 Movements
• Types of Movement at Synovial Joints
• Gliding Movement
• Two surfaces slide past each other
• Between carpal or tarsal bones
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9-3 Movements
• Angular Movement
• Flexion
• Angular motion
• Anterior–posterior plane
• Reduces angle between elements
• Extension
• Angular motion
• Anterior–posterior plane
• Increases angle between elements
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9-3 Movements
• Angular Movement
• Hyperextension
• Angular motion
• Extension past anatomical position
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Figure 9-3a Angular Movements
Flexion/extension
Extension
Extension
Extension
Flexion
Flexion
Flexion
Hyperextension
Hyperextension
Hyper- extension
Flexion
Extension
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9-3 Movements
• Angular Movement
• Abduction
• Angular motion
• Frontal plane
• Moves away from longitudinal axis
• Adduction
• Angular motion
• Frontal plane
• Moves toward longitudinal axis
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Figure 9-3b Angular Movements
Abduction/adduction
Abduction
Abduction
Abduction
Adduction
Adduction
Adduction Adduction
Abduction
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Figure 9-3c Angular Movements
Adduction/abduction
Abduction Adduction
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9-3 Movements
• Angular Movement
• Circumduction
• Circular motion without rotation
• Angular motion
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Figure 9-3d Angular Movements
Circumduction
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9-3 Movements
• Types of Movement at Synovial Joints
• Rotation
• Direction of rotation from anatomical position
• Relative to longitudinal axis of body
• Left or right rotation
• Medial rotation (inward rotation)
• Rotates toward axis
• Lateral rotation (outward rotation)
• Rotates away from axis
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Figure 9-4a Rotational Movements Head rotation
Right rotation
Left rotation
Lateral (external) rotation Medial
(internal) rotation
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9-3 Movements
• Types of Movements at Synovial Joints
• Rotation
• Pronation
• Rotates forearm, radius over ulna
• Supination
• Forearm in anatomical position
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Figure 9-4b Rotational Movements
Supination Pronation
Pronation
Supination
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9-3 Movements
• Special Movements
• Inversion
• Twists sole of foot medially
• Eversion
• Twists sole of foot laterally
• Dorsiflexion
• Flexion at ankle (lifting toes)
• Plantar flexion
• Extension at ankle (pointing toes)
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Figure 9-5 Synovial Joints
Eversion Inversion
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Figure 9-5 Synovial Joints
Plantar flexion
(ankle extension)
Dorsiflexion (ankle flexion)
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9-3 Movements
• Special Movements • Opposition
• Thumb movement toward fingers or palm (grasping)
• Reposition
• Opposite of opposition
• Protraction
• Moves anteriorly
• In the horizontal plane (pushing forward)
• Retraction
• Opposite of protraction
• Moving anteriorly (pulling back)
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Figure 9-5 Synovial Joints
Opposition
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Figure 9-5 Synovial Joints
Protraction Retraction
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9-3 Movements
• Special Movements
• Elevation
• Moves in superior direction (up)
• Depression
• Moves in inferior direction (down)
• Lateral flexion
• Bends vertebral column from side to side
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Figure 9-5 Synovial Joints
Elevation Depression
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Figure 9-5 Synovial Joints
Lateral flexion
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9-3 Movements
• Classification of Synovial Joints by Shape
• Gliding
• Hinge
• Pivot
• Condylar
• Saddle
• Ball-and-socket
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9-3 Movements
• Gliding Joints
• Flattened or slightly curved faces
• Limited motion (nonaxial)
• Hinge Joints
• Angular motion in a single plane (monaxial)
• Pivot Joints
• Rotation only (monaxial)
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Figure 9-6 Synovial Joints
Gliding joint
Manubrium
Movement: slight nonaxial or multiaxial Examples: • Acromioclavicular and claviculosternal joints • Intercarpal and intertarsal joints • Vertebrocostal joints • Sacro-iliac joints
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Figure 9-6 Synovial Joints
Hinge joint
Ulna
Humerus
Movement: monaxial Examples: • Elbow joint • Knee joint • Ankle joint • Interphalangeal joint
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Figure 9-6 Synovial Joints
Pivot joint
Axis
Atlas
Movement: monaxial (rotation) Examples: • Atlanto-axial joint • Proximal radio-ulnar joint
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9-3 Movements
• Condylar Joints
• Oval articular face within a depression
• Motion in two planes (biaxial)
• Saddle Joints
• Two concave, straddled (biaxial)
• Ball-and-socket Joints
• Round articular face in a depression (triaxial)
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Figure 9-6 Synovial Joints
Condylar joint
Ulna
Scaphoid bone
Movement: biaxial Examples: • Radiocarpal joint • Metacarpophalangeal joints 2–5 • Metatarsophalangeal joints
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Figure 9-6 Synovial Joints
Saddle joint
Trapezium
Metacarpal bone of thumb
III II
Movement: biaxial Examples: • First carpometacarpal joint
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Figure 9-6 Synovial Joints
Ball-and-socket joint
Humerus
Scapula
Movement: triaxial Examples: • Shoulder joint • Hip joint
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9-3 Movements
• Joints
• A joint cannot be both mobile and strong
• The greater the mobility, the weaker the joint
• Mobile joints are supported by muscles and ligaments, not bone-to-bone connections
ANIMATION Representative Articulations: A Functional Classification of Synovial Joints
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9-4 Intervertebral Articulations
• Intervertebral Articulations
• C2 to L5 spinal vertebrae articulate:
• At inferior and superior articular processes (gliding
joints)
• Between adjacent vertebral bodies (symphyseal joints)
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9-4 Intervertebral Articulations
• Intervertebral Discs • Pads of fibrocartilage
• Separate vertebral bodies
• Anulus fibrosus • Tough outer layer
• Attaches disc to vertebrae
• Nucleus pulposus • Elastic, gelatinous core
• Absorbs shocks
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Figure 9-7 Intervertebral Articulations
Vertebral end plate
Anulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus
Spinal cord
Spinal nerve
Intervertebral Disc
Superior articular
facet
Intervertebral foramen
Ligamentum flavum
Posterior longitudinal
ligament
Interspinous ligament
Supraspinous ligament
Anterior longitudinal
ligament
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9-4 Intervertebral Articulations
• Vertebral Joints
• Also called symphyseal joints
• As vertebral column moves:
• Nucleus pulposus shifts
• Disc shape conforms to motion
• Intervertebral Ligaments
• Bind vertebrae together
• Stabilize the vertebral column
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9-4 Intervertebral Articulations
• Six Intervertebral Ligaments
1. Anterior longitudinal ligament
• Connects anterior bodies
2. Posterior longitudinal ligament
• Connects posterior bodies
3. Ligamentum flavum
• Connects laminae
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9-4 Intervertebral Articulations
• Six Intervertebral Ligaments
4. Interspinous ligament
• Connects spinous processes
5. Supraspinous ligament
• Connects tips of spinous processes (C7 to sacrum)
6. Ligamentum nuchae
• Continues supraspinous ligament (C7 to skull)
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9-4 Intervertebral Articulations
• Damage to Intervertebral Discs
• Slipped disc
• Bulge in anulus fibrosus
• Invades vertebral canal
• Herniated disc
• Nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus
• Presses on spinal cord or nerves
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Figure 9-8a Damage to the Intervertebral Discs
Normal intervertebral disc
Slipped disc
T12
L1
L2
A lateral view of the lumbar region of the spinal column, showing a distorted intervertebral disc (a “slipped” disc)
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Figure 9-8b Damage to the Intervertebral Discs
Compressed area of spinal nerve
Nucleus pulposus of herniated disc
Spinal nerve Spinal cord Anulus fibrosus
A sectional view through a herniated disc, showing the release of the nucleus pulposus and its effect on the spinal cord and adjacent spinal nerves
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9-4 Intervertebral Articulations
• Movements of the Vertebral Column
1. Flexion
2. Extension
3. Lateral flexion
4. Rotation
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9-4 Articulations of the Axial Skeleton
Articulations of the Axial Skeleton Element Joint Type of
Articulation Movement(s)
SKULL
Cranial and facial bones of skull
Various Synarthroses (suture or synostosis
None
Maxilla/teeth and mandible/teeth
Alveolar Synarthrosis (gomphosis)
None
Temporal bone/mandible
Temporo-mandibular
Combined gliding joint and hinge diarthrosis
Elevation, depression, and lateral gliding
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9-4 Articulations of the Axial Skeleton
Articulations of the Axial Skeleton Element Joint Type of
Articulation Movement(s)
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Occipital bone/atlas
Atlanto-occipital Condylar diarthrosis
Flexion/ extension
Atlas/axis Atlanto-axial Pivot diarthrosis
Rotation
Other vertebral elements
Intervertebral (between vertebral bodies)
Amphiarthrosis (symphysis)
Slight movement
Intervertebral (between articular processes)
Gliding diarthritis
Slight rotation and flexion/ extension
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9-4 Articulations of the Axial Skeleton
Articulations of the Axial Skeleton Element Joint Type of
Articulation Movement(s)
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
L5/sacrum Between L5 body and sacral body
Amphiarthrosis (symphysis)
Slight movement
Between inferior articular processes of L5 and articular processes of sacrum
Gliding diarthrosis
Slight flexion/ extension
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9-4 Articulations of the Axial Skeleton
Articulations of the Axial Skeleton Element Joint Type of
Articulation Movement(s)
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Sacrum/coxal bone
Sacro-iliac Gliding diarthrosis
Slight movement
Sacrum/coccyx Sacrococcygeal Gliding diarthrosis (may become fused)
Slight movement
Coccygeal bones
Synarthrosis (synostosis)
No movement
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9-4 Articulations of the Axial Skeleton
Articulations of the Axial Skeleton Element Joint Type of
Articulation Movement(s)
THORACIC CAGE
Bodies of T1–T12 and heads of ribs
Costovertebral Gliding diarthrosis
Slight movement
Transverse processes of T1–T10
Costovertebral Gliding diarthrosis
Slight movement
Ribs and costal cartilages
Synarthrosis (synchondrosis)
No movement
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9-4 Articulations of the Axial Skeleton
Articulations of the Axial Skeleton Element Joint Type of
Articulation Movement(s)
THORACIC CAGE
Sternum and first costal cartilage
Sternocostal (1st)
Synarthrosis (synchondrosis)
No movement
Sternum and costal cartilages 2–7
Sternocostal (2nd–7th)
Gliding diarthrosis
Slight movement
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9-5 The Shoulder Joint
• The Shoulder Joint
• Also called the glenohumeral joint
• Allows more motion than any other joint
• Is the least stable
• Supported by skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments
• Ball-and-socket diarthrosis
• Between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
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9-5 The Shoulder Joint
• Socket of the Shoulder Joint
• Glenoid labrum
• Deepens socket of glenoid cavity
• Fibrocartilage lining
• Extends past the bone
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9-5 The Shoulder Joint
• Processes of the Shoulder Joint
• Acromion (clavicle) and coracoid process (scapula)
• Project laterally, superior to the humerus
• Help stabilize the joint
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9-5 The Shoulder Joint
• Shoulder Ligaments
• Glenohumeral
• Coracohumeral
• Coraco-acromial
• Coracoclavicular
• Acromioclavicular
• Shoulder Separation
• Dislocation of the shoulder joint
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9-5 The Shoulder Joint
• Shoulder Muscles (Rotator Cuff)
• Supraspinatus
• Infraspinatus
• Subscapularis
• Teres minor
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9-5 The Shoulder Joint
• Shoulder Bursae
• Subacromial
• Subcoracoid
• Subdeltoid
• Subscapular
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Figure 9-9a The Shoulder Joint
Anterior view, frontal section
Clavicle
Scapula
Acromion
Articular capsule
Subdeltoid bursa
Synovial membrane
Humerus
Tendon of supraspinatus
muscle
Acromioclavicular ligament
Coracoclavicular ligaments
Coraco-acromial ligament Coracoid process Articular cartilages
Glenoid labrum Joint cavity
Articular capsule
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Figure 9-9b The Shoulder Joint
Lateral view of pectoral girdle
Acromioclavicular ligament
Coraco-acromial ligament
Tendon of supraspinatus
muscle Acromion
Scapula
Subacromial bursa
Articular capsule
Tendon of infraspinatus
muscle Teres minor
muscle
Clavicle
Coracoclavicular ligaments
Tendon of biceps brachii muscle Coracohumeral ligament (cut) Coracoid process Subcoracoid bursa Subscapular bursa Subscapularis muscle
Glenohumeral ligaments
Glenoid cavity
Glenoid labrum
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9-5 The Elbow Joint
• The Elbow Joint
• A stable hinge joint
• With articulations involving humerus, radius, and ulna
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9-5 The Elbow Joint
• Articulations of the Elbow
• Humero-ulnar joint
• Largest articulation
• Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
• Limited movement
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9-5 The Elbow Joint
• Articulations of the Elbow
• Humeroradial joint
• Smaller articulation
• Capitulum of humerus and head of radius
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Figure 9-10a The Right Elbow Joint Showing Stabilizing Ligaments
Lateral view
Capitulum
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Radial collateral ligament
Radial tuberosity
Antebrachial interosseous
membrane
Annular ligament (covering head and neck of radius)
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9-5 The Elbow Joint
• Supporting Structures of the Elbow
• Biceps brachii muscle
• Attached to radial tuberosity
• Controls elbow motion
• Elbow Ligaments
• Radial collateral
• Annular
• Ulnar collateral
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Figure 9-10b The Right Elbow Joint Showing Stabilizing Ligaments
Medial view
Antebrachial interosseous
membrane
Tendon of biceps brachii muscle
Annular ligament
Humerus
Articular capsule
Medial epicondyle
Ulnar collateral ligament
Olecranon of ulna
Radius
Ulna
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9-6 The Hip Joint
• The Hip Joint
• Also called coxal joint
• Strong ball-and-socket diarthrosis
• Wide range of motion
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9-6 The Hip Joint
• Structures of the Hip Joint
• Head of femur fits into it
• Socket of acetabulum
• Which is extended by fibrocartilaginous acetabular
labrum
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9-6 The Hip Joint
• Ligaments of the Hip Joint • Iliofemoral
• Pubofemoral
• Ischiofemoral
• Transverse acetabular
• Ligamentum teres
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Figure 9-11a The Right Hip Joint
A lateral view with the femur removed
Fat pad in acetabular
fossa
Acetabulum
Iliofemoral ligament
Fibrocartilage pad
Acetabular labrum
Ligament of the femoral head
Transverse acetabular ligament (spanning acetabular notch)
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Figure 9-11b The Right Hip Joint
An anterior view
Pubofemoral ligament
Greater trochanter Iliofemoral
ligament
Lesser trochanter
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Figure 9-11c The Right Hip Joint
A posterior view, showing addi- tional ligaments that add strength to the capsule
Iliofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Ischial tuberosity
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9-6 The Knee Joint
• The Knee Joint
• A complicated hinge joint
• Transfers weight from femur to tibia
• Articulations of the knee joint
• Two femur–tibia articulations
• At medial and lateral condyles
• One between patella and patellar surface of femur
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9-6 The Knee Joint
• The Articular Capsule and Joint Cavity
• Medial and lateral menisci
• Fibrocartilage pads
• At femur–tibia articulations
• Cushion and stabilize joint
• Give lateral support
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9-6 The Knee Joint
• Seven Major Supporting Ligaments
1. Patellar ligament (anterior)
2. & 3. Two popliteal ligaments (posterior)
4. & 5. Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (inside
joint capsule)
6. Tibial collateral ligament (medial)
7. Fibular collateral ligament (lateral)
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Figure 9-12a The Right Knee Joint
Anterior view, superficial layer
Joint capsule
Quadriceps tendon
Patellar retinaculae
Fibular collateral ligament
Patella
Patellar ligament
Tibia
Tibial collateral ligament
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Figure 9-12b The Right Knee Joint
Posterior view, superficial layer
Tibial collateral ligament
Joint capsule
Bursa
Popliteal ligaments Popliteus
muscle
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Cut tendon of biceps femoris muscle
Fibular collateral ligament
Gastrocnemius muscle, lateral head
Plantaris muscle
Gastrocnemius muscle,
medial head
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Figure 9-12c The Right Knee Joint
Deep anterior view, flexed
Medial condyle
Medial meniscus
Posterior cruciate ligament
Tibial collateral ligament
Anterior cruciate ligament
Fibular collateral ligament
Lateral meniscus
Cut tendon
Fibula
Tibia
Lateral condyle
Patellar surface
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Figure 9-12d The Right Knee Joint
Deep posterior view, extended
Femur
Fibular collateral ligament Lateral condyle
Lateral meniscus
Cut tendon
Fibula
Tibia
Posterior cruciate ligament
Tibial collateral ligament
Anterior cruciate ligament
Medial meniscus
Medial condyle
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9-6 Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton
Element Joint Type of Articulation
Movements
ARTICULATIONS OF THE PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB
Sternum/ clavicle
Sternoclavicular Gliding diarthrosis Protraction/ retraction, elevation/ depression, slight rotation
Scapula/ clavicle
Acromioclavicular Gliding diarthrosis Slight movement
Scapula/ humerus
Shoulder, or glenohumeral
Ball-and-socket diarthrosis
Flexion/ extension, adduction/ abduction, circumduction, rotation
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9-6 Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton
Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton Element Joint Type of
Articulation Movements
ARTICULATIONS OF THE PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB
Humerus/ulna and humerus/ radius
Elbow (humero-ulnar and humeroradial)
Hinge diarthrosis Flexion/ extension
Radius/ulna Proximal radio-ulnar
Pivot diarthrosis Rotation
Distal radio-ulnar
Pivot diarthrosis Pronation/ supination
Radius/carpal bones
Radiocarpal Condylar diarthrosis
Flexion/ extension, adduction/ abduction, circumduction
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9-6 Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton
Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton Element Joint Type of
Articulation Movements
ARTICULATIONS OF THE PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB
Carpal bone to carpal bone
Intercarpal Gliding diarthrosis
Slight movement
Carpal bone to metacarpal bone (I)
Carpometacarpal of thumb
Saddle diarthrosis
Flexion/ extension, adduction/ abduction, circumduction, opposition
Carpal bone to metacarpal bone (II–V)
Carpometacarpal Gliding diarthrosis
Slight flexion/ extension, adduction/abduction
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-6 Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton
Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton Element Joint Type of
Articulation Movements
ARTICULATIONS OF THE PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB
Metacarpal bone to phalanx
Metacarpo-phalangeal
Condylar diarthrosis
Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction
Phalanx/phalanx Interphalangeal Hinge diarthrosis
Flexion/extension
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-6 Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton
Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton Element Joint Type of
Articulation Movements
ARTICULATIONS OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE AND LOWER LIMB
Sacrum/ilium of coxal bone
Sacro-iliac Gliding diarthrosis
Slight movement
Coxal bone/ coxal bone
Pubic symphysis
Amphiarthrosis None
Coxal bone/femur
Hip Ball-and-socket diarthrosis
Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction, rotation
Femur/tibia Knee Complex, functions as hinge
Flexion/extension, limited rotation
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-6 Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton
Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton Element Joint Type of
Articulation Movements
ARTICULATIONS OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE AND LOWER LIMB
Tibia/fibula Tibiofibular (proximal)
Gliding diarthrosis Slight movement
Tibiofibular (distal)
Gliding diarthrosis and amphiarthrotic syndesmosis
Slight movement
Tibia and fibula with talus
Ankle, or talocrural
Hinge diarthrosis Flexion/extension (dorsiflexion/plantar flexion)
Tarsal bone to tarsal bone
Intertarsal Gliding diarthrosis Slight movement
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-6 Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton
Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton Element Joint Type of
Articulation Movements
ARTICULATIONS OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE AND LOWER LIMB
Tarsal bone to metatarsal bone
Tarsometatarsal Gliding diarthrosis
Slight movement
Metatarsal bone to phalanx
Metatarso-phalangeal
Condylar diarthrosis
Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction
Phalanx/phalanx Interphalangeal Hinge diarthrosis
Flexion/extension
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-7 Effects of Aging on Articulations
• Degenerative Changes • Rheumatism
• A pain and stiffness of skeletal and muscular systems
• Arthritis • All forms of rheumatism that damage articular
cartilages of synovial joints
• Osteoarthritis • Caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces, or genetic
factors affecting collagen formation
• Generally in people over age 60
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-7 Effects of Aging on Articulations
• Rheumatoid Arthritis • An inflammatory condition
• Caused by infection, allergy, or autoimmune disease
• Involves the immune system
• Gouty Arthritis • Occurs when crystals (uric acid or calcium salts)
• Form within synovial fluid
• Due to metabolic disorders
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-7 Effects of Aging on Articulations
• Joint Immobilization • Reduces flow of synovial fluid
• Can cause arthritis symptoms
• Treated by continuous passive motion or CPM (therapy)
• Bones and Aging • Bone mass decreases
• Bones weaken
• Increases risk of hip fracture, hip dislocation, or pelvic fracture
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-8 Integration with Other Systems
• Bone Recycling
• Living bones maintain equilibrium between:
• Bone building (osteoblasts)
• And breakdown (osteoclasts)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-8 Integration with Other Systems
• Factors Affecting Bone Strength
1. Age
2. Physical stress
3. Hormone levels
4. Calcium and phosphorus uptake and excretion
5. Genetic and environmental factors
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-8 Integration with Other Systems
• Bones Support Body Systems
• Support and protect other systems
• Store fat, calcium, and phosphorus
• Manufacture cells for immune system
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-8 Integration with Other Systems
• Bones Support Body Systems
• Disorders in other body systems can cause:
• Bone tumors
• Osteoporosis
• Arthritis
• Rickets (vitamin D deficiency)