ARTICULATIONS

CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS

FUNCTIONAL VS STRUCTURAL

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS

• SYNARTHROSES

• AMPHIARTHROSES

• DIARTHROSES

SYNARTHROSES

• IMMOVABLE JOINTS

AMPHIARTHROSES

• ALLOW SLIGHT MOVEMENT

DIARTHROSES

• FREELY MOVEABLE

• SYNOVIAL JOINTS

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION

• FIBROUS

• CARTILAGINOUS

• SYNOVIAL

FIBROUS

• HELD TIGHTLY TOGETHER BY FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• SUTURAL LIGAMENT

• LITTLE MATERIAL BETWEEN BONES

• LITTLE MOVEMENT

• MOST ARE SYNARTHROSES

TYPE OF FIBROUS JOINTS

• SUTURES

• SYNDESMOSES

• GOMPHOSES

SUTURES

• EDGES OF BONES HAVE INTERDIGITATIONS

• CLOSE AND FIRMLY FIT TOGETHER

• SYNARTHROSIS

SYNOSTOSIS/SYNOSTOSES

• FIBERS COMPLETELY REPLACED BY BONE

• SUTURE BECOME FIRMLY FUSED TOGETHER

• ANY TYPE OF JOINT CAN BECOME A SYNOSTOSIS

SYNDESMOSES

• HELD TOGETHER BY FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• MORE SPACE BETWEEN BONES

• LIGAMENTS OR INTEROSSEOUS MEMBRANES

• OFFER LITTLE MOVEMENT BUT SOME GIVE

• SYNARTHROSES

GOMPHOSES

• SPECIALIZED JOINT

• CONE INTO SOCKET

• ROOTS OF TEETH WITH ALVEOLAR SOCKETS

• PERIDONTAL LIGAMENT

• SYNARTHROSES

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

• JOINED BY CARTILAGE

TYPES OF CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

• SYNCHONDROSES

• SYMPHYSES

SYNCHONDROSES

• HYALINE CARTILAGE

• MOST ARE SYNARTHROSES

• SOME ARE AMPHIARTHOSES

• MANY ARE TEMPORARY JOINTS

EPIPHYSEAL PLATE

EPIPHYSEAL PLATE

SYMPHYSES

• FIBROCARTILAGE

• COMPRESSIBLE

• SERVE AS SHOCK ABSORBERS

• AMPHIARTHROSES

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• MOST OF JOINTS

• FLUID FILLED JOINT CAVITY

• FREELY MOVEABLE

• LIGAMENTS, TENDONS, MUSCLES OR ADJOINING BONES ONLY LIMITING FACTORS

• DIARTHROSES

CHARACTERISTIC OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

• SYNOVIAL CAVITY

• ARTICULAR CAPSULE

• SYNOVIAL FLUID

• SUPPORTING LIGAMENTS

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

• THIN LAYER OF HYALINE CARTILAGE

• COVERS SMOOTH ARTICULAR SURFACE

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

SYNOVIAL CAVITY

• JOINT CAVITY• SMALL SPACE• SEPARATES BONES• FILLED WITH

SYNOVIAL FLUID

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

ARTICULAR CAPSULE

• DOUBLE LAYERED• FIBROUS CAPSULE• SYNOVIAL

MEMBRANE

SYNOVIAL FLUID

• PROVIDES NOURISHMENT TO ARTICULAR CARTILAGES

• WEIGHT BEARING ELEMENT

• LUBRICANT

SUPPORTING LIGAMENTS

• CAPSULAR OR INTRINSIC LIGAMENTS

• EXTRACAPSULAR LIGAMENTS

• INTRACAPSULAR LIGAMENTS

OPTIONAL FEATURES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• ARTICULAR DISCS

MENISCUS OF KNEE

BURSA AND TENDON SHEATHS

• NOT ACTUALLY PART OF SYNOVIAL JOINT

• FOUND WITH THEM OFTEN

• HAVE SYNOVIAL FLUID

• REDUCE FRICTION BETWEEN STRUCTURES

BURSAE

• SMALL SACS• LINED WITH

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES

• FOUND THROUGHOUT BODY

• MOST LOCATED BETWEEN TENDONS AND BONE

TENDON SHEATHS

• WHERE TENDONS CROSS JOINTS

• PROTECTS AGAINST FRICTION

• CYLINDRICAL SACS

• TENDONS SLIDE THROUGH THEM

MOVEMENT OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• GLIDING• FLEXION• DORSIFLEXION• EXTENSION• PLANTAR FLEXION• ABDUCTION• ADDUCTION• CIRCUMDUCTION• ROTATION

• SUPINATION• PRONATION• ELEVATION• DEPRESSION• INVERSION• EVERSION• PROTRACTION• RETRACTION

TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• UNIAXIAL JOINTS

• BIAXIAL JOINTS

• TRIAXIAL JOINTS

• NONAXIAL

NONAXIAL JOINTS

• GLIDING, PLANE OR ARTHRODIAL JOINTS

• APPOSITION OF FLAT OR SLIGHTLY CURVED SURFACES

• MOVEMENT CAN OCCUR IN ANY DIRECTION

• LIGAMENTS AND/OR BONY PROCESSES LIMIT MOVEMENT

GLIDING JOINTS/PLANE

UNIAXIAL JOINTS

• HINGE OR GINGLYMUS JOINTS

• PIVOT OR TRICHOID JOINTS

HINGE OR GINGLYMUS JOINTS

• ELBOW

• KNEE

• PHALANGES OF FINGERS AND TOES

PIVOT OR TRICHOID BONE

• ATLAS AND AXIS

• PROXIMAL ARTICULATION BETWEEN RADIUS AND ULNA

BIAXIAL JOINTS

• CONDYLOID OR ELLIPSOID JOINTS

• SADDLE JOINTS

CONDYLOD OR ELLIPSOID JOINTS

• ARTCULATIONS BETWEEN RADIUS AND CARPALS

• OCCIPITAL CONDYLES ON ATLAS

• METACAPOPHALANGEAL JOINTS

• METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINTS

SADDLE JOINTS

• CARPOMETACARPAL JOINT OF THUMB

TRIAXIAL JOINT

• BALL AND SOCKET OR SPHEROID JOINTS

• SHOULDER AND HIP JOINTS

A SURVEY OF SELECTED JOINTS

SHOULDER JOINT

• CORACOHUMERAL LIGAMENT

• GLENOHUMERAL LIGAMENTS

• GLENOID LABRUM

• ROTATOR CUFF

ELBOW JOINT

• ULNAR COLLATERAL LIGAMENT

• RADIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT

• ANNULAR LIGAMENT

HIP JOINT

• ILIOFEMORAL LIGAMENT

• PUBOFEMORAL LIGAMENT

• ISCHIOFEMORAL LIGAMENT

• ACETABULAR LABRUM

• LIGAMENTUM TERES (CAPITATE LIGAMENT)

KNEE

• PATELLAR LIGAMENT

• OBLIQUE POPLITEAL LIGAMENT

• ARCUATE POPLITEAL LIGAMENT

• MEDIAL AND LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT

• MEDIAL AND LATERAL MENISCI

• ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS

ANKLE JOINT

CLINICAL CONDITIONS

SPRAINS

• TWISTING OR OVERSTRETCHING OF A JOINT

• TEAR OR SEPARATION

• SLOW TO HEAL DUE TO LACK OF BLOOD SUPPLY

DISLOCATION

• LUXATION

• BONES ARE DISPLACED

• SHOULDER, FINGERS AND THUMBS MOST COMMON

DISLOCATION

BURSITIS

• INFLAMATION OF BURSA

• ECESSIVE SYNOVIAL FLUID

• REDNESS, SWELLING AND PAIN

TENDINITIS

• INFLAMMATION OF TENDON SHEATHS

• LOCALIZED TENDERNESS AND EXTREME PAIN WHEN JOINT IS MOVED

• WRISTS, ELBOW AND SHOULDER MOST OFTEN AFFECTED

HERNIATED DISC

• RUPTURED DISC• PRESSURE CAN

CAUSE SERVERE PAIN

• CAN CAUSE NERVE DAMAGE

TORN MENSICI

ARTHRITIS

• VARIETY OF TYPES

• PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES TO JOINT MEMBRANES, BONES OR CARTILAGE

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

• SEVERE FORM

• WOMEN MORE THAN MEN

• PANNUS

• DESTROYS JOINT

GOUTY ARTHRITIS

• SUDDEN SEVERE PAIN AND SWELLLING

• TOES, INSTEPS, HEELS, KNEES AND WRISTS

• MORE COMMON IN MALES

• INHERITED DEFECT

• INCREASED URIC ACID LEVELS FORM CRYSTALS

DEGENERATIVE OSTEOARTHRITIS

• PROGRESSIVE LOSS OF CARTILAGE

• MAY HAVE APPEARANCE OF BONE SPURS

SUPPURATIVE ARTHRITIS

ABNORMAL CURVATURES OF THE SPINE

• SCOLIOSIS

• KYPHOSIS

• LORDOSIS

SCOLIOSIS

SCOLIOSIS

KYPHOSIS

LORDOSIS

OSTEOPOROSIS

OSTEOMALACIA

RICKETS

PAGET’S DISEASE

FRACTURE

STRESS FRACTURES

OSTEOMYELITIS

BONE CANCER

PITUITARY DWARFISM

ACHONDROPLASTIC DWARFISM

ACHONDROPLASTIC DWARFISM

GIGANTISM

SCURVY

METASTIC CALCIFICATION