articulatory phoneticsand ipa...

Articulatory Phonetics and IPA Transcription

Sounds of Human LanguageFall 2018

Outline for Today• Review waveform, spectrum, and spectrogram graphs

• Phonetics vs. phonology

• Articulatory vs. acoustic phonetics

• Vocal organs

• Consonant articulation (voicing, place, manner)

• Vowel articulation (tongue and lip placement)

• IPA transcription

Review

• Waveform, spectrum, spectrogramØ What is best visual representation for each type of

sound and why?

• Pure tone

• Complex tone (instrument sound)

• Speech sound

Ø Draw a 100 Hz tone, 60 dB, 4 seconds

• Waveform, spectrum, spectrogram

Phonetics vs. Phonology

• Phonetics—the study of physical speech sounds

• Phonology—the study of the abstract rules and patterns

by which speech sounds are used in different languages

Phonetics—the study of physical speech sounds

Types of Phonetics

• Articulatory phonetics—describe speech in terms of how

speech sounds are made using movements of the

respiratory system and vocal organs

• Acoustic phonetics—describe speech in terms of what we

hear using cues to describe differences in frequency,

amplitude, and time

Articulatory phonetics

Phonemes

Smallest meaningful unit of speech

Ø How do we identify phonemes?

Ø What are the phonemes of English?

Ø Do all languages share the same phonemes?

Two basic types of phonemes

Consonants

Vowels

Obstruction of airflow somewhere in vocal tractFeatures:1. Voicing2. Place of articulation3. Manner of articulation

Little or no obstruction of airflowFeatures:1. Height of tongue2. Frontness/backness of tongue3. Roundness of lips

Vocal organs

Vocal tract

Vocal organs

1. Voicing

Voiced: vocal folds vibrate

Voiceless: vocal folds apart

Articulators

2. Place of Articulation


Bilabial: between the lips

English: [p], [b], [m]

e.g. “pat,” “bat,” “mat”


Labiodental: lower lip and upper front teeth

English: [f], [v]

e.g. “fan,” “van”


Dental: tongue tip or blade and upper front teeth

English: [θ], [ð]

e.g. “think,” “that”


Alveolar: tongue tip/blade and the alveolar ridge

English: [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [ɹ], [l]

e.g. “tart,” “dart”, “”near”, “sigh”, ”zeal”, “race”, “lie”


Post-alveolar (or palato-alveolar): tongue blade and back of alveolar ridge

English: [∫], [ʒ]

e.g. “ship,” “measure”


Palatal: body of tongue at the hard palate

English: [j]

e.g. “yellow”


Velar: body of tongue at the soft palate

English: [k], [g], [ŋ]

e.g. “car,” “get,” “running”

3. Manner of Articulation

(Oral) Stop or PlosiveNasal (stop)Fricative

ApproximantLateral (approximant)Affricates


(Oral) Stop or Plosive: produced with complete closure of the vocal tract

English: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g]


Nasal (stop): complete obstruction in the mouth only, air is allowed to flow through the nose

English: [m], [n], [ŋ]


Fricative: air forced through a partially constricted passage in the vocal tract, creating friction

English: [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [∫], [ʒ], [h]


Approximant: articulators approach each other but not narrowly enough to create friction, least amount of obstruction of any consonants

English: [ɹ], [j], [w]

Lateral approximant: obstruction at point along center of oral tract, but air flows around the tongue

English: [l]

Affricate: stop + fricative in rapid succession

English: [t∫], [d ʒ]


(Oral) Stop or PlosiveNasal (stop)Fricative

ApproximantLateral (approximant)Affricates

Two basic "types" of phonemes

Consonants

Vowels

Complete obstruction of airflow in vocal tractFeatures:1. Voicing2. Place of articulation3. Manner of articulation


1&2. Tongue placement

1. Height2. Frontness/Backness

1. Heed2. Hid3. Head4. Had

5. Father (hod)6. Good (hood)7. Food (who’d)

1. Heed2. Hid3. Head4. Had5. Father6. Good7. Food

1&2. Tongue placement

Rounded—forward movement of the corners of lips

Unrounded

3. Lip placement

1. Heed2. Hid3. Head4. Had5. Father6. Good7. Food

Two basic "types" of phonemes

Consonants

Vowels

Complete obstruction of airflow in vocal tractFeatures:1. Voicing2. Place of articulation3. Manner of articulation


Real-time MRI of speech production

Demos:http://sail.usc.edu/span

Outline for Today• Phonetics vs. phonology

• Articulatory vs. acoustic phonetics

• Vocal organs and articulatory gestures

• Consonant articulation (place, manner, voicing)

• Vowel articulation (tongue and lip placement)

• IPA transcription

Before we begin transciption...

Some letters represent more than one different sound• c: recall vs. receive• g: gear vs. siegeSome letters represent no sounds at all• e: receive, useSometimes two letters represent only one sound• recall, phoneticsSome letters represent two or more sounds at once• tax, useThe same sound can be represented by many different letters• sh: shy, mission, machine, special, caution

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

• A set of symbols used for representing the phonemes and sounds of all languages

• Sounds and symbols have a one-to-one relationship to each other (each symbol represents one sound, each sound is represented by one symbol)

• Symbols arranged in the chart according to their acoustic characteristics and how they are produced

• Consonants and vowels represented on different charts

IPA chart with sound demos:

http://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/ipa-sounds/ipa-chart-with-sounds/

Consonants

Vowels

Transcription Practice

/ class /

/k l æ s/

/today/

/t u d eI /

Transcription Practice

• RING

• ACCENT

• JUDGE

• CHURCH

• TENTH

• PEELS

• /b i t⎰/

• /k I k/

• /j ⍷ s /

• /f I ⎰/

• /w eI t/

September 4 Response Journal

• Complete: IPA Transcription Worksheet

• Optional: phonetic exercises (on website)

Ø Thursday topic: acoustic phonetics• Reading on website: Ladefoged Ch. 8

For Thursday

Transcribe your first name into IPA

articulatory phoneticsand ipa...

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