1. 1. Scramble ForTheories AfricaHobson MetropolitanThe scramble was for purely Lenin Metropolitan economic reasons, benefitting An economic crisis in the the capitalist elite who couldcapitalist system led tosell surplus goods in newexpansion and colonies to openmarkets overseas as the poor new markets. in Britain couldnt afford them.Schumpeter Metropolitan Hobsbawn MetropolitanOld aristocrats were trying toTechnology allowed countries gain power and glory to stay in the ability to take of colonies the public eye. so they did.Cain and Hopkins MetropolitanGentlemanly capitalists wereinvesting in colonies, hoping to make a profit and putting Historytheir interests over those of the country. Flipbook
2. 2. Robinson and Gallagher - Peripheral AJP Taylor International RelationsThe British reluctantly colonized The delicately balanced position Africa after the felts forced toof European powers led to theprotect their investments againstcolonization of Africa as a local Egyptian nationalism. sparring ground as analternative to European war.Paul Kennedy International RelationsEuropean powers wished tohave the same power and status as Britain so colonized, forcing Britain to do the sameTimeline to defend her interests andkeep dominance. Sudan - 1882 Sudan 1882 British Gen. Charles "Chinese"Former British Gen. Charles Gordon (49) retired from"Chinese" Gordon, Field active duty and moved toMarshal in the Turkish army, Jerusalemcommanded the Egyptian forces in Sudan Sudan -1883 Nov 3 Sudan 1883-1884A poorly trained Egyptian army,British officered Egyptian armiesLed by British General William were defeated by theHicks, marched toward El Obeidforces of El Mahdi, calledin the Sudan--straight into a Dervishes by the British at theMahdist ambush and massacre.battle of El Obeid.
3. 3. Sudan - 1884 Jan Lord Garnet Wolseley, adjutant-Sudan - 1884 Jan 18General of the British Army, General Charles ("Chinese") asked Charles Gordon to come Gordon departed London for out of retirement and lead anKhartoum.evacuation of 15,000 European and Egyptian civilians from Khartoum, Sudan. Gordonagreed.Sudan 1884 Mar 11 Gen. Gordon learned that the.telegraph cable to Cairo hadSudan - 1884 Feb 18been cut. Khartoum soldiersGeneral Charles Gordon arrived killed 5 Mahdists at Halfaya.in Khartoum to battle the Mahdist insurgents in return Mahdi and his terrorists. massacred 150 men from theKhartoum garrison as they werecutting wood.Sudan 1884 Mar 13 Sudan - 1884 Mar 16Siege of Khartoum, Sudan,A 2nd counter-attack atbegan. Gen. Gordon ordered a Halfaya failed and Gordon counter-attack at Halfaya andordered 2 commanders to be troops rescued some 500executed. from a Mahdist assaultSudan - 1884 Oct 22General Charles Gordon receivedSudan - 1884 Nov 3a letter from Mahdi near Khartoum.A British steamboat arrived at Gordon was sent to Khartoum to evacuate the Egyptian garrison. Khartoum with news that a Gordon decided to hold the city relief force was on its way. against El Mahdi.
4. 4. Sudan - 1885 Jan 26 Sudan 1885 Jan 2Gordon (51), British gov-gen ofGen. Wolseley received the Sudan, was killed on the palacelast distress signal of Gen.steps in the garrison at Khartoum Gordon in Khartoum. by the forces of Muhammad Ahmed,El Mahdi.Sudan - 1885 Jun 22 Sudan 1885 Jan 28 In Sudan Muhammad Ahmad , Genl. Garnet Wolseley arrived the Mahdi, at Khartoum to relieve Genl.died of typhus. His chiefGordon, but arrived 2 days late. deputy, Abdallahi ibn El Mahdi died soon thereafter Muhammad took over the but was succeeded by theadministration of the nascent Khalifa Mahdist state Sudan 1886Sudan 1896 Sep 21 Henry Stanley (1841-1904),General Horatio Kitcheners Welsh-born journalist, led thearmy occupied Dongola, Sudan. Emin Pasha Relief ExpeditionGenl. Herbert Kitchener led to "rescue" Emin Pasha, thethe British conquest of the governor of Equatoria in Sudan.the southern Sudan .Sudan 1898 Apr 8 British General KitchenerSudan 1897 Aug 31 defeated the Khalifa, leader ofGeneral Kitchener occupiedthe dervishes in Sudan, at theBerber, North of Khartoum. Battle of Atbara. Anglo-Egyptian forces crushed 6,000 Sudanese.
5. 5. Sudan 1898 Sep 2 Anglo-Egyptian lines under Genl. Kitchener were charged by 50,000 Sudan 1898 Sep 1 fanatical Dervishes and were mowed down by howitzers,Lord Kitcheners army bombedmachine guns and rifles. TheOmdurman Dervishes left 11,000 dead and 16,000 wounded. The Anglo-Egyptian army suffered fewer than a dozen casualties.Sudan 1899 Nov 24Abdullah ibn MohammedSudan 1898 Sep 6 al-Taaishi, KhelifaLord Kitchener destroyed of Sudan (1883-99), died. Mahdis tomb in Omdurman British forces took controlof the Sudan.Egypt 1859 Apr 25Egypt 1867 Feb 1Construction of the Suez Canal The 1st ship passed through was started.the Suez Canal.Egypt 1867-1875 Egypt 1869 Nov 17The Suez Canal Co. issued bonds , The Suez Canal was opened in for some hundred millionEgypt,linking the Mediterraneanfrancs to keep afloat. Theand the Red seas. The 100 Khedive went bankrupt and the British under Disraeli snappedmile canal eliminated a up the Khedives shares for 4000-mile trip around Africa.4 million.
6. 6. Egypt 1879 Tewfik was appointed as theEgypt November 1879Khedive of Egypt and spentAnglo-French dual control ofvast amounts on railways, Egypt was established to stopborrowing from European banks further spending.and bankrupting Egypt.Egypt 1881 Nationalist revolts under ColonelAhmed Arabi started spreadingEgypt 1882 Sep 13 Across Egypt with violent civilBritish troops defeated Egyptian disorder in the major towns with forces in the Battle atEuropeans being attacked, theirTel-el-Kebirhomes burnt, and in one incident inAlexandria the deaths of fifty expatriatesGold Coast 1823 First Ashanti war was declared Egypt 1882as the Ashanti were trying to Anglo-French dual control oftake Fanti land. Sir Charles Egypt ended after the MacArthy was killed at theBritish occupation began. Battle of Nsamankow on 22nd January 1924. Gold Coast 1824The Ashanti swept down to theGold Coast 1831coast, but disease forced them The Pra River was accepted as back. The Ashanti were so successful in subsequent fightingthe border in a Anglo-Ashanti that in 1826 they again moved onpeace treaty, ending the firstthe coast. British Congreve Ashanti war.rockets forced their withdrawal.
7. 7. Gold Coast 1863 Gold Coast 1864.Second Anglo-Ashanti war wasSecond Anglo-Ashanti war declared as a large Ashanti ended as British troops were delegation crossed the river forced to withdraw becausepursuing a fugitive, Kwesi of sickness. Gyana Gold Coast 1872 Zey, king of the AshantiGold Coast 1871 Feb 25 , wrote to the British monarchBritain purchased part of Goldasking for the slave trade to Coast from the Netherlands. be renewed.Gold Coast 1873 Gold Coast 1873Wolseley arrived and made hisThird Anglo-Ashanti war wasplans before the arrival of his declared as the Ashanti troops in January 1874. Hehad invaded and made claim fought the Battle of Amoaful on to part of the newly purchasedJanuary 31 1874, and, after Dutch Gold Coast.five days fighting, ended withthe Battle of Ordahsu. Gold Coast 1895 Jan Fourth Anglo-Ashanti war was Gold Coast 1874 Julydeclared so that the BritishThe British forced the Ashanti to sign could conquer the Ashantithe Treaty of Fomena to end theafter the rejection of becoming war, with one of the clausesa British protectorate in 1891.Itbeing a demand for 50,000ozonly lasted until Feb 1896 and of gold.ended with the exile of Ashanti leaders.
8. 8. Gold Coast 1900 Mar Gold Coast 1900 SepThe war of the golden stool was The British won the war and the declared after the British after Ashanti became part of a crownFrederick Mitchell Hodgson, colony, though mostly ruleddemanded that the Ashanti themselves with little reference turn over to the Golden Stool.to the colonial powers. Nigeria 1879Nigeria 1882The United African Company The British from the East andwas formed due to high BritishThe French from the West interest in importing palm oil Started working their way up thefrom the area and exportingNiger river and eventuallycheaper goods such as gin.Clashed near Timbuktu. Nigeria 1879Nigeria 1884 NovThe United African CompanyThe Berlin Conference hostedwas formed due to high British by Bismarck gave Nigeria to interest in importing palm oil the British, forming the Oilfrom the area and exportingRivers Protectorate.cheaper goods such as gin.Nigeria 1886 Nigeria 1886Goldie hired Lugard to makeThe Royal Niger company was Treaties with the rules of tribesfounded by George Taubman in Northern Nigeria. The French Goldie sent Captain Decour to do the same.
9. 9. Nigeria 1895A massacre occurred due to a dispute with the Nembe overNigeria 1893 palm oil as Goldie stopped the Ijaw middlemen from shipping oilThe Oil Rivers Protectorate directly to firms in Britain while at theWas renamed the Nigersame time insisting on anCoast Protectorateunhindered access into the Hitherlands. The Nembe took 67 hostages so Goldie had 2000 women and children killed. Nigeria 1896 Nigeria 1898In 1896, Bretonnet was given Anglo-French tension over command of an expedition meant toNigeria peaked at a standoff establish French control on at Borgu. The French left Bussa, the navigable portions of theIllo and Gomba in exchange Niger River below Bussa.These For 2 small plots of land, at theplans were opposed by the Royal Mouths of the rivers Moshi andNiger Company, claiming the English Niger in the Anglo-Frenchhad already treaty rights on the region. Convention. Nigeria 1901-02 The Anglo-Aro war was declared Nigeria - 1903 Mar 15 after increasing tension between The British conquest was Aro leaders and British colonialistscompleted, 500,000 squareafter years of failed negotiationsas the Aro tried to resist miles were now controlled British expansion. The British by the U.K.beat the Aro. Uganda 1888 Uganda 1886 Jun 3The Imperial British East Africa24 Christians are burnt Company was chartered by to death in Namugongo. William MacKinnon.
10. 10. Uganda 1890 Feb Uganda 1890Karl Peters exploresLugard was dispatched by theUganda and makes treatiesIBEAC to Uganda, forcing Karl with Mwanga II of Buganda in Peters to leave. favour of the Germans.Uganda 1890 Jul 1 The Heligoland-Zanzibar treatyUganda 1892 Jan 24 Was signed between the British Civil war broke out betweenAnd the Germans. The Britishthe Kabaka, French Catholics,Gained Kenya and Uganda, and British Protestants, and theThe Germans gained HeligolandIBEAC. And the Caprivi Strip. ZanzibarStayed under control of the sultan. Uganda 1892The IBEAC went broke from financing the civil war andUganda 1894Uganda not being as richUganda was declared a British in resources as previously protectorate.believed. The IBEACdemanded government fundsfor a withdrawal. Kenya 1890 Jul 1 The Heligoland-Zanzibar treaty Was signed between the BritishAnd the Germans. The BritishKenya 1895Gained Kenya and Uganda, and Kenya was declared the BritishThe Germans gained Heligoland East African Protectorate. And the Caprivi Strip. ZanzibarStayed under control of the sultan.
11. 11. South Africa - 1838 Dec 16Boers defeated the Zulus in the Battleof Blood River and settled in Natal South Africa 1806 The Afrikaners while escaping from British rule encountered Cape Town was annexed resistance from the native blackto Britain. peoples. In the Battle of Blood River a few hundred Boers repelledan attack by more than 10,000Zulu warriors.South Africa 1877 Shepstone annexed the South Africa 1867 Transvaal in order to save them Diamonds were discovered infrom bankruptcy, protect themKimberly from the Pedi and settle border disputes with the ZuluSouth Africa 1879 Jan 11 South Africa 1879 The Zulu war began with thePaul Kruger of the Transvaal rejection of an ultimatum that offered the British advice onCetswayo could not comply with how to deal with the Zulu fromas demobilizing his army wouldtheir own experiences at theleave them open to attack and Battle of Blood River. The destroy the traditional militantBritish ignored him.culture. South Africa 1879 Jan 23South Africa 1879 Jan 22 Just over 150 British and colonial The Battle of Isandhlwana hill troops successfully defendedwas an embarrassing defeat the garrison against an intense for the British as 1,300 were assault by 3,000 to 4,000 Zulu slaughtered by the tribesmen. warriors at the Battle of Rorkes Drift.
12. 12. South Africa 1879 Jul 4South Africa 1880 Dec 16The Battle of Ulundi finally beat The First Boer war was declared the Zulu forces and Cetswayo as many Boers felt resentfulwas sent into exile. The war was to having to follow British ended. ways from the earlier annexation. South Africa 1881 Feb 27South Africa 1881 Mar 23 The Boers had a massive A peace treaty was signed victory over the British at the that allowed Boer self-government Battle of Majuba Hill where the on the condition that the Boers92nd Highlanders (one of the accepted Queens nominalsupposedly best regiments) wasrule and British control overseen fleeing from the Boers.African affairs and native districts South Africa 1895 Dec 29 The Jameson Raid was set outand The basic plan was that South Africa 1886British expatriates in Johannesburg The discovery of gold on thewould revolt and seize the Boer armouryWitwatersrand launched the cityin Pretoria. Jameson and his force would dash across the border to Johannesburg of Johannesburg. Labor wasto "restore order" and with control ofprovided from Lesotho Johannesburg would control the gold fields.It failed and those involved were jailed.South Africa 1889 South Africa 1899 Oct 11British South Africa Company wasThe Second Boer war was established by Cecil Rhodesdeclared after a British ultimatum through the amalgamation of theCentral Search Association andto the Boers demanding equalthe Exploring Company Ltd., receiving Rights to the uitlanders a royal charter (foreigners)
13. 13. South Africa 1899 Oct-DecSouth Africa 1900 Jan-SepThe Boers had the initial offensive A British offensive held someand had many successes at first, successes and relieved Ladysmithprimarily, with sieges ofAnd Mafeking. They also captured Ladysmith, Mafeking and Johannesburg and the TransvaalKimberly.capital, Pretoria. South Africa 1900 Sep-1902 May The Boers changed their tactics toSouth Africa 1901 DecGuirella warfare with skirmishes like The Fawcett commission wasLindley (where 500 Yeomanrysent to South Africa to checksurrendered), and at Heilbron conditions of concentration(where a large convoy and its escort camps with unusually high deathwere captured) and other skirmishes rates. Kitchener slowly improved resulting in 1,500 British casualties The conditions of the campsin less than ten days. The British had After the report was filed. To adapt to cope with it.South Africa 1902 May 31 South Africa 1910 May 31The Second Anglo-Boer war The Union of South Africa was came to an end and the formed from the Cape Colony, Transvaal and Orange Free State Natal, the Transvaal and the came under British rule. Orange Free StateRhodesia 1888 Oct 13 The Rudd Concession was theSigning away of the mineralRhodesia 1889Rights in Matabeleland and British South Africa Company wasestablished by Cecil RhodesMashonaland by Charlesthrough the amalgamation of theRudd and Cecil Rhodes. DeceitCentral Search Association andWas used so that Lobengula the Exploring Company Ltd.,Didnt fully understand what receiving a royal charter He was signing and many friends,Like Jameson, advised him to sign.
14. 14. Rhodesia 1889 Apr Lobengula found out hisRhodesia 1890 mistakes with the RuddRhodes started moving northconcession and attemptedof Matabeleland where he had to undermine it with the Lippert made treaties with Lobengula Concession which RhodesAnd into Mashonaland. later bought out. Rhodesia 1893 Oct- 1894 JanRhodesia 1890 Sep 12The First Matabele war was Fort Salisbury was foundedDeclared as the company hadAs a small city for military volunteerWanted to avoid problems inforce of settlers organised Their territories, but Lobengulaby Cecil Rhodes to watchApproved a raid to extract the over Mashonaland.. Mashona chief, leading to a clash Rhodesia 1896 The first Chimurenga (SecondMatabele War) was declared after Mlino convinced everyone it Other Factors 1875 Nov 7was the white Men causing cattle to Verney Cameron became the die. It went on until Rhodes1st European to cross persuaded natives to stop andequatorial Africa combined the provinces ofMashonaland and Matabeleland into Southern Rhodesia. Other Factors 1898 The Fashoda Incident was aOther Factors 1885strong tension between BritainKing Leopald of Belgium tookand France and a possible over the Congo Free State reason for Britain expandinginto the Sudan.
15. 15. Other Factors 1870 Jul 19 The Franco-Prussian War began.Napoleon declared war onBismarck. Emperor Napoleon III of Other Factors 1896 France declared war on Germany The French annexedunder Otto von Bismarck. Napoleon Madagascar was defeated in three months andAbdicated, leaving tension betweenThe French and Germans.Other Factors - 1895French West Africa wasOther Factors 1888Established contraining : Mauritania, The Italians made a pact with Senegal, French Sudan (now Mali), Sultan Kenadid making an French Guinea, Cte dIvoireItalian Somaliland Protectorate. (Ivory Coast), Upper Volta (nowBurkina Faso), Dahomey (now Benin) and Niger. Other Factors 1885German East Africa was developedOther Factors 1884 and included what are nowGerman South West AfricaBurundi, Rwanda and Tanganyika (the mainland part of present (now Namibia) was claimed. Tanzania)Other Factors 1893 France began colonizing West Africa and Timbuktu cameunder French rule until Malibecame independent in 1960
16. 16. Best Theory SudanBest Theory EgyptPeripheralMetropolitanIt seems as though the biggestThe Suez canal plays a vital role Trigger for entering the Sudanin Egypt, whether it is for causing tension between EuropeanWas to squash Mahdist andpowers or being used as a threatNationalist revolts that may lead by nationalists. As the canal wasTo problems concerning used as a trade route to India, Investments in Egypt and the the main interest is in generatingSuez Canal. profit. Best Theory Gold Coast International RelationsBest Theory NigeriaGold Coast had been a Dutch Area Metropolitanof land but they were looking to sell Though there was internationalit. The British knew that If they rivalry over the land surroundingdid not take Gold Coast, it would the Niger river, most of it can be offered to the French Germans be put down to the high economic or Italians and they believed they value of the palm oil trade should have it because ofsituated there. how close it was to the Niger Best Theory Kenya Best Theory UgandaInternational RelationsMetropolitanKenya was given to Britain inExplorers like Peters and Lugard the Berlin Conference seems tohad described the riches and have been Used primarily as an mineral wealth in Uganda, Access Point to landlockedencouraging men like MackinnonUganda and to fit between with thoughts of making large German East Africa and profit there.Italian Northern Somalia. Best Theory South AfricaBest Theory Rhodesia MetropolitanMetropolitan The main reason for an interestThe main push for Rhodesiain South Africa is because of came from Cecil Rhodes who the diamonds and gold found wanted money and power. He there. If it had not been for that,believed that the gold andit is highly unlikely that towns like diamond seams in the TransvaalKimberly or Johannesburg would may run up further so took over Have come into being. the land for mineral wealth.
17. 17. DecolonisationOfTheories AfricaMetropolitan Peripheral Britain chose to decolonize as Colonial situations in individualthere was no strategic value, countries forced Britain to it simply wasnt worth the decolonize. This could includeinvestment of time even ifnationalists, a lack of financially profitable or peoplecollaborators or an outsidein Britain opposed it.influence such ascommunism. International RelationsPressures from international communities such as the EECand superpowers like USA andRussia forced Britain to decolonize. Events like WWII, Timeline the debt to Americaand the Suez crisis sped this up. Kenya 1948 Post-war policy angered manyKenya 1950 Kenyans, particularly those of British administration bannedthe Kikuyu tribe, many of whom the Mau Mau movement injoined the Mau Mau movement hopes of deterring more people when it was formed with afrom joining. blood ritual.
18. 18. Kenya 1953 MarIn the first Lari massacre, theKenya - 1952Mau Mau had identified A state of emergency was the homes of the Home Guards,declared by colonialand had systematically setadministrators because of theupon them and the inhabitants,Mau Mau crisis.and subsequently set them on fire. This was the first massacre.Kenya 1953 Mar In the second Lari massacre,the Home Kenya 1953 Apr 8Guard on descending the hills andJomo Kenyatta, one of modern reaching the town found most of their homes razed and their families ravaged and Africas earliest nationalist immediately set upon an act of revenge on leaders, was convicted bythe inhabitants in the town who had not beenKenyas British rulers forattacked under the logic that they must beleading the Mau Mau Mau Mau sympathizers. Many more were left dead by these Rebellion against the white settlersattacks than by the original one. This was of his country.the second massacre. Kenya 1954 Kenya 1956 The Lyttleton constitution allowed The Mau Mau movement wasfor Kenyan political parties Defeated and the state of at district level Emergency over. Kenya 1959 Kenya 1961 Sep 10 The Hola Camp MassacreJomo Kenyatta returned to Occurred when a general at the Kenya from exile, duringCamp had 11 unco-operativewhich he had been electedDetainees clubbed to deathpresident of the Kenya NationalAnd 77 left with serious African Union.Permanent injuries.
19. 19. Kenya 1963 Dec 12Kenya 1963 May 27Kenya gained independenceJomo Kenyatta was elected 1st from Britain and the prime minister of KenyaKenyan African National Union Party (KANU) began ruling. Uganda 1945 The first of the Buganda riots Uganda 1949demanding the ability to bypassThe second of the Buganda riots price controls on exporting, thedemanding the same as theremoval of Asians and the right previous riots 4 years earlier.to representatives in local governmentUganda 1952 Sir Andrew Cohen becameUganda 1953Governer-General of Uganda and The Lukiiko (Parliament) of Buganda reorganized the Legislativesought independence from Uganda.Edward Mutesa II, the Kabaka (king)Council (LEGCO)to include African of Buganda demanded that Bugandarepresentatives elected frombe separated from the rest of thedistricts throughout Uganda, protectorate and transferred to Foreignthus creating the basis for aOffice jurisdictionrepresentative parliamentUganda 1953 30 NovUganda 1955 Cohen deposed the KabakaThe Kabaka was allowed backand ordered his exile to London into Uganda.
20. 20. Uganda 1962 Uganda 1962A constitution was drawn up toThe elections were held and be implemented withObote became the Primeindependence after the upMinister and the Kabaka becamecoming elections.the President. Nigeria 1945There was a general strike in Nigeria 1946 Nigeria demanding higherThe Richards constitution was cost of living allowances. It made in Nigeria to establish awas a success and in 1946, Federal government. they got it. Nigeria 1951Conflicting demands for autonomy andcentral government by the various political Nigeria 1954groupings compelled the British inThe Lyttleton constitution was written1954 to establish a measure of compromiseas a revised version of theto accommodate conflicting demands. In this arrangement, there was to Macpherson constitution after talksbe a federal government, in In 1953 in London and 1954 inconjunction with considerable regional Lagos. Autonomy under the MacphersonConstitution. Nigeria 1960The final constitution, theNigeria 1957 Independence constitution An amendment was made to was written up and Nigeria the Lyttleton constitution. was given independence under Balewa as Prime Minister.
21. 21. Gold Coast 1946Gold Coast 1948 Feb 18Burns constitution provided newRiots broke out over the rising legislative council that wasprices of consumer goods andmade of the Governor as thetribesmen seeing the BritishPresident, 6 government officials, cutting down their cocoa trees, 6 nominated members and 18even though this was trying to elected members. combat swollen root disease.Gold Coast 1949Arden-Clarke was sent from theGold Coast 1951British colonial office toNkrumahs Convention Gold Coast as the a Governor Peoples Party won thein order to save the colony forelections.the British Empire. Gold Coast 1952-54More concessions to black Gold Coast 1952 politics were made and more Nkrumah became the Prime Ghanians started getting Minister of Gold Coast. involved in an oppositionagainst Nkrumah.Gold Coast 1954 Gold Coast 1956The New Patriotic Party and The CPP won 71 seats in theNational Liberation Election out of 104, soMovement provided opposition Nkrumah was guaranteed In the elections. Leader of independent Ghana.
22. 22. South Africa 1902The Boer war was a pyrhic victory as the treaty ofGold Coast 1957 MarVereeniging as Britain had to Ghana became an independent pay 45million in compensation, country under Nkrumah. no land taxes would beintroduced and Transvaal andOrange free state would get voting rights restored.South Africa 1910 South Africa was created fromSouth Africa 1961united Cape Colony, Natal, South Africa left the BritishTransvaal and Orange Free Commonwealth and began State. The first leader was a fully independent. Boer and it became a self governing dominion.Rhodesia 1953-1963 Rhodesia - 1964 Apr 13 The Central African FederationIan D. Smith became premier(CAF) was a semi-independentof Rhodesia. Smith was Premierstate in southern Africa consistingof the British Colony of Southernof Rhodesia and NyasalandRhodesia and Prime Ministerformed by Andrew Cohen to of the Republic of Rhodesia try to limit white supremacy and another aparteid regime..Rhodesia 1964Joshua Nkomo and Roger Rhodesia 1965 Nov 11Mugabe were jailed in Rhodesia Rhodesia under PM Ian D. by Prime Minister Ian SmithSmith unilaterally declared after rivalries in the black Independence from Britainnationalist movement erupted On the 11th hour of the 11th day. into violence.
23. 23. Other Factors 1914-1918Other Factors 1921 Dec 6WWI lasted between this periodIrelands 26 southern counties and many colonies contributedbecame independent fromto the war effort. Many GermanBritain forming the Irishcolonies came under British Free State. or French control.Other Factors 1922 Feb 28Other Factors 1926Britain declared Egypt a sovereign The Balfour declaration definedstate, but British troops remained. what it was to be a dominion.Other Factors 1939-46WWII began and again relied Other Factors 1945 heavily on the empire. It lastedThe Cold War began withuntil 1945 when a period Political and military tensionof second colonization isBetween NATO and the USSR. said to have taken place to maximise profits to be had. Other Factors 1946 Jul 1 Britain took out a post-warloan from anti-colonialUSA of $3.5 billion to pay off Other Factors 1947 war debt. American conditions India got independence. of the loan also increased the sterling area problem and devalued British currency.
24. 24. Other Factors 1951 Oct 25 Other Factors 1948-1952In a general election, EnglandsBritain developed atomic Labour Party lost to Conservatives. weapons to protect herselfWinston Churchill became in the cold war. prime minister, and AnthonyEden became foreign secretary. Other Factors 1954 Oct 19 Other Factors 1952-1960Egypt and Britain concluded a Some 32 white settlers werepact on the Suez Canal, endingkilled by Mau Mau rebels in Kenya. 72 years of British military occupation. More than 10,000 people wereBritain agreed to withdraw itskilled during the Mau Mau uprising,with some figures going much higher80,000-man force within 20and causing uproar in themonths, and Egypt agreedBritish public. to maintain freedom of canal navigation Other Factors 1956Egypt nationalised the Suez canal, which provoked outrage in Britainand France. The British and FrenchOther Factors 1956 Jan 1 hatched a plan to snatch it back,Sudan became independent which involved Israel invading Egypt, from Britain.which would then allow the British and French to send troops in to"keep the peace", therebyallowing all three countriesto get what they wantedOther Factors 1956 Other Factors 1958 Americans led by EisenhowerFrance, Germany, Italy,disapproved strongly of theBelgium, Luxemburg and theAnglo-French action and putNetherlands formed the EECfinancial pressure onand started putting pressure Britain until they withdrew.on Britain to decolonize.Eden resigned.
25. 25. Other Factors 1959 Devlin was chosen by PrimeOther Factors 1951 Oct 25 Minister Harold Macmillan toIn a general election, Englandscompile a report into policing in Labour Party lost to Conservatives.Nyasaland (Malawi). It was Winston Churchill becamehowever highly critical of Britishprime minister, and Anthonymethods so he quicklyEden became foreign secretary.commissioned the Armitagereport. Other Factors 1954 Oct 19 Other Factors 1952-1960Egypt and Britain concluded a Some 32 white settlers werepact on the Suez Canal, endingkilled by Mau Mau rebels in Kenya. 72 years of British military occupation. More than 10,000 people wereBritain agreed to withdraw itskilled during the Mau Mau uprising,with some figures going much higher80,000-man force within 20and causing uproar in themonths, and Egypt agreedBritish public. to maintain freedom of canal navigation Other Factors 1956Egypt nationalised the Suez canal, which provoked outrage in Britainand France. The British and FrenchOther Factors 1956 Jan 1 hatched a plan to snatch it back,Sudan became independent which involved Israel invading Egypt, from Britain.which would then allow the British and French to send troops in to"keep the peace", therebyallowing all three countriesto get what they wantedOther Factors 1956 Other Factors 1958 Americans led by EisenhowerFrance, Germany, Italy,disapproved strongly of theBelgium, Luxemburg and theAnglo-French action and putNetherlands formed the EECfinancial pressure onand started putting pressure Britain until they withdrew.on Britain to decolonize.Eden resigned.
26. 26. Kenya 1963Kenyatta became the first PrimePost Minister and chose ministersfrom many different tribesIndependenceto avoid tribalism and conflict but made a one partyState. Kenya 1966 Odinga (the vice president)Kenya - 1968Resigned from Kenyattas60,000 Kenyan Asians were Government and formed the expelled and went to Kenya Peoples Union as anBritain. oppositionKenya 1978Kenyatta died, leaving a stablecountry and thriving economy.Kenya 1978-9 Daniel Moi became A poor harvest caused a cropthe next Prime shortage and high prices.Minister of Kenya.Uganda 1966 Uganda 1971 A coup on Kabaka Freddies Idi Amin staged a military couppalace forced his exile. and removed Obote fromObote became the new power, becoming the newPresident. President.
27. 27. Uganda 1977 Feb 16 Janani Luwum, the Anglican Uganda 1972archbishop of Uganda, andIdi Amin gave 50,000 Ugandan two other men were killed in Asians 90 days to leavewhat Ugandan authorities saidthe country. 30,000 came was an automobile accident afterto Britain.protests against Idi Aminsregime.Uganda 1978 Oct 30 Uganda troops attackedUganda 1979 Apr 11Tanzania. Uganda underIdi Amin was deposed asIdi Amin went on to annex a president of Uganda as rebels 700-square-mile section ofand exiles backed by Tanzanian Tanzania. Pres. Nyerere sentforces seized control. AminTanzanian soldiers and Ugandan escaped to Libya and settled exile volunteers to push back into exile in Saudi Arabia. Amins forces. Ghana 1959Uganda 1980 Dec 17 Anyone who opposedMilton Obote began servingNkrumah was deported or a 2nd term as presidentimprisoned, with one oppositionof Uganda.prisoner dying in 1961.Ghana 1964 All political parties apart fromGhana 1966the CPP were banned andNkrumah was overthrown byGhana became a one partyAnkrah in a military coup. state.
28. 28. Ghana 1969 Ghana 1972 The country was returned toIn another military coup, democracy and Dr KofiAkwasi Afrifa became theBusia won in the elections and next head of state.became the head of state. Ghana 1979 JuneJerry Rawlings took control of Nigeria 1963 Oct Power and retured it to Nnamdi Azikiwe became theDemocracy in July. Akufo-Addo1st president of Nigeria and Became the 2nd President of proclaimed a republic.Ghana and 5th Head of State. Nigeria - 1966 About 10,000 people died in riotsNigeria 1966 Jan 15following a failed coup ledNigerias PM Balewa was primarily by Ibo army officers assassinated in the countrys Though Northerner Gowon came1st military coup. The coup Out on top.Many fled back to the eastended in civilian rule. ahead of secessionist leader Ojukwu declaring the regionits own nation called Biafra.Nigeria 1967 Jul 6 Nigeria 1970 Jan 12 The Biafran War erupted. The 30-month civil war ended. TheThe war, which lasted more than Biafran forces surrendered aftertwo years, claimed some 600,000 nearly a million ethnic Igboslives.died mostly of hunger and disease.
29. 29. Nigeria 1970Gowon introduced a new federalNigeria 1975System of 12 states, later Genl. Murtala MuhammadIncreased to 19 to recognizestaged a 2nd coup after local tribal differences. Nigeria Genl. Gowon postponed a return prospered in the 70s due toto civilian rule. the high price of oil. Nigeria 1980s Nigeria 1979Over the 1980s, economic The first elections in 13 yearsProblems emerged with aWere held and resulted inDramatic fall in oil prices. There President Shagari becomingWere another 2 coups, the first The head of state. In 1983 and the second in 1985. Nigeria 1990s Nigeria 1985 Elections were held in 1990 1990 was set as the date for And 1991, but a final coup return to civilian rule and Was held in 1993 by Genl democratically elected Abacha. politicians.South Africa - 1948 May 26South Africa elected a nationalistgovernment with apartheid policy.South Africa 1950 Jan 29The National Party of the DutchRiots broke out in Johannesburg, Afrikaners came to power and South Africa, over Apartheidimposed apartheid. P.W. Bothawas among those elected to parliament.
30. 30. South Africa - 1960 Charles Robberts Swart served South Africa 1961as the last Governor-General of Unionof South Africa from 1960 to 1961 South Africa broke off from theand the first State President of Commonwealth and became athe Republic of South Africa from fully independent republic. 1961 to 1967South Africa 1966 In South Africa District Six, South Africa 1974 Nov 12a multicultural community in South Africa was suspended from Cape Town, was declaredUN General Assembly overan all-white area. Black wereracial policies. allowed to return in 2004South Africa 1960 Mar 21 South Africa 1976 Jun 16 After a day of demonstrations, atWhite police gunned down which a crowd of black protesters teenagers Hector Pieterson far outnumbered the police, the and Hastings Ndhlovu and South African police opened firecaused a nationwide riot that on the crowd, killing 69 people inleft 700 people dead.what became known as theSharpfeld massacre.Rhodesia Jul 1964-Dec 1979Rhodesia 1966 Apr 16The Rhodesian Bush War, also Rhodesian PM Ian Smithknown as the Second Chimurenga broke diplomatic relations with or the Zimbabwe War of Liberation Britain after failed talks on the was a civil war between HMS Tiger and HMS Fearless.Ian Smiths government, Mugabes ZANU and ZAPU.
31. 31. Rhodesia 1979 Apr 10In Rhodesia the first democratic parliamentary elections were heldRhodesia 1979 May 31 After the Patriotic Front atRhodesia proclaimed its Lancaster House in London as independence following a it had once again come underBritish brokered cease-fire. British control during peace talks.Rhodesia 1980 Mar 4 Robert Mugabes ZANU-PF wonRhodesia 1979a parliamentary election, becoming A program of disarmament, PM. Black nationalist guerrillas leddemobilization and reintegration by Robert Mugabe laid down (DDR) was implementedtheir arms and beat their following the end of a civil war. white-backed opponents at thepolls. Rhodesia was renamedZimbabwe Zimbabwe - 1987 The position of Prime Ministerwas abolished and Mugabeassumed the new office of executiveZimbabwe 1980s-currentPresident of Zimbabwe gaining Mugabe reigned with additional powers in the process. intimidation, deposition of any He was re-elected in 1990 andopposing parties and corruption1996, and in 2002 amid claimsof widespread vote-riggingand intimidation.