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AsafoetidaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search
Asafoetida
Ferula scorodosma syn. assa-foetida
Scientific classificationKingdom: Plantae(unranked): Angiosperms(unranked): Eudicots(unranked): AsteridsOrder: ApialesFamily: ApiaceaeGenus: FerulaSpecies: F. assa-foetida
Binomial nameFerula assa-foetida
L.
Asafoetida or asafetida (Ferula assa-foetida) /æsəˈfɛtɨdə/,[1] is the dried latex (gum oleoresin)exuded from the rhizome or tap root of several species of Ferula, a perennial herb that grows 1 to 1.5 mtall. The species is native to the deserts of Iran, mountains of Afghanistan, and is mainly cultivated innearby India.[2] As its name suggests, asafoetida has a fetid smell[3] (see etymology below) but incooked dishes it delivers a smooth flavor reminiscent of leeks.
It is also known as asant, food of the gods, giant fennel, jowani badian, stinking gum, Devil's dung,hing, kayam and ting.[3]
Contents
1 Uses1.1 Cooking1.2 Medical applications1.3 Other uses
Asafoetida - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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2 History in the West3 Cultivation and manufacture4 Composition5 Etymology6 In popular culture7 See also8 References9 External links
Uses[edit]
Cooking[edit]
This spice is used as a digestive aid, in food as a condiment, and in pickles. It typically works as a flavorenhancer and, used along with turmeric, is a standard component of Indian cuisine, particularly in lentilcurries, such as dal, or various 'Pappu' like dosakaya (cucumber), or tomato pappu, mamidikaya (rawmango) in Telugu, called Mavinikaya in Kannada. as well as in numerous vegetable dishes. It isespecially widely used in South Indian and Maharashtrian cuisine, which is mainly vegetarian, and isoften used to harmonize sweet, sour, salty and spicy components in food. It is used to hallmark thetaste of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu sambar, a saucy dish made with cereals andlentils. The spice is added to the food at the time of Chaunk / Popu/ tadka (tempering). Sometimes driedand ground asafoetida (in very mild quantity) can be mixed with salt and eaten with raw salad. In itspure form, its odour is so strong the aroma will contaminate other spices stored nearby if it is not storedin an airtight container: many commercial preparations of asafoetida utilize the resin ground up andmixed with a larger volume of wheat flour:[4] the mixture is sold in sealed plastic containers with a smallhole at the bottom, allowing the diluted spice to be dusted lightly over the food being cooked. However,its odour and flavour become much milder and more pleasant upon heating in oil or ghee, acquiring ataste and aroma reminiscent of sautéed onion and garlic.[5] It is used especially by the merchant casteof the Hindus and by adherents of Jainism and Vaishnavism, particularly in Rajasthan, Gujarat andMaharashtra, who do not eat onions or garlic. It is used in many vegetarian and lentil dishes to addboth flavor and aroma as well as to reduce flatulence.[6] It is however one of the pungent vegetablesgenerally avoided by Buddhist vegetarians.
Medical applications[edit]
Antiflatulent. Asafoetida reduces the growth of indigenous microflora in the gut, reducingflatulence.[7] In the Jammu region of India, asafoetida is used as a medicine for flatulence andconstipation by 60% of locals.[8]
A digestion aid. In Thailand and India, it is used to aid digestion and is smeared on theabdomen in an alcohol or water tincture known as mahahing.[9][10] Assafoetida in this tinctureform was evidently used in western medicine as a topical treatment for abdominal injuries duringthe 18th and 19th centuries, although when it came into use in the West and how long it remainedin use is uncertain. One notable case in which it was used is that of Canadian Coureur des boisAlexis St. Martin, who in 1822 suffered a severe abdominal injury from an accidental shooting thatperforated his right lung and stomach and shattered several ribs. St Martin was treated byAmerican army surgeon William Beaumont, who subsequently used St Martin as the subject of apioneering series of experiments in gastric physiology, thanks to the fact that when St Martin'swounds fully healed, it left an open fistula into the stomach that enabled Beaumont to insertvarious types of food directly into St Martin's stomach and record the results. In his account of histreatment of and later experiments on St Martin, Beaumont recorded that he treated thesuppurating chest wound with a combination of wine mixed with diluted muriatic acid and 30-40drops of tincture of asafoetida applied three times a day, and that this appeared to have thedesired effect, helping the wound to heal.[11]
Fighting influenza: Asafoetida was used in 1918 to fight the Spanish influenza pandemic. In2009, researchers reported that the roots of Asafoetida produce natural antiviral drug compoundsthat demonstrated potency against the H1N1 virus in vitro and concluded that "sesquiterpenecoumarins from F. assa-foetida may serve as promising lead compounds for new drug development
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against influenza A (H1N1) viral infection".[12][13]
Remedy for asthma and bronchitis. It is also said[14] to be helpful in cases of asthma andbronchitis. A folk tradition remedy for children's colds: it is mixed into a pungent-smelling pasteand hung in a bag around the afflicted child's neck.An antimicrobial: Asafoetida has a broad range of uses in traditional medicine as anantimicrobial, with well documented uses for treating chronic bronchitis and whooping cough, aswell as reducing flatulence.[15]
A contraceptive/abortifacient: Asafoetida has also been reported to havecontraceptive/abortifacient activity,.[16] It is related to (and considered an inferior substitute for)the ancient Ferula species Silphium.[citation needed]
Antiepileptic: Asafoetida oleo-gum-resin has been reported to be antiepileptic in classical Unani,as well as ethnobotanical literature.[17]
Balancing the vata and kapha. In India according to the Ayurveda, asafoetida is considered tobe one of the best spices for balancing the vata dosha. It mitigates vata and kapha, relievesflatulence and colic pain. It is pungent in taste and at the end of digestion. It aggravates pitta,enhances appetite, taste and digestion. It is easy to digest. (ref: ashtanga hridaya Su chapter6).[18]
Antidote for opium. Asafoetida has only been speculated to be an antidote for opium.[19]
Other uses[edit]
Bait: John C Duval reported in 1936 that the odor of asafoetida is attractive to the wolf, a matterof common knowledge, he says, along the Texas/Mexico border. It is also used as one of severalpossible scent baits, most notably for catfish and pike.[citation needed]
May also be used as a moth (Lepidoptera) light trap attractant by collectors—when mixed byapproximately 1 part to 3 parts with a sweet, fruit jelly.[citation needed]
Repelling spirits: In Jamaica, asafoetida is traditionally applied to a baby's anterior fontanel(Jamaican patois mole) to prevent spirits (Jamaican patois duppies) from entering the babythrough the fontanel. In the African-American Hoodoo tradition, asafoetida is used in magic spells,as it is believed to have the power both to protect and to curse[citation needed].In ceremonial magick, especially from The Key of Solomon the King, it is used to protect the magusfrom daemonic forces and to evoke the same and bind them.[20]
History in the West[edit]
It was familiar in the early Mediterranean, having come by land across Iran. Though it is generallyforgotten now in Europe, it is still widely used in India. It emerged into Europe from a conqueringexpedition of Alexander the Great, who, after returning from a trip to northeastern Persia, thought theyhad found a plant almost identical to the famed silphium of Cyrene in North Africa—though less tasty.Dioscorides, in the first century, wrote, "the Cyrenaic kind, even if one just tastes it, at once arouses ahumour throughout the body and has a very healthy aroma, so that it is not noticed on the breath, oronly a little; but the Median [Iranian] is weaker in power and has a nastier smell." Nevertheless, it couldbe substituted for silphium in cooking, which was fortunate, because a few decades after Dioscorides'stime, the true silphium of Cyrene became extinct, and asafoetida became more popular amongstphysicians, as well as cooks.[21]
Asafoetida is also mentioned multiple times in Jewish literature, such as the Mishnah.[22] Maimonidesalso writes in the Mishneh Torah "In the rainy season, one should eat warm food with much spice, but alimited amount of mustard and asafoetida."[23]
Asafoetida was described by a number of Arab and Islamic scientists and pharmacists. Avicennadiscussed the effects of asafoetida on digestion. Ibn al-Baitar and Fakhr al-Din al-Razi described somepositive medicinal affects of it on the respiratory system.[24]
After the Roman Empire fell, until the 16th century, asafoetida was rare in Europe, and if everencountered, it was viewed as a medicine. "If used in cookery, it would ruin every dish because of its
Asafoetida - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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dreadful smell," asserted Garcia de Orta's European guest. Nonsense, Garcia replied, "nothing is morewidely used in every part of India, both in medicine and in cookery. All the Hindus who can afford it buyit to add to their food."[21]
Cultivation and manufacture[edit]
The resin-like gum comes from the dried sap extracted from the stem and roots and is used as a spice.The resin is greyish-white when fresh but dries to a dark amber color. The asafoetida resin is difficult tograte and is traditionally crushed between stones or with a hammer. Today, the most commonlyavailable form is compounded asafoetida, a fine powder containing 30% asafoetida resin, along with riceflour and gum arabic.
Ferula assafoetida is a monoecious, herbaceous, perennial plant of the family Umbelliferae, also calledApiaceae. It grows to 2 meters high, with a circular mass of 30–40 cm leaves. Stem leaves have widesheathing petioles. Flowering stems are 2.5–3 meters high and 10 cm thick and hollow, with a numberof schizogenous ducts in the cortex containing the resinous gum. Flowers are pale greenish yellowproduced in large compound umbels. Fruits are oval, flat, thin, reddish brown and have a milky juice.Roots are thick, massive, and pulpy. They yield a resin similar to that of the stems. All parts of the planthave the distinctive fetid smell.[25]
Composition[edit]
Typical asafoetida contains about 40–64% resin, 25% endogeneous gum, 10–17% volatile oil, and 1.5–10% ash. The resin portion is known to contain asaresinotannols 'A' and 'B', ferulic acid, umbelliferoneand four unidentified compounds.[26]
Etymology[edit]
The English name is derived from asa, a Latinized form of Farsi azā, meaning "resin", and Latin foetidusmeaning "smelling, fetid", which refers to its strong sulfurous odour. It is called "(hïng)" in Hindi,
(ingu) in Kannada, (inguva) in Telugu and (perunkayam) in Tamil.Its pungent odour has resulted in it being known by many unpleasant names; In French it is known(among other names) as merde du Diable, meaning "Devil's faeces",[27] in English it is sometimes calledDevil's dung, and equivalent names can be found in most Germanic languages (e.g. GermanTeufelsdreck,[28] Swedish dyvelsträck, Dutch duivelsdrek[27] and Afrikaans duiwelsdrek). Also, in Finnishit is called pirunpaska or pirunpihka, and in Turkish it is known as seytantersi, seytan bökösu orseytanotu.[27]
In popular culture[edit]
Penrod, an 11-year-old boy in a 1929 Booth Tarkington story set in the midwestern United States,suffers intensely for being forced to wear a bag of asafoetida on his neck and encounters a girl in thesame condition.
In the "Tooth or Consequences" episode (Episode #19; October 13, 1972) of the comedy TV seriesSanford and Son, Fred Sanford wears an asafoetida bag to get rid of a bad toothache.
In the movie El Dorado (1966), asafoetida was a component of a hangover remedy that was introducedby James Caan's character "Mississippi".
In the "Snidely's Sawmill" episode of Dudley Do-Right, villain Snidely Whiplash tells Nell Fenwickpreparatory to her being tied to a log that "Because, Miss Fenwick, beneath this black exterior there liesa mustard plaster and over the mustard plaster lies an asafoetida bag. On it, imprinted in pica are thewords, "Whippy Loves Nelly!""
In the "Incident at Red River Station", Season 2, Episode 13 (1960) of Rawhide, townspeople wear an
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asafoetida bag to ward off smallpox.
In the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (NWFP) area of Pakistan, people hang a small bag of asafoetida around theneck or tie it around the arm to keep safe from seasonal, bacterial and viral illnesses, the efficacy ofwhich might have more to do with repelling potentially infected people rather than the disease-causingorganisms themselves.
In Robertson Davies's novel, Fifth Business, the barber Milo and his father hung bags of asafoetidaaround their necks to fight the Spanish flu.[29]
In Sinclair Lewis' novel Arrowsmith the protagonist smells asafoetida as part of a fraternity initiation.
In Aldous Huxley's novel Brave New World, 'beta' children are given a whiff of asafoetida, accompaniedby descriptions of 'deltas' as being undesirable to play with, during 'sleep conditioning,' in order tocondition them to play only with members of their caste.
In "To Kill A Mockingbird", Scout describes the clean smells of the attendees at the First PurchaseAfrican M.E. Church, saying there was "Hearts of Love hairdressing mingled with asafoetida, snuff,Hoyt's Cologne, Brown's Mule, peppermint, and lilac talcum".
In Toni Morrison's "The Bluest Eye," Aunt Jimmy raises Cholly Breedlove after his mother abandons him.He is grateful for Aunt Jimmy's kindness except when (among other things) "she wore the Asafetida bagaround her neck" (page 132 of The Vintage International Edition of May 2007).[30]
See also[edit]
AmmoniacumChaat masalaSouth Asian pickleSurströmming – another food noted for its highly fetid smell
References[edit]
1. ^ Oxford English Dictionary. "asafœtida".Second edition, 1989.
2. ^http://www.indianspices.com/html/s062hasf.ht
3. ^ a b Literature Search Unit (Jan 2013).Ferula Asafoetida: Stinking Gum. Scientificliterature search through SciFinder on Ferulaasafetida. Indian Institute of IntegrativeMedicine.
4. ^ Vandevi Hing (Asafetida)http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000JMDJ52
5. ^http://www.pataks.co.uk/cooking/spices/asafo
6. ^ "I Spice: Asafetida". The Washington Post.23 April 2010.
7. ^ S. K. Garg, A. C. Banerjea, J. Verma andM. J. Abraham, "Effect of Various Treatmentsof Pulses on in Vitro Gas Production bySelected Intestinal Clostridia". Journal ofFood Science, Volume 45, Issue 6 (p. 1601–1602).
8. ^ Hemla Aggarwal and Nidhi Kotwal. FoodsUsed as Ethno-medicine in Jammu. Ethno-Med, 3(1): 65–68 (2009)
9. ^http://www.thaitanthai.com/product_info.php/
18. ^ p. 74, The Ayurvedic Cookbook by AmadeaMorningstar with Urmila Desai, Lotus Light,1991. ISBN 978-0-914955-06-1.
19. ^ "Ferula asafoetida: Traditional uses andpharmacological activity". Retrieved 2013-05-27.
20. ^ MacGregor Mathers, Samuel Liddell, ed.(1889). "VII". The Key of Solomon (ClaviculaSalomonis). London: George Redway. "Thenhe shall kindle a fire with dry rue, upon whichhe shall put powdered assafoetida, and otherthings of evil odour; after which let him putthe aforesaid names, written on parchmentor virgin paper, upon the fire, saying: [...]"
21. ^ a b Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices.Andrew Dalby. 2000. University of CaliforniaPress. Spices/ History. 184 pages. ISBN 0-520-23674-2
22. ^ m. Avodah Zarah ch. 1; m. Shabbat ch.20; et al.
23. ^ Mishneh Torah, Laws of Opinions (HilchotDeot) 4:8.
24. ^ Avicenna (1999). The Canon of Medicine(al-Qānūn fī'l-ṭibb), vol. 1. Laleh Bakhtiar(ed.), Oskar Cameron Gruner (trans.),Mazhar H. Shah (trans.). Great Books of the
Asafoetida - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asafoetida[6/13/2014 3:37:55 PM]
10. ^ [1] Tips for Health: Wofome[dead link]
11. ^ Beaumont, William: Experiments andObservations on the Gastric Juice and thePhysiology of Digestion (McLachlan &Stewart, Edinburgh, 1888), p.15
12. ^ Lee, CL; Chia-Lin Lee, Lien-Chai Chiang,Li-Hung Cheng, Chih-Chuang Liaw, MohamedH. Abd El-Razek, Fang-Rong Chang, Yang-Chang Wu (August 19, 2009 (Web))."Influenza A (H1N1) Antiviral and CytotoxicAgents from Ferula assa-foetida". Journal ofNatural Products xxx (xx): 1568–72.doi:10.1021/np900158f. PMID 19691312.
13. ^ Ancient Chinese Remedy May Work for Fluhttp://www.livescience.com/health/090910-flu-remedy.html
14. ^ [2][dead link]
15. ^ Srinivasan, K.(2005) "Role of SpicesBeyond Food Flavoring: Nutraceuticals withMultiple Health Effects", Food ReviewsInternational, 21:2, 167–188
16. ^ John M. Riddle 1992. Contraception andabortion from the ancient world to theRenaissance. Harvard University Press p. 28and references therein.
17. ^ Traditional Systems of Medicine. Abdin, MZ, Abdin, Y P Abrol. Published 2006 AlphaScience Int'l Ltd. ISBN 81-7319-707-5
Islamic World. ISBN 978-1-871031-67-625. ^ Abstract from Medicinal Plants of the
World, Volume 3, Chemical Constituents,Traditional and Modern Medicinal Uses.Humana Press. ISBN 978-1-58829-129-5(Print) 978-1-59259-887-8 (Online). DOI10.1007/978-1-59259-887-8_6. Ivan A. Ross.http://www.springerlink.com/content/k358h1m
26. ^ Handbook of Indices of Food Quality andAuthenticity. Rekha S. Singhal, Pushpa R.Kulkarni. 1997, Woodhead Publishing, Foodindustry and trade ISBN 1-85573-299-8.More information about the composition, p.395.
27. ^ a b c Asafoetida: die geur is des duivels!Vegatopia (in Dutch), Retrieved 8 December2011. This used as source the book WorldFood Café: global vegetarian cooking byChris and Carolyn Caldicott, 1999, ISBN 978-1-57959-060-4
28. ^ Thomas Carlyle's well-known 19th centurynovel Sartor Resartus concerns a Germanphilosopher named Teufelsdröckh.
29. ^ Fifth Business. Penguin Books. 1970.p. 105.
30. ^http://memberfiles.freewebs.com/36/26/43092%20Toni%20Morrison.pdf
External links[edit]
Botany, etymology, uses—detailedadditional facts, sample recipe using in placeof garlicAdditional information from AmminiRamachandranSaudi Aramco World article on the history ofasafoetida.Exporter, Importer and Manufacturer ofCompounded Asafoetida and Spices
Caldecott, Todd (2006). Ayurveda: TheDivine Science of Life. Elsevier/Mosby.ISBN 0-7234-3410-7. Contains a detailedmonograph on Ferula foetida, F. narthex, F.rubricaulis (Hing; Devil’s Dung; Asafoetida)as well as a discussion of health benefits andusage in clinical practice. Available online athttp://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbherbs/358-hingu
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