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ASBBestPracticeRecommendation007,FirstEdition2017

PostmortemImpressionSubmissionStrategyforComprehensiveSearchesofEssentialAutomatedFingerprintIdentificationSystemDatabases

ASBBestPracticeRecommendation007,1stEd.‐2017

PostmortemImpressionSubmissionStrategyforComprehensiveSearchesofEssentialAutomatedFingerprintIdentificationSystem

Databases

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Foreword

Frictionridgeanalysis(toincludefingerprints,palmprints,andfootprints)isareliable,rapid,andcost‐effectivemeanstoidentifyunknowndeceasedindividuals[1].TheuseofpostmortemimpressionstorapidlyidentifydecedentscentersontheuseofAutomatedFingerprintIdentificationSystem(AFIS)technology.ItisessentialthatlawenforcementagenciesaswellasthemedicolegalcommunityunderstandcurrentfingerprinttechnologyandleverageresourcestoensurepostmortemimpressionsareappropriatelysearchedthroughAFISfingerprintdatabasesforidentificationpurposes.Themedicolegalauthorityshouldadheretothebestpracticesidentifiedinthistexttotheextentpossible,practical,andappropriate.Intheabsenceofspecificguidance,theprinciple,spirit,andintentofthisdocumentshouldbemet.

ThesebestpracticesarebasedupondocumentationoriginallyproducedbytheScientificWorkingGrouponDisasterVictimIdentificationandupdatedbytheOrganizationofScientificAreaCommittees(OSAC)SubcommitteeonDisasterVictimIdentification.OSACsubmittedadrafttotheASBDisasterVictimIdentificationConsensusBody,whichuseditasabaseforthesepublishedBestPracticeRecommendations.ThefinaldocumentwasproducedusingtheconsensusprocessoftheASB,whichisanANSIaccreditedStandardsDevelopingOrganization.

Allhyperlinksandlinksarevalidandoperationalatthetimeofpublicationofthisdocument.

Keywords:forensicidentification,postmortemidentification,automatedfingerprintidentificationsystem(AFIS),postmortemfingerprint,disastervictimidentification,fingerprintsubmissionstrategy,massfatality,frictionridge

Abstract:Thepurposeofthisdocumentistoprovideguidanceregardingthesubmissionofrecordedpostmortemimpressionsforcomprehensivesearchesofessentialautomatedfingerprintidentificationsystemdatabases.Whileanumberoffactorsaffectthesuccessfulsearchofafingerprintthroughanautomatedfingerprintsystem,oneofthemostimportantfactorsisensuringthefingerprintissearchedthroughappropriateantemortemfingerprintdatabases.


Acknowledgements

ASBContributors:HeatherWigington,FortWorthPoliceDepartmentMarzena(Mary‐Ann)Mulawka,JohnJayCollegeofCriminalJusticeBryanJohnson,FederalBureauofInvestigationEliasKontanis,NationalTransportationSafetyBoardJasonWiersema,HarrisCountyInstituteofForensicSciences

OSACContributors:AaronUhle,FederalBureauofInvestigation

SWGDVIContributors:AaronUhle,FederalBureauofInvestigationMarzena(Mary‐Ann)Mulawka,NewYorkCity‐OfficeofChiefMedicalExaminerHeatherWigington,DHSBiometricsSupportCenterMichelleHoward,FederalBureauofInvestigationJeffreyCarlyle,FederalBureauofInvestigationDavidCharlton,SussexPolice‐UnitedKingdomKimberlySheets,FederalBureauofInvestigation


TableofContents

1 Scope........................................................................................................................................................................................

2 NormativeReferences......................................................................................................................................................

3 TermsandDefinitions......................................................................................................................................................

4 RecommendationsforSearchingRecords...............................................................................................................4.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................4.2 PreliminaryInformation..............................................................................................................................................4.3 PostmortemFingerprintRecoveryProcess........................................................................................................4.4 SubmissionofPostmortemImpressionsforAutomatedSearching..........................................................4.5 AutomatedSearchingofPostmortemImpressions..........................................................................................

AnnexA(informative)FoundationalPrincipals............................................................................................................

AnnexB(informative)FingerprintSubmissionTemplate–AFISDatabaseSearch.......................................

AnnexC(informative)Bibliography..................................................................................................................................

Figure1—PostmortemFingerprintSubmissionStrategy.........................................................................................

TableB.1—FingerprintSubmissionTemplate...............................................................................................................


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PostmortemImpressionSubmissionStrategyforComprehensiveSearchesofEssentialAutomatedFingerprintIdentificationSystemDatabases

1. Scope

Thepurposeofthisdocumentistoprovideguidanceregardingthesubmissionofrecordedpostmortemimpressionsforcomprehensivesearchesofessentialautomatedfingerprintidentificationsystemdatabases.Whileanumberoffactorsaffectthesuccessfulsearchofafingerprintthroughanautomatedfingerprintsystem,oneofthemostimportantfactorsisensuringthefingerprintissearchedthroughappropriateantemortemfingerprintdatabases.

2. NormativeReferences

Therearenonormativereferencedocuments,AnnexC,Bibliography,containsinformativereferences.

3. TermsandDefinitions

Forpurposesofthisdocument,thefollowingdefinitionsapply.

3.1.AutomatedFingerprintIdentificationSystemAFISBiometriccomputersystemthatallowsforensicexaminerstoencode,digitize,andsearchrecoveredfingerprintimpressionsagainstfingerprintrecorddatabasesforidentificationpurposes.

3.2.frictionridgeanalysisFingerprints,palmprints,andfootprintshavefrictionridgeskinthathasbeenusedforpersonalidentificationpurposesforwelloveracentury.Collectively,theanalysisofprintsfromanyoftheseareasofskinisknownasfrictionridgeanalysis.

3.3.NextGenerationIdentificationNGIAbiometricrepositorymanagedandoperatedbytheFederalBureauofInvestigation(FBI)CriminalJusticeInformationServicesDivision(CJIS)thatenhancesidentificationservicesbyprovidinganincrementalreplacementoftheformersystem,theIntegratedAutomatedFingerprintIdentificationSystem(IAFIS).Consideredoneofthelargestbiometricdatabasesintheworld,NGIstoresindividualfingerprintrecordsandotherbiometricdataforcriminalandcivilmatters.Advancedidentificationtechnologyprovidesrapid,efficient,andaccuratefingerprintprocessing.

3.4.AutomatedBiometricIdentificationSystemIDENTTheAutomatedBiometricIdentificationSystem(IDENT)isthecentralDepartmentofHomelandSecurity(DHS)‐widesystemforstorageandprocessingofbiometricandassociatedbiographicinformationfornationalsecurity;lawenforcement;immigrationandbordermanagement;intelligence;backgroundinvestigationsfornationalsecuritypositionsandcertainpositionsofpublictrust.TheIDENTdatabaseisconsideredanotheroneofthelargestbiometricdatabases.


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3.5.antemortemandpostmortemrecordsAntemortem(AM)recordsarerecordscollectedfromlivesubjects,andcancomefromanypartoffrictionridgeskin.Frictionridgeskinispresentonthepalmarandplantarsurfacesofthehandsandfeet.Assuch,impressionsfromthefingersandpalmsofthehandsaswellasthetoesandsolesofthefeetcanallbeusedforpersonalidentificationpurposes.Duringantemortemfingerprintrecovery,thelivingsubjectisusuallymanipulatedagainsttherecordingmedium.Postmortem(PM)recordsarerecordscollectedfromdeceasedsubjects.Duringpostmortemfingerprintrecovery,therecordingmediumisusuallymanipulatedagainstthedeceasedsubjectinthesamemannerastheantemortemrecords.Unlessamanualcomparisonisavailable,anAFISsearchofanunidentifiedpostmortemfingerprintrecordisusedasatooltofindantemortemfingerprintrecordsinordertoestablishorverifythedeceasedsubject’sidentity[1,2,3].

3.6.10‐printsearchesandlatentprintsearchesA10‐printsearchisconductedonafingerprintrecordwhichisareproductionofalltenfingers.Anautomated10‐printinquirynormallyrequiresaminutiaesearchofonlythethumbsorindexfingers.Submittedfingerprintscommonlyhavesufficientclarityanddetailtomakesearchingofmorethantwofingersunnecessary.Thiscanbeperformedbyacomputer,ina“lightsout”settingifthequalityoftherecordishighenough.

Alatentprintsearchcanbeutilizedforsearchingunknowndeceasedrecordswhenmultiplefingersarenotprintableorpresent,orthequalityoftherecordingsispoor.Alatentprintsearchismoretediousandtime‐consumingthana10‐printsearch.Latentprintsareoftenfragmentaryandofpoorimagequality.Minutiaefeaturesarenormallyreviewedone‐by‐onebyatrainedfingerprintexaminerbeforethesearchbegins,butcanyieldinbetterresultswithlowerqualityrecordings.Eachlistofresultsreturnedmustbemanuallycomparedbyanexaminertodetermineifthereisamatch[4].

4. RecommendationsforSearchingRecords

4.1. General

CurrentAFISdatabasesusedbylawenforcementagenciestaskedwithforensicidentificationexistatlocal,state,andfederallevelsofgovernment.Unlikewhatmaybeportrayedinthemoviesorontelevision,asinglecomprehensiveandsearchabledatabaseofAMfingerprintrecordscollectedintheUnitedStatesorabroaddoesnotexist.Duetodatasharingagreements,privacyconcernsassociatedwithpersonallyidentifiableinformation(PII),andsysteminteroperabilitydifficulties,AMrecordscontainedwithinvariousAFISdatabasesarenotcongruent.TheindividualororganizationsubmittingPMimpressionsforfingerprintanalysisshouldensurethatlocal,state,andfederalAFISdatabasesareappropriatelysearchedforidentificationpurposes.TheeffectiveuseofAFIStechnologyinsearchingPMofimpressionsagainstAMrecordscanresultinasignificantincreaseintheidentificationofdecedents,allowingthemedicolegalcommunitytoexpediteregularcasework,solvecoldcases,andefficientlyidentifyhumanremainsinmassfatalityincidents(MFI)[5].


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4.2. PreliminaryInformation

Beforeexaminingtheremains,itisadvisedthatfingerprintexaminersshouldfamiliarizethemselvesabouttheincident.Thisinformationmayconsistofthefollowing.

Geographiclocation–wheretheremainswererecovered.

Circumstancessurroundingthedeath(e.g.naturalversusaccidentalversusman‐madeevent).

Circumstances surrounding the recovery of the remains (e.g. found under rubble, recoveredfromwater,remainsremovalfacilitatedbyimplements,ormachinery,etc.).

Details regarding any identifying documents or personal effects found on the remains and iftheseitemshavebeenremovedfromtheremainspriortoarrivaloftheremainsatthemorgue.Separationofidentifyingdocumentsorpersonaleffectsfromtheremainspriortoexaminationshouldbeavoidedwheneverpossible.

Determine if thereareAMrecordsavailableelsewhere,suchasdecedent’sresidence,placeofemployment,etc.

4.3. PostmortemFingerprintRecoveryProcess

ExaminationqualityPMfingerprintrecordsshouldberecordedfromhumanremainsusingPMfingerprintrecoverytechniques.Remainsshouldbethoroughlyexaminedassoonaspossible,beforeongoingdecompositiondeterioratesthefrictionridgeskinandlimitstheabilitytorecoverqualityPMimpressions.(1)Itisassumedthattheremainshavebeenrenderedsafefromanyhazardsandthatappropriatepersonalprotectiveequipment(PPE)isworn.(2)Trainedfingerprintexaminers1shouldbeutilizedfortherecoveryofexaminationqualityPMimpressionsfromthedeceasedandforthesubsequentsearch/submissionofrecoveredfingerprintrecordsthroughappropriateAFISdatabases.

4.4. SubmissionofPostmortemImpressionsforAutomatedSearching

Onceexamination‐qualityPMfingerprintimpressionsarerecorded,thesubmittingagencyshouldutilizeAnnexB,FingerprintSubmissionTemplate–AFISDatabaseSearch(orfieldsandinformationcontainedwithinthetemplate)tosendPMimpressionstolawenforcementorappropriateauthoritiesforAFISdatabasesearches2.APMsubmissionshouldrequestanautomated10‐printsearchaswellasalatentprintsearch.Itistheresponsibilityofthesubmittingagencytoensurethatthishastakenplace.ImagesuploadedoremaileddirectlytoCJISSpecialProcessingCenter(SPC)orDHS’sBSCmustmeettherequirementsofsubmissiontothatagency.Whilefacsimilesareacceptedbysomeagencies,thelowqualitytransmissioncandegradeanimageenoughthatitmaynotbeidentifiedthroughanAFISsearch.Unlessitisurgent,ifaflatbedscannerordigitalcameraisunavailable,thecardsshouldbesubmittedasoriginalstotherespectiveagencies.

1Thetermtrainedfingerprintexaminersindicatesthatindividualsrecordingorapprovingthefingerprintrecordsmustbeabletodiscernthefingerprints’valueforcomparisonpurposesasaqualitymeasure.Thistermdoesnotencompass/includethetrainingrecommendedforPMfingerprintrecoverytechniques.

2Ifafingerprintrecordissubmitteddirectlythroughanestablishedelectronicportal,itshouldconformtotheANSI/NIST‐ITLstandardandtherelevantapplicationprofile,suchastheFBI'sEBTSfileformat.


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All bold/italicized fields in the attached submission template should be populated by thesubmitting agency. All [bracketed] items are specific to each case being submitted forfingerprint analysis. Include any possible known demographic information regarding thedecedent or fingerprint recording anomalies3in the additional information section of thetemplate.

Completethesubmissiontemplateandcopy/pasteintoasecureemailservice/format(suchasLawEnforcementOnlinehttps://www.leo.gov).RecoveredPMimpressionsshouldbeattachedasadigitalimageandneedtobescannedataminimumresolutionof500ppi.Theimagemustalso be saved in a lossless format (i.e. JPEG2000 or TIFF). If poor quality fingerprints werereceived, the submitting agency may be contacted by the recipient to rescan prints at aresolutionof1000ppi.

ThesubmissiontemplateandrecoveredPMimpressionsmayalsobemailedasahardcopytothe appropriate authorities if electronic submission attempts fail or prove burdensome inaccordancewiththeproceduresandrequirementsofthereceivingagency.Ifacardisdeemedtobebio‐hazardous,ensuretheagencyyouaresubmittingittocanreceiveit.

4.5. AutomatedSearchingofPostmortemImpressions

ItisrecommendedthatrecordedPMimpressionsshouldbesubmittedforAFISdatabasesearchesinthefollowingorder:

local,

state,

federal,

international(ifremainsarebelievedtohaveinternationalnexus).

Itistheresponsibilityofthesubmittingagencytoensurethatallofthesestepsareaccomplishedintheirentirety.

a. localauthoritiesshouldhavethecapabilityofelectronicallysubmittingthePMimpressionstotheirlocalandstateAFISfingerprintdatabases.Itistheresponsibilityofthesubmittingagencytoensurethatthishastakenplace.Ifnot,thePMimpressionsshouldbeforwardedtolocalandstateauthoritiesseparatelybythesubmittingagency.

b. localauthoritiesmayalsohavethecapabilityofelectronicallysubmittingthePMimpressionstotheFBI. Ifnot, thePM impressionsshouldbeelectronically submitted(emailedoruploaded,not faxed) ormanually submitted to the FBI CJIS SPC for search through theNGI fingerprintdatabase.CJISinformationprovidedonthefollowingpage:

FBICJISDivisionSpecialProcessingCenter1000CusterHollowRoad

24/7VoiceNumber:(304)625‐558424/7FaxNumber:(304)625‐5587

Email:[email protected]

3PMchanges,missingordamageddigits,specialreconditioningtechniques,casecircumstances,etc.


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NOTE:TheoriginalsubmittingagencyisonlyallowedtosubmitthepostmortemimpressionstotheCJISSPCiftheyhaveavalidOriginatingAgencyIdentification(ORI)NumberassignedbytheFBIper28CFR,§20.3.MedicalExaminer/CoroneragenciesmayrequestanORInumber(9characteridentifier)fromtheFBICJISDivisionbycalling(304)625‐3984.

c. IfnomatchismadeintheNGIdatabase,thePMimpressionsshouldbeelectronically(emailedoruploaded,notfaxed)submittedtotheDHSBiometricSupportCenterforsearchthroughtheDHS Automated Biometric Identification System (IDENT) AFIS fingerprint database. DHSinformationprovidedbelow:

DHSBiometricSupportCenter–West

24/7VoiceNumber:(858)609‐260924/7Fax:(858)609‐2600

Email:[email protected]@dhs.gov

If no matches are made on the federal level, it may be valuable to have local or state lawenforcement reach out to neighboring states for assistance in searching the recovered PMimpressionsthroughneighboringlocal/stateAFISfingerprintdatabases.

d. Ifnomatchesaremadeonthelocal,state,orfederallevel,itmaybevaluabletoreachouttotheInternationalCriminalPoliceOrganization(INTERPOL)forsearchthroughtheAFISfingerprintdatabases of member countries (if remains are believed to have international nexus).INTERPOLinformationprovidedbelow:

INTERPOLNCBWashington

U.S.DepartmentofJusticeWashington,DC20530‐0001VoiceNumber:(202)616‐9000FaxNumber:(202)616‐8400

e. In theeventofnomatchesat anyof theaforementioned local, state, federal, or internationallevels, it may be valuable to upload the unidentified PM fingerprint records to the NationalMissing and Unidentified Persons System (NamUs). This will allow other resources to beutilizedfortheassistanceofidentification.

NamUsAFIS/FingerprintUnitUNTHealthScienceCenter

MainNumber:1‐855‐626‐7600www.NamUs.gov


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Figure1—PostmortemFingerprintSubmissionStrategy4

4PostmortemFingerprintSubmissionStrategy.ReprintedfromPostmortemFingerprintingandUnidentifiedHumanRemains(p.93)byMulawkaM.H.andL.Miller,2014,NewYork,NY:Routledge.Copyright2014byTaylor&Francis.Reprintedwithpermission[2].


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AnnexA(informative)

FoundationalPrinciples

1. TheobjectiveofDisasterVictimIdentification(DVI)istomatchacquiredPMdatafromtherecoveredremainswithAMdataobtainedfromthevictim’snextofkinorotherexternalsourcestohelpestablishapositiveforensicidentification.IfAMdatacannotbelocated,inquiriesintolocal,state,andfederaldatabasescanprovideanavenuetoobtainAMdata.Iftheremainshavereliableprimaryidentifiers,suchasodontology,fingerprintsorDNAandtheidentifiershavemetapprovedstandardswithoutinexplicablediscrepancies,theinformationcanbepresentedtoanidentificationboardforreconciliation.ThesescientificmeansofidentificationarethebasisforDVI.

2. Althoughtheirtechnicalaspectsmayappearsimilar,PMfingerprintrecoverymethodscanbesignificantlymorechallengingthanacquiringAMfingerprintrecordsfromtheliving.Furthermore,theconditionofPMfrictionridgeskinmaybesignificantlycompromisedbyvariousdestructiveinfluencesduetothecircumstancesofdeathand/orseverityofPMchanges,suchasrigormortis,dehydration,decomposition,anddeterioration.Assuch,theuseofspecialreconditioningtechniquesmayberequiredpriortorecordingthePMfingerprintimpressions.ThequalityoftheresultingPMfingerprintrecordsmaybesignificantlylowerandthus,performingsearchesofPMfingerprintrecordscanbemorecomplex.UnlessAMrecordsformanualcomparisonsareavailable,anAFISsearchofanunidentifiedPMfingerprintrecordisusedasatooltoattempttoestablishorverifythedeceasedsubject’sidentity[1,2].

3. ThisdocumentaimstoaddresstheNationalResearchCouncil’s(NRC)2009ReportandgeneralconcernamongstthefieldbyprovidingaseparatestandardforperformingcomprehensivesearchesofPMfingerprintrecordsinessentialAFISdatabases.Thereliabilityoffingerprintshasbeenevaluatedandresearchedbythescientificcommunitytoensuretheyareanaccuratemeansofidentification.PMfingerprintsandresultantmanualcomparisonsandautomatedsearchesemploythesamemethodsandreliabilityaswithAMfingerprints.TheaddedlayersofcomplexityrelatedtoPMfingerprintprocessrequiremoreattentionandinvestigation[6].


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AnnexB(informative)

FingerprintSubmissionTemplate–AFISDatabaseSearch[2,5]

TheYourAgencyNamehasrecoveredhumanremainsandisrequestingAFISfingerprintdatabasesearchesforidentificationpurposes.PleasereviewtheinformationpresentedinTableB.1.

UnidentifiedDeceasedFingerprintSubmission

To: AgencyName

EmailAddress

PhoneNumber

FaxNumber

From: YourAgencyName

EmailAddress

PhoneNumber

FaxNumber

ORI: AgencyORI

Date: [mm/dd/yyyy][hh:mm]hoursEST

SubmissionType: UnidentifiedDeceased

Re: YourAgencyNameCase[Case#]

Pages: [#]total([#]image(s),1email)

Comments: Pleaseattempttoidentifythesubmittedpostmortemimpressionsrecoveredfromhumanremainsdiscoveredin[location]on[DODmm/dd/yyyy].Pleaseperformaten‐printsearchofallavailableAFISdatabases(local,state,federal,etc.)andperformalatent‐printsearchintheeventofnegativeten‐printsearchresults.Inadvance,thankyouforyourassistanceinthismatter.

Pleaseprovidefingerprintsearchresultsalongwithdatabasesearchinformation(local,state,federal,etc.)toFaxNumberorEmailAddress.Ifanidentificationiseffected,pleaseforwardtheantemortemfingerprintrecordandanyotheravailableinformationabouttheindividual,includingcriminalhistory.

TableB.1—FingerprintSubmissionTemplate

AdditionalInformation:Noteimportantinformationsuchaspossibledemographicinformationforthedecedentorrecordinganomaliessuchasthesubmittedprintsarefromthedermallayerofskin.


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AnnexC(informative)

Bibliography

1] Uhle,A.J.“FingerprintsandHumanIdentification.”D.SennandP.Stimson(Eds.),ForensicDentistry,SecondEdition,2010,pp.79‐101.BocaRaton:CRCPress.

2] Mulawka,M.andS.Miller.PostmortemFingerprintingandUnidentifiedHumanRemains.2014,Routledge.

3] Kaushal,N.andP.Kaushal.“Humanidentificationandfingerprints:Areview.”JournalofBiometrics&Biostatistics,2011.

4] NationalInstituteofJustice.Thefingerprintsourcebook.USDepartmentofJustice,OfficeofJusticePrograms,2011.

5] Mulawka,M.andJ.Craig.“TheEfficacyofSubmittingFingerprintsofUnidentifiedHumanRemainstoFederalAgencies.”JournalofForensicIdentification,61(1),2011,pp.92‐102.

6] NationalResearchCouncil.StrengtheningforensicscienceintheUnitedStates:apathforward.2009.

7] Nursall,J.“AFISsearchingofimpressionsfromcharredfrictionridgeskin.”JournalofForensicIdentification,61,2011,pp.109‐111.

8] NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST).LawEnforcementStandardsOffice–AFISInteroperability.20135.

9] FederalBureauofInvestigation(FBI).NextGenerationIdentification(NGI).20136.

5Availableathttp://www.nist.gov

6Availableathttp://www.fbi.gov

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