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Biometrika Trust

A Preliminary Classification of Asiatic Races Based on Cranial MeasurementsAuthor(s): T. L. Woo and G. M. MorantSource: Biometrika, Vol. 24, No. 1/2 (May, 1932), pp. 108-134Published by: Biometrika TrustStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2333798.

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A PRELIMINARY CLASSIFICATION OF ASIATIC RACESBASED ON CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS.By T. L. WOO,PH.D. AND G. M. MORANT,D.Sc.

(1) Introduction. In a paper published in Biometrika in 1921* Miss M. L.Tildesley described a series of Burimese skulls and previously published datarelating, to other Oriental series were cited. Three years later a paper by one ofthe present writers in the sa.me Jou'rnal gave original measurements of a Nepaleseand of a Tibetan series and the comparative material used was extended consider-ably. Comparisonisby the method of the coefficient of racial likeness led to resultswhich appeared to be suggestive, but it was clear that nothing approaching evena preliminary classification of Asiatic races could be obtained by these means whilethe samples were so few in number and, generally, so snmall n size. Since 1924the mieasurements have been published of several new Asiatic cranial series.ProfessorHarrower'spaper of 1926 deals with Southern Chinese and Tamil skullst,Professor Black's of 1928 with Northern and Prehistoric Chinese, and Dr von Bonin'sof 1931 with two Javanese, two Filipino, one Dayak and one Andamanese series.The new data incorporated in these three studies are ample enough to warrant anew survey of the craniology of Asia. All the latest material has been dealt withon biometric lines in the papers cited and use is made below, without furtheracknowledgment, of a number of statistical constants previously published. Themajority of those which are inotoriginal are taken from Dr von Bonin's paper andwe were greatly indebted to him forpermission to use his results before their publi-cation. In his paper a fairly comiplete comparison has been made on biometric linesof the best Oriental series at present published. Our purpose has been to extendthat examination to include all the best series available for the whole of thecontinent. There is only one good Asiatic cranial series which we have omlittedconsciously: this is one of Armenians recently described by Professor Bunak+, forit is clear that the tvpe has closer affinities to some from the south-east of Europethan to any known Asiatic ones. On the other hand, we have included two non-Asiatic series: one is from the Aleutian Islands and the other is composed princi-pally of Kalmucks from Astrakhan. Both these are closely allied to Siberian types.Means for several of the series were obtained by pooling the measurements givenby different craniometricians. Care was taken to use these data with as much

* References to all the papers mentioned here will be found in the following section of this paper.t We have not used the series of Hylam Chinese described by Professor Harrower in Biometrika,Vol. xxB, as it is suspected that the crania were artificially distorted.+ Crania Armnenica,Moscow, 1927. This is a supplement to the Journal Russe d'Anthropologie,

Vol. xvi.

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T. L. WOOAND G. AI. MIORANT 109accuracy as possible and many doubtfully defined measuremnentshad to be rejected.Some of the previously published pooled means have been revised and others arenow given for the first time. A total of 26 male series was collected and the shortestof these is made uip by 31 crania. Nearly all the means used are based on 20 ormore crania and those which could only be given for fewer than 10 specimens wereignored. This sample of racial types cannot be supposed a random one taken fromall which it may be possible to distinguish among Asiatic peoples. More than halfof the series come from Oriental regions; India and Siberia are poorly representedand there are no data whatever referring to the peoples of the south-west of thecontinent.

The main purpose of the present paper is to present the coefficients of raciallikeness between all pairs of the 26 series available. With the usual notation, theform of the crude coefficient used is1 n,ns, (M., -rM,,)'\ 2 2M-+ x (s )- + 67449 a -M = (a)-1 + 67449The reduced coefficient is defined to be

5X s + , (a)-1 + 50x x67449 2The reduced coefficient is designed to give a measuireof racial divergence whichdoes not depend uponi the sizes of the samples compared, and the classification

suggested is derived from its values. The usual 31 characters, or as many of themnas are available in the case of a particular comparison, were used in calculatingthese constants. Crude coefficients are given for all these measurements and for theindices and angles alone, but only those of the first kind were reduced. Thestandard deviations of the long Egyptian E series of 26th-3Oth Dynasty craniadescribed by Professor Karl Pearson and Miss A. G. Davin were used throughout*.(2) Measured Series of Asiatic S/culls. Male adult series are the only onesdealt with in the present paper. Experience has shown that comparisons by the

method of the coefficient of racial likeness seldom lead to satisfactory results inthe case of very small samples. All the series used have the majority of theirmeans based on 25 or more crania. It is generally an advantage to have all thecrania assigned to a single racial type measured by the same worker, but in somecases it is only possible to obtain a large enough sample by pooling the measuire-ments provided from different sources. The need for restricting comparisons in thecase of a particular measurement to pairs deterinined by using identically the sametechnique is, of course, one of prime importance. Definitions of all those usedare given in Biometrika, Vol. xxB. 1928, pp. 362-364, where they are denoted bythe biometric index letters, and the numbers in Martin's Lehrbuch are also given.There are 19 absoluiteand 12 indicial and angular measurenmentsused in computingthe coefficients, but in some cases alternatives can be used as the vertical height

* " On the Biometric Constants of the Human Skull." Biometrika, Vol. xvi. 1924, pp. 328-363.



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110 Classf/icatiou of Asiatic Ratcesfroin the basion (H) in place of the basio-bregmnaticheight (H'), or three com-parisons between orbital breadths (01, 01' and Lacrymal 01) may be possible andone is selected. When such a choice can be made, H' is given preference to H,U to Glabella U, Q' to BregmaticQ' or Broca's Q', BregmaticQ' to Broca'sQ',O?to 01' or Lacrymal 01, 01' to Lacrymal 01, NH' to NTH,R or L, G1 to G1'andAlveolar PI to Prosthion PZ. One index involving these measurements may be

44)~~~Cr

KALMUCKSIALMUCKS AURIATS g '\?AINO

*MONGOLS/

0~~~ ~~~~~H} MINESEKHAMSTIBETANS FUKIEN1 > 3 / TIBETAN CHINESEHINDUS ATA FkL.1 N

DRAVIDIAN BURMAESE> TAGALS -ETHNOtGRAPICALTAMILS ANDAIMt /(V JIDCTH.H

-ANESkV`

RECilONSFIROM- EODAHS WHICH -THECRANIAL-SERrESK ~~~EALT*W1TH-INTHIS PAPERl ERE ~ WERE-OBTAINED.

preferred to another as 100 H'/L to 100 H/L. The preference in these cases isgiven to the one which is most frequently available. Most of the alternatives havebeen provided for the Asiatic series originally described in Biormetrika.For mostof the other series they are not given and several of the coefficients can only be cal-culated fora smaller number of characters than the total 31. Unless otherwise stated,the means for the series previously published in papers in this Journal have been



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T. L. WOOANDG. M. MORANT 111accepted without modification. Where these were derived from other sources thefull references were given and they are not duplicated below. Pooled means whichhave not previously been published are given in our Table I. The nmap p. 110)shows the approxinmate istricts fromiwhich the material was derived. The followingabbreviations are used in the list below: A.f A. = Archiv fimr Anthropologie;A. S. D =Die anthropoloqischenSanmmtungenDeutschlands, being supplements toA. f A.; BEn.= Biometrilca.

(i) Aetas. Gerhardt von Bonin: "Beitrag zur Kraniologie von Ost-Asien."Bm., Vol. xxiii. 1931, pp. 52-113. The Aetas (Philippine Islands) are found inthe interior of Luxon Island and also in the islands of Mindoro, Panay and Negrosand in the north-east of Mindanao. The tribe is a small one. The people are shortof stature and they are generally spoken of as undoubted Negritos. Koeze gavemeasurements of a series of skulls at Leiden and 3:3 maalespecimens were re-measured by von Bonin.

(ii) Aino. Koganei's means of a series from Yezo and Kunlashiri are quotedin Bin., Vol. i. 1902, p. 426. The calvarial height is the Frankfulrtvertical mneasure-ment (H) as stated there and not the basio-bregmatic (I]') it was assumed to bein some later papers. The index 100 B/Il is {101 2 (88)} in place of 98-8. We haveomitted the orbital breadth and index and the palatal measurements, as theyare inadequately defined, and added imeans for fmnl(357 (76)), fmb (30 2 (81)),100finblfmnl (84-6 (76)), NL ({70?2 (69)1) and A/ ({7]`2 (69)1). The profile angleis assumed to have been measured from the prosthion anidnot fromrlhe alveolarpoint. There are 88 male skulls.

(iii) Andainanese. Pooled nmeansof various short series, of which one has beerre-measured by von Bonin, are given by himn n Bm., Vol. xxiii. 1931, pp. 84-85.There are 34 male skulls.(iv) A leuts. Measurements of male Aleutian crania were taken from thefollowing sources:(a) Ales Hrdlicka: "Catalogue of HumnanCrania in the United States National

Museum Collections." Proceedizngsof the United States National MuseUm, Vol. LXIII.1924, pp. 1-51 (25 crania).(b) A. Tarenetzky: "Beitrage zur Skelet- und Schadelkunde der Aleuten,Konaegen, Kenai und Koljuschen mit vergleichend anthropologischen Bemerk-ungen." Me'moiresde l'AcademnieImipe'rialedes Sciences de St Petersbourg, VIIIeserie, T. Ix. 1900, pp. 1-73 (7 crania).(c) Herman F. C. ten Kate: Zur Craniologie der Mongoloiden: Beobachtungenund Messttngen. Diss., Berlin, 1882 (1 cranium).(d) George Montandon: "Craniologie Paleosiberienne. Seconde Partie."

L'Anthropologie,T. XXXVI. 1926, pp. 447-542 (2 crania, onmittingNo. 4829 whichis deformed).These skulls came from several different islands of the Aleutian archipelagoand one from Kodiak Island is included. Pooled nmeans re given in Table I below.



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112 Classiflcation of Asiatic Races(v) Buriats. Measurements of male Buriat craniawere taken fromthe followingsources:(a) Ales Hrdli6ka: loc. cit., pp. 46-47 (19 crania).(b) Michael Reicher: "Untersuchungen iiber die Schadelform der alpen-landischen und mongolischen Brachycephalen." Zeitschrift fir Morphologie und

Anthropologie,Bd. xv. 1913, Tabelle 3 a (15 crania).(c) Julius Fridolin: "Burjaten- und Kalmuickenschadel." A. f. A., Bd. xxvII.1900-1902, S. 304-305 (7 crania).(d) Herman F. C. ten Kate: op.cit. (4 crania). A few additional measuremnentsof these specimens which we were able to use are given by Haberkorn in Zeitschriftfilr Ethnologie, Bd. x. 1878. S. 307.The localities from which the majority of these Buriat skulls were obtained are

known and they all lie in a comnparativelynmall rea round the southern extremityof Lake Baikal, and nearly all are to the east of that lake. The Buriats are knownto have moved into this region from the Amur District north of Manchuria in the13th century.(vi) Burmese A. A series from the neighbourhood of Moulmein was dividedinto three groups of which the Burmese A, supposed true Burnman,s one. Measure-ments were taken by Miss Tildesley and means are given in Bm., Vol. xiii. 1921,p. 239. In computing the coefficients we have added to these Nt (66?`8 (38)) and

A L (70c5 (38)). The palatal breadth was taken between the inner alveolar wallsat the second molars,and this is said to have been less in some cases than thebreadth between the inner rims of the alveoli of the second molars. The second ofthese measurements, which is Martin's and the one generally used to-day, givesa male mean of 41 6 (29), giving indices 100 G2/G,= 84 0 (27) and 100 G2/01'=,916 (29)}. These values were used in computing the coefficients. There are44 male Burmese A skulls.(vii) Chinese: Fukien. Gordon Harrower: "A Study of the Hokien and theTamil Skull." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Vol. LIX. Part III

(No. 13),1926, pp. 573-599. Measuremnents f 36 male skulls of unclaimed cooliesfrom the southern Chinese province of Fukien (Hokien) are given. The means arequoted, with a few corrections, in Bin., Vol. xxiii. 1931, pp. 84-85.(viii) Chinese(Koganei). In 1902 Koganei gave measurements of the skulls of70 Chinese soldiers who had been killed in the war with Japan. The collection wasmade in the northern provinces of Shantung and Chihli and in Southern Manchuria,but the regions from which the soldiers came are unknown. Means are quoted inBun.,Vol. XVI. 1924, pp. 48--49. In calculating the coefficients we omitted theinsufficiently defined palatal measurements and the profile angle was assumed to

be from the prosthion and not from the alveolar point.(ix) Chinese: Peking. Davidson Black: "A Study of Kansu and HonanAeneolithic Skulls and Specimens from later Kansu Prehistoric Sites in Com-parison with North China and other recent Crania. Part I. On Measurements and



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T. L. WOO NDG. M1.MORANT 113Identification." Pataeontologia Sinica, Series D, Vol. viY. 1928, pp. 1-83. MANeasure-ments are given of 86 male skulls from the northern provinces of China collectedin Peking dissecting rooms. The majority of the miren ame from Chihli, Shansiand Shantung, but there were sorne from Shensi, Fengtien and Northern Honan.Means are quoted in Bm., Vol. xxiii. 1931, pp. 84-85.

(x) Chinese:Prehistoric. Davidsoi Black: loc. cit. The Pooled Prehistoric seriesdescribed in this paper comnprises kulls from Kansu and Honan of the EarlyBronze, Copper and Aeneolithic periods. It is shown that there is sufficientjustification for combining this material. There are 64 miale specimens thoughmany of these are imperfect. Means are quoted in Bm., Vol. xxiii. 1931, pp. 84-85.

(xi) Chukchis. Julius Fridolin: "Tschuktschenschadel." A. f. A., Bd. xxviii.Supplement, 1904, S. 1-17. Measurements of 35 male skulls are given. TheChukehis inhabit the extreme north-east of Asia with the exception of some pointson the coast which are said to be occupied by Eskinmos.Of these specimens describedby Fridolin 20 came fromnhe Chukehi area proper and 15 fronmhe Eskimo area.Montandon (loc. cit. infra, pp. 284-285) has given the means of 100 B/L, 100 HILand 100 NB/NH for the two groups separately and also for the corresponding femaleand j tvenile groups. The cephalic indices are practically identical in the case of theadult groups compared, while the Eskimo area group has the higher height-lengthand the lower nasal indices for both sexes. The difference between the male height-length indices is just significant and all others are insignificant. It is probablethat significant differences between the types derived from the two areas would befound if more adequate material were available. In order to obtain a large enoughsample for present purposes, however, we pooled all the specimlens mweasuredbyFridolin. Aale means are givein in Table I below and these were used in computingthe coefficients with the other Asiatic series. Measurements of other male Chukchiskulls are given in the following sources:

(a) Ale's Hrdlicka: loc. cit., pp. 16-17 (5 crania, 4 of which may be of mixedChukehi and Eskimo origin).

(b) George Montandon: "Craniologie Paleosiberienne (Neolithiques, Mongo-loides, Tchouktchi, Eskimo, Aleoutes, Kamtchadales, Ainou, Ghiliak, Negroides duNord)." L'Anthropologie, T. xxxvi. 1926, pp. 209-296 (10 crania, omitting No. 4which is distorted, of which the majority are Chukchi proper and a few may beof mixed origin).The pooled cephalic index for Hrdlieka's and Montandon'sshort series is 75 7 (14)and for 9 characters a coefficient is found with Fridolin's series of 2'26 + :32 reduced1174 + 1 65). The pooling of all the nmaterials hardly justified.(xii) Dayakls. Gerhardt von Bonin: loc. cit. Original measuremnentsof threeshort series of Dayak skulls at Leiden were pooled with those of another describedby Emil Schmidt. There are 55 of these male skulls from Borneo in all.Biometrika XXIV 8



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114 Classi/ication of Asiatic Races(xiii) Dravidians. Mealnsof two Indian series measured by Sir William Turnerare given by Miss B. N. Stoessiger in Bin., Vol. xix. 1927, p. 128. The first is ofDravidian skulls from the Central Provinces and Orissa, including one Tamil fromMadras, and the second of Dravidians (" Kolarians ") from Southern India. Aninsignificant coefficient was found between these groups and hence they were pooled,giving a total of :32 male specimens. These means are distinctly differentiated fromthose of a Maravar (Dravidian) series from Madras. The Dravidian series usedbelow is the pooled one derived from.Turner's measurements. It was necessary tomrodify he published rneans: the horizontal circumference is Glabella U and notU, the orbital breadth Lacrymal 01 and not 0k', the transverse arc is Broca's Q' andnot Q', and the iimean hould be 2961 (31) in place of 302 0 (34); the angles of thefundamnentaltriangle are based on 28 skulls, not 30. The capacity was omitted incalculating the coefficients.(xiv) Hind us. Measurements of male Hindu crania were taken from thefollowing sources:(a) Jacopo Danielli: "Studio sui crani bengalesi." Archivio per l'Antropologiae 1'Ethologia,Vol. xxii. 1892, pp. 371-448. Measurements are given of 42 malecrania of Hindus of the inferior castes from the banks of the lower Ganges.(b) Sir William 'Turner: "Contributions to the Craniology of the People of theEmpire of India. Part 11. The Aborigines of Ch?utaNagpu'r and of the CentralProvinces, the People of Orissa, the Veddahs and Negritos." Transactions of theRoyal Society of Edinburgh, Vol. XL. 1901, pp. 59-129. Measurements are given(Tables VI-VIII) of 25 male skulls classed as Uriyai (or Ooria). This is themother-tongue of the vast majority of the Hindu peoples of Orissa who inhabitthe plains.(c) Paolo Mantegazza: "Studii sull' etnologia dell' India." Archivio per l'An-

tropologia e l'Etnologica,Vol. xiii. 1883, pp. 177-241. Measurements are given(pp. 212-215) of 24 male skulls from Southern India.Coefficients of racial likeness between these three groups of Hindu skulls are

given in Bm., Vol. XXB. 1928, p. 298; two values are insignificant and the otheris 1-74 + 21. Pooled means are given in Table I below.(xv) Japantese. Pooled ineans, based principally on the measurements of Onoand Adachi, are given in Bm., Vol. xxiii. 1931, pp. 84-85. There are 138 maleskulls from different parts of both islands represented, but few means are availablefor more than 50 specimens.(xvi) Javanese: Bantam and Batavia. Gerhardt von Bonin: loc. cit. This seriesfromnhe west of the island comnprises 5 male skulls preserved at Leiden.(xvii) Javanese: Middle and East. Ibid. The 65 male skulls at Leiden on whichthe means are based came principally from the middle and east of the island,though a few are from unknown localities.



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T. L. Wo00AND >. M. MORANT 115(xviii) Kalmucks. Measurements of Kalnmuckskulls were taken from thefollowing sources:(a) S. Somniiier: "Note di Viaggio. II. MordvA-Popolazionedi Astrakan-Kal-

mucchi." Archivio per l'Antropologia e l'Etnologia, Vol. XIX. 1889, pp. 117-157(7 crania from Astrakhan).(b) Juilius Fridolin: loc. cit. (v)c (9 crania from Astrakhan Province, 3 fromTomsk Province and 3 from unknown localities). A few additional measurements ofthese skulls taken by C. Merejkowsky (Revue d'Anthropologie, 2e serie, T. VII.1884, pp. 296-297) couildalso be used.(c) Michael Reicher: loc. cit. (19 crania from Astrakhan Province).(d) Herman F. C. ten Kate: loc. cit. (1 craniuii from Astrakhan Province and.3fromn nknown localities). Additional measurements of' 3 of these specimens given

by Haberkorn (loc. cit.) could also be used.(e) J. W. Spengel: A. S. D., Gottingen Catalogue, 1874, S. 40 (3 crania fromthe Astrakhan district and 3 from unknown localities).(f) J. Deniker: "Etuide sur les Kaliiouks. Stuite." Revue d'Anthropologie, 2eserie, T. vii. 1884, pp. 277-310 (4 crania from unknown localities previouslymeasured by Quatrefages and Hamy).The majority of the skulls forming these short series are known to have beenobtained in the Astrakhan region, 3 came from Central Siberia and a certain

number from unknown localities. Pooled means are given in Table I below.(xix) Mongols. Ales Hrdlieka: loc. cit., pp. 40-43. There are 114 male skullsfrom Urga in Northern Mongolia which is immediately to the south of and 250 milesdistant fiom Lake Baikal. The capacities given were not used in calculating thecoefficients. Means are quoted in Table I below.(xx) Nepalese. G. M. Morant: "A Study of certain Oriental Series of Craniaincluding the Nepalese and Tibetan Series in the British Museum (NaturalHistory)." Bnt., Vol. xvi. 1924, pp. 1-104. There are 48 male skulls fromn ifferent

parts of the country.(xxi) Soyotes. G. Debetz: "The Anthropological Type of the Turanians of theKemtchik and Tannu Regions (Soyotes)." North Asia, 1929, pp. 127-140 (inRussian). The Soyotes (Soyots, Soyons or Soiotes) are presumed to be of Finno-Tuirkicorigin. They form a smnall ommunity to-day in the bordercountry betweenthe Sayan and Altai mnountainso the west of Lake Baikal. Means given for 9 maleskulls from the Kemtchik and 31 frorn the central region are closely similar andthe pooled values are given in Table I below.(xxii) Tagals. Gerhardt von Bonin: loc. cit. The Tagals (Tagamlogs) f thePhilippine Islands constitute the bulk of the population of Manila, Mindanao atndcentral Luxon. They are classed as one of the brown, non-negrito tribes of theislands. Koeze gave measurements of a cranial series at Leiden and 31 malespecimens were re-measured by von Bonin.

8-2



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116 Classification of Asiatic Races(xxiii) Tamils. Gordon Harrower: loc. cit. Unclaimed bodies of 35 Tamilcoolies were available for study at Singapore. Apart from the fact that the mencame from SoutherniIndia, nothing is known of their origirn. The means are quoted-a few being corrected-in rable I below.(xxiv) Teleighites. The Telenghites (or Teleuts) are a small Tatar tribeinhabiting to-day the lowlands of the Altai region of Southern Siberia betweenLakes Balkash and Baikal. XMeanseduced fromiReicher's measurements of 60 maleskulls are given in Bin., Vol. xxiii. 1931, pp. 84-85.(xxv) Tibetans A. G. M. Morant: loc. cit. Means are given for 37 male skullsfrom the south-west of the couintrywhich conform,as all the inhabitants of thatdistrict are supposed to do, to the ri'lbetanA type.(xxvi) Veddahs. Measurements of male Veddah skulls were taken from thefollowing sources:(a) Sir William Turner: loc. cit. (7 crania).(b) Paul u. Fritz Sarasin: Ergebnisse naturrwissenschaftlicherForschungen aufCeylon, Bd. iII. Wiesbaden, 1892-3, S. 198-307 (22 crania). Most of these skullswere subsequently measuiredby Luithy (A.f. A., Bd. xxxix. 1912, S. 70) and a fewof his additional measurements can be used.(c) Arthur Thomson: " On the Osteology of the Veddahs of Ceylon." Journialof the Anthropological Institute, Vol. xix. 1889, pp. 125-158 (6 crania at Oxford).(d) WilliamnHenry Flower: Catalogue of the Specimens .. in the Museumr f theRoyal College of Surgeons, Part I. 1907 (15 crania).(e) Rudolf Virchow: "Ueber die Veddahs von Ceylon." Abhandlungen dei?Kin.igl. Aklademieder Wissenschaftenzu Berlin, 1881 (1 cranium).(f) RuldolfVirchow: Zeitschriftfu,r Ethnologie, Bd. XIV. 1882, Verhandlungen.S. 302, and Bd. XVII. 1885, Verhandlungen, S. 500 (3 crania).(g) Riudinger: A. S. D.. Miinchen Catalogue, 1892, No. 414c (1 cranium).The pooled means for these Veddah skulls are given in Table I below.These 26 series have been used in order to arrive at a prelitninaryclassificationof the races they represent, and for this purpose the coefficients of racial likenesswere calculated for every possible pair. A few coefficienlts have also been foundwith the following shorter series which represents a particularly interesting racialtype.(xxvii) G. M. Mlorant: "A First Study of the Tibetan Skull." Bm., Vol. XIV.1923, pp. 193-260. The series comnprises 5 male skulls from the eastern provinceof Khams said to belong to the Tibetan B type which is clearly differentiated fromthe Tibetan A.



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T. L. WOOANDG. M1.MIORANT 117(3) Coefficientsof Racial Likeness betweenAsiattic Series. When the coefficientsof racial likeness between all the Asiatic series are compared,it is found that a sharpdistinction is made between a group of six which are closely allied to one anotherand all the remaining ones (cf. Tables II, V and VI below). The coefficients betweenthese six are given in Table II. Some of the regions represented are widely separatedgeographically. The vast majority of the Kalmuck skulls used come from theAstrakhan region which is 2000 miles to the west of the district inhabited by theneighbouring Telenghites (Teleuts), Buriats, Soyotes and Mongols; and it is morethan 3000 miles fromi here to the Aleutian Islands. But all the races in the grouip

FIC.. T H REL TIONSHIPS NORTHERNMONOOLI N R A C E S .17'OOMONc01. ---ALEUTS

--/---SOYOTES

(83i)*' ~.. 1.62 7 ZQ(82(5\__ S

,' REDUCED OEFFICIENTSFRACIALIKENESS.LESSTHAN 55-12, 12-19TELENQHITES(86-4) THE NUMBERSN BRACKETSRE HECEPHALICNDICESOFTHESERIES.

come from the northern parts of Asia and the islan(ds n the Bering Sea, while theChukchi is the only other type from that region for which we have adeqluatecraniological data. The group may be referred to as that of the Northern Mongolianraces, and it is probable that it would also include the Samoyed, Tungus, Ostiaksand Yakuts. The scheme of relationshiipsuiggestedby the lowest reduced coefficientsis shown in Fig. 2. It is surprising to find that the samples representing theKalmucks and Soyotes may be supposed to represent identically the same racialtype. In spite of the fact that no distinction can be nmade etween these two whenithey are compared directly, their relationships to the other series are by. no ineansthe same. The Buriats are very close to the Kalmnucks, ut distinctly removed fronm



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118 Classification of Asiatic Races

M

n e C: CR C 00CS )CKoo G l 0 rD C. C"0? 00 C: OLC, O_ 0 I n 00 40 n Io ci d3);~~~~~~~~ 00 X)c m O. Grm v Nv Nv C m ooC n s;ly e~ o~q Ce 'v__ 4 1 C.. 0

Dq C CO C C^CeQ .v .COCCO CC .n .V CO COv O OCd -,toK9 ] Ks . . .xo..o I Ie C vH Ov X CS H GS~~~~7,Ql,a Avr- zo .,v C- -t 1t->CCv

0 0~~~-~~10OO ~~~~~-~~011 000001?-riD O'OO 0 (0-t >00>t~~~~~~~~~~C zpe aq0 mm0 1- xmOma10 1?-COO OCON, O) 00101000 CO01m 401Oo6- t- Cn. x - C c O1 cq-0 00 10 0C, It$ 0 CO 0 0~cCciD001 Xt tC 0)CIZ M r 0q 0CO01

X i~~~~~~~~~~~t0I In.

e~~~~~~i I * II I Irp Ic Ito I I0C CZ-|CO 10

;~~~~~~~~~~tZO~r 4 1 00 V Mt- ' tr- MG ^;L( C XnM"t M

tDV > % e ~~~~~~COLO CO C

Ca ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^C t N ^ ^ ^ C.

*ca~0 COC 0 01 ~ G

. . . . . . . . . . . 0

8~~~~~~~~~ O I H H H

0 9 I9~~~~~~~~1CI19 CIT -fC -.C' I C0G .-C9- M--CCZMt

H0 1?, 01 0OTCC iD00 COM ' 0

00 q ----nr-- M t - 0

H ;

D .

CO1 C01 CO C

-

1010000 1 001011 1 100100II I1010 1 1~ ~ ~ ~~ ---_ oo CO 101 CO CO CO

g~~~~~10 0 01 ~ O O 0 -b 0 0 1 01 -e 0 1 CO - 01 C C5O- 0S O 0 10 10s~~~~~~~~~~-; '- C:O 1010 dC:eeO XOCOa~~00011- 0 00sm 0CXO1 C O000]cs C> OnCO10O

t _ i9- H H I~ I-1~ I I99 99[Qk- 14:t t t ~ 1 01 0 -~01~- OCC- H Gl 10m;

so ^ e sa nX rm rGQ C O 1:e010 CmO C

_ b kQ GQCD X O O: Gu1Gu1 l C:Gi~~~~~~N mcIoc~- ~ 0 DosVCXH_0 .____. .....................



13/40

T. L. WOOANDG. iM[.MORANT 119ce - -- 'i a= ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_ 0 D.,ug~~~~~~~~~~vz C= :C0 lf: La Q C oX>0 00

^., CM V Zn m ^-ZQm m CI M1 rM. m ;

U- mHP I I ; oC I r K o4-sKo ott C~~~~~~~~~~~

EH (N n, M.) t-M C C. ' O c f(1Z -a CC

OC) lr~~~~~~~0 1-1~~~~~~~4 OC) ~ ~ ~ )- Gl 00C^. L- Ct 1' ItC; c o Ot) X q rli G >Q)ci

-a)S Lr:La )ia a) ia cia) cia) ca La)La a a)

0B Iq H K- H -o

iqm ,nn m OCD o 00 T- eXjZ . t___N 0 0

c0. HG0 t- . Pn,QnO

a)i CD )- 0 a)Z0Oia) CL a>;

11-1 1~~~-1 -- a);>-. : D m IO I IA IV I I I I o- I I - C1

t_1 A, 1c o 4m 10 0O O o ;co cocaa) ~ ~

_ N C"It 3)M-I- a) -)L ca) O C C

I Q)

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ c -D

cq Lf) ' 'a) C . xt - tLa) I-~in L l k ' OC 0 0 a3)

- "tC) Ca . - Ca) Ca C C cci,a)cici cia) cia) 1C 1-

(N> Ca) L- 1> - - t__ 41, I o 4 QC -, C) Na) a)

ci)'t VD ,z "t t4 00- t- - -. c)ncI

- - - - - - -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0-t J. to Ci 'l m C.) -It C) CI 1-yt cn C 3 _4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1-1 -1 /l- r X - C

O-H11*a)cia) cia HP HP I Ii HP I II Ip I I I I I a

t N c) O cotL- s DHsrn ic

>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0?QC m 0 c

_ _ _ -. a) a) c

"-ci- Ca)~~~~~~~G0 0 001 00 cii5i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- ;f c

(a)O Ca)(ND Oia) a))cc ia) o E C; mmN CO (N co>t- % 00?CL

0 0~~~~~~~~~~

C) C >-OC 00 00 c c L-1 b GS mOb c c a t- e c U) C C )

fl ; Q CE m~~~~~~~~:.Qr4 r-~ -I cD l o 5


14/40

120 Classification of ASiatic Races

X x +1+1 +1+1 +1~~~~~~~~~+1 +1+1 +1+1| ooC?81 1o +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 + ccsC D 0IO = c

lt X0 sc- CI ( O C)r-~ G M c C) co ;S

U X ~ S t C X C;l9 j jGS e tGS a3 ^M+1 +1 +1 +1 +.C ve sO ~~~~~~~~~+11 +1 +1 +I1+1I +I +I ++ +1 +1 I., Cd I 4ao ;a = m s % s < m O I I . . Ic C-., I , I oc op ...- S- 0 ;

>~~~~~~~~~~~rc _ 0 .L I - It 00 o,z X ot O K: I < < I QQ t I C: o I cz t a) $Q~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~OD ~O I r

esV t g |t ] > P >| tt Z

|+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 c -@4tIC) [ O C f -. V. . . 0k I $ I 1~~~~~~~~~-D m r C)I-C cq IO t 0C OC:1 c

* e I I wn 11~~~~~~~G 00 1 -- mI 4 - >P91~~~~~~~~~~~~15, I I lllIIaz'r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, + I +I +I + I +^I ;-I,_ct I ce ,x) I - cD | | I n S mna iWg 11+1+1+1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Eq e I = _ | ~~~~~~~~~~~+I++II +I+I +I+I +I+| oc cc C C |4Q| | L - |XO|::|0| 00 CC)|

tI I I, I ^ I ^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I.II- d.4 I I t n I X o I o c i m t i e e & I I g ~~~~~~~~~~~t I I a I ~~~~~ Y ~ 4 t ~

t ] | H | | C; n | CD A: | , $ | ra:u: tztEQ|cQ~~~~~~i~pw - 4a.@ I I I I C:C:) I ;s5D 1 s1: I ne C>|e I I I-IP ^-Ca -- N It N. + + 1 I+ I 0? I j @ O I * O I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C)~ *. cr C0 ; -0 b

C


15/40

T. L. WOOANDG. M. AIORANT 121

-5 1'- 010 CIOCI C xcS C.ds~~~~~~~~~~~~-t --41 5e C" + +1+1 +1Cd I~~~~~~~~ ~ -~An +l +l +1+1 +1 +1 + +01- ['-.I Nc 0- 1 10[-(N Cf)(N 1Ctl0 (01- CZ00 010-(- c. C)~

=_ 00 1 00 C-O (N .00 *D .Q jcO m n l GS +1 +1++1 +1 +1+1 +1+1 +1+1 M

* 00 00 0 It30 ~~~~~~-1?- ~~~~~~~~~0 1-'- ~~~~~~~~~0'

C.) o~ -o m X I m s l ~ C O :l +l +l +l +l0 X P sQ +1I+I + +1 +1 +1 +' . ,000 00 00-I10)tC-oMo) C.)M CI C)

0) ____ _ . ) -

X to{ ~~+1+1 +1+1 +1+1 +1+1 00 s:It- ??00Ck ['-00 o0 r U- O1 CM G;1 C +1 + .+1+1 +1+1 +1+1 +1+1 CIY., 1000L- 0l ^C:l n I- 00 (000 [-- 0 ,4-

C. |. r . I . . . | . r

pq VZ 1- 000 [-N 0 _1-

C. _)1C- Ci

0) .0)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.C.&DC0

1.4


16/40

122 Classification of Asiatic Racesthe Soyotes. Each one of the five other series has its lowest reduced coefficient withthe Kalmucks, but the very similar Soyotes do not occupy such a central position.The Telenghites are distinguished from the other series by having no close connectionwith any one of them. There seems to be little relation between the affinities ofthe types and their geographical positions, and this is doubtless due to the fact thatmost of them represent nomadic, or semi-nomadic, peoples. The same conditionwould doubtless explain why several pairs of widely separated races have such closerelationships, but far more material might be needed to establish any close corre-spondence between the known migrations and the present-day affinities of the types.

The second group of Asiatic races distinguished by the coefficients is one madeup by all the Indian series available. Crude and reducedvalues aregiven in Table IIIand the arrangement suggested by the latter is shown in Fig. 3. The connectionsare less close than those between the Northern Mongolian races, there being noreduced coefficient less than 5 and only two-Hindus with Nepalese and Veddahswith Dravidians-less than 12. But when a rather higher limit is considered, theseries are found to have numerous connections with oile another. Every one has areduced coefficient less than 19 with every other one, except in the case of theVeddahs and Tamils, and there the value is 21 66. It is interesting to note that theVeddahs and Dravidians have their lowest coefficient with one another, while nosharp distinction can be made between them and the other Indian races. There isa rough correspondence between the affinities and geographical positions of theraces, though an exception to this is the fact that the Tamils from Southern Indiaapproach most closely to the Hindus of Bengal, while they stand appreciably closerto the Nepalese than to the Veddahs of Ceylon.

The coefficients of racial likeness between 12 of the remaining series are givenin Table IV and the connectionis provided by the reduced values less than 19 areshown in Fig. 3. A number of low values are found and every one of these typeshas at least one reduced coefficient less than 10. The group as a whole will bereferred to as that of the Oriental races, and it can be distinguished clearly fromboth the Northern Mongolian and Itndiangroups (see Tables VI and VII). In spiteof the large distances which separate the localities fromiwhich the three modernChinese series and the Japanese were procured, the types are found to be closelysimilar*. The Prehistoric series is equally and more distantly related to the threeothers fromChina,but this connection is still more initimate than any which has beenfound between one or another of the Veddah, Dravidian, Tamil or Telenghite groupsand any other Asiatic series. The races of China represented here and the Japanesemay be considered to form a sub-group of the Oriental one, their closest relationshipsto one another being decidedlymoreintimate than any betweenlthem and other types.Tjie remaining Oriental series also form a closely inter-related sub-group. It wassurprising to find, as Dr von Bonin has observed,that the Tagals fromthe Philippine

* The reduced coefficients in Table IV may be compared with that of 3-83A--19 between the maleFarringdon Street and Whitechapel series which both represent the population of London in the17th century.



17/40

Coeg

Series Burmese A Aetas Javanese: Bantam Javanese: M(40'3) (28-8) and Batavia (52 7) and East (6

Burmese A All characters .,. 3'18+ '17 (30) 8'22? '17 (30) 2'44+ '17(40 3) Inldices and Angles _1'48: 28 (12) 4-91L+*28 (12) 2 69? #28Aetas All characters 3'18?+17 (30) 2'84?-17 (30) 2-37+?17(2838) Indices and Angles 1-48? ?28 2) _4-25? '28 (12) 3196 +t28iJavaiese: Banatarn All characters 8 22017 (30) 2084+1-i (30) 2-71++17and Batavia52)7) Ilndices and Angles 4 31? '28 (12) 4215 + 28 (12) _ 64 + '28Java glese:Middle All characters 244... 88 '17 (30) 2637+ 17 (30) 28718? 17 (30)and East (63 7) Indices and Angles 27691_ 28 (12) 3-96?+28 (12) 01264? -28 (12)

Tibetans A All characters ... 9-617 17 (31) 7473?+ 17 (30) 8-410+ 17 (30) 78'64+ 179(3589) Indices anid Angles 6386?+28 (12) 978?+328 (12) 14-58?6 8 (12) 10423?+-28Dayaks All characters .. 74072? 17 (30) 6-70+ '17 (30) 84514 17 (30) 4752+ -17(45 2) Indices and Angles 7243? '28 (12) 10313+? 28 (12) 12450+ '28 (12) 7109++28Tagals All characters ... 5'88? *17 (30) 68974+ 17 (30) 1088?+ '17 (30) 5-76 + *17(23 0) Indices and Anigles 7.6. +28 (12) 9491+-28 (12) 12863? 28 (12) 8i75+8-28

Japanese All characters ... 19-78+ '20 (23) 17242?+19 (25) 2580? ?19 (25) 18'36+'219(8894) IndicesaridAn gles 35'598 39 (6) 3191?+34 (8) 3963? 34 (8) 34317+34Chinese : Fukien All characters 7-42+ -18 (29) 1-076? -17 (30) 14-62? 17 (30) 8-92 -i7((36 0) Indices arid Atgles 7-52T -29 (11) 13 93? -28 (12) 14-88+ *28 (12) 11-23?,28(

Prehistoric Chinese All characters ... 15917'?'18 (27) 18204+ 18 (28) 21666?+18 (28) 0512+ '18(3685) Indices and A -gles 24386? '32 (9) 24376+ "30 (10) 31438 + *30 1.0) 55 +8) '30Chirlese (Koxganei) All characters ....... 16-83? -21 (21) 22 27+21 (21) 34X00? -21 (21) 21,64 +-21((69-4) . ......Ildicesiid Aiigles 23 68+ -39 (6) 32 67+ 36 (7) 35 90? -36 (7) 31-78T-36;Chinese: Pekiiig All characters .. . 193*9.3+ 18(2 ) 20^32+ 18 (28) 26-85?+18 (28) 20-62 + l18((78-7) Indices aind Arigles 31-91T -32 (9) 31 19? 30 (10) 40-(08? -30 (10) 32-86 + 30(

Burmese A 9.. .. ... - 938+ 52 17'93?+ 38 4'92 ? -,Aetas ... 9-38?+ 52 7 '63+47 5-98+*4Javanese: Bantanin nd Batia ... 17'93?+'38 7'63+?47 - 4'70+*3Javanese: Middl aiid East ... 4-92 + 35 5'98?+ 44 4'70+ '30Tibetans A .. ... .. 25'29?+ 45 2418? + 5 19-73 +*41 16'72 +*Dayaks .. ... *. ... 16'51?+ 41 19'24+ 50 17-49+ 36 8'98 +*3Tagals ... ... ... .. 18'98 + '56 2605 + '65 32'08 + '51 23'27 ? *Japanese ... ... ... 35'67?+ 36 39'88? '44 38'97 ?*29 24'93 +?Chinese: Fukieii .. 19'53+'47 33'63+ 54 34'14?+ 41 19-38 ?Prehistoric Chinese ... ... 39'23+ '47 a5564+ 56 50'21?+ 42 2 80+Chinese (Kogao ei) ... ... .. 32'35+ '40 52-99?+ 50 56'24+ '34 33'72 +C(hinese: Pekirng ... ... ... 37'00? 34 47'95? '43 42'43+ '28 29'32+



18/40

TABLE IV.Coefficientsof Racial Likeness betwceenOriental Races*.

Crude CoefficientsJavanese: Bantam Javanese: Middle Tibetans AI Dayal s Tagals JapaneseandBatavia (52'7) and East (63'7) (35'9) (45 2) (25'0) (88'4)

30) 8'22? '17 (30) 2'44+ '17 (30) 9'61 ? '17 (31) 7-07 ? '17 (30) 5'88+ '17 (30) 19'78? '20 (23)~12) 4'91 + 28 (12) 2'69+'-28 (12) 6'86? '28 (12) 7'43?' 28 (12) 7'61+'28 (12) 35' 9?' 39 (6)2'84+'-17 (30) 2-37+?'17 (30) 7'73?'-17 (30) 6'70?'17 (30) 6 97+'li7 (30) 17'42 +'19 (25)4'25? '28 (12) 3'96+ '28 (12) 9'78? '28 (12) 10'13? '28 (12) 9'91?+ 28 (12) 31'91T 34 1(8)

30) 2'71+ '17 (30) 8'41?' 17 (30) 8'51? '17 (30) 10'88 + 17 ('0) 25'80?'-19 (25)12) -0-64+'-28 (12) 14'58?'-28 (12) 12' 0?'-28 (12) 12'634+'28 (12) 39-63?"-3 (8)30) 2'71? '17 (30) -7'64?'-17 (30) 4,75 ?'17 (30) 5-76+'-17 ('0) 18'36?'-19 (25)12) 0'64? '28 (12) 10'23:? 28 (12) 7 '09?~ '28 (12) 8'75 ? 28 (12) 34'31+ 34 (8)30) 8'41?'-17 (30) 7'64+ -17 (30) 2'47 ? 17 (30) 4'91+ '17 (30) 14'60+'-20 (23)12) 14'58? '28 (12) 10'23'+ 28 (12) 2'37? '28 (12) 3-89+ '28 (12) 14'44? '39 (6)30) 8'51? '17 (30) 4'75 +17 (30) 2'47 ? 17 (30) 0'71+'-17 (30) 9'50?'-19 (25)12) 12'50? '28 (12) 7'09+'-28 (12) 2'37 ? 28 (12) 0'13+ '28 (12) 14'06?"-4 (8)30) 10'88? '17 (30) 5'76+'-17 (30) 4'91+ '17 ('0) 0'J?1 17 (30) 5'27?'-19 (2512) 12'63 ? '28 (12) 8'75? '28 (12) 3-89 + 28 (12) 0'13+? '28 (12) 9'08? '34 (8)25) 25'80?-1.9 (25) 18'36+ '19 (25) 14'60? '20 (2') 9'50? '19 (25) 5'27+ '1.925(8) 39'63'?34 (8) 34'31?'-34 (8) 14'44+'-39 (6) 14'06? '34 (8) 9'08+'-34 (8)3) 14'62? '17 (30) 8'92+?'17 (30) 7'26? '18 (29) 7'10?'-17 (30) 5'16 +17 (30) 2'71?'-20 (22)12) 14'88+ '28 (12) 11'23? 28 (12) 4'97? '29 (11) 6'87? '28 (12) 6 97+' 28 (12) 3-70? '43 (5)

28) 21'66?'-18 (28) 15'12 + 18 (28) 10'90?'h1 (27) 7'42?'-18 (28) 3' 9? 48 (28) '-82?'-20 (23)10) 31'38 ?'30 (1.0) 5 '819 '30 (10) 9'58?'-32 (9) -179? -3O010) 2'92+ '30 (10) 7'12?'-36 (7)21) 34'00? '21 (21) 21'64+ '21 (21) '22"34? '21 (21) 19'06? '21 (21) 8'9? + 21 (21) 2'86? '21 (20)(7) 35'90?"-6 (7) 31'78+' 36 (7) 20"59?'-9 '(0) '22'75?'36 (7) 10'15 + 36 (7) 1k83 ?39 628) 26'85? '18 (28) 20'62+'-18 (28) 14'0+?'18 (27) 15'41+'-18 (28) 8'i16+?'I8 (28) 10'41?'-20 (23)10) 40'08? '30 (10) 32'86:+ '30 (10) 13'25+ '32 (9) 16'59? '30 (10 9'83+ "30(10) 6'70?" 36 (7)

RieducedCoefficients (all1 haracters)1 17'.33+38 4'92+?'35 25"29 + 45 16#51 +'41 18'98+'-56 35v67?+'67 63'?'47 '98+'-44 24'18+'Y5 1.9'24+'oO55 26-05 +'-6 39'88 +'447 - ~~~~~~~~~4'70?+'309'7'++41 17'49+'36 32'08 +' 1 38'97+' 294'70-+'30 -16'72 + 38 8'98+' 33 23'2 7+'48 24'93 +'26S 19'73+'-41 16'72+'-38 -6'21 +'44 16'68 + 59 29'20?'-40S 17'49?+'36 8'98+'-33 6'21+'-44 -2'20+'54 15'73+'-3232'08 +'51 23'27+?'48 16'68+ '59 2'20+' 54- 13'52 + 494 38'97 ?'29 24'93+'26 29'20+'-40 15'73+'32 1352?+'49 --4 34'14+'-41 19'38+ '38 20'20+'49 17'72+?'43 17'47+ 59 5r41+ '416 50'21+'-42 32'80+'-39 3O0O07+'51 18'33 +'-44 12'02+?'60 13'51l+ 390 56'24+'-34 33'72+'-32 47'30?+'44 34'2 8?'37. 23'68?'55 3'73??2813 42'43+'-28 29'32+'-26 28'58+?'37 26'72?+31 22'94+'47 12'86+'25

*See footnote to Table II.



19/40

aces*.icients

Tagals Japanese Chinese: Fukien Prehistoric Chinese Chinese (Koganei) Chinese: Peking(25 0) (88'4) ('360) (36 5) (69'4) (78'7)5-88+? 17 (30) 19'78+? 20 (23) 7'42++ 18 (29) 15 17? 18 (27) 16 83+ 21 (21) 19-93+? 18 (27)7i61 ?28 (12) 35-59? 39 (6) 7-52+ 29 (11) 24'86? *32 (9) 23'68?' 39 (6) 31-91?+ 32 (9)6'97+'17 (30) 17'42+ 19 (25) 10'76+ 17 (30) 18'04+ 18 (28) 22'27? 21 (21) 20'32+'18 (28)9-91? '28 (12) 31*91?+ 34 (8) 13#93+ *28 (12) 24'76? '30 (10) 32'67? -36 (7) 31'19+? 30 (10)

10'88?+ 17 (30) 25-80+ '19 (25) 14'62+ '17 (30) 21'66? 18 (28) 34'00? '21 (21) 26-85+ '18 (28)12'63? '28 (12) 39-63?" -3 (8) 14'88 + '28 (12) 31 38? 30 (10) 35'90? '36 (7) 40'08+ '30 (10)5'76? '17 (30) 18-36+ '19 (25) 8(92+ -17 (30) 15?12+ '18 (28) 21'64? '21 (21) 20'62+ '18 (28)8-75 + 28 (1.2) 34'31+ *34 (8) 11'23 + *28 (12) 55'89? "30 (10) 31'78?'36 (7) 32-86+ 30 (10)4'91 + 17 (30) 14'60 + '20 (23) 7'26 + '18 (29) 10'90 ? 18 (27) 22-34 ? '21 (21) 14-08 + '18 (27)3'89+ '28 (12) 14-44? '39 (6) 4'97+ '29 (11) 9-58? '32 (9) 20'59? '39 (6) 13'25+ -32 (9)0'71?-'17 (30) 9'50?-'19 (25) 7'10? -17 (30) 7'42?-'18 (28) 19'06? -21 (21) 15-41+'18 (28)0'13? '28 (12) 14'06?-"34 (8) 6"-87+-28 (12) 7-79? '30 (10) 22'75 ? -36 (7) 16'59+'30 (10)

5 27+ 19 (25) 5'6+l1 (30) 3'59? '18 (28) 8'95+?21 (21) 8-76+?18 (28)908?+ '34 (8) 6'97?+ 28 (12) 2-92? '30 (10) 1015 ? 36 (7) 9-83+ '30 (10)5'27 + 1.9 (25) 2'71 + '20 (22) 6'82+?20 (23) 2'86 + '21 (20) 10'41 + '20 (23)9'08+ 34 (8) 3'70+? 4 (5) 7'12+ 36 (7) 1'83? 39 (6) 6'70?'36 (7)5-16? '17 (30) 2'71? '20 (22) 3-46? -20 (23) 1-35? '24 (16) 2'60+? 20 (23)6 97? 28 (12) 3'70? '43 (5) 2-60?'36 (7) 0'31?+55 (3 ) 2'73+?36 (7)3'59+ '18 (28) 6'82+? 20 (23) 3'4+? 20 (23) 4'65? '21 (21) 4'80+? 18 (28)2'92+ 30(10) 7'12?'36 (7) 260?+36 (7) _ 4'71?'36 (7) 6'09+ 30(10)8'95 ?'21 (21) 2'86?+ 21 (20) 1"35+ '24 (16) 4'65 + *21 (21) 4-23?+ 21 (21)10-l5 +36 (7) 1-83? 3"9 (6) 0'31 +'55 (3 ) 4'71?'36 (7) 0-38+?36 (7)876 ? '18 (28) 10'41?'20 (23) 2'60?+ 20 (23) 4'80+ '18 (28) 4'23? '21 (21)9-83+3" 0 (10) 6'70?-"36 (7) 2-73+-"36 (7) 6'09?" -30 (10) 0'38? -36 (7) -

(a1lcharacters)18'98+ '56 35v67 ?+ 36 19'53 +'47 39'23 +47 32,35 + '40 37'00+ 3-126 ()5 +65 39'88 + '44 33'63 +'54 55 64 + *56 52'99? '50 47'95 +'4332'08+ 51 38'97 ? 29 34'14+'41 50'21+ *42 56'24+ -34 42'43?+ 2823277+48 24'93 + '26 19'38T+38 32'80 + 39 33'72+ '32 29'32+'2616'68 +'59 29-20?+ 40 20 520+49 30'07 + 51 47'30+ '44 28'58 +*37

2'20+ *54 15'73 +' 32 17'72 +43 18-33+ '44 34'28+ '37 26'72 + *3113-52 +'49 17-47 + '59 12'02 + 60 23'68 + '55 22'94+ '4713'52?+ 49 -_ 5-41 + 41 13'51d+ *39 3'73+ '28 12'86?+2517-47 ? ^59 5r41+ '41 956 + 55 2'86?+ 50 5'16+'3912'02 +? 60 13-51 +? 39 9'56?+ 55 9'61++43 9'64+ '3623-68+ 55 373? ?'28 2'86 + 050 9'61 + 43 _ 5'60+*2822'94?' 47 12'86+ *25 5'16+? 39 9'64+ *36 5'60+ '28 _

To face p. 122



20/40

T. L. WOOANDG. MI.MORANT 123

LO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L~

z -~~~~~~~~~~~~~Z @Q NK

LU~~~~~MLL. Lu~~~~~~~

10~~~10 %~~~~*

LAJ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~LJ.z~~~~~~~~~UaLU~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L

LUJI.- Iz.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Cz~~~~~ L

L IS

LL~~~~~~~~~~


21/40

124 Classification of Asiatic RacesIslands and the Dayaks from Borneo are almost identical in type. The only reducedcoefficients less thani 19 between the two sub-groups are those connecting thePrehistoric Chinese, Fukien Chinese and Japanese with the Tagals and Dayaks.The close link between the last and the Tibetans of the A tvypes also an unexpectedrelation. The connection between the Dayaks and one series from Java, which isitself closely connected with another series from Java and the Burmese A, mighthave been anticipated; but the fact-previously noted by Dr von Bonin-that theAetas (a so-called negrito people from the Philippine Islands) are also intimatelyconnected with the Javanese and Burmese is one of peculiar importance. Thereduced coefficient between the Tagals and Aetas is 26 05 + -65, but the latter havelinks with other supposed non-negrito races of the Orient which are of precisely thesame order as the lowest which can normually e found between one Asiatic seriesand another. This in itself provides sufficient justification for questioning thevalidity of the negrito hypothesis, and other evidence considered below raises thesame doubts. It mriaye noted that there is, in general, Inovery close correspondencebetween the racial affinities of the series, as measured by these methods, and thegeographical positions of the Oriental populations they represent, except in the caseof the Chinese and Japanese groups. Migrations,of which somiie re known to havetaken place in recent times, may well account for this condition. Contrasted with itis the extraordinary uniformity of the Chinese type. If more adequate material wereavailable from remote parts of the country, there can be little doubt that distinctracial differences would be found, but there is already a clear suggestion that thegreater part of the enornmous opulation of China conforms more closely to a singleracial type than do the present-day populations of several European countries*.

It has been suggested above that the coefficients of racial likeness make possiblea division of the majority of the Asiatic series into three distinct groups, or fourmay be distingtished if the Oriental one is divided into two. Such a classificationis, of course, only provisional and it is not unlikely that the apparent divisionsbetween the groups will become less precise as more material becomiesavailable. Thearrangement arrivedat is shown in Figs. 2 and 3, and it depends only on the evidenceprovided by the lowest reduced coefficients, none greater than 19 being consideredin the diagrams. The experience derived from a similar comparisonof European andother races has suggested that the most consistent results are to be obtained byconsidering only the closer degrees of affinity. The majority of the larger coefficientsbetween the Asiatic series have yet to be presenlted,but before doing this it willbe convenient to notice the order of the highest reduced valtues ound betweenipairsof series belonging to the same group. In the case of the NortherrnMongolianiraces(Table II) the highest coefficient is 51-07 between Telenghites and Mongols, but ifthe Telenghites are omitted the extremiie s 25 01 between Buriats and Aleuts. Thegreatest divergence between two Indian series (Table III) is found in the case of* Cf. " The Use of Biometric Methods applied to Craniiology."Bionietrika, Vol. xviii. 1926, pp. 414-417. The coefficionts of racial likeness are given in the above paper between a Northern and a SouthernChinese series compiled from various sources, but not used in the present paper, and the Fukien andKoganei's series. All are of a low order.



22/40

T. L. WOO AND G. M. MIORANT 12athe Veddahs and Tamils having a reduced coefficient of 2166. For the Orientalseries the maximumn alue is 56-24 between the Chinese (Koganei) and Javanese(Bantam and Batavia.): for the Japanese and Chinese alone the extreme is 1351] inthe case of the Japanese and Prehistoric Chinese, anid for the other Oriental racesit is 32 08 between the Tagals and Javanese (Bantanm nd Batavia). If the Orientalgroup is sub-divided in this way, and if the Telenghites are omitted from theNorthern Mongolians, then the maximnumneduced coefficient between two membersof the same group is of the or(ler30: if these restrictions are not m-iadehe maxinmunmis of the order 55.

We may turn now to Table V which gives the crude and reduced coefficients ofracial likeness between the six Northern AMongoliannd the five Indian races. The.30reduced values range fromn 21 1 to 429 6, and the last appears to be the highestthat has yet been found in comparisons between any pair of races in the world.Crtudecoefficients of racial likeness between all possible pairs of 41 European andEgyptian series have been published*, and when these 820 values are reduced thehighest is found to be 174 0 between a British Neolithic and a Bavarian (Waischen-feld) series. Much greater divergences than this are evidently found in Asia. Thegreater reduced coefficients in Table V still, however, pertmit lls to arrange theseries in an orderly sequence. The Kalmnucks,Telenghites, Buriats, Soyotes andMongols all lhave their highest values with the Veddahs, their next highest with theDravidians and so on in the order of the five Indian series given in the table. TheAleuts give the very sirilar order: Veddahs-I)ravidians-Tamils-Hindus-Nepalese. In spite of the fact that all the Indian races are widely removed fromall the Northern Mongolianraces, there is thus clear evidence that the latter group,considered as a whole, resembles the Nepalese far more closely than it (doestheVeddah type. The linear arrangement given to the different Indian series by thismeans was not found to express their trujerelationships when they were compareddirectly. Reading the table in the other direction, it will be seen that there is lessuniformity in the orders in which the six Northern Mongolian series are arrangedby their reduced coefficients with the different Indian series. The lowest values arewith the Kalmucks in three cases and with the Telenghites in the other two, whilethe, Northern series furthest removed frointhe Indians are the Mongols and Aleuts.These arrangem-ents such as can reasornablybe accepted as indicating the trueand somewhat complex relationships of the various types. The crude coefficientswould suggest a different and a less cornsistentscheme of relationship which is farless likely to correspondto the actual racial links.

The 72 coefficients between the Northern Mongolian and Oriental series aregiven in Table VI. The range of the reduced values is ftom 43 2 (Burmese A andTelenghites) to 184-1 (Chinese Prehistoric and Aleuts), and there are 12 values lessthan 60. The closest connections here thus indicate a rather more intimate degree

* G. M. Morant: "A Preliminary Classification of European Races based on Cranial Measurements."Biomietrika, Vol. XXB.1928, pp. 301-375. The reduced coefficients derived from the crude ones given inthis paper have not been published.



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126 Classification of Asiatic Racesar~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: 00 l It Gqav ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tl jl- 1. L- ts:1XoO0

-. .m X. . ..mr me m+ +1++1+1 +1+1add +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 o C 0 Mo

C) -1 t r- -t t-~ ?J Yo cl: -. I- eOq 00 OO , 1- D X Z C: I_ . C. 4,H~mZ cNLr-Z o D _ 1- Cc

l0 m Itt 0Z .w lCD

lcC D

l

nq X arc: O e e( N t (N*- H0iI NCO IN 't G t +1+1+1+1+1+1Ct E +l +l +l +i +l +l +l +l +1 +1 +1 +1E- ~ ~ -t~~~~~~~~~~~r0


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Coe fcients of Raci

Series Chinese: Peking Chinese (Koganei) Prehistoric Clhinese Chinese: F(79-5) (69-4) (36&5) (36 0)

All characters ... 44 04+ 18 (28) 32-10+-21 (21) 29-16?+18 (28) 25-76+ 19Kalmucks (34 5) Indices and Angles 61-36 ? -30 (10) 4940 + -30 (7) 44-97 + -30 (10) 35 49+ 32

Telenghites55S4) All characters 64-08+-19 (26) t 39-85+-23 (17) 45-84+-19 (26) 34 03+*19Indices and Angles 107 48 ?32 (9) 84 07+ 48 (4) 841 + -32 (9) 68 54+ -36All characters ... 41-47 ? 20 (2) 22*97 + 25 (15) 3002+?20 (22) 2304 + *20Buriats (28 5) Indices and Angles 55 94 + *34 (8) 29-59 + *48 (4) 46-65 + ,34 (8) 27 25+ *34

Soyotes (36*1) All characters 72-86? -26 (13) 30(29+ 32 (9) 49 00+-26 (13) 33 30+ *24Indices and Arigles 131-55 ? *48 (4) -+ 94 81 + 48 (4) 56 67 + -43

Aleuts (28 3) All characters . 73 47+ 28 (12) 27 13+ 34 (8) 59| 5 ?+ 28 (12) 36 24+ 24Aleuts 283) Indices and Angles 174068?-55 (3) t 137-59 +55 (3) 63-85+-43

Mon1011gols109*5) All characters ... 15271I+30 (10) 72-59+-39 (6) 87 25?+ 30 (10) 55 60+ -25Indices- and Angles 269 40+ 55 (3) 5-t 1130+?55 (3) '470130+43

Kalnmucks ... ... ... ... 9324+ 38 7081 +46 1 8329 + 51 69-71 +Telenghites ... ... ... ... 98-83 + *29 65-07 *38 104193 + *43 75 30+Buriats ... ... ... ... 98-51 + *48 57 54 +*62 94-00 + *64 70 24 +Soyotes ... ... ... ... 143(00+ *52 64 24+ *67 130-76 + *71 69 03 +Aleuts ... ... ... ... ... 17558 + 66 69-21 + *86 184-14+ *85 114-33+Mongols ... ... ... ... 161U21+ *32 87-08 + *47 153-07 + *53 102 60+

Coefficients

Series Tibetans A Dayaks Tagals Japanes(35.9) (43 8) (2150) (82 3)

Veddahs (33-1) All characters .. 23-00+ 21 (21) 27-01 + 20 (23) 21V24?+20 (23) 43 28 + 21Indices and Angles 34 66 ? -36 (7) 25-81 + *34 (8) 15-63+ .34 (8) 32 22_+ 39Dravidians (31-0) All characters ... 24-62 +?24 (16) 20-25?+ 21 (21) 14 85 + *21 (21) 40 09 + *25Indices and Angles 39.55? 43 (5) 27 19+ 36 (7) 15-70+ :36 (7) 66-55 + 55

Hindus (74-6) All characters 1601 + -22 (19) 18-45+ 20 (23) 14k47+ 20 (23) 45 85+ 22Hindus 746) Indices and Angles 22-35 ?-39 (6) 13 17 ?34 (8) 7-11 + 31 (8) 17-99+ 48All characters ... 14-49+?18 (29) 10-76+-17 (30) 7-75?+17 (30) 1900+ -20Tamils (35*0) Indices and Anigles 22-333+-29 (11) 13-44+-28 (12) 8-34+-28 (12) 25-68+,43

Nepalese (45-7) All charactes ... 5-07+-17 (31) 7 63+ 17 (30) 6-96+ 17 (30) 14-833+-2(Iindices and Angles 8-40+-28 (12) 5-53+ -28 (12) 1 69+ 28 (12) 7-63+ -39

Veddahs ... ... ... ... 67-34 + *61 68-71+ *51 73-50+ *69 88-69+Dravidians ... ... ... ... 73-98 + *72 54 02 + *56 53-53 +75 84-7:3+Hindus ... ... ... ... 3-31+ 46 32-12 + 35 38-93+ 54 56-39 +Tamils ... ... ... ... ... 4089+ *50 27*63 + *45 27(07+ *61 38-94+Nepalese ...2.60+ 42 16 90+ -39 215 5+ 54 2507+* See footne



25/40


26/40

IOriental Races*.cients

Dayaks Tibetans A Javanese: Middle Javanese: Bantam Aktas Burmese A(44.7) (36 0) and East (631) and Batavia (52 7) (29 2) (40 9)29301 + -17 (30) 20,21 + 18 (29) 27-81 + *17 (30) 38-86? 17 (30) 26-17?-18 (29) 20.40+ 18 (29)34,43?+28 (12) 16 56+ 29 (11) 34 55+ 28 (12) 39'13+-28 (12) 28'68?+29 (11) 27-21+-29 (11)34'29 + 18 (28) 24-80+ -19 (26) 26 39 + 18 (28) 33 1.8+18 (28) 19'19?+18 (227) 20 25 + 19 (26)57-84?+ 30 (10) 38'49?+ 34 (8) 46-44 + .30 (10) 47 08 +30 (10) 29-06 +32 (9) 35-75?+34 (8)30-62+-19 (25) 21-93?+21 (21) 25-19+?19 (25) 35-95+-19 (25) 22-784?19 (25) 16 99+ -21 (21)36-29+ ,32 (9) 16-96?+ 36 (7) 31P07+?32 (9) 34-80? 32 (9) 22-96?+32 (9) 22-91+*36 (7)40-53?+23 (17) 31-81+-25 (14) 36-02+-23 (17) 49-98?+23 (17) 3062?+ 23 (17) 30-75?+25 (14)57-51+ 39 (6) 3307?+48 (4) 55-57+ 39 (6) 62-75?+39 (6) 40-21?*39 (6) 156.69+*48 (4)48-16?+ 24 (16) ;33 05 + 25 (14) 39 03+ *24 (16) 49-15 +24 (16) 3700?+ *24 (16) 3,511 + *25 (14)78 25+ 43 (5) 45 40+ 48 (4) 170 19+ 43 (5) 77-68?+43 (5) 62-26+-43 (5) 62-78+148 (4)89 13+ 25 (14) 59 63+ 28 (12) 85-37+?25 (14) 108&11?+25 (14) 68-06? 25 (14) 56-59+?28 (12)02-35+-43 (5) 46 70+48 (4) 102-21+ -43 (5) 113-79+?43 (5) 78 21+43 (5) j 84-15?+48 (4)(all characters)

74-53 + *45 58,67 + *51 62-35 + *39 93-18 + *42 82 05 + *56 55 85 +*4969-10 + *36 56-70+143 44 83 + *31 59'62 + -32 49-66 + *48 43-18 + 4087 99 + *55 67-99 +?65 63-72 + 148 96144 + *51 7742 + 65 49-16 + 6099 94 + 57 75 97 + 61 78'76 +*51 116-56 + *54 93-61 + -7I 78-0865136-63 + *68 106 21 + *82 100-18 + *61 13333+65 12689+ 82 105668+ 77136-40 + *39 110143+ 51 107 76?+ 32 15211 + *36 144 25 + *54 93-25 + *45

rttalRaces**5cientsChinese: Fukien Javanese: Bantam Javanese: Middle Aetas Chinese (Koganei) Burmese A(36 0) and Batavia (51 9) and East (61-9) (28 8) (69 4) (40.3)38-81 + 21 (21) 46-76?+20 (23) 52-62 + 20 (23) 44 17 ? *20 (23) 62-27 ? -22 (18) 58-52 + *21 (21)33-63 + -36 (7) 74-37 ? -34 (8) 65'47 +34 (8) 62 81 + -34 (8) 46-13 + 43 (5) 7323 ?+ 36 (7)

31-18+-22 (18) 40-68+-21 (21) 41-58+-21 (21) 35-74?+21 (21) 48-28? 30 (10) 55a24+-24 (16)32-99 + *39 (6) 73-76T 36 (7) 64-82 + *36 (7) 65-48 +?36 (7) -t 87'06 ? *43 (5)25-54 + *21 (21) 33-64?+ 20 (23) 40 14 + 20 (23) 2952 +20 (23) 54-57 + 26 (13) 48-98 + 22 (19)12 24 + *36 (7) 54-65 +34 (8) 46-31 + *34 (8) 46-73 + 34 (8) -t 58&43+ 39 (6)19-49 + *17 (31) 26'69 + *17 (.30) 2549?+ *17 (30) 22-30+17 (30) 33-71 +?24 (16) 23-17 + *18 (29)22-36?+ 28 (12) 42-10+,28 (12) 3776+ -28 (12) 23-00+ 28 (12) 46-60+?55 (3) 24-72+ 29 (11)14-16 +18 (29) 21U55+ *17 (30) 22-49 + *17 (30) 20-59 + *17 (30) 37-64 +?21 (21) 26-59 + *17 (31)9'62+ 329(11) 34i15+-28 (12) 27-60?+28 (12) 27,49 +-28 (12) 26-52?+39 (6) 26-27+?28 (12)(all characters)

112-85 + *61 133-55 + *48 120-23+ *45 141*66 + *64 146&59+ *53 159 00 + *5793-69+ *68 10417+ *53 105-91 + 53 119-46?+ 70 112-31 + *0 154-95 + *6752-81 + *43 54-78+ 32 58*42+ -29 69-41 +? 47 76,21 + *37 92'06 + *4154-91 + 148 55-79 + *36 57 01 + *39 70-58 + *55 72-52 + *51 61-89 + *4735-21 + *44 44410 + *36 42-45 + *33 58-26 + *49 67,79 + 37 62,01+ *40.ersavailable. To face 7. 126



27/40

Coeffc-ients f Raci

Series Chinese: Peking Chinese (Koganei) Prehistoric Chiinese Chinese: F(79-5) (69-4) (36&5) (36-0)Kalmucks34*5) Allicharacters ... 44-04? 18 (28) 32-10 + 21 (21) 29-16? 18 (28) 25-76 + 19Indices and Angles 6136 ? -30 (10) 4940 + -303 (7) 44-97+ 30 (10) 35,49?1 -2

Telengites 55*4) All characters .. 64-08?+ 19 (26) 39-85 + 23 (17) 45-84?+ 19 (26) :3403 +,19Indices and Angles 107148 ?132 (9) 84 -07+ 48 (4) 81L41? -32 (9) 68-54 + -36All characters . 41U47? -20 (221) 22-97 + -25 (15) 30-02+ 20 (22) 23-04 + -20Buriats28~5) Indices and Angles .55-94? 34 (8) 29-59+ -48 (4) 46-65?+34 (8) 27 25 + 34

Soyotes (36*1) All characters .. 72-86? -26 (13) 30-29+ -32 (9) 49-00? 26 (13) 33-30+ -24Indices and Anigles 131-55?+ 48 (4) -+ 94-81?+ 48 (4) 56-67 +43Aleus 2-3) All characters .. 73-4-7+ 28 (1~2) 27-13 + 34 (8) 59-55?+ 28 (1~2) 36-24 + 24Aleuts283) Indices and Angles 174068?-55 (3) -t 137-59 + 55 (3) 63-8,5+43

Mon01gols109*5) All characters ... 15~2-71?1-0 (10) 72-59?+ 39 (6) 87-25?+ 30 (10) 55-60 + 25Indices-and Angles 269-40? 55 (3) -t151-30? 55 (3) 470130?+43

Kalm-ucks ... . . . 93-24+ 18 70,81 +46 1 83-29 + 5 6971 +Telenghites ... ... . ... 98-83 + -29 65-07 + 38 104-93 + -43 75 10 +Buriats .. . .. *.. 98-51+ -48 5? 54 +,62 94,00 +-64 70-24 +Soyotes .. ... ... ... 143-00+ 52 64,24++67 130-76 + 71 69-03 +Aleuts ... ... ... ... I. 75-58 + 66 69-21+ -86 184-14+ 85 114133+Mongols .. . . ... 161U21+ 12 87-08 + 47 153,07?+ 53 102-60+

CoefficienitSeries Tibetans A Dayaks Tag,als Japanes(35.9) (43-8) (2150') (82-3)

Veddahs (33-1) All characters 23. 2300?21 (21) 27-01?+ 20 (23) 21V24+ -20 (23) 43-28 + 21Indices anid Angles 34-66 ? 136 (7) 25-81 + .34 (8) 15,63 + .34 (8) 32-22 + 39

Dravidians (31-0) All characters ... 24-62?+ 24 (16) 20-25+ 21 (~21) 14-85?+ 21 (21) 40-09 + 25Indices and Angles 39-55? .43 (5) 27-19?+36 (7) 15-70? 136 (7) 66-55 + 55Hindus(74-6) All characters .. 16-01 ? -22 (19) 18-45 + -20 (23) 1417?1 20 (23) 45 -85 + -22Hindus746) Indices and Angles 22-35 ? 19 (6) 13-17 ? 34 (8) 7-11?+314 (8) 1799 + 48

Tamis 3-0) All characters ... 14149? 18 (29) 10-76+ -17 (30) 7-7 5?+17 (30) 19-00+ -20Tamils35~0) Indices and Anigles 22-33 + 29 (11) 13-44 + 28 (12) 8-34 + 28 (12) 25,68 +,43

Nepalese (45-7) All character-s ... 5-07?' 17 (31) 71,63+1-7' (30) 6-96 + 17 (30) 14-83+-2(0Iindices and Angles 8,40? -28 (12) 5.53 + -28 (12) 1'-69?28 (12) 7-63 + -39

Veddahs . ... ... ... 67i 34 + 61 68-71 + 51 '73-50 + 69 88-69+Dravidians .. ... ... ... 73-98+? 72 54-02 + 56 53.53 + 75 84-"o3+Hindus ... X. .. ...331+ 16 32-12 + 35 38-93 + 54 56-39 +Tamils ... .. . . . 40-89+ 50 27?63 + 45 27-07 + 61 38-94+Nepalese .. . . ... 12-60+ 12 16-90+ 19 21l55 +,54 25-07+

*See footn(



28/40

TABLE VI.Coetlcents of Racial Like?ess betweenNorthern Mongolian and Oriental Races*.

Crude Coefficientsinei) Prehistoric Clhinese Chinese: Fukiell Japanese Tagals Dayaks Tibetans A

(36&5) (36 0) (898) (247) (44 7) (36.0)21) 29-16 + 18 (28) 25-76 ? *19 (25) 34-48 + 19 (24) 24625 +17 (30) 29-01 + 17 (30) 20-21 +18 (29)(7) 4497?+ 30 (10) 35 49+ 132 (9) 53 02?+ 34 (8) 31-89 -28 (12) 34,43+ 28 (12) 16 56+ 29 (11)17) 45-84+-19 (26) :34-03+-19 (24) 38-71+2-0 (22) 29-36?18 (28) 3429+18 (8) 248019 (26)(4) 81-41?+ 32 (9) 68a54+-36 (7) 78 61? 39 (6) 51a23 + 30 (10) 57i84+ 130 (10) 38-49? -34 (8)15) 30 02?+ 20 (22) 23 04+ 20 (23) 2509? 21 (20) 25-44 ? *19 (25) 30-62 + *19 (25) 21 93 +21 (21)(4) 46-65 +34 (8) 27-25 + *34 (8) 28-29 +39 (6) 35132 ? 132 (9) 36-29 + *32 (9) 16-96?+36 (7)(9) 49-00? 26 (13) 33 30+_24 (16) 27'04?+25 (14) 33-80+*23 (17) 40 53_+23 (17) 31-81+ 25 (14)94 81?+ 48 (4) 56-67+-43 (5) 26'65?T 48 (4) 53 94+ 39 (6) 5751?i 39 (6) 33 07+ 48 (4)(8) 59-55+-28 (12) 36f24 + 24 (16) 29-43?+ 26 (13) 45-59? -24 (16) 48-16+ 24 (16) 33-05+-25 (14)137-59+ 55 (3) 63-8,5+-43 (5) 38 18?+t55 (3) 83-29+-43 (5) 78-25+-43 (5) 45 40+ 48 (4)(6) 87-25 +30 (10) 55-60+ *25 (14) 97 51 + -29 (11) 46-53?+ 25 (14) 89-13 + *25 (14) 59-63+? 28 (12)15130+ ?55 (3) |7030?+ '43 (5) 648 ?7+'55 (3) 50-34+ 43 (5) 102-35+ 43 (5) 46 70+?48 (4)

Reduced Coefficients (all characters)[6 83 29+-51 69-71+5-2 67-58?+38 84'22+ 61 74-53+ 45 58-67 +-5138 104-93 +*43 75130+ *43 56-87 +?30 85'31 + 52 69-10+ *36 56-70+ 4352 94 00+ 64 70 24 + *61 58-44 + 50 93 16 + 70 87 99 + *55 67-99 +6537 130-76 + *71 69 03 + *49 50 49 + 48 113'75 + *78 99 94 + *57 75,97 + 6136 184-14 + *85 114133+ *75 65-06 + *58 169-26 + *89 136-63+ *68 106 21 + *8217 15307?? '53 10260+ 47 1 84 46+ 25 11404+ 62 136 40+ 39 11043+ 51

TABLE VII.Coefficientsof RatciatlLikeness betweenIndian and r07ientalRaces*.Crude Coefficients

Tagals Japanese Prehistoric Chinese Chinese: Peking Chinese: Fukien Javanese: Bantam(25a ) l (82 3) (36 6) (785) (36.0) and Batavia (519)23) 21V24+ 20 (23) 4328+ 21 (21) 32-233+-22 (19) 48 76+ 22 (19) 38-81+ 21 (21) 4676? 20 (23)(8) ] 15-63?+ 34 (8) 32 22+ 39 (6) 19911+ 443 (5) 42-36+ 43 (5) 33 63+ 36 (7) 74-37?-34 (8)21) 14]85 +-21 (21) 40 09+ 25 (15) 2431+-25 (14) 41 55+ 25 (14) 3118+ 22 (18) 40-68+ 21 (21)(7) 15'70? 36 (7) 66-55 +55 (3) 1907-55 .(3) 47-04+-55 (3) 32-99?+39 (6) 7376?36 (7)'23) 14 47+ 20 (23) 4585+ 22 (18) 22-02+ 23 (17) 36-86+-23 (17) 25-54+ 21 (21) 33-64+ 20 (23)(8) 7-11+ 31 (8) 17-99?+48 (4) 1-33+*48 (4) 11-86?-48 (4) 12-24+ *36 (7) 54-65?+ 34 (8)

'30) 77 5 + 17 (30) 1900 + -20 (22) 14-50 + 20 (23) 24 60?+ 20 (23) 19-49 + 17 (31) 26'69 + -17 (30)'I2) 8-34+-28 (12) 25-68+ 43 (5) 10-69+-36 (7) 28-97?-36 (7) 22-36+ 28 (12) 42-10+,28 (12)'30) &696+ 17 (30) 14-18:3+20 (23) 13-80+18 (27) 25-56+18 (27) 14-16 +18 (29) 21U55?+17 (30)'12) 1'69+28 (12) 763+39 (6) 4f88+:-2 (9) 2225+32 (9) 9'62+29 (11) 3415+28 (12)

Reduced Coefficients (all characters)51 73 50+ 69 8869+ 43 91U07+ 62 102 70?+46 112-85+*61 133-55+ 4856 53 533+ 75 84 7:3+52702 38+ 74 90 85+ 56 93-69+-68 104-17+-5335 38 93+ 54 56 39+ 28 43'55+ 46 45 64+ 29 52-81 + 43 54 78+ 3245 27P07 +?61 38-94 + *42 40-62 + *56 50-67 + 41 54-91 + 48 55-79 + *3639 21 55 + 54 25-07 + *34 33-85 + *45 44 02 + '32 35-21 + *44 44-10 + *36

* See footnote to Table II. t Fewer thau 3 characters available.



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IOriental Races*.cients

Dayaks Tibetans A Javanese: Middle Javanese: Bantam Aktas Burmese A(44 7) | 36 0) and East (63 1) and Batavia (52 7) (29 2) (40 9)29'01 + *1 (30) 20,21 + *18 (29) 27-81 + *17 (30) 38-86?+17 (30) 26-17 ? *18 (29) 20 .40+ *18 (29)34,43?+28 (12) 16 56+ 29 (11) 34 55+ 28 (12) 39'13+-28 (12) 28'68?_29 (11) 27-21+-29 (11)34'29?+18 (28) 24-80+-19 (26) 26 39+ 18 (28) 33 18? 18 (28) 19'19?'18 (227) 20 25+ 19 (26)5784+30 (10) 38.49+?34 (8) 4644+:30 (10) 47-08?+30 (10) 2906+32 (9) 35-75?-34 (8)30 62+ 19 (25) 21-93?+21 (21) 25-19+?19 (25) 35-95+-19 (25) 22-784?19 (25) 16 99+ -21 (21)36-29+,32 (9) 16-96?+36 (7) 31P07+?32 (9) 34-80? 32 (9) 22-96?+32 (9) 22-91+*36 (7)40-53?+23 (17) 31-81+-25 (14) 36-02+-23 (17) 49-98?+23 (17) 3062?+ 23 (17) 30-75?+25 (14)57 51 +?-39 (6) 33 07 +?48 (4) 55-57 + 39 (6) 62 75 + 39 (6) 40 21 ?39 (6) 15669 + 48 (4)48-16?+24 (16) ;33(05?+25 (14) 39 03+ 24 (16) 49-15?+24 (16) 37-00+?24 (16) 3,511 +25 (14)7825+-43 (5) 45-40+-48 (4) 17019+43 (5) 77-68?+43 (5) 62-26+-43 (5) 62-78+148 (4)89-13?+25 (14) 59-63+ 28 (12) 85-37+?25 (14) 108&11?+25 (14) 68-06? 25 (14) 56-59+?28 (12)02-35+ *43 (5) 46-70? 148 (4) 102-21 + *43 (5) 113-79+?43 (5) 78-21 +43 (5) 84-15? *48 (4)(all characters)

74-53 + *45 5867+_51 62-35 _ *39 93-18+ *42 82-05 + *56 55-85 +*4969-10 + *36 56-70+143 44-83 + *31 59'62 + -32 49-66 + *48 43*18 + 4087 99 + 55 67 99 +?65 63 72 +48 96A44+ -51 7742+ 65 4916 + 6099-94 + *57 75 97 + 61 78'76 +*51 116-56 + *54 93-61 + -7I 78-0865136-63 + *68 106 21 + *82 100-18 + *61 13333+ 65 126589+ *82 105668+ 77136 40+ 39 110 43+ 51 107lT76+ 32 15211+*36 144 25+ 54 93 25+ 45

rttalRaces**5cientsChinese: Fukien Javanese: Bantam Javanese: Middle Aetas Chinese (Koganei) Burmese A(36 0) and Batavia (519) and East (61-9) (28 8) (69 4) (40.3)38-81 + 21 (21) 46-76?+20 (23) 52-62 + 20 (23) 44-17 ? *20 (23) 62-27 ? -22 (18) 58-52 + *21 (21)33-63 + *36 (7) 74-37 ? *34 (8) 6547 + *34 (8) 62 81 + -34 (8) 46-13 + *43 (5) 73&23 *36 (7)31 18+ 22 (18) 40-68+ 21 (21) 41 588+ 21 (21) 35 74+ 21 (21) 4828?30 (10) 55 24+ 24 (16)32-99 +?39 (6) 73-76T 36 (7) 64-82 + *36 (7) 65-48 + 36 (7) -t 87'06 + *43 (5)25-54 + *21 (21) 33-64+ *20 (23) 40 14 + 20 (23) 2952 + 20 (23) 54-57 + 26 (13) 48-98 + *22 (19)12 24+ 36 (7) 54f65? 34 (8) 46;31+ 34 (8) 46-73+-34 (8) -t 58&43+ 39 (6)19-49 +17 (31) 26'699+*17 (.30) 25-49?+*17 (30) 2230)+17 (30) :33-71?+24 (16) 23-17+*18 (29)22-36?+28 (12) 42-10+,28 (12) 337 76+ -28 (12) 23-00+ 28 (12) 46-60+?55 (3) 24-72_+29 (11)14-16?+18 (29) 21U55?+17 (30) 22-499+ 17 (30) 20-59+-17 (30) 37-64?+21 (21) 26659+-17 (31)9'62+ 29 (11) 34i15+ 28 (12) 27-60?+28 (12) 27,49 +-28 (12) 26-52?+39 (6) 26-27+?28 (12)(all characters)

112 85 + 61 133-55 + 48 12023+, 45 141-66 + -64 146&59+ 53 159'00+ -5793-69+ *68 10417+ *53 105-91 + 53 119-46?+ 70 112-31 + *0 154-95 + *6752-81 + *43 54-78+ 32 58*42+ -29 69-41 +? 47 76,21 + *37 92'06 + *4154-91 + 48 55-79 + *36 57 01 + *39 70-58 + 55 72-52 + *51 61-89 + *4735-21 + *44 44410 + *36 42-45 + *33 58-26 + *49 67,79 + 37 62,01+ -40.ersavailable. To face p. 126



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Series Prehistoric Chinese Chinese: Peking Chinese (Koganei) Chinese: F(36 4) (78 7) (69 4) (36 0)

All characters 18 06 + -20 (22) 40 95 + 20 (22) 24-05 + -20 (22) 15 89 + 22Amnos (7599(3) Indices and Angles 9 80+ 36 (7) 30(96 + :36 (7) 26-71 + .36 (7) 1665 + '43All eharacters 5. 65 + 23 (17) 10 25 + 23 (17) 10-58 + 24 (16) 7-99 + *28CShukchis(.'342) Inidices and Angles 6 02+ 43 (5) 12 2:3+ 43 (5) 13132+ -43 (5) t

Ana r2 All characters 46-26 + 18 (28) 43 44 + 18 (28) 59q10+ *21 (21) 271.51+*17Andamanlese (257) ) 1Indices and Angles 18 23+ Z0 (10) 20 23+ :30(10) 20 53+ 316 (7) 6 83+ 28All characters 4 56 +18 (27) 7 61 + 18 (27) 6 53 + 21 (21) 5 19 + *18Tibetans B (14+5) n1Tidices and Angles 5-32+ 32 (9) 7-66? 32 (9) 12-29+ 39 (6) 1 4-54+ 29

Aino 35 +.. ... ... 3561 4 50 05 + 25 32-233+*27 32-09+Chiikchis ... . . 18-27 + 65 21-24 +48 23-14 +,52 22'81 +Andaiianese ... ... 15407 + 60 112-55 +?47 160-13 + *56 907 3 +Tibetans B ... ... ... ... 22-01 +*89 31 19 + 75 2T706+ *86 28-73 +

Series Tamnils Hindlus Dravidians Veddal(35 0) (74 1) (31 0) (33 4)All character-s .. 3396 + 22 (19) 71-79 + 24 (16) 43-76 + -26 (1:3) 55-66 + 21Amrlos 79 9) Inidices anid Angles 2211 + *43 (5) 6-02+ *48 (4) 126;91+ 55 (3) 21U46+ *,3

.huchi (342 All characters ... 38 77 ? 28 (12) 65 32 + -30 (10) (i0040+ 232 (9) 50 50 + 2:Chukchis (34 2) indices and Arngles f -t :3234+ 43All characters ... 2412+ 17 (:30) 19 '99+ -20 (22) 2899?+ 21 (20) 26i12+ -2Anidanialnese (25 7) Indices an-idAingles 23 99 + 28 (12) 30 72 + 36 (7) 51-54 + ;39 (6) 5216?+ -3

Tibetns B 14-5) All chiaracters .Tibetans B (145G) \ Indices anld Angles

Ainos ...... 6 -95 + *45 97-22+ 232 9878? (0 124-03+Chukehis ... 112-28+ 80 1:36;83+ '63 185,88 + 98 152 50+Andamaiiese ... ... ... ... 80 42 + *48 48-10+ '49 95 000+ *7O 84133+Tibetans B ... ... ...

Toface p. 127



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.Crude Coeflicients

iinese (Koganei) Chinese: Fukien Japanese Tagals Dayaks Tibetans A Javainese:(69 4) (36 0) (87-3) (25-0) (45-2) (35-9) and East4 05+*20 (22) 15 89 + 22 (19) 10 47 +21 (21) 9 41 + 19 (24) 2 1151+ 19 (24) 2, 88+ 19 (24) 29325+ 1c37 1 + 336 (7) 16 65 + 43 (5) 16-36 + *39 (6) 3 92 + 32 (9) 7 000+ ,32 (9) 12|03 + :34 (8) 24.31 + *3J .58+ 24 (16) | 7 99 + 28 (12) 13 719 225(15) 11U42+ 23 (17) 14 04 + 23 (17) ]365? + 23 (17) 16]93 + 323'32+1.43 (5) 19 47+-48 (4) 9362+ 43 (5) 11-83+ -43 (5) )07+ 43 (5) 250- 5+4-4,9'10+-21 (21) 27-.51?+17 (30) 40-14+*19 (25) 22-86+ 17 (30) 22-29+ 17 (30) 125-1+7 (30) 255-h8+*10 53+ -36i (7) 6-83?+ '28 (12) 16-15+ -34 (8) 7'74+ 28 (12) 5h61+ -28 (12) 476 + '28 (12) 247 +-286'53 + -21 (21) 5-19 ?18 (29) 9 09+ 20 (23) 850?1+ 7- ((31)2'29+-39 (6) 4'54?+29 (11) 11 58+ 39 (6) _ 3-83 ? '28 (12)

ReduicedCoefficients (all clharacters),32-23+ 27 32 09+ 44 12,54+ 25 24-32+ 50 36-17 ++33 56,11 +39 42'55 +23'14 +,52 22'81 ? *79 27 19 + 449 377 ?7 - (; 35-39 + .s8 39-11 + *66 39-38 +160-13 + *56 90 73 + *57 102'15?+ 49 88-21 + 67 66-11 + '52 41-79+ *58 67-64 +2' 06 + '86 28-73 + *86 36-87 +? 81 - 41 13 + *82

Crude CoefficientsDrav'idians Veddahs Aleuts Mongols Soyotes Kalmiceks Buria(310) 1 (33'4) (28 3) (109-5) (36S1) (34,5) (28S

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ .- ____ _ _ _ .- ___ _ _ . - ____ _ .- -- ._ _ _ ___ _ _ _ - ~ - _ . _- - _- -- ? . - ___ _ _ _ .- . -*3'76+'26 (1:3) 55'66 + 21 (21) 34*96t -32 (9) 83'12 + *36 (7) 36;64+ *30 (10) 34'065+ -19 (24) 31*06+*24:6;91+ *55 (3) 21-46?+ *36 (7) - t ---- ? 49-62+ '32 (9) 59'98 + 40 40?2 (9) 50-50 + 23 (17) 1274+12 (9) 2687?36 (7) 18 10+ 4:34 (8) 13'76+'23 (17) 1(i'71+'21

-t :32134+43 (5) --4 --t 28 66 + '43 (5) -t8 99? 21 (20) 26) 12 + 20 (22) 68'91 + '24 (1I6) 13775?+'25 (14) 74 02+ 23 (171) 467+ 17 (30) 58-4(;+ *11 i54 +39 (6) 52-16 + 36 (7) 40-91 + .43 (5) 51-25 + -43 (5) 39'41 + 39 ( 3) 23-57 ? '28 (12) 19'3 + 3

Reduced Coefficients (all characters)98'78 ? '60 124(03+ '46 83t65?+ -76 90-22+ 39 73|77 + '6l 74|52+ 42 1 72-94 418.5388+ '98 152 50+7 41-:38+1-03 52 29+ '70 51 85+ 9J7 38-57+ -65 48'71 +95 00+ '70 81133+ '66 2,37-26?+ '82 294-12+ 54 228'56 + '71 15-502+ '58 20(3)354

* See footnote to Table II. 1-Fewer thlan 3 characters available.



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Tibetans A Javainese: Middle Javanese: Bantam Aktas Burmese A | Nepalese(35 9) and East (63 7) an(dBatavia (52 7) (28 8) (40-7) (45-7)7 88+ 19 (24) 29-25?-+19 (24) 48 25+.19 (24) 30-43 + -19 (24) 27 98+-19 (24) 39 76(+ 19 (24)2-03?+-34 (8) 24-31+ -32 (9) 33 15+ :32 (9) 34(;8?+ 32 (9) 34-19+ -34 (8) 6 88+ 34 (8)3-65+ -23 (17) 16-93?+2-23(17) 28-77+ 2-3 (17) 25-05?+-23 (17) 20-26 ? -23 (17) 30 51+ -23 (17)507+o473 (5) 13250? 4.3 (5) :3-6+ ( 358543 (5) 31-72+ -43 (5) 18-56+ -43 (5).251 + 17 (30) 25)58 + 17 (:30) 1568 + 17 (30) 15-66 + -17 (30) 29-18+17+30) 130+1 (30)4-76?+ 28 (12) 2-47+ 28 (12) 4-i2+-28 (12) 5-04+ -28 (12) 195+ -28 (12) 15-89+- 28 (12)8-50?+ 1 (;31) 13-16?-17 (31)3-83+ -28 (12) 4_86+428 (12)

rs)56611+-39 42-55 + 28 75r45+ 3(30 70|11 + 45 51|31+ 36 67-99+-3339- 1 + 66 39-38+ -54 68-98 +5 7-1-44+*71 53 65 + -61 7-d64+ -5941-79+ -5,r8 67 64 + -46 44-01 + -49 56 ;30+ -63 90-07 + 54 52-63 + -53411:3+ 82 -_ - 59-76+-7

Kalmuieks Buriats Telenghites Ai Dos Chuikehis Andanianese(34 5) (28-5) (55.4) (79-9) (34 2) (25-7)_ _- _ - ___....__.__.__34-05-5+19 (24) 31(06+ -24 (16;) 7-7+-22 (19) 17-242 23 ('17) 60-170+ -19 (24)19 62 + -32 (9) 59-98 + -48 (4) 139 -05 + -48 (4) 13-36 + -43 (5) 13-57+ -32 (9)

1.s3-76-23 (17) 1;-71+ -29 (11) 36-91 + -28 (12) 1-724+ -23 (17) 65-43 + -23 (17)?8 66+-t43 (5) -t t 1;33?-43 (5) 20-96,+ 43 (5)19-67;+ 17 (30) 58-46 + -19 (25) 51-17 + -18 (28) 60-70? -19 (24) 65-43?+-23 (17)1,3-7 -28 ( 12) 1 9-93? -32 (9) 28608+ ,30 (10) 13-59+ -32 (9) 20-96 + -4;3 (5)

19-23 + -18 (28) 2-97+ -23 (17):31-81+-30 (10) 2-22+-43 (5)srs)

74-52+ 42 7 2c94+5(5 85 60 + *34 ;35-76+ -48 157-03+ -*038-57+65W-48-71 + -84 86-39 + -64 35 -76+48 2-25-04+80165;-02+ -58 2()9*-3E5 + -68 143-13+ *50 157-03 + *50) 225-04+ -8083-99 + -719 14-46+ 1-12e.



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T. L. WOOAND G. AI. MIORANT 127of relationship than the most distant found between any pair of series belonging tothe same group. The absence of any coefficients less than 40 suffices to make atrenchant division between the Northern Mongolian atnd Oriental groups. Asa similar treatment of material from other parts of the world has shown, the mostconvincing and reliable classificationiis obtained by considering alnmost xcluisivelythe closest degrees of relationship, and without attempting to reconcile the systembuilt up in this way with one which rnight be derived from considering only thevalues of dista.nt relationships. Trhereduced coefficient of 1841 is greater thanseveral found between the Tamils and Nepalese anidthe Northern Mongolian series(see Table V), but it is nieverthelesstruiethat the latter group, considered as a whole,resembles the Oriental far mnore losely than it does that of the Indian races. Itrnight be expected that the Northern Mongolians would bear a closer resemblanceto the Chinese and Japanese than to the other Oriental races, but this is not foundto be true. The orders in which the reduced coefficients with the single NorthernMongolian series arrange the Orienital series are not closely similar-no two beingexactly alike-but the Burmfese,Japanese aandChinese (Koganei) tend to have thelowest values, while the highest are shown in maost ases with the Prehistoric Chineseand Peking Chinese series. The different Chinese types are thus contrasted withone another in this way, aind it is the southern type which resembles the NorthernMongolians more closely than the noirthern type. This inversion of the orderwe should have expected need not be emphasised, as all the coefficients concernedare high, and the conclusion that each Northern Mongolian race is equally related toall the Oriental races is, pethaps, the safest to accept in the present state of ourknowledge. It is possible that some intermediate types tnay be found which willconnect the two groups, but such are only likely to represent Manchuriaand possiblyKorea. It may be observed that the Telenghites and Kalmucks tenid to be theNorthern Mongolian series which most closely resemble the Oriental ones, while theAleuts and Mongols are those furthest renmoved, ut there is little uniformity inthis matter.

Table VII gives the coefficients of racial likeness between the Indian and Orientalraces. The reduced values range from 12 6 to 159 0 and there are 15 less than thelowest (43 2) found between a Northern Mongolian and Oriental series. In everycase but one the Indian race with the lowest coefficienit is the Nepalese, theexception being that the Tamils have a slightly, though not significantly, lowervalue with the Burmese A. It mnaybe remnembered hat the Tamil skulls werecollected in Singapore, though there can be little question as to their authenticityas all their closest relationships are with Indian series. The Hindus and Tamilsappear to be almost equally removed fromthe Oriental populations, the Dravidiansare more distant and the Veddahs most distant of all. Judging from all thecoefficients, the Veddahs are rather further removed from the Oriental races(of. Tables VI and VII) than are the Kalnucks, Telenghites or Buriats. By readingTable VII in a horizontal direction it can be seen that the Tibetan A, Dayak andTagal series are the Oriental ones which most closely resemble the Indian, whilethe Chinese and Japanese group, on the one hand, and the Malayan and Atas, on



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128 Classiflcation of Asiatic Racesthe other, are distantly andalnmostqually removed.The Indian and Orientalracesare thus connectedup by way of Nepal and Tibet, while there is no suggestion,asfaras can be seen from this material,of a linkage sotuthof the Himalayas. Thedivision betweenthe two groups see Fig. 3) appearsto be justifiedby the fact thatthe Tibetan A skulls were collected from the south of the country which isconterminouswith Nepal, while the Nepalese have a decidedly more intimateconnectionwith an Indian raceand the Tibetanswith an eastern one. It is quitepossible, however, hat this divisionwouldbe foundless marked f moreabundantmaterialwere available.

A provisional lassification nto three groups is reachedby these means. Everyseries has its closestconnection,and in most cases all its closest connections,withother series in the samegrouip.Importance s only attachedto the closest degreesof relationshipand there are numerousexamplesof two series belonging to thesamneroup being fuirther emovedfromone another than one,or both,of them isfrom series belonging to other groups. We are really dealing, of course, with acontinuous ystem,and a diagramsuch as Fig. 3 illustrates the true state of affairsfar better than any system of groupingcan.

In the comparisons etween the variousNorthernMongolian aces every serieshasone,ormore,reducedcoefficients ess than16,and if the Telenghitesareomittedeachseries has one or morereducedcoefficients ess than 8 (Table II). The samelimit for the Indian series (Table III) is 14 and for the Oriental(Table IV)

asiatic race classification cranial measurements.pdf

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