asme piping code 2007 & ansi code
TRANSCRIPT
ASME Piping Code 2007
B31 Code for pressure piping, developed by American Society of Mechanical Engineers - ASME, covers Power Piping, Fuel Gas Piping, Process Piping, Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids, Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components and Building Services Piping. ASME B31 was earlier known as ANSI B31.
B31.1 - 2001 - Power Piping
Piping for industrial plants and marine applications. This code prescribes minimum requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, erection, test, and inspection of power and auxiliary service piping systems for electric generation stations, industrial institutional plants, central and district heating plants.
The code covers boiler external piping for power boilers and high temperature, high pressure water boilers in which steam or vapor is generated at a pressure of more than 15 PSIG; and high temperature water is generated at pressures exceeding 160 PSIG and/or temperatures exceeding 250 degrees F.
B31.2 - 1968 - Fuel Gas Piping
This has been withdrawn as a National Standard and replaced by ANSI/NFPA Z223.1, but B31.2 is still available from ASME and is a good reference for the design of gas piping systems (from the meter to the appliance).
B31.3 - 2002 - Process Piping
Design of chemical and petroleum plants and refineries processing chemicals and hydrocarbons, water and steam. This Code contains rules for piping typically found in petroleum refineries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; and related processing plants and terminals.
This Code prescribes requirements for materials and components, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping. This Code applies to piping for all fluids including: (1) raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals; (2) petroleum products; (3) gas, steam, air and water; (4) fluidized solids; (5) refrigerants; and (6) cryogenic fluids. Also included is piping which interconnects pieces or stages within a packaged equipment assembly.
B31.4 - 2002 - Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids
This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, construction, assembly, inspection, and testing of piping transporting liquids such as crude oil, condensate, natural gasoline, natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum gas, carbon dioxide, liquid alcohol, liquid anhydrous ammonia and liquid petroleum products between producers' lease facilities, tank farms, natural gas processing plants, refineries, stations, ammonia plants, terminals (marine, rail and truck) and other delivery and receiving points.
Piping consists of pipe, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, relief devices, fittings and the pressure containing parts of other piping components. It also includes hangers and supports, and other equipment items necessary to prevent overstressing the pressure containing parts. It does not include support structures such as frames of buildings, buildings stanchions or foundations
Requirements for offshore pipelines are found in Chapter IX. Also included within the scope of this Code are:
(A) Primary and associated auxiliary liquid petroleum and liquid anhydrous ammonia piping at pipeline terminals (marine, rail and truck), tank farms, pump stations, pressure reducing stations and metering stations, including scraper traps, strainers, and prover loop;
(B) Storage and working tanks including pipe-type storage fabricated from pipe and fittings, and piping interconnecting these facilities;
(C) Liquid petroleum and liquid anhydrous ammonia piping located on property which has been set aside for such piping within petroleum refinery, natural gasoline, gas processing, ammonia, and bulk plants;
(D) Those aspects of operation and maintenance of liquid pipeline systems relating to the safety and protection of the general public, operating company personnel, environment, property and the piping systems.
B31.5 - 2001 - Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components
This Code prescribes requirements for the materials, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, test, and inspection of refrigerant, heat transfer components, and secondary coolant piping for temperatures as low as -320 deg F (-196 deg C), whether erected on the premises or factory assembled, except as specifically excluded in the following paragraphs.
Users are advised that other piping Code Sections may provide requirements for refrigeration piping in their respective jurisdictions.
This Code shall not apply to:
(a) any self- contained or unit systems subject to the requirements of Underwriters Laboratories or other nationally recognized testing laboratory:
(b) water piping;
(c) piping designed for external or internal gage pressure not exceeding 15 psi (105 kPa) regardless of size; or
(d) pressure vessels, compressors, or pumps,
but does include all connecting refrigerant and secondary coolant piping starting at the first joint adjacent to such apparatus.
B31.8 - 2003 - Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems
This Code covers the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, and testing of pipeline facilities used for the transportation of gas. This Code also covers safety aspects of the operation and maintenance of those facilities.
B31.8S-2001 - 2002 - Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines
This Standard applies to on-shore pipeline systems constructed with ferrous materials and that transport gas.
Pipeline system means all parts of physical facilities through which gas is transported, including pipe, valves, appurtenances attached to pipe, compressor units, metering stations, regulator stations, delivery stations, holders and fabricated assemblies.
The principles and processes embodied in integrity management are applicable to all pipeline systems. This Standard is specifically designed to provide the operator (as defined in section 13) with the information necessary to develop and implement an effective integrity management program utilizing proven industry practices and processes.
The processes and approaches within this Standard are applicable to the entire pipeline system.
B31.9 - 1996 - Building Services Piping
This Code Section has rules for the piping in industrial, institutional, commercial and public buildings, and multi-unit residences, which does not require the range of sizes, pressures, and temperatures covered in B31.1.
This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, installation, inspection, examination and testing of piping systems for building services. It includes piping systems in the building or within the property limits.
B31.11 - 2002 - Slurry Transportation Piping Systems
Design, construction, inspection, security requirements of slurry piping systems.
Covers piping systems that transport aqueous slurries of no hazardous materials, such as coal, mineral ores and other solids between a slurry processing plant and the receiving plant.
B31G - 1991 - Manual for Determining Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines
A supplement To B31 Code-Pressure Piping
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Related Topics
Codes and Standards Piping codes and standards - ASME, ANSI, ASTM, AGA, API, AWWA, BS, ISO, DIN and more...
Pressure Ratings Pressure ratings of pipes and tubes and their fittings - carbon steel , stainless steel, plastic, copper and more
Related Documents
ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME is one of the leading organizations in the world developing codes and standards
ASME B31.9 - Working Pressure and Temperature Limits The working pressure and temperature limits of ASME Code B31.9 - Building Services Piping
ASME - Performance Test Codes The ASME Performance Test Codes provide standard directions and rules for conducting and reporting tests
Slurry Transport and Minimum Flow Velocity Settling of solids in slurry transport pipes or tubes can be avoided with flow velocities above certain levels
ASTM A106, API 5L and ASTM A53 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipes - Pressure and Temperature Ratings Pressure (kPa) and temperature (oC) ratings of ASTM A106, API 5L and ASTM A53 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipes - temperatures ranging -29 oC - 450 oC
ASME B31.9 - Working Pressure and Temperature Limits
The working pressure and temperature limits of ASME Code B31.9 - Building Services Piping
ASME B31.9 Building Services Piping applies to the following building services:
Condensing water Water for heating and cooling
Steam and condensate Vacuum Compressed air and nontoxic nonflammable gases
The working pressure and temperature limits of B31.9 can be summarized to:
Service Temperature Limits Pressure Limit
Steam and condensatemaximum 366oF (186oC),minimum 0oF (-18oC)
150 psig (1000 kPa)
Air, gases and vaporsmaximum 200oF (93oC),minimum 0oF (-18oC)
150 psig (1000 kPa)
Nonflammable Liquidsmaximum 250oF (121oC),minimum 0oF (-18oC)
350 psig (2300 kPa)
ASME/ANSI B16 - Standards of Pipes and Fittings
The ASME B16 Standards covers pipes and fittings in cast iron , cast bronze, wrought copper and steel
The ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers - ASME/ANSI B16 Standards covers pipes and fittings in cast iron , cast bronze, wrought copper and steel.
ASME/ANSI B16.1 - 1998 - Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
This Standard for Classes 25, 125, and 250 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings covers:
(a) pressure-temperature ratings, (b) sizes and method of designating openings of reducing fittings, (c) marking, (d) minimum requirements for materials, (e) dimensions and tolerances, (f) bolt, nut, and gasket dimensions and (g) tests.
ASME/ANSI B16.3 - 1998 - Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings
This Standard for threaded malleable iron fittings Classes 150, and 300 provides requirements for the following:
(a) pressure-temperature ratings (b) size and method of designating openings of reducing fittings (c) marking (d) materials (e) dimensions and tolerances (f) threading (g) coatings
ASME/ANSI B16.4 - 1998 - Cast Iron Threaded Fittings
This Standard for gray iron threaded fittings, Classes 125 and 250 covers:
(a) pressure-temperature ratings (b) size and method of designating openings of reducing fittings (c) marking (d) material (e) dimensions and tolerances (f) threading, and (g) coatings
ASME/ANSI B16.5 - 1996 - Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
The ASME B16.5 - 1996 Pipe Flanges and Flange Fittings standard covers pressure-temperature ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking, testing, and methods of designating openings for pipe flanges and flanged fittings.
The standard includes flanges with rating class designations 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500 in sizes NPS 1/2 through NPS 24, with requirements given in both metric and U.S units. The Standard is limited to flanges and flanged fittings made from cast or forged materials, and blind flanges and certain reducing flanges made from cast, forged, or plate materials. Also included in this Standard are requirements and recommendations regarding flange bolting, flange gaskets, and flange joints.
ASME/ANSI B16.9 - 2001 - Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings
This Standard covers overall dimensions, tolerances, ratings, testing, and markings for wrought factory-made buttwelding fittings in sizes NPS 1/2 through 48 (DN 15 through 1200).
ASME/ANSI B16.10 - 2000 - Face-to-Face and End-to-End Dimensions of Valves
This Standard covers face-to-face and end-to-end dimensions of straightway valves, and center-to face and center-to-end dimensions of angle valves. Its purpose is to assure
installation interchangeability for valves of a given material, type size, rating class, and end connection
ASME/ANSI B16.11 - 2001 - Forged Steel Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded
This Standard covers ratings, dimensions, tolerances, marking and material requirements for forged fittings, both socket-welding and threaded.
ASME/ANSI B16.12 - 1998 - Cast Iron Threaded Drainage Fittings
This Standard for cast iron threaded drainage fittings covers:
(a) size and method of designating openings in reducing fittings (b) marking (c) materials (d) dimensions and tolerances (e) threading (f) ribs (g) coatings (h) face bevel discharge nozzles, input shafts, base plates, and foundation bolt
holes (see Tables 1 and 2).
ASME/ANSI B16.14 - 1991 - Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings and Locknuts with Pipe Threads
This Standard for Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings, and Locknuts with Pipe Threads covers:
(a) pressure-temperature ratings: (b) size; (c) marking; (d) materials; (e) dimensions and tolerances; (f) threading; and (g) pattern taper.
ASME/ANSI B16.15 - 1985 (R1994) - Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings
This Standard pertains primarily to cast Class 125and Class 250 bronze threaded pipe fittings. Certain requirements also pertain to wrought or cast plugs, bushings, couplings, and caps. This Standard covers:
(a) pressure-temperature ratings; (b) size and method of designating openings of reducing pipe fittings; (c) marking; (d) minimum requirements for casting quality and materials;
(e) dimensions and tolerances in U.S. customary and metric (SI) units; (f) threading.
ASME/ANSI B16.18 - 1984 (R1994) - Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings
This Standard for cast copper alloy solder joint pressure fittings designed for use with copper water tube, establishes requirements for:
(a) Pressure-temperature ratings; (b) Abbreviations for end connections; (c) Sizes and method of designating openings of fittings; (d) Marking; (e) Material; (f) Dimensions and tolerances; and (g) Tests.
ASME/ANSI B16.20 - 1998 - Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges-Ring-Joint, Spiral-Would, and Jacketed
This standard covers materials, dimensions, tolerances, and markings for metal ring-joint gaskets, spiral-wound metal gaskets, and metal jacketed gaskets and filler material. These gaskets are dimensionally suitable for used with flanges described in the reference flange standards ASME/ANSI B16.5, ASME B16.47, and API-6A. This standard covers spiral-wound metal gaskets and metal jacketed gaskets for use with raised face and flat face flanges. Replaces API-601 or API-601.
ASME/ANSI B16.21 - 1992 - Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges
This Standard for nonmetallic flat gaskets for bolted flanged joints in piping includes:
(a) types and sizes; (b) materials; (c) dimensions and allowable tolerances.
ASME/ANSI B16.22 - 1995 - Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings
The Standard establishes specifications for wrought copper and wrought copper alloy, solder-joint, seamless fittings, designed for use with seamless copper tube conforming to ASTM B 88 (water and general plumbing systems), B 280 (air conditioning and refrigeration service), and B 819 (medical gas systems), as well as fittings intended to be assembled with soldering materials conforming to ASTM B 32, brazing materials conforming to AWS A5.8, or with tapered pipe thread conforming to ASME B1.20.1. This Standard is allied with ASME B16.18, which covers cast copper alloy pressure
fittings. It provides requirements for fitting ends suitable for soldering. This Standard covers:
(a) pressure temperature ratings; (b) abbreviations for end connections; (c) size and method of designating openings of fittings; (d) marking; (e) material; (f) dimension and tolerances; and (g) tests.
ASME/ANSI B16.23 - 1992 - Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings (DWV)
The Standard establishes specifications for cast copper alloy solder joint drainage fittings, designed for use in drain, waste, and vent (DWV) systems. These fittings are designed for use with seamless copper tube conforming to ASTM B 306, Copper Drainage Tube (DWV), as well as fittings intended to be assembled with soldering materials conforming to ASTM B 32, or tapered pipe thread conforming to ASME B1.20.1. This standard is allied with ASME B16.29, Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings - DWV. It provides requirements for fitting ends suitable for soldering. This standard covers:
(a) description; (b) pitch (slope); (c) abbreviations for end connections; (d) sizes and methods for designing openings for reducing fittings; (e) marking; (f) material; and (g) dimensions and tolerances.
ASME/ANSI B16.24 - 1991 (R1998) - Cast Copper Alloy Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
This Standard for Classes 25, 125, 250, and 800 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings covers:
(a) pressure temperature ratings, (b) sizes and methods of designating openings for reduced fittings, (c) marking, (d) minimum requirements for materials, (e) dimensions and tolerances, (f) bolt, nut, and gasket dimensions, and (g) tests.
ASME/ANSI B16.25 - 1997 - Buttwelding Ends
The Standard covers the preparation of butt welding ends of piping components to be joined into a piping system by welding. It includes requirements for welding bevels, for external and internal shaping of heavy-wall components, and for preparation of internal ends (including dimensions and tolerances). Coverage includes preparation for joints with the following.
(a) no backing rings; (b) split or non continuous backing rings; (c) solid or continuous backing rings; (d) consumable insert rings; (e) gas tungsten are welding (GTAW) of the root pass. Details of preparation for
any backing ring must be specified in ordering the component.
ASME/ANSI B16.26 - 1988 - Cast Copper Alloy Fittings for Flared Copper Tubes
This standard for Cast Copper Alloy Fitting for Flared Copper Tubes covers:
(a) pressure rating; (b) material; (c) size; (d) threading; (e) marking.
ASME/ANSI B16.28 - 1994 - Wrought Steel Buttwelding Short Radius Elbows and Returns
This Standard covers ratings, overall dimensions, testing, tolerances, and markings for wrought carbon and alloy steel buttwelding short radius elbows and returns. The term wrought denotes fittings made of pipe, tubing, plate, or forgings.
ASME/ANSI B16.29 - 1994 - Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings (DWV)
The standard for wrought copper and wrought copper alloy solder joint drainage fittings, designed for use with copper drainage tube, covers:
(a) Description, (b) Pitch (slope), (c) Abbreviations for End Connections, (d) Sizes and Method of Designating Openings for Reducing Fittings, (e) Marking, (f) Material, (g) Dimensions and Tolerances.
ASME/ANSI B16.33 - 1990 - Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves for Use in Gas Piping Systems Up to 125 psig
General This Standard covers requirements for manually operated metallic valves sizes NPS 1.2 through NPS 2, for outdoor installation as gas shut-off valves at the end of the gas service line and before the gas regulator and meter where the designated gauge pressure of the gas piping system does not exceed 125 psi (8.6 bar). The Standard applies to valves operated in a temperature environment between .20 degrees F and 150 degrees F (.29 degrees C and 66 degrees C). Design This Standard sets forth the minimum capabilities, characteristics, and properties, which a valve at the time of manufacture must possess, in order to be considered suitable for use in gas piping systems.
ASME/ANSI B16.34 - 1996 - Valves - Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End
This standard applies to new valve construction and covers pressure-temperature ratings, dimensions, tolerances, materials, nondestructive examination requirements, testing, and marking for cast, forged, and fabricated flanged, threaded, and welding end, and wafer or flangeless valves of steel, nickel-base alloys, and other alloys shown in Table 1. Wafer or flangeless valves, bolted or through-bolt types, that are installed between flanges or against a flange shall be treated as flanged end valves.
ASME/ANSI B16.36 - 1996 - Orifice Flanges
This Standard covers flanges (similar to those covered in ASME B16.5) that have orifice pressure differential connections. Coverage is limited to the following:
(a) welding neck flanges Classes 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500 (b) slip-on and threaded Class 300
Orifice, Nozzle and Venturi Flow Rate Meters
ASME/ANSI B16.38 - 1985 (R1994) - Large Metallic Valves for Gas Distribution
The standard covers only manually operated metallic valves in nominal pipe sizes 2 1/2 through 12 having the inlet and outlet on a common center line, which are suitable for controlling the flow of gas from open to fully closed, for use in distribution and service lines where the maximum gage pressure at which such distribution piping systems may be operated in accordance with the code of federal regulations (cfr), title 49, part 192, transportation of natural and other gas by pipeline; minimum safety standard, does not exceed 125 psi (8.6 bar). Valve seats, seals and stem packing may be nonmetallic.
ASME/ANSI B16.39 - 1986 (R1998) - Malleable Iron Threaded Pipe Unions
This Standard for threaded malleable iron unions, classes 150, 250, and 300, provides requirements for the following:
(a) design (b) pressure-temperature ratings (c) size (d) marking (e) materials (f) joints and seats (g) threads (h) hydrostatic strength (i) tensile strength (j) air pressure test (k) sampling (l) coatings (m) dimensions
ASME/ANSI B16.40 - 1985 (R1994) - Manually Operated Thermoplastic Gas
The Standard covers manually operated thermoplastic valves in nominal sizes 1.2 through 6 (as shown in Table 5). These valves are suitable for use below ground in thermoplastic distribution mains and service lines. The maximum pressure at which such distribution piping systems may be operated is in accordance with the Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) Title 49, Part 192, Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline; Minimum Safety Standards, for temperature ranges of .20 deg. F to 100 deg. F (.29 deg. C to 38 deg. C). This Standard sets qualification requirements for each nominal valve size for each valve design as a necessary condition for demonstrating conformance to this Standard. This Standard sets requirements for newly manufactured valves for use in below ground piping systems for natural gas [includes synthetic natural gas (SNG)], and liquefied petroleum (LP) gases (distributed as a vapor, with or without the admixture of air) or mixtures thereof.
ASME/ANSI B16.42 - 1998 - Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Classes 150 and 300
The Standard covers minimum requirements for Class 150 and 300 cast ductile iron pipe flanges and flanged fittings. The requirements covered are as follows:
(a) pressure-temperature ratings (b) sizes and method of designating openings (c) marking (d) materials (e) dimensions and tolerances (f) blots, nuts, and gaskets (g) tests
ASME/ANSIB16.44 - 1995 - Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves for Use in House Piping Systems
This Standard applies to new valve construction and covers quarter turn manually operated metallic valves in sizes NPS 1/2-2 which are intended for indoor installation as gas shutoff valves when installed in indoor gas piping between a gas meter outlet & the inlet connection to a gas appliance.
ASME/ANSI B16.45 - 1998 - Cast Iron Fittings for Solvent Drainage Systems
The Standard for cast iron drainage fittings used on self-aerating, one-pipe Solvent drainage systems, covers the following:
(a) description (b) sizes and methods for designating openings for reducing fittings (c) marking (d) material (e) pitch (f) design (g) dimensions and tolerances (h) tests
ASME/ANSI B16.47 - 1996 - Large Diameter Steel Flanges: NPS 26 through NPS 60
This Standard covers pressure-temperature ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking, and testing for pipe flanges in sizes NPS 26 through NPS 60 and in ratings Classes 75, 150,0300, 400, 600, and 900. Flanges may be cast, forged, or plate (for blind flanges only) materials. Requirements and recommendations regarding bolting and gaskets are also included.
ASME/ANSI B16.48 - 1997 - Steel Line Blanks
The Standard covers pressure-temperature ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking, and testing for operating line blanks in sizes NPS 1/2 through NPS 24 for installation between ASME B16. 5 flanges in the 150, 300, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500 pressure classes.
ASME/ANSI B16.49 - 2000 - Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Induction Bends for Transportation and Distribution Systems
This Standard covers design, material, manufacturing, testing, marking, and inspection requirements for factory-made pipeline bends of carbon steel materials having controlled chemistry and mechanical properties, produced by the induction bending process, with or
without tangents. This Standard covers induction bends for transportation and distribution piping applications (e.g., ASME B31.4, B31.8, and B31.11) Process and power piping have differing requirements and materials that may not be appropriate for the restrictions and examinations described herein, and therefore are not included in this Standard.
Carbon, Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipes - ASME/ANSI B36.10/19
Pipe sizes, inside and outside diameters, wall thickness, schedules, weight and weight of pipe filled with water - Metric Units
Covers the standardization of dimensions of welded and seamless wrought steel pipe for high and low temperatures and pressures.
The steel pipe data chart below can be used to find pipe sizes, diameters, wall thickness, working pressures and more The chart is based on ASME/ANSI B 36.10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe and ASME/ANSI B36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe.
Regardless of schedule number, pipes of a particular size all have the same outside diameter (not withstanding manufacturing tolerances). As the schedule number increases, the wall thickness increases, and the actual bore is reduced. For example:
A 4 inches (100 mm) Schedule 40 pipe has an outside diameter of 4.500 inches (114.30 mm), a wall thickness of 0.237 inches (6.02 mm), giving a bore of 4.026 inches (102.26 mm)
A 4 inches (100 mm) Schedule 80 pipe has an outside diameter of 4.500 inches ( 114.30 mm), a wall thickness of 0.337 inches (8.56 mm), giving a bore of 3.826 inches (97.18 mm).
Diameter Nominal
Schedule
Outside Diameter- D -(mm)
Wall Thickness- t -(mm)
Inside Diameter- d - (mm)
Inside Area(cm2)
Pipe Weight(kg/m)
Water Weight(kg/m)(inches) (mm)
1/8 3
10S
10.3
1.245 7.811 0.479 0.277 0.048
Std 40 1.727 6.846 0.368 0.364 0.037
XS 80 2.413 5.474 0.235 0.468 0.024
1/4 6 10S 13.7 1.651 10.398 0.846 0.489 0.085
Std 40 2.235 9.23 0.669 0.630 0.067
XS 80 3.023 7.654 0.460 0.794 0.046
3/8 10
10S
17.145
1.651 13.843 1.505 0.629 0.151
Std 40 2.311 12.523 1.232 0.843 0.123
XS 80 3.2 10.745 0.907 1.098 0.091
1/2 15
5S
21.336
1.651 18.034 2.554 0.799 0.255
10S 2.108 17.12 2.302 0.997 0.230
Std 40 2.769 15.798 1.960 1.265 0.190
XS 80 3.734 13.868 1.510 1.617 0.151
160 4.75 11.836 1.100 1.938 0.110
XXS 7.468 6.4 0.322 2.247 0.032
3/4 20
5S
26.67
1.651 23.368 4.289 1.016 0.429
10S 2.108 22.454 3.960 1.273 0.396
Std 40 2.87 20.93 3.441 1.680 0.344
XS 80 3.912 18.846 2.790 2.190 0.279
160 5.537 15.596 1.910 2.878 0.191
XXS 7.823 11.024 0.954 3.626 0.095
1 25
5S
33.401
1.651 30.099 7.115 1.289 0.712
10S 2.769 27.863 6.097 2.086 0.610
Std 40 3.378 26.645 5.576 2.494 0.558
XS 80 4.547 24.307 4.640 3.227 0.464
160 6.35 20.701 3.366 4.225 0.337
XXS 9.093 15.215 1.818 5.436 0.182
1 1/4 32
5S
42.164
1.651 38.862 11.862 1.645 1.186
10S 2.769 36.626 10.536 2.683 1.054
Std 40 3.556 35.052 9.650 3.377 0.965
XS 80 4.851 32.462 8.276 4.452 0.828
160 6.35 29.464 6.818 5.594 0.682
XXS 9.703 22.758 4.068 7.747 0.407
1 1/2 40 5S 48.26 1.651 44.958 15.875 1.893 1.587
10S 2.769 42.722 14.335 3.098 1.433
Std 40 3.683 40.894 13.134 4.038 1.313
XS 80 5.08 38.1 11.401 5.395 1.140
160 7.137 33.986 9.072 7.219 0.907
XXS 10.16 27.94 6.131 9.521 0.613
13.335 21.59 3.661 11.455 0.366
15.875 16.51 2.141 12.645 0.214
2 50
5S
60.325
1.651 57.023 25.538 2.383 2.554
10S 2.769 54.787 23.575 3.920 2.357
Std 40 3.912 52.501 21.648 5.428 2.165
XS 80 5.537 49.251 19.051 7.461 1.905
160 8.712 42.901 14.455 11.059 1.446
XXS 11.074 38.177 11.447 13.415 1.145
14.275 31.775 7.930 16.168 0.793
17.45 25.425 5.077 18.402 0.508
2 1/2 65
5S
73.025
2.108 68.809 37.186 3.677 3.719
10S 3.048 66.929 35.182 5.246 3.518
Std 40 5.156 62.713 30.889 8.607 3.089
XS 80 7.01 59.005 27.344 11.382 2.734
160 9.525 53.975 22.881 14.876 2.288
XXS 14.021 44.983 15.892 20.348 1.589
17.145 38.735 11.784 23.564 1.178
20.32 32.385 8.237 26.341 0.824
3 80
5S
88.9
2.108 84.684 56.324 4.5 5.632
10S 3.048 82.804 53.851 6.436 5.385
Std 40 5.486 77.928 47.696 11.255 4.770
XS 80 7.62 73.66 42.614 15.233 4.261
160 11.1 66.7 34.942 21.240 3.494
XXS 15.24 58.42 26.805 27.610 2.680
18.415 52.07 21.294 31.925 2.129
21.59 45.72 16.417 35.743 1.642
3 1/2 90
5S
101.6
2.108 97.384 74.485 5.158 7.448
10S 40 3.048 95.504 71.636 7.388 7.164
Std 80 5.74 90.12 63.787 13.533 6.379
XS 8.077 85.446 57.342 18.579 5.734
XXS 16.154 69.292 37.710 33.949 3.771
4 100 5S 114.3 2.108 110.084 95.179 5.817 9.518
10S 3.048 108.204 91.955 8.340 9.196
4.775 104.75 86.179 12.863 8.618
Std 40 6.02 102.26 82.130 16.033 8.213
XS 80 8.56 97.18 74.173 22.262 7.417
120 11.1 92.1 66.621 28.175 6.662
12.7 88.9 62.072 31.736 6.207
160 13.487 87.326 59.893 33.442 5.989
XXS 17.12 80.06 50.341 40.920 5.034
20.32 73.66 42.614 46.970 4.261
23.495 67.31 35.584 52.474 3.558
5 125
5S
141.3
2.769 135.762 144.76 9.435 14.476
10S 3.404 134.492 142.06 11.545 14.206
Std 40 6.553 128.194 129.07 21.718 12.907
XS 80 9.525 122.25 117.38 30.871 11.738
120 12.7 115.9 105.50 40.170 10.550
160 15.875 109.55 94.254 48.973 9.426
XXS 19.05 103.2 83.647 57.280 8.365
22.225 96.85 73.670 65.091 7.367
25.4 90.5 64.326 72.406 6.433
6 150
5S
168.275
2.769 162.737 208.00 11.272 20.800
10S 3.404 161.467 204.77 13.804 20.477
5.563 157.149 193.96 22.263 19.396
Std 40 7.112 154.051 186.39 28.191 18.639
XS 80 10.973 146.329 168.17 42.454 16.817
120 14.275 139.725 153.33 54.070 15.333
160 18.237 131.801 136.44 67.300 13.644
XXS 21.946 124.383 121.51 78.985 12.151
25.4 117.475 108.39 89.258 10.839
28.575 111.125 96.987 98.184 9.699
8 200 5S 219.075 2.769 213.537 358.13 14.732 35.813
10S 3.759 211.557 351.52 19.907 35.152
5.563 207.949 339.63 29.217 33.963
20 6.35 206.375 334.51 33.224 33.451
30 7.036 205.003 330.07 36.694 33.007
Std 40 8.179 202.717 322.75 42.425 32.275
60 10.312 198.451 309.31 52.949 30.931
XS 80 12.7 193.675 294.60 64.464 29.460
100 15.062 188.951 280.41 75.578 28.041
120 18.237 182.601 261.88 90.086 26.188
140 20.625 177.825 248.36 100.671 24.836
160 23.012 173.051 235.20 110.970 23.520
25.4 168.275 222.40 120.994 22.240
28.575 161.925 205.93 133.887 20.593
Carbon, Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipes - ASME/ANSI B36.10/19
Pipe sizes, inside and outside diameters, wall thickness, schedules, moment of inertia, transverse area, weight of pip The steel pipe data chart below can be used to find pipe sizes, diameters, wall thickness, working pressures and more The chart is based on ASME/ANSI B 36.10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe and ASME/ANSI B36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe.
Regardless of schedule number, pipes of a particular size all have the same outside diameter (not withstanding manufacturing tolerances). As the schedule number increases, the wall thickness increases, and the actual bore is reduced. For example:
A 4 inches (100 mm) Schedule 40 pipe has an outside diameter of 4.500 inches (114.30 mm), a wall thickness of 0.237 inches (6.02 mm), giving a bore of 4.026 inches (102.26 mm)
A 4 inches (100 mm) Schedule 80 pipe has an outside diameter of 4.500 inches ( 114.30 mm), a wall thickness of 0.337 inches (8.56 mm), giving a bore of 3.826 inches (97.18 mm)
Outside Diameter, Identification, Wall Thickness, Inside Diameter
Area of Metal, Transverse Internal Area, Moment of Inertia, Weight Pipe, Weight Water, External Surface, Elastic Section Modulus
Pipe Size(inches)
Outside Diameter(inches)
IdentificationWall Thickness - t -(inches)
Inside Diameter - d -(inches)
Steel Stainless Steel Schedule No.
Iron Pipe Size
Schedule No.
1/8 0.405.STDXS
.4080
10S40S80S
.049
.068
.095
.307
.269
.215
1/4 0.540 . . 10S .065 .410
STDXS
4080
40S80S
.088
.119.364.302
3/8 0.675.STDXS
.4080
10S40S80S
.065
.091
.126
.545
.493
.423
1/2 0.840
.
.STDXS.XXS
.
.4080160.
5S10S40S80S..
.065
.083
.109
.147
.187
.294
.710
.674
.622
.546
.466
.252
3/41.050
.
.STDXS.XXS
.
.4080160.
5S10S40S80S..
.065
.083
.113
.154
.219
.308
.920
.884
.824
.742
.612
.434
1 1.315
.
.STDXS.XXS
.
.4080160.
5S10S40S80S..
.065
.109
.133
.179
.250
.358
1.1851.0971.049.957.815.599
1 1/4 1.660
.
.STDXS.XXS
.
.4080160.
5S10S40S80S..
.065
.109
.140
.191
.250
.382
1.5301.4421.3801.2781.160.896
1 1/2 1.900
.
.STDXS.XXS
.
.4080160.
5S10S40S80S..
.065
.109
.145
.200
.281
.400
1.7701.6821.6101.5001.3381.100
2 2.375
.
.STDXS.XXS
.
.4080160.
5S10S40S80S..
.065
.109
.154
.218
.344
.436
2.2452.1572.0671.9391.6871.503
2 1/2 2.875 ..
.
.5S10S
.083
.1202.7092.635
STDXS.XXS
4080160.
40S80S..
.203
.276
.375
.552
2.4692.3232.1251.771
3 3.500
.
.STDXS.XXS
.
.4080160.
5S10S40S80S..
.083
.120
.216
.300
.438
.600
3.3343.2603.0682.9002.6242.300
3 1/2 4.000
.
.STDXS
.
.4080
5S10S40S80S
.083
.120
.226
.318
3.8343.7603.5483.364
4 4.500
.
.STDXS..XXS
.
.4080120160.
5S10S40S80S...
.083
.120
.237
.337
.438
.531
.674
4.3344.2604.0263.8263.6243.4383.152
5 5.563
.
.STDXS..XXS
.
.4080120160.
5S10S40S80S...
.109
.134
.258
.375
.500
.625
.750
5.3455.2955.0474.8134.5634.3134.063
6 6.625
.
.STDXS..XXS
.
.4080120160.
5S10S40S80S...
.109
.134
.280
.432
.562
.718
.864
6.4076.3576.0655.7615.5015.1874.897
8 8.625 ....STD.XS..
.
.2030406080100120
5S10S..40S.80S..
.109
.148
.250
.277
.322
.406
.500
.594
.719
8.4078.3298.1258.0717.9817.8137.6257.4377.187
.XXS.
140.160
.
.
.
.812
.875
.906
7.0016.8756.813
10 10.750
.
.
.
.STDXS.....
.
.2030406080100120140160
5S10S..40S80S.....
.134
.165
.250
.307
.365
.500
.594
.719
.8441.0001.125
10.48210.42010.25010.13610.0209.7509.5629.3129.0628.7508.500
12 12.75
.
.
.
.STD.XS......
.
.2030.40.6080100120140160
5S10S..40S.80S......
.156
.180
.250
.330
.375
.406
.500
.562
.688
.8441.0001.1251.312
12.43812.39012.25012.09012.00011.93811.75011.62611.37411.06210.75010.50010.126
14 14.00
.
.
.
.STD.XS.......
.
.10203040.6080100120140160
5S10S...........
156.188.250.312.375.438.500.594.750.9381.0941.2501.406
13.68813.62413.50013.37613.25013.12413.00012.81212.50012.12411.81211.50011.188
16 16.00 ....STD
.
.102030
5S10S...
.165
.188
.250
.312
.375
15.67015.62415.50015.37615.250
XS......
406080100120140160
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.500
.656
.8441.0311.2191.4381.594
15.00014.68814.31213.93813.56213.12412.812
18 18.00
.
.
.
.STD.XS.......
.
.1020.30.406080100120140160
5S10S............
.165
.188
.250
.312
.375
.438
.500
.562
.750
.9381.1561.3751.5621.781
17.67017.62417.50017.37617.25017.12417.00016.87616.50016.12415.68815.25014.87614.438
20 20.00
.
.
.STDXS.......
.
.102030406080100120140160
5S10S..........
.188
.218
.250
.375
.500
.594
.8121.0311.2811.5001.7501.969
19.62419.56419.50019.25019.00018.81218.37617.93817.43817.00016.50016.062
22 22.00
.
.
.STDXS......
.
.1020306080100120140160
5S10S.........
.188
.218
.250
.375
.500
.8751.1251.3751.6251.8752.125
21.62421.56421.50021.25021.00020.25019.7519.2518.7518.2517.75
24 24.00 . . 5S .218 23.564
.STDXS........
1020.30406080100120140160
10S..........
.250
.375
.500
.562
.688
.9691.2191.5311.8122.0622.344
23.50023.25023.00022.87622.62422.06221.56220.93820.37619.87619.312
26 26.00.STDXS
10.20
.
.
.
.312
.375
.500
25.37625.25025.000
28 28.00
.STDXS.
10.2030
.
.
.
.
.312
.375
.500
.625
27.37627.25027.00026.750
30 30.00
.
.STDXS.
.10.2030
5S10S...
.250
.312
.375
.500
.625
29.50029.37629.25029.00028.750
32 32.00
.STDXS..
10.203040
.
.
.
.
.
.312
.375
.500
.625
.688
31.37631.25031.00030.75030.624
34 34.00
.STDXS..
10.203040
.
.
.
.
.
.344
.375
.500
.625
.688
33.31233.25033.00032.75032.624
36 36.00
.STDXS..
10.203040
.
.
.
.
.
.312
.375
.500
.625
.750
35.37635.25035.00034.75034.500
42 42.00
STDXS..
.203040
.
.
.
.
.375
.500
.625
.750
41.25041.00040.72040.500
1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm
Area of Metal, Transverse Internal Area, Moment of Inertia, Weight Pipe, Weight Water, External Surface, Elastic Section Modulus
Pipe Size(inches)
Area of Metal(square inches)
Transverse Internal Area
Moment of Inertia
- l -(inches4)
Weight Pipe(pounds per foot)
WeightWater(pounds per foot)
External Surface(square feet per foot of pipe)
Elastic Section Modulus(in3)
- a -(square inches)
- A -(square feet)
1/8.0548.0720.0925
.0740
.0568
.0364
.00051
.00040
.00025
.00088
.00106
.00122
.19
.24
.31
.032
.025
.016
.106
.106
.106
.00437
.00523
.00602
1/4.0970.1250.1574
.1320
.1041
.0716
.00091
.00072
.00050
.00279
.00331
.00377
.33
.42
.54
.057
.045
.031
.141
.141
.141
.01032
.01227
.01395
3/8.1246.1670.2173
.2333
.1910
.1405
.00162
.00133
.00098
.00586
.00729
.00862
.42
.57
.74
.101
.083
.061
.178
.178
.178
.01736
.02160
.02554
1/2
.1583
.1974
.2503
.3200
.3836
.5043
.3959
.3568
.3040
.2340
.1706
.050
.00275
.00248
.00211
.00163
.00118
.00035
.01197
.01431
.01709
.02008
.02212
.02424
.54
.67
.851.091.311.71
.172
.155
.132
.102
.074
.022
.220
.220220.220220.220
.02849
.03407
.04069
.04780
.05267
.05772
3/4
.2011
.2521
.3326
.4335
.5698
.7180
.6648
.6138
.5330
.4330
.2961
.148
.00462
.00426
.00371
.00300
.00206
.00103
.02450
.02969
.03704
.04479
.05269
.05792
.69
.861.131.471.942.44
.288
.266
.231
.188
.128
.064
.275
.275
.275
.275
.275
.275
.04667
.05655
.07055
.08531
.10036
.11032
1
.2553
.4130
.4939
.6388
.83651.0760
1.1029.9452.8640.7190.5217.282
.00766
.00656
.00600
.00499
.00362
.00196
.04999
.07569
.08734
.1056
.1251
.1405
.871.401.682.172.843.66
.478
.409
.375
.312
.230
.122
.344
.344
.344
.344
.344
.344
.07603
.11512
.1328
.1606
.1903
.2136
1 1/4
.3257
.4717
.6685
.88151.10701.534
1.8391.6331.4951.2831.057.630
.01277
.01134
.01040
.00891
.00734
.00438
.1038
.1605
.1947
.2418
.2839
.3411
1.111.812.273.003.765.21
.797
.708
.649
.555
.458
.273
.435
.435
.435
.435
.435
.435
.1250
.1934
.2346
.2913
.3421
.4110
1 1/2 .3747 2.461 .01709 .1579 1.28 1.066 .497 .1662
.6133
.79951.0681.4291.885
2.2222.0361.7671.406.950
.01543
.01414
.01225
.00976
.00660
.2468
.3099
.3912
.4824
.5678
2.092.723.634.866.41
.963
.882
.765
.608
.42
.497
.497
.497
.497
.497
.2598
.3262
.4118
.5078
.5977
2
.4717
.77601.0751.4772.1902.656
3.9583.6543.3552.9532.2411.774
.02749
.02538
.02330
.02050
.01556
.01232
.3149
.4992
.6657
.86791.1621.311
1.612.643.655.027.469.03
1.721.581.451.28.97.77
.622
.622
.622
.622
.622
.622
.2652
.4204
.5606
.7309
.9791.104
2 1/2
.72801.0391.7042.2542.9454.028
5.7645.4534.7884.2383.5462.464
.04002
.03787
.03322
.02942
.02463
.01710
.7100
.98731.5301.9242.3532.871
2.483.535.797.6610.0113.69
2.502.362.071.871.541.07
.753
.753
.753
.753
.753
.753
.4939
.68681.0641.3391.6381.997
3
.89101.2742.2283.0164.2055.466
8.7308.3477.3936.6055.4084.155
.06063
.05796
.05130
.04587
.03755
.02885
1.3011.8223.0173.8945.0325.993
3.034.337.5810.2514.3218.58
3.783.623.202.62.351.80
.916
.916
.916
.916
.916
.916
.74351.0411.7242.2252.8763.424
3 1/2
1.0211.4632.6803.678
11.54511.1049.8868.888
.08017
.07711
.06870
.06170
1.9602.7554.7886.280
3.484.979.1112.50
5.004.814.293.84
1.0471.0471.0471.047
.97991.3782.3943.140
4
1.1521.6513.1744.4075.5956.6218.101
14.7514.2512.7311.5010.319.287.80
.10245
.09898
.08840
.07986
.0716
.0645
.0542
2.8103.9637.2339.61011.6513.2715.28
3.925.6110.7914.9819.022.5127.54
6.396.185.504.984.474.023.38
1.1781.1781.1781.1781.1781.1781.178
1.2491.7613.2144.2715.1785.8986.791
5
1.8682.2854.3006.1127.9539.69611.340
22.4422.0220.0118.1916.3514.6112.97
.1558
.1529
.1390
.1263
.1136
.1015
.0901
6.9478.42515.1620.6725.7330.0333.63
6.367.7714.6220.7827.0432.9638.55
9.729.548.677.887.096.335.61
1.4561.4561.4561.4561.4561.4561.456
2.4983.0295.4517.4319.25010.79612.090
6 2.2312.7335.581
32.2431.7428.89
.2239
.2204
.2006
11.8514.4028.14
7.609.2918.97
13.9713.7512.51
1.7341.7341.734
3.5764.3468.496
8.40510.7013.3215.64
26.0723.7721.1518.84
.1810
.1650
.1469
.1308
40.4949.6158.9766.33
28.5736.3945.3553.16
11.2910.309.168.16
1.7341.7341.7341.734
12.2214.9817.8120.02
8
2.9163.9416.577.268.4010.4812.7614.9617.8419.9321.3021.97
55.5154.4851.8551.1650.0347.9445.6643.4640.5938.5037.1236.46
.3855
.3784
.3601
.3553
.3474
.3329
.3171
.3018
.2819
.2673
.2578
.2532
26.4435.4157.7263.3572.4988.73105.7121.3140.5153.7162.0165.9
9.9313.4022.3624.7028.5535.6443.3950.9560.7167.7672.4274.69
24.0623.6122.4722.1721.7020.7719.7818.8317.5916.6816.1015.80
2.2582.2582.2582.2582.2582.2582.2582.2582.2582.2582.2582.258
6.1318.21213.3914.6916.8120.5824.5128.1432.5835.6537.5638.48
10
4.365.498.2410.0711.9016.1018.9222.6326.2430.6334.02
86.2985.2882.5280.6978.8674.6671.8468.1364.5360.1356.75
.5992
.5922
.5731
.5603
.5475
.5185
.4989
.4732
.4481
.4176
.3941
63.076.9113.7137.4160.7212.0244.8286.1324.2367.8399.3
15.1918.6528.0434.2440.4854.7464.4377.0389.29104.13115.64
37.3936.9535.7634.9634.2032.3531.1329.5327.9626.0624.59
2.8142.8142.8142.8142.8142.8142.8142.8142.8142.8142.814
11.7114.3021.1525.5729.9039.4345.5453.2260.3268.4374.29
12
6.177.119.8212.8714.5815.7719.2421.5226.0331.5336.9141.0847.14
121.50120.57117.86114.80113.10111.93108.43106.16101.6496.1490.7686.5980.53
.8438
.8373
.8185
.7972
.7854
.7773
.7528
.7372
.7058
.6677
.6303
.6013
.5592
122.4140.4191.8248.4279.3300.3361.5400.4475.1561.6641.6700.5781.1
20.9824.1733.3843.7749.5653.5265.4273.1588.63107.32125.49139.67160.27
52.6552.2551.0749.7449.0048.5046.9246.0044.0441.6639.3337.5234.89
3.3383.3383.3383.3383.3383.3383.3383.3383.3383.3383.3383.3383.338
19.222.030.239.043.847.156.762.874.688.1100.7109.9122.6
14 6.788.1610.8013.4216.05
147.15145.78143.14140.52137.88
1.02191.0124.9940.9758.9575
162.6194.6255.3314.4372.8
23.0727.7336.7145.6154.57
63.7763.1762.0360.8959.75
3.6653.6653.6653.6653.665
23.227.836.645.053.2
18.6621.2124.9831.2238.4544.3250.0755.63
135.28132.73128.96122.72115.49109.62103.8798.31
.9394
.9217
.8956
.8522
.8020
.7612
.7213
.6827
429.1483.8562.3678.3824.4929.61027.01117.0
63.4472.0985.05106.13130.85150.79170.28189.11
58.6457.4655.8653.1850.0447.4545.0142.60
3.6653.6653.6653.6653.6653.6653.6653.665
61.369.180.398.2117.8132.8146.8159.6
16
8.219.3412.3715.3818.4124.3531.6240.1448.4856.5665.7872.10
192.85191.72188.69185.69182.65176.72169.44160.92152.58144.50135.28128.96
1.33931.33141.31031.28951.26841.22721.17661.1751.05961.0035.9394.8956
257.3291.9383.7473.2562.1731.9932.41155.81364.51555.81760.31893.5
27.9031.7542.0552.2762.5882.77107.50136.61164.82192.43223.64245.25
83.5783.0881.7480.5079.1276.5873.4269.7366.1262.6258.6455.83
4.1894.1894.1894.1894.1894.1894.1894.1894.1894.1894.1894.189
32.236.548.059.270.391.5116.6144.5170.5194.5220.0236.7
18
9.2510.5213.9417.3420.7624.1727.4930.7940.6450.2361.1771.8180.6690.75
245.22243.95240.53237.13233.71230.30226.98223.68213.83204.24193.30182.66173.80163.72
1.70291.69411.67031.64671.62301.59901.57631.55331.48491.41831.34231.26841.20701.1369
367.6417.3549.1678.2806.7930.31053.21171.51514.71833.02180.02498.12749.03020.0
31.4335.7647.3958.9470.5982.1593.45104.67138.17170.92207.96244.14274.22308.50
106.26105.71104.21102.77101.1899.8498.2796.9392.5788.5083.7679.0775.3270.88
4.7124.7124.7124.7124.7124.7124.7124.7124.7124.7124.7124.7124.7124.712
40.846.461.175.589.6103.4117.0130.1168.3203.8242.3277.6305.5335.6
20 11.7013.5515.5123.1230.6336.1548.9561.4475.3387.18100.33
302.46300.61298.65290.04283.53278.00265.21252.72238.83226.98213.82
2.10042.08762.07402.01421.96901.93051.84171.75501.65851.57621.4849
574.2662.8765.41113.01457.01703.02257.02772.03315.23754.04216.0
39.7846.0652.7378.60104.13123.11166.40208.87256.10296.37341.09
131.06130.27129.42125.67122.87120.46114.92109.51103.3998.3592.66
5.2365.2365.2365.2365.2365.2365.2365.2365.2365.2365.236
57.466.375.6111.3145.7170.4225.7277.1331.5375.5421.7
111.49 202.67 1.4074 4585.5 379.17 87.74 5.236 458.5
22
12.8814.9217.0825.4833.7758.0773.7889.09104.02118.55132.68
367.25365.21363.05354.66346.36322.06306.35291.04276.12261.59247.45
2.55032.53622.52122.46292.40532.23652.12752.02111.91751.81661.71840
766.2884.81010.31489.71952.53244.94030.44758.55432.06053.76626.4
43.8050.7158.0786.61114.81197.41250.81302.88353.61403.00451.06
159.14158.26157.32153.68150.09139.56132.76126.12119.65113.36107.23
5.7605.7605.7605.7605.7605.7605.7605.7605.7605.7605.760
69.780.491.8135.4117.5295.0366.4432.6493.8550.3602.4
24
16.2918.6527.8336.9141.3950.3170.0487.17108.07126.31142.11159.41
436.10433.74424.56415.48411.00402.07382.35365.22344.32326.08310.28292.98
3.02853.01212.94832.88532.85422.79212.65522.53622.39112.26452.15472.0346
1151.61315.41942.02549.52843.03421.34652.85672.06849.97825.08625.09455.9
55.3763.4194.62125.49140.68171.29238.35296.58367.39429.39483.12542.13
188.98187.95183.95179.87178.09174.23165.52158.26149.06141.17134.45126.84
6.2836.2836.2836.2836.2836.2836.2836.2836.2836.2836.2836.283
96.0109.6161.9212.5237.0285.1387.7472.8570.8652.1718.9787.9
2625.1830.1940.06
505.75500.74490.87
3.51223.47743.4088
2077.22478.43257.0
85.60102.63136.17
219.16216.99212.71
6.8066.8066.806
159.8190.6250.5
28
27.1432.5443.2053.75
588.61583.21572.56562.00
4.08764.05013.97613.9028
2601.03105.14084.85037.7
92.26110.64146.85182.73
255.07252.73248.11243.53
7.3307.3307.3307.330
185.8221.8291.8359.8
30
23.3729.1034.9046.3457.68
683.49677.76671.96660.52649.18
4.74654.70674.66644.58694.5082
2585.23206.33829.45042.26224.0
79.4398.93118.65157.53196.08
296.18293.70291.18286.22281.31
7.8547.8547.8547.8547.854
172.3213.8255.3336.1414.9
32
31.0637.2649.4861.6067.68
773.19766.99754.77742.64736.57
5.36945.32635.24145.15725.1151
3898.94658.56138.67583.48298.3
105.59126.66168.21209.43230.08
335.05332.36327.06321.81319.18
8.3788.3788.3788.3788.378
243.7291.2383.7474.0518.6
34 36.3739.6152.62
871.55868.31855.30
6.05246.02995.9396
5150.55599.37383.5
123.65134.67178.89
377.67376.27370.63
8.9018.9018.901
303.0329.4434.3
65.5372.00
842.39835.92
5.84995.8050
9127.69991.6
222.78244.77
365.03362.23
8.9018.901
536.9587.7
36
34.9841.9755.7669.4683.06
982.90975.91962.11948.42934.82
6.82576.77716.68136.58626.4918
5569.56658.98786.210868.412906.1
118.92142.68189.57236.13282.35
425.92422.89416.91417.22405.09
9.4259.4259.4259.4259.425
309.4369.9488.1603.8717.0
42
49.0865.1881.2897.23
1336.31320.21304.11288.2
.
.
.
.
10627140371737320689
167222276330
579.3572.3565.4558.4
10.9910.9910.9910.99
506.1668.4827.3985.2
STD, XS and XXS
To distinguish different weights of pipe, three long standing traditional designations are used:
standard wall - STD extra strong wall - XS double extra strong wall - XXS
The last two designations are sometimes referred to as extra heavy wall (XH), and double extra heavy wall (XXH).
Stainless Steel Pipes - Dimensions and Weights ANSI/ASME 36.19
Dimensions, wall thickness and weights of stainless steel pipes according ASME B36.10M Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe and ASME B36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe
Stainless steel pipes are used in constructions, food industry, pharmaceutical industry, petrochemical industry, automotive industry, municipal and decorative purposes.
Range of Stainless Steel pipes according to ANSI/ASME B36.10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe - and ANSI/ASME 36.19M Stainless Steel Pipe.
NominalPipe
OutsideDiameter
Schedule
5S 10S 40S 80S 160S
(mm) (inches Wall Thickness and Weight
Size)
mm(in)
kg/mmm(in)
kg/mmm(in)
kg/mmm(in)
kg/mmm(in)
kg/m
1/8 10.3 0.405 - -1.25(0.049)
0.281.73(0.068)
0.372.42(0.095)
0.47 - -
1/4 13.7 0.540 - -1.66(0.065)
0.492.24(0.088)
0.633.03(0.119)
0.80 - -
3/8 17.2 0.675 - -1.66(0.065)
0.632.32(0.091)
0.853.20(0.126)
1.10 - -
1/2 21.3 0.8401.66(0.065)
0.812.11(0.083)
1.002.77(0.109)
1.273.74(0.147)
1.62 4.78 1.90
3/4 26.7 1.0501.66(0.065)
1.022.11(0.083)
1.282.87(0.113)
1.683.92(0.154)
2.20 5.57 2.90
1 33.4 1.3151.66(0.065)
1.302.77(0.109)
2.093.38(0.133)
2.504.55(0.179)
3.24 6.35 4.20
1 1/4 42.2 1.6601.66(0.065)
1.662.77(0.109)
2.693.56(0.140)
3.394.86(0.191)
4.47 6.35 5.60
1 1/2 48.3 1.9001.66(0.065)
1.912.77(0.109)
3.113.69(0.145)
4.065.08(0.200)
5.41 7.14 7.20
2 60.3 2.3752.11(0.065)
2.402.77(0.109)
3.933.92(0.154)
5.455.54(0.218)
7.49 8.74 11.1
2 1/2 73.0 2.8752.11(0.083)
3.693.05(0.120)
5.265.16(0.203)
8.647.01(0.276)
11.4 9.53 14.9
3 88.9 3.5002.11(0.083)
4.523.05(0.120)
6.465.49(0.216)
11.37.62(0.300)
15.3 11.13 21.3
3 1/2 101.6 4.0002.11(0.083)
5.183.05(0.120)
7.415.74(0.226)
13.68.08(0.318)
18.6 - -
4 114.3 4.5002.11(0.083)
5.843.05(0.120)
8.376.02(0.237)
16.18.56(0.337)
22.3 13.49 33.5
5 141.3 5.5632.77(0.109)
9.463.41(0.134)
11.66.56(0.258)
21.89.53(0.375)
31.0 15.88 49.1
6 168.3 6.6252.77(0.109)
11.33.41(0.134)
13.97.12(0.280)
28.310.98(0.432)
42.6 18.27 67.6
8 219.1 8.6252.77(0.109)
14.83.76(0.148)
20.08.18(0.322)
42.512.70(0.500)
64.6 23.02 111
10 273.1 10.7503.41(0.134)
22.74.20(0.165)
27.89.28(0.365)
60.412.70(0.500)
81.5 28.58 172
12 323.9 12.7503.97(0.156)
31.34.58(0.180)
36.19.53(0.375)
73.912.70(0.500)
97.4 33.33 239
The ANSI/ASME B36.10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe - standard covers the standardization of dimensions of welded and seamless wrought steel pipe for high or low temperatures and pressures. The word pipe is used as distinguished from tube to apply to tubular products of dimensions commonly used for pipeline and piping systems. Pipe NPS 12 (DN 300) and smaller have outside diameters numerically larger than corresponding sizes. In contrast, the outside diameters of tubes are numerically identical to the size number for all sizes
The ANSI/ASME 36.19M Stainless Steel Pipe - covers the standardization of dimensions of welded and seamless wrought stainless steel pipe
Stainless Steel Fittings
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Dimensions Sizes and dimensions of pipes and tubes, and their fittings - inside and outside diameter, weight and more
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Stainless Steel Pipes - Comparing American and European Standards Comparing American - US - and European - German, British (UK) and Swedish - stainless steel pipe standards
Carbon, Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipes - ASME/ANSI B36.10/19 Pipe sizes, inside and outside diameters, wall thickness, schedules, moment of inertia, transverse area, weight of pipe filled with water - U.S. Customary Units
Heating Systems - Steel Pipe Pressure Loss Diagram Steel pipes and tubes - pressure loss diagram hot water heating systems
Stainless Steel Pipes - Pressure Ratings Pressure ratings for standard seamless A312-TP316/316L stainless steel pipes - temperatures 100oF to 750oF
Identification Tests for Stainless Steels Magnetic, spark, hardness and acid identification tests of austenitic, martensitic and ferritic stainless steels
Stainless Steel Weld Fittings - Dimensions ANSI/ASME B36.19 Dimensions of stainless steel weld fittings according ANSI/ASME B36.19
Pipe Equations Calculate cross-sectional area, weight of empty pipes, weight of pipes filled with water, inside and outside surface area
Expansion of Copper, Carbon and Stainless Steel Pipes Thermal expansion of stainless steel, carbon steel pipes and copper tubes
Pipe Formulas Pipe and Tube Equations - moment of inertia, section modulus, traverse metal area, external pipe surface and traverse internal area - imperial units
Briggs Standard Pipe Taps - Drill Sizes
Drill sizes for Briggs Standard Pipe taps
Drill sizes for Briggs Standard Pipe taps for direct tapping without reaming can be taken from the table below:
Size of Pipe(inches)
Size of Pipe(inches)
1/8 21/64
1/4 7/16
3/8 9/16
1/2 45/64
3/4 29/32
1 1 9/64
1 1/4 1 31/64
1 1/2 1 47/64
2 2 13/64
2 1/2 2 5/8
3 3 1/4
3 1/2 3 47/64
4 4 15/64
Coefficients of Linear Expansion
Linear temperature expansion coefficients for some common materials as aluminum, copper, glass, iron and many more
Thermal expansion coefficients for some common materials can be found in the table below:
ProductLinear Temperature Expansion Coefficient- α-
(10-6 m/m K) (10-6 in/in oF)
ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) thermoplastic
73.8 41
ABS -glass fiber-reinforced 30.4 17
Acetal 106.5 59.2
Acetal - glass fiber-reinforced 39.4 22
Acrylic, sheet, cast 81 45
Acrylic, extruded 234 130
Alumina 5.4 3.0
Aluminum 22.2 12.3
Antimony 10.4 5.8
Arsenic 4.7 2.6
Barium 20.6 11.4
Beryllium 11.5 6.4
Beryllium Copper (Cu 75, Be 25)
16.7 9.3
Bismuth 13 7.3
Brass 18.7 10.4
Brick masonary 5.5 3.1
Bronze 18.0 10.0
Cadmium 30 16.8
Calcium 22.3 12.4
Carbon - diamond 1.2 0.67
Cast Iron Gray 10.8 6.0
Cellulose acetate (CA) 130 72.2
Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB)
25.2 14
Cellulose nitrate (CN) 100 55.6
Cement 10.0 6.0
Cerium 5.2 2.9
Chlorinated polyvinylchloride (CPVC)
66.6 37
Chromium 6.2 3.4
Clay tile structure 5.9 3.3
Cobalt 12 6.7
Concrete 14.5 8.0
Concrete structure 9.8 5.5
Constantan 18.8 10.4
Copper 16.6 9.3
Corundum, sintered 6.5 3.6
Cupronickel 30% 16.2 9
Diamond 1.1 0.6
Dysprosium 9.9 5.5
Ebonite 76.6 42.8
Epoxy, castings resins & compounds, unfilled
55 31
Erbium 12.2 6.8
Ethylene ethyl acrylate (EEA)
205 113.9
Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) 180 100
Europium 35 19.4
Fluoroethylene propylene (FEP)
135 75
Gadolinium 9 5
Germanium 6.1 3.4
Glass, hard 5.9 3.3
Glass, Pyrex 4.0 2.2
Glass, plate 9.0 5.0
Gold 14.2 8.2
Granite 7.9 4.4
Graphite, pure 7.9 4.4
Hafnium 5.9 3.3
Hard alloy K20 6 3.3
Hastelloy C 11.3 6.3
Holmium 11.2 6.2
Ice 51 28.3
Inconel 12.6 7.0
Indium 33 18.3
Invar 1.5 0.8
Iridium 6.4 3.6
Iron, pure 12.0 6.7
Iron, cast 10.4 5.9
Iron, forged 11.3 6.3
Lanthanum 12.1 6.7
Lead 28.0 15.1
Limestone 8 4.4
Lithium 46 25.6
Lutetium 9.9 5.5
Magnesium 25 14
Manganese 22 12.3
Marble 5.5 - 14.1 3.1 - 7.9
Masonry 4.7 - 9.0 2.6 - 5.0
Mica 3 1.7
Molybdenum 5 2.8
Monel 13.5 7.5
Mortar 7.3 - 13.5 4.1-7.5
Neodymium 9.6 5.3
Nickel 13.0 7.2
Niobium (Columbium) 7 3.9
Nylon, general purpose 72 40
Nylon, Type 11, molding and extruding compound
100 55.6
Nylon, Type 12, molding and extruding compound
80.5 44.7
Nylon, Type 6, cast 85 47.2
Nylon, Type 6/6, molding compound
80 44.4
Osmium 5 2.8
Palladium 11.8 6.6
Phenolic resin without fillers 80 44.4
Plaster 16.4 9.2
Platinum 9.0 5.0
Plutonium 54 30.2
Polyallomer 91.5 50.8
Polyamide (PA) 110 61.1
Polycarbonate (PC) 70.2 39
Polycarbonate - glass fiber-reinforced
21.5 12
Polyester 123.5 69
Polyester - glass fiber-reinforced
25 14
Polyethylene (PE) 200 111
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
59.4 33
Polyphenylene - glass fiber-reinforced
35.8 20
Polypropylene (PP), unfilled 90.5 50.3
Polypropylene - glass fiber-reinforced
32 18
Polystyrene (PS) 70 38.9
Polysulfone (PSO) 55.8 31
Polyurethane (PUR), rigid 57.6 32
Porcelain 3.6 2.0
Potassium 83 46.4
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 110 61.1
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
127.8 71
Porcelain 4.5 2.5
Potassium 83 46.1
Praseodymium 6.7 3.7
Promethium 11 6.1
Quartz 0.77 - 1.4 0.43 - 0.79
Rhenium 6.7 3.7
Rhodium 8 4.5
Rubber, hard 77 42.8
Ruthenium 9.1 5.1
Samarium 12.7 7.1
Sandstone 11.6 6.5
Scandium 10.2 5.7
Selenium 3.7 2.8
Silicon 5.1 1.7
Silver 19.5 10.7
Slate 10.4 5.8
Sodium 70 39.1
Solder 50 - 50 24.0 13.4
Steatite 8.5 4.7
Steel 13.0 7.3
Steel Stainless Austenitic (304)
17.3 9.6
Steel Stainless Austenitic (310)
14.4 8.0
Steel Stainless Austenitic (316)
16.0 8.9
Steel Stainless Ferritic (410) 9.9 5.5
Strontium 22.5 12.5
Tantalum 6.5 3.6
Tellurium 36.9 20.5
Terbium 10.3 5.7
Terne 11.6 6.5
Thallium 29.9 16.6
Thorium 12 6.7
Thulium 13.3 7.4
Tin 23.4 13.0
Titanium 8.6 4.8
Tungsten 4.3 2.4
Uranium 13.9 7.7
Vanadium 8 4.5
Vinyl Ester 16 - 22 8.7 - 12
Wood, fir 3.7 2.1
Wood, oak parallel to grain 4.9 2.7
Wood, oak across to grain 5.4 3.0
Wood, pine 5 2.8
Ytterbium 26.3 14.6
Yttrium 10.6 5.9
Zinc 29.7 16.5
Zirconium 5.7 3.2
T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32] 1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm 1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
Calculate Thermal Pipe Expansion
Thermal Expansion of Steam Pipes - mm
A steam pipe heated from surrounding temperature to operation temperature expands
The table below can be used to calculate the expansion of steam pipes at different operating temperatures.
Production Temperature(oC)
Expansion pr. 100 m Pipe(mm)
66 63
93 96
121 136
149 166
177 203
204 246
232 279
260 323
To avoid unacceptable stress and damage of the pipe lines - its important to handle the expansion properly.
Steel Pipes and Temperature Expansion
Temperature expansion of carbon steel pipes
The maximum and minimum length of a pipe depends to the maximum and minimum temperature of the pipe - in cold (non operating) and running (operating) condition. The temperature expansion coefficient steel pipes per degree change of temperature is nearly constant:
6.5 10-6 (in/in oF) 14.0 10-6 (m/m oC)
Carbon Steel Pipes - Temperature Expansion - Fahrenheit
The temperature expansion of carbon steel pipes expressed in inches per 100 feet per degree Fahrenheit:
Carbon Steel Pipes - Temperature Expansion - Celcius
The temperature expansion of carbon steel pipes expressed in mm per m per degree Celsius:
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Piping Systems Dimensions of pipes and tubes - dimensions, materials, capacities - pressure drop calculations and charts - insulation and heat loss diagrams
Temperature Expansion Thermal expansion of pipes and tubes - stainless steel, carbon steel, copper, plastics and more
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Coefficients of Linear Expansion Linear temperature expansion coefficients for some common materials as aluminum, copper, glass, iron and many more
Pipes and Tubes - Temperature Expansion Pipes expands when heated and contracts when cooled. The expansion of the pipes can be expressed with the expansion formula
Expansion of Copper, Carbon and Stainless Steel Pipes Thermal expansion of stainless steel, carbon steel pipes and copper tubes
Steel Pipe - Expansion Loop Capacity Steel pipes - thermal expansion and expansion loop capacities
Pipes and Tubes - Temperature Expansion
Pipes expands when heated and contracts when cooled. The expansion of the pipes can be expressed with the expansion formula
The temperature expansion of pipes depends on the start and final temperature of the pipe and the expansion coefficient of the piping material at the actual temperature. The general expansion formula can be expressed as:
dl = α Lo dt (1)
where
dl = expansion (m, inch)
Lo = length of pipe (m, inch)
dt = temperature difference (oC, oF)
α = linear expansion coefficient (m/moK, inch/inchoF)
Mean expansion coefficient may vary with temperature as:
Mean Expansion Coefficient - α - (10-6 inch/inch oF)
MaterialTemperature Range (oF)
- 3232 - 212
32 - 400
32 - 600
32 - 750
32 - 900
32 - 1100
32 - 1300
Alloy Steel(1% Cr. 1/2% Mo)
7.7 8.0 8.4 8.8 9.2 9.6 9.8
Mild Steel(0.1 - 0.2% C)
7.1 7.8 8.3 8.7 9.0 9.5 9.7
Stainless Steel(18% Cr. 8% Ni)
10.8 11.1 11.5 11.8 12.1 12.4 12.6 12.8
Formula (1) can also be used with SI units. The expansion coefficient must be adjusted to oC.
T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32]
1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm 1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m Expansion coefficients for some common materials
Example - Thermal Expansion of Heated Alloy Steel
100 feet of alloy steel pipe is heated from 32 to 212oF. The expansion coefficient is 8 10-6
(inch/inchoF).
The expansion can be expressed as:
dl = (8 10-6 in/inoF)(100 feet) (12 in/ft) ((212 oF) - (32 oF))
= 1.728 inch
Steel Tubes - Working Pressures
Normal maximum working pressures for steel tubes- in psi (lb/in2) and kPa (kN/m2)
The working pressures below are conservative estimates. Be aware that domestic rules may give lower limits.
Nominal bore
WaterSteam / Air, screwed connections
Steam / Air, welded connections
Light Medium Heavy Medium Heavy Medium Heavy
inches mm psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa
1/4 8 150 1000 300 2000 350 2400 150 1000 175 1200 250 1750 300 2000
3/8 10 150 1000 300 2000 350 2400 150 1000 175 1200 250 1750 300 2000
1/2 15 150 1000 300 2000 350 2400 150 1000 175 1200 250 1750 300 2000
3/4 20 150 1000 300 2000 350 2400 150 1000 175 1200 250 1750 300 2000
1 25 150 1000 300 2000 350 2400 150 1000 175 1200 250 1750 300 2000
1 1/4 32 125 850 250 1750 300 2000 125 850 150 1000 200 1400 300 2000
1 1/2 40 125 850 250 1750 300 2000 125 850 150 1000 200 1400 300 2000
2 50 100 700 200 1400 250 1750 100 700 125 850 200 1400 300 2000
2 1/2 65 100 700 200 1400 250 1750 100 700 125 850 200 1400 300 2000
3 80 100 700 200 1400 250 1750 100 700 125 850 150 1000 200 1400
4 100 80 550 150 1000 200 1400 80 550 100 700 150 1000 200 1400
5 125 150 1000 200 1400 80 550 100 700 150 1000 200 1400
6 150 125 850 150 1400 60 400 80 550 125 850 75 1200
Note!
psi = lb/in2
kPa = kN/m2
Carbon, Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipes - ASME/ANSI B36.10/19
Pipe sizes, inside and outside diameters, wall thickness, schedules, moment of inertia, transverse area, weight of pipe filled with water - U.S. Customary Units
The steel pipe data chart below can be used to find pipe sizes, diameters, wall thickness, working pressures and more The chart is based on ASME/ANSI B 36.10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe and ASME/ANSI B36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe.
Regardless of schedule number, pipes of a particular size all have the same outside diameter (not withstanding manufacturing tolerances). As the schedule number increases, the wall thickness increases, and the actual bore is reduced. For example:
A 4 inches (100 mm) Schedule 40 pipe has an outside diameter of 4.500 inches (114.30 mm), a wall thickness of 0.237 inches (6.02 mm), giving a bore of 4.026 inches (102.26 mm)
A 4 inches (100 mm) Schedule 80 pipe has an outside diameter of 4.500 inches ( 114.30 mm), a wall thickness of 0.337 inches (8.56 mm), giving a bore of 3.826 inches (97.18 mm)
Outside Diameter, Identification, Wall Thickness, Inside Diameter
Area of Metal, Transverse Internal Area, Moment of Inertia, Weight Pipe, Weight Water, External Surface, Elastic Section Modulus
Pipe Size(inches)
Outside Diameter(inches)
IdentificationWall Thickness - t -(inches)
Inside Diameter - d -(inches)
Steel Stainless Steel Schedule No.
Iron Pipe Size
Schedule No.
1/8 0.405 . . 10S .049 .307
STDXS
4080
40S80S
.068
.095.269.215
1/4 0.540.STDXS
. 4080
10S40S80S
.065
.088
.119
.410
.364
.302
3/8 0.675.STDXS
.4080
10S40S80S
.065
.091
.126
.545
.493
.423
1/2 0.840
.
.STDXS.XXS
.
.4080160.
5S10S40S80S..
.065
.083
.109
.147
.187
.294
.710
.674
.622
.546
.466
.252
3/41.050
.
.STDXS.XXS
.
.4080160.
5S10S40S80S..
.065
.083
.113
.154
.219
.308
.920
.884
.824
.742
.612
.434
1 1.315
.
.STDXS.XXS
.
.4080160.
5S10S40S80S..
.065
.109
.133
.179
.250
.358
1.1851.0971.049.957.815.599
1 1/4 1.660
.
.STDXS.XXS
.
.4080160.
5S10S40S80S..
.065
.109
.140
.191
.250
.382
1.5301.4421.3801.2781.160.896
1 1/2 1.900
.
.STDXS.XXS
.
.4080160.
5S10S40S80S..
.065
.109
.145
.200
.281
.400
1.7701.6821.6101.5001.3381.100
2 2.375 ..STDXS.
.
.4080160
5S10S40S80S.
.065
.109
.154
.218
.344
2.2452.1572.0671.9391.687
XXS . . .436 1.503
2 1/2 2.875
.
.STDXS.XXS
.
.4080160.
5S10S40S80S..
.083
.120
.203
.276
.375
.552
2.7092.6352.4692.3232.1251.771
3 3.500
.
.STDXS.XXS
.
.4080160.
5S10S40S80S..
.083
.120
.216
.300
.438
.600
3.3343.2603.0682.9002.6242.300
3 1/2 4.000
.
.STDXS
.
.4080
5S10S40S80S
.083
.120
.226
.318
3.8343.7603.5483.364
4 4.500
.
.STDXS..XXS
.
.4080120160.
5S10S40S80S...
.083
.120
.237
.337
.438
.531
.674
4.3344.2604.0263.8263.6243.4383.152
5 5.563
.
.STDXS..XXS
.
.4080120160.
5S10S40S80S...
.109
.134
.258
.375
.500
.625
.750
5.3455.2955.0474.8134.5634.3134.063
6 6.625
.
.STDXS..XXS
.
.4080120160.
5S10S40S80S...
.109
.134
.280
.432
.562
.718
.864
6.4076.3576.0655.7615.5015.1874.897
8 8.625 ....STD.
.
.20304060
5S10S..40S.
.109
.148
.250
.277
.322
.406
8.4078.3298.1258.0717.9817.813
XS...XXS.
80100120140.160
80S.....
.500
.594
.719
.812
.875
.906
7.6257.4377.1877.0016.8756.813
10 10.750
.
.
.
.STDXS.....
.
.2030406080100120140160
5S10S..40S80S.....
.134
.165
.250
.307
.365
.500
.594
.719
.8441.0001.125
10.48210.42010.25010.13610.0209.7509.5629.3129.0628.7508.500
12 12.75
.
.
.
.STD.XS......
.
.2030.40.6080100120140160
5S10S..40S.80S......
.156
.180
.250
.330
.375
.406
.500
.562
.688
.8441.0001.1251.312
12.43812.39012.25012.09012.00011.93811.75011.62611.37411.06210.75010.50010.126
14 14.00
.
.
.
.STD.XS.......
.
.10203040.6080100120140160
5S10S...........
156.188.250.312.375.438.500.594.750.9381.0941.2501.406
13.68813.62413.50013.37613.25013.12413.00012.81212.50012.12411.81211.50011.188
16 16.00 ..
.
.5S10S
.165
.18815.67015.624
.
.STDXS......
102030406080100120140160
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.250
.312
.375
.500
.656
.8441.0311.2191.4381.594
15.50015.37615.25015.00014.68814.31213.93813.56213.12412.812
18 18.00
.
.
.
.STD.XS.......
.
.1020.30.406080100120140160
5S10S............
.165
.188
.250
.312
.375
.438
.500
.562
.750
.9381.1561.3751.5621.781
17.67017.62417.50017.37617.25017.12417.00016.87616.50016.12415.68815.25014.87614.438
20 20.00
.
.
.STDXS.......
.
.102030406080100120140160
5S10S..........
.188
.218
.250
.375
.500
.594
.8121.0311.2811.5001.7501.969
19.62419.56419.50019.25019.00018.81218.37617.93817.43817.00016.50016.062
22 22.00 ...STDXS....
.
.1020306080100120
5S10S.......
.188
.218
.250
.375
.500
.8751.1251.3751.625
21.62421.56421.50021.25021.00020.25019.7519.2518.75
.
.140160
.
.1.8752.125
18.2517.75
24 24.00
.
.STDXS........
.1020.30406080100120140160
5S10S..........
.218
.250
.375
.500
.562
.688
.9691.2191.5311.8122.0622.344
23.56423.50023.25023.00022.87622.62422.06221.56220.93820.37619.87619.312
26 26.00.STDXS
10.20
.
.
.
.312
.375
.500
25.37625.25025.000
28 28.00
.STDXS.
10.2030
.
.
.
.
.312
.375
.500
.625
27.37627.25027.00026.750
30 30.00
.
.STDXS.
.10.2030
5S10S...
.250
.312
.375
.500
.625
29.50029.37629.25029.00028.750
32 32.00
.STDXS..
10.203040
.
.
.
.
.
.312
.375
.500
.625
.688
31.37631.25031.00030.75030.624
34 34.00
.STDXS..
10.203040
.
.
.
.
.
.344
.375
.500
.625
.688
33.31233.25033.00032.75032.624
36 36.00
.STDXS..
10.203040
.
.
.
.
.
.312
.375
.500
.625
.750
35.37635.25035.00034.75034.500
42 42.00 STDXS
.20
.
..375.500
41.25041.000
.
.3040
.
..625.750
40.72040.500
1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm
Area of Metal, Transverse Internal Area, Moment of Inertia, Weight Pipe, Weight Water, External Surface, Elastic Section Modulus
Pipe Size(inches)
Area of Metal(square inches)
Transverse Internal Area
Moment of Inertia
- l -(inches4)
Weight Pipe(pounds per foot)
WeightWater(pounds per foot)
External Surface(square feet per foot of pipe)
Elastic Section Modulus(in3)
- a -(square inches)
- A -(square feet)
1/8.0548.0720.0925
.0740
.0568
.0364
.00051
.00040
.00025
.00088
.00106
.00122
.19
.24
.31
.032
.025
.016
.106
.106
.106
.00437
.00523
.00602
1/4.0970.1250.1574
.1320
.1041
.0716
.00091
.00072
.00050
.00279
.00331
.00377
.33
.42
.54
.057
.045
.031
.141
.141
.141
.01032
.01227
.01395
3/8.1246.1670.2173
.2333
.1910
.1405
.00162
.00133
.00098
.00586
.00729
.00862
.42
.57
.74
.101
.083
.061
.178
.178
.178
.01736
.02160
.02554
1/2
.1583
.1974
.2503
.3200
.3836
.5043
.3959
.3568
.3040
.2340
.1706
.050
.00275
.00248
.00211
.00163
.00118
.00035
.01197
.01431
.01709
.02008
.02212
.02424
.54
.67
.851.091.311.71
.172
.155
.132
.102
.074
.022
.220
.220220.220220.220
.02849
.03407
.04069
.04780
.05267
.05772
3/4
.2011
.2521
.3326
.4335
.5698
.7180
.6648
.6138
.5330
.4330
.2961
.148
.00462
.00426
.00371
.00300
.00206
.00103
.02450
.02969
.03704
.04479
.05269
.05792
.69
.861.131.471.942.44
.288
.266
.231
.188
.128
.064
.275
.275
.275
.275
.275
.275
.04667
.05655
.07055
.08531
.10036
.11032
1
.2553
.4130
.4939
.6388
.83651.0760
1.1029.9452.8640.7190.5217.282
.00766
.00656
.00600
.00499
.00362
.00196
.04999
.07569
.08734
.1056
.1251
.1405
.871.401.682.172.843.66
.478
.409
.375
.312
.230
.122
.344
.344
.344
.344
.344
.344
.07603
.11512
.1328
.1606
.1903
.2136
1 1/4 .3257.4717.6685
1.8391.6331.495
.01277
.01134
.01040
.1038
.1605
.1947
1.111.812.27
.797
.708
.649
.435
.435
.435
.1250
.1934
.2346
.88151.10701.534
1.2831.057.630
.00891
.00734
.00438
.2418
.2839
.3411
3.003.765.21
.555
.458
.273
.435
.435
.435
.2913
.3421
.4110
1 1/2
.3747
.6133
.79951.0681.4291.885
2.4612.2222.0361.7671.406.950
.01709
.01543
.01414
.01225
.00976
.00660
.1579
.2468
.3099
.3912
.4824
.5678
1.282.092.723.634.866.41
1.066.963.882.765.608.42
.497
.497
.497
.497
.497
.497
.1662
.2598
.3262
.4118
.5078
.5977
2
.4717
.77601.0751.4772.1902.656
3.9583.6543.3552.9532.2411.774
.02749
.02538
.02330
.02050
.01556
.01232
.3149
.4992
.6657
.86791.1621.311
1.612.643.655.027.469.03
1.721.581.451.28.97.77
.622
.622
.622
.622
.622
.622
.2652
.4204
.5606
.7309
.9791.104
2 1/2
.72801.0391.7042.2542.9454.028
5.7645.4534.7884.2383.5462.464
.04002
.03787
.03322
.02942
.02463
.01710
.7100
.98731.5301.9242.3532.871
2.483.535.797.6610.0113.69
2.502.362.071.871.541.07
.753
.753
.753
.753
.753
.753
.4939
.68681.0641.3391.6381.997
3
.89101.2742.2283.0164.2055.466
8.7308.3477.3936.6055.4084.155
.06063
.05796
.05130
.04587
.03755
.02885
1.3011.8223.0173.8945.0325.993
3.034.337.5810.2514.3218.58
3.783.623.202.62.351.80
.916
.916
.916
.916
.916
.916
.74351.0411.7242.2252.8763.424
3 1/2
1.0211.4632.6803.678
11.54511.1049.8868.888
.08017
.07711
.06870
.06170
1.9602.7554.7886.280
3.484.979.1112.50
5.004.814.293.84
1.0471.0471.0471.047
.97991.3782.3943.140
4
1.1521.6513.1744.4075.5956.6218.101
14.7514.2512.7311.5010.319.287.80
.10245
.09898
.08840
.07986
.0716
.0645
.0542
2.8103.9637.2339.61011.6513.2715.28
3.925.6110.7914.9819.022.5127.54
6.396.185.504.984.474.023.38
1.1781.1781.1781.1781.1781.1781.178
1.2491.7613.2144.2715.1785.8986.791
5 1.8682.2854.3006.1127.9539.696
22.4422.0220.0118.1916.3514.61
.1558
.1529
.1390
.1263
.1136
.1015
6.9478.42515.1620.6725.7330.03
6.367.7714.6220.7827.0432.96
9.729.548.677.887.096.33
1.4561.4561.4561.4561.4561.456
2.4983.0295.4517.4319.25010.796
11.340 12.97 .0901 33.63 38.55 5.61 1.456 12.090
6
2.2312.7335.5818.40510.7013.3215.64
32.2431.7428.8926.0723.7721.1518.84
.2239
.2204
.2006
.1810
.1650
.1469
.1308
11.8514.4028.1440.4949.6158.9766.33
7.609.2918.9728.5736.3945.3553.16
13.9713.7512.5111.2910.309.168.16
1.7341.7341.7341.7341.7341.7341.734
3.5764.3468.49612.2214.9817.8120.02
8
2.9163.9416.577.268.4010.4812.7614.9617.8419.9321.3021.97
55.5154.4851.8551.1650.0347.9445.6643.4640.5938.5037.1236.46
.3855
.3784
.3601
.3553
.3474
.3329
.3171
.3018
.2819
.2673
.2578
.2532
26.4435.4157.7263.3572.4988.73105.7121.3140.5153.7162.0165.9
9.9313.4022.3624.7028.5535.6443.3950.9560.7167.7672.4274.69
24.0623.6122.4722.1721.7020.7719.7818.8317.5916.6816.1015.80
2.2582.2582.2582.2582.2582.2582.2582.2582.2582.2582.2582.258
6.1318.21213.3914.6916.8120.5824.5128.1432.5835.6537.5638.48
10
4.365.498.2410.0711.9016.1018.9222.6326.2430.6334.02
86.2985.2882.5280.6978.8674.6671.8468.1364.5360.1356.75
.5992
.5922
.5731
.5603
.5475
.5185
.4989
.4732
.4481
.4176
.3941
63.076.9113.7137.4160.7212.0244.8286.1324.2367.8399.3
15.1918.6528.0434.2440.4854.7464.4377.0389.29104.13115.64
37.3936.9535.7634.9634.2032.3531.1329.5327.9626.0624.59
2.8142.8142.8142.8142.8142.8142.8142.8142.8142.8142.814
11.7114.3021.1525.5729.9039.4345.5453.2260.3268.4374.29
12
6.177.119.8212.8714.5815.7719.2421.5226.0331.5336.9141.0847.14
121.50120.57117.86114.80113.10111.93108.43106.16101.6496.1490.7686.5980.53
.8438
.8373
.8185
.7972
.7854
.7773
.7528
.7372
.7058
.6677
.6303
.6013
.5592
122.4140.4191.8248.4279.3300.3361.5400.4475.1561.6641.6700.5781.1
20.9824.1733.3843.7749.5653.5265.4273.1588.63107.32125.49139.67160.27
52.6552.2551.0749.7449.0048.5046.9246.0044.0441.6639.3337.5234.89
3.3383.3383.3383.3383.3383.3383.3383.3383.3383.3383.3383.3383.338
19.222.030.239.043.847.156.762.874.688.1100.7109.9122.6
14
6.788.1610.8013.4216.0518.6621.2124.9831.2238.4544.3250.0755.63
147.15145.78143.14140.52137.88135.28132.73128.96122.72115.49109.62103.8798.31
1.02191.0124.9940.9758.9575.9394.9217.8956.8522.8020.7612.7213.6827
162.6194.6255.3314.4372.8429.1483.8562.3678.3824.4929.61027.01117.0
23.0727.7336.7145.6154.5763.4472.0985.05106.13130.85150.79170.28189.11
63.7763.1762.0360.8959.7558.6457.4655.8653.1850.0447.4545.0142.60
3.6653.6653.6653.6653.6653.6653.6653.6653.6653.6653.6653.6653.665
23.227.836.645.053.261.369.180.398.2117.8132.8146.8159.6
16
8.219.3412.3715.3818.4124.3531.6240.1448.4856.5665.7872.10
192.85191.72188.69185.69182.65176.72169.44160.92152.58144.50135.28128.96
1.33931.33141.31031.28951.26841.22721.17661.1751.05961.0035.9394.8956
257.3291.9383.7473.2562.1731.9932.41155.81364.51555.81760.31893.5
27.9031.7542.0552.2762.5882.77107.50136.61164.82192.43223.64245.25
83.5783.0881.7480.5079.1276.5873.4269.7366.1262.6258.6455.83
4.1894.1894.1894.1894.1894.1894.1894.1894.1894.1894.1894.189
32.236.548.059.270.391.5116.6144.5170.5194.5220.0236.7
18
9.2510.5213.9417.3420.7624.1727.4930.7940.6450.2361.1771.8180.6690.75
245.22243.95240.53237.13233.71230.30226.98223.68213.83204.24193.30182.66173.80163.72
1.70291.69411.67031.64671.62301.59901.57631.55331.48491.41831.34231.26841.20701.1369
367.6417.3549.1678.2806.7930.31053.21171.51514.71833.02180.02498.12749.03020.0
31.4335.7647.3958.9470.5982.1593.45104.67138.17170.92207.96244.14274.22308.50
106.26105.71104.21102.77101.1899.8498.2796.9392.5788.5083.7679.0775.3270.88
4.7124.7124.7124.7124.7124.7124.7124.7124.7124.7124.7124.7124.7124.712
40.846.461.175.589.6103.4117.0130.1168.3203.8242.3277.6305.5335.6
20 11.7013.5515.5123.1230.6336.15
302.46300.61298.65290.04283.53278.00
2.10042.08762.07402.01421.96901.9305
574.2662.8765.41113.01457.01703.0
39.7846.0652.7378.60104.13123.11
131.06130.27129.42125.67122.87120.46
5.2365.2365.2365.2365.2365.236
57.466.375.6111.3145.7170.4
48.9561.4475.3387.18100.33111.49
265.21252.72238.83226.98213.82202.67
1.84171.75501.65851.57621.48491.4074
2257.02772.03315.23754.04216.04585.5
166.40208.87256.10296.37341.09379.17
114.92109.51103.3998.3592.6687.74
5.2365.2365.2365.2365.2365.236
225.7277.1331.5375.5421.7458.5
22
12.8814.9217.0825.4833.7758.0773.7889.09104.02118.55132.68
367.25365.21363.05354.66346.36322.06306.35291.04276.12261.59247.45
2.55032.53622.52122.46292.40532.23652.12752.02111.91751.81661.71840
766.2884.81010.31489.71952.53244.94030.44758.55432.06053.76626.4
43.8050.7158.0786.61114.81197.41250.81302.88353.61403.00451.06
159.14158.26157.32153.68150.09139.56132.76126.12119.65113.36107.23
5.7605.7605.7605.7605.7605.7605.7605.7605.7605.7605.760
69.780.491.8135.4117.5295.0366.4432.6493.8550.3602.4
24
16.2918.6527.8336.9141.3950.3170.0487.17108.07126.31142.11159.41
436.10433.74424.56415.48411.00402.07382.35365.22344.32326.08310.28292.98
3.02853.01212.94832.88532.85422.79212.65522.53622.39112.26452.15472.0346
1151.61315.41942.02549.52843.03421.34652.85672.06849.97825.08625.09455.9
55.3763.4194.62125.49140.68171.29238.35296.58367.39429.39483.12542.13
188.98187.95183.95179.87178.09174.23165.52158.26149.06141.17134.45126.84
6.2836.2836.2836.2836.2836.2836.2836.2836.2836.2836.2836.283
96.0109.6161.9212.5237.0285.1387.7472.8570.8652.1718.9787.9
2625.1830.1940.06
505.75500.74490.87
3.51223.47743.4088
2077.22478.43257.0
85.60102.63136.17
219.16216.99212.71
6.8066.8066.806
159.8190.6250.5
28
27.1432.5443.2053.75
588.61583.21572.56562.00
4.08764.05013.97613.9028
2601.03105.14084.85037.7
92.26110.64146.85182.73
255.07252.73248.11243.53
7.3307.3307.3307.330
185.8221.8291.8359.8
30
23.3729.1034.9046.3457.68
683.49677.76671.96660.52649.18
4.74654.70674.66644.58694.5082
2585.23206.33829.45042.26224.0
79.4398.93118.65157.53196.08
296.18293.70291.18286.22281.31
7.8547.8547.8547.8547.854
172.3213.8255.3336.1414.9
32 31.0637.2649.48
773.19766.99754.77
5.36945.32635.2414
3898.94658.56138.6
105.59126.66168.21
335.05332.36327.06
8.3788.3788.378
243.7291.2383.7
61.6067.68
742.64736.57
5.15725.1151
7583.48298.3
209.43230.08
321.81319.18
8.3788.378
474.0518.6
34
36.3739.6152.6265.5372.00
871.55868.31855.30842.39835.92
6.05246.02995.93965.84995.8050
5150.55599.37383.59127.69991.6
123.65134.67178.89222.78244.77
377.67376.27370.63365.03362.23
8.9018.9018.9018.9018.901
303.0329.4434.3536.9587.7
36
34.9841.9755.7669.4683.06
982.90975.91962.11948.42934.82
6.82576.77716.68136.58626.4918
5569.56658.98786.210868.412906.1
118.92142.68189.57236.13282.35
425.92422.89416.91417.22405.09
9.4259.4259.4259.4259.425
309.4369.9488.1603.8717.0
42
49.0865.1881.2897.23
1336.31320.21304.11288.2
.
.
.
.
10627140371737320689
167222276330
579.3572.3565.4558.4
10.9910.9910.9910.99
506.1668.4827.3985.2
STD, XS and XXS
To distinguish different weights of pipe, three long standing traditional designations are used:
standard wall - STD extra strong wall - XS double extra strong wall - XXS
The last two designations are sometimes referred to as extra heavy wall (XH), and double extra heavy wall (XXH).
Expansion of Copper, Carbon and Stainless Steel Pipes
Thermal expansion of stainless steel, carbon steel pipes and copper tubes
Thermal expansion of stainless steel, carbon steel pipes and copper tubes
Temperature(oF)
Linear Temperature Expansion (inches/100 feet)
Brass and Copper Tubes
Stainless Steel Pipes
Carbon Steel Pipes
Cast Iron Pipes
Wrought Iron Pipes
0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0.1 0.1 0.1
20 0.2 0.2 0.2
321) 0.4 0.4 0.2
40 0.4 0.5 0.3
50 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4
60 0.7 0.7 0.5
70 0.8 0.8 0.5
80 0.9 0.9 0.6
90 1.0 1.0 0.7
100 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.8
120 1.4 1.4 0.9 0.9 1.0
140 1.6 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.2
160 1.8 1.8 1.2
180 2.1 2.0 1.4 1.3 1.4
200 2.3 2.2 1.5 1.5 1.7
2122) 2.4 2.4 1.6
220 2.5 2.5 1.7 1.7 1.9
240 2.8 2.7 1.9
260 3.0 2.9 2.0 1.9 2.1
280 3.2 3.2 2.2 2.2 2.4
300 3.5 3.4 2.4 2.4 2.6
320 3.7 3.6 2.5
340 3.9 3.9 2.7 2.8 2.9
360 4.2 4.1 2.9
380 4.4 4.4 3.1 3.2 3.5
400 4.9 4.6 3.2 3.3 3.6
1) Freezing point of water
2) Boiling point of water
T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32] 1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m 1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm
Difference between Pipes and Tubes
Pipes and tubes are not the same
Pipes
The purpose with a pipe is the transport of a fluid like water, oil or similar, and the most import property is the capacity or the inside diameter.
For a ASME/ANSI B 36.10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe the inside diameter - ID - of a NPS 2 inches pipe with
schedule 40 is 2.067" schedule 80 is 1.939"
The inside diameters are close to 2" and the nominal diameter related to the inside diameter. Outside diameter are 2.375" for both schedules.
Since the outside diameter of a single nominal pipe size is kept constant the inside diameter of a pipe will depend on the "schedule" or the thickness of the pipe. The schedule and the actual thickness of a pipe varies with the size of the pipe.
It is common to identify pipes in inches by using NPS or "Nominal Pipe Size". The metric equivalent is called DN or "diametre nominel". The metric designations conform to International Standards Organization (ISO) usage and apply to all plumbing, natural gas, heating oil, and miscellaneous piping used in buildings. The use of NPS does not conform to American Standard pipe designations where the term NPS means "National Pipe Thread Straight".
Nominal Bore (NB) may be specified under British standards classifications along with schedule (wall thickness).
The tolerances are looser to pipes compared with tubes and they are often less expensive to produce.
Tubes
The nominal dimensions of tubes are based on the outside diameter. If we look at Copper Tubes - ASTM B88 the outside diameter of a 2" pipe is 2.125", relatively close to 2".
The inside diameter of a tube will depend on the thickness of the tube. The thickness is often specified as a gauge. If we look at Copper Tubes - ASTM B88 the wall thickness of 0.083"of a 2" pipe is gauge 14.
The tolerances are higher with tubes compared to pipes and tubes are often more expensive to produce than pipes.
Thermal Expansion Metals
Thermal expansion of some common metals
The coefficient of linear thermal expansion is the ratio of the change in length per degree F (imperial) to the length.
Linear thermal expansion for some common metals can be found in the table below:
MetalTemperature Range(oF)
Thermal Expansion(microinch/(in oF))
Admiralty Brass 68 - 572 11.2
Aluminum 68 - 212 13.1
Aluminum Bronze 68 - 572 9.0
Antimony 5
Beryllium 6.7
Beryllium Copper 68 - 212 9.3
Bismuth 7.2
Cast Iron, gray 32 - 212 5.8
Chromium 3.3
Cobalt 6.7
Copper 68 - 572 9.8
Cupronickel 68 - 572 9.0
Gold 7.9
Hastelloy C 70 - 200 5.3
Inconel 68 - 212 6.4
Incoloy 32 - 212 8.0
Iridium 3.3
Iron, nodular pearlitic 68 - 212 6.5
Iron, pure 68 - 212 6.8
Magnesium 14
Manganese 12
Manganese Bronze 68 - 572 11.8
Molybdenum 3.0
Monel 32 - 212 7.8
Nickel Wrought 77 - 212 7.4
Niobium (Columbium) 3.9
Red Brass 68 - 572 10.4
Osmium 2.8
Platinum 5
Plutonium 19.84
Potassium 46
Rhodium 4.4
Selenium 21
Silicon 2.8
Silver 11
Sodium 39
Tantalum 3.6
Thorium 6.7
Tin 32 - 212 12.8
Titanium 68 - 200 4.8
Tungsten 2.5
Uranium 7.4
Vanadium 4.4
Wrought Carbon Steel 70 - 800 7.8
Yellow Brass 68 - 572 11.3
Zinc 19
T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32]
1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm 1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
Steel Pipe - Expansion Loop Capacity
Steel pipes - thermal expansion and expansion loop capacities
The expansion loop is a common way to absorb the temperature expansion in steel pipes. Expansion loops can be fabricated from standard pipes and elbows.
Approximate Expansion Capacity (mm)
Nominal Pipe Size (mm)
Width of Expansion Loop - w - (m)
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
25 35 130
32 25 100 210
40 20 70 150
50 65 125 200
65 50 100 150 220
80 40 75 125 190
100 35 65 115 150
Thermal Expansion - Linear
Linear temperature expansion - online calculator
Linear thermal expansion can be expressed as
dl = L0 α (t1 - t0) (1)
where
dl = change in length (m)
L0 = initial length (m)
α = linear expansion coefficient
t0 = initial temperature (oC)
t1 = final temperature (oC)
Online Thermal Linear Expansion Calculator
L0 - initial length (m)
α - linear expansion coefficient
t0 - initial temperature (oC)
t1 - final temperature (oC)
Change in length (dL): 0.0016 (m)
Final length (L1): 1.0016 (m)
Linear Temperature Coefficients - α - of some common metals aluminum : 0.000023 (m/m oC) steel: 0.000016 (m/m oC) copper: 0.000017 (m/m oC)
Thermal Expansion of Steam Pipes - inches
When a steam pipes is heated from surrounding temperature to operation temperature - it expands
The table below can be used to calculate the expansion of steam pipes at different operating temperatures.
Production Temperature(oF)
Expansion pr. 100 ft Pipe(inch)
150 0.75
200 1.15
250 1.6
300 2.0
350 2.4
400 2.9
450 3.3
500 3.8
To avoid unacceptable stress and damage of the pipe lines - its important to handle the expansion properly.
Thermal Expansion of Steam Pipes - mm
A steam pipe heated from surrounding temperature to operation temperature expands
The table below can be used to calculate the expansion of steam pipes at different operating temperatures.
Production Temperature(oC)
Expansion pr. 100 m Pipe(mm)
66 63
93 96
121 136
149 166
177 203
204 246
232 279
260 323
To avoid unacceptable stress and damage of the pipe lines - its important to handle the expansion properly
Steel Pipe Schedule 40 - Friction loss and Velocity Diagram
Friction loss and velocity diagrams - in imperial (psi/100 ft, ft/s) and SI (Pa/100m, m/s) units
The diagram below indicates friction loss for water flow through ASME/ANSI B36.10/19 schedule 40 steel pipe.
The pressure drop calculations are made with the D'Arcy-Weisbach Equation.
Fluid : Water Pipe : Steel Pipe - Schedule 40 Temperature : 20.0 oC (68.0 oF) Density : 998.3 kg/m3 (62.0 lb/ft3) Kinematic Viscosity : 1.004 10-6 m2/s (0.01 stokes) (1.08E-5 ft2/s)
Pipe Roughness Coefficient : 4.5 10-5
Pressure Drop - Imperial Units
1 gal (US)/min =6.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.0227 m3/h = 0.06309 dm3(litre)/s = 2.228x10-3 ft3/s = 0.1337 ft3/min
1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s 1 psi (lb/in2) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m2) = 6.895x10-3 N/mm2 = 6.895x10-2 bar = 27.71
in H2O at 62oF (16.7oC) = 703.1 mm H2O at 62oF (16.7oC) = 2.0416 in mercury at 62oF (16.7oC) = 51.8 mm mercury at 62oF (16.7oC) = 703.6 kg/m2 = 2.307 Ft. H2O
Pressure Drop - SI Units
1 Pa = 10-6 N/mm2 = 10-5 bar = 0.1020 kp/m2 = 1.02x10-4 m H2O = 9.869x10-6 atm = 1.45x10-4 psi (lbf/in2)
1 liter/s = 10-3 m3/s = 3.6 m3/h = 0.03532 ft3/s = 2.1189 ft3/min (cfm) = 13.200 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 15.852 gal (US)/min = 792 Imp. gal (UK)/h
1 m/s = 3.6 km/h = 196.85 ft/min = 2.237 mph
A table presentation of the diagrams above can be found in "Steel Pipe Schedule 40 - Friction loss and Velocities".
Steel Pipe Schedule 80 - Friction loss and Velocity Diagram
Water flow in steel pipes schedule 80 - pressure drop and velocity diagrams in SI and Imperial units
The diagrams below indicates pressure drop for water flow through ASME/ANSI B36.10/19 schedule 80 steel pipes.
The pressure drop calculations are made with the D'Arcy-Weisbach Equation.
Fluid : Water Pipe : Steel Pipe - Schedule 80 Temperature : 20.0 oC (68.0 oF) Density : 998.3 kg/m3 (62.0 lb/ft3) Kinematic Viscosity : 1.004 10-6 m2/s (0.01 stokes) (1.08E-5 ft2/s) Pipe Roughness Coefficient : 4.5 10-5
Pressure Drop - SI units
1 Pa = 10-6 N/mm2 = 10-5 bar = 0.1020 kp/m2 = 1.02x10-4 m H2O = 9.869x10-6 atm = 1.45x10-4 psi (lbf/in2)
1 liter/s = 10-3 m3/s = 3.6 m3/h = 0.03532 ft3/s = 2.1189 ft3/min (cfm) = 13.200 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 15.852 gal (US)/min = 792 Imp. gal (UK)/h
1 m/s = 3.6 km/h = 196.85 ft/min = 2.237 mph
Pressure Drop - Imperial Units
Friction Loss Table
Friction loss table in pdf-format.
1 gal (US)/min =6.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.0227 m3/h = 0.06309 dm3(litre)/s = 2.228x10-3 ft3/s = 0.1337 ft3/min
1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s 1 psi (lb/in2) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m2) = 6.895x10-3 N/mm2 = 6.895x10-2 bar = 27.71
in H2O at 62oF (16.7oC) = 703.1 mm H2O at 62oF (16.7oC) = 2.0416 in mercury at 62oF (16.7oC) = 51.8 mm mercury at 62oF (16.7oC) = 703.6 kg/m2 = 2.307 Ft. H2O
Valve Selection Guide (ASME)
An applications guide for selecting valves
The suitability of a valve for a particular application is decided by the materials used in relation to the conveyed fluid as well as its mechanical design. The table below can be used as a valve selection guide.
Conveyed Fluid Nature of Fluid Valve Function Type of Disc
Liquid
Neutral (Water, Oil, etc)
On/Off
Gate
Rotary ball
Plug
Diaphragm
Butterfly
Plug gate
Control valve, modulating
Globe
Butterfly
Plug gate
Diaphragm
Needle
Corrosive (Acid, alkaline etc.)
On/Off
Gate
Plug gate
Rotary ball
Plug
Diaphragm
Butterfly
Control valve, modulating
Globe
Diaphragm
Butterfly
Plug gate
Hygienic(Food, beverages, drugs etc)
On/OffButterfly
Diaphragm
Control valve, modulating
Butterfly
Diaphragm
Squeeze
Pinch
Slurry On/Off Rotary ball
Butterfly
Diaphragm
Plug
Pinch
Squeeze
Control valve, modulating
Butterfly
Diaphragm
Squeeze
Pinch
Gate
Fibrous SuspensionsOn/Off,Control valve, modulating
Gate
Diaphragm
Squeeze
Pinch
Gas
Neutral (Air, Steam etc)
On/Off
Gate
Globe
Rotary ball
Plug
Diaphragm
Control valve, modulating
Globe
Needle
Butterfly
Diaphragm
Gate
Corrosive (Acid vapors, chlorine etc.)
On/Off
Butterfly
Rotary ball
Diaphragm
Plug
Control valve, modulating
Butterfly
Globe
Needle
Diaphragm
Vacuum On/Off
Gate
Globe
Rotary ball
Butterfly
Solids
Abrasive Powder (Silica, etc)
On/Off,Control valve, modulating
Pinch
Squeeze
Spiral sock
Lubricating powder (graphite, talcum, etc
On/Off,Control valve, modulating
Pinch
Gate
Spiral sock
Squeeze
download Some Standard from American Society Of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
ASME B16.5 -1996 Tables - PIPE FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGSASME B16.10-2000 - Face-to-face and end-to-end dimensions of valvesASME B16.5a (1998) - ADDENDA to ASME 816.5-1996 PIPE FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS NPS 1;2 Through NPS 24ASME B31.1-2004 Power Piping ASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31 (Revision of ASME B31.1-2001)ASME B16.47-1996 (BRIDAS GRANDES) LARGE DIAMETER STEEL FLANGES NPS 28 Through NPS 80ASME B31.2 (1968) Fuel Gas Piping USAS B31.2 - 1968Asme b16.34 1996 Valve-Flanged Threaded Welded End -THREADED, AND WELDING END - (Revision of ASMEANSI B16.34-1988)ASME b31.4-2002 Pipeline Trasportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbon and Other LiquidsASME B16.5a-1998 - Addenda to ASME B16.5-1996 Pipe Flanges & Flanged FittingsASME B31.4-2002 - Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other LiquidsASME B16.11 Forged Fittings, Socket-welding and Threated (1996)
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56087760/ASME_B16.5_-1996__Tables__-___PIPE_FLANGES_AND_FLANGED_FITTINGS.pdf[/url][url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56089265/ASME_B16.10-2000_-_Face-to-face_and_end-to-end_dimensions_of_valves.pdf[/url][url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56091002/ASME_B31.1-2004__Power_Piping_ASME_Code_for_Pressure_Piping__B31__Revision_of_ASME_B31.1-2001_.pdf[/url][url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56091335/API_Standard_650_Addendum_2__2001_Welded_Steel_Tanks_For_Oil_Storage.pdf[/url][url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56092116/ASME_B16.5a__1998__-_ADDENDA_to_ASME_816.5-1996_PIPE_FLANGES_AND_FLANGED_FITTINGS_NPS_1_2_Through_NP[/url][url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56093438/ASME_B16.47-
1996__BRIDAS_GRANDES___LARGE_DIAMETER_STEEL_FLANGES_NPS_28_Through_NPS_80.pdf[/url][url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56093737/ASME_B31.2__1968___Fuel_Gas_Piping_USAS_B31.2_-_1968.pdf[/url][url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56095890/Asme_b16.34_1996_Valve-Flanged_Threaded_Welded_End_-THREADED__AND_WELDING_END__-__Revision_of_ASMEAN[/url][url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56096174/ASME_b31.4-2002_Pipeline_Trasportation_Systems_for_Liquid_Hydrocarbon_and_Other_Liquids.pdf[/url][url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56099344/ASME_B31.4-2002_-_Pipeline_Transportation_Systems_for_Liquid_Hydrocarbons_and_Other_Liquids.pdf[/url][url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56100281/Asme_b31-03_Int_No18.pdf[/url]
[url]http://rapidshare.com/files/55917503/Heat_Transfer__Arpaci____solution_manual.rar[/url][url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56064029/vargaftik_1_.djvu[/url][url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56070432/2_AIChE_Journal__Vol._50__No._9___September_2004_.pdf[/url][url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56072349/AIChE_Journal__Vol._50__No._6___June_2004_.pdf[/url][url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56075711/AIChE_Journal__Vol._51__No._7___July_2005_.pdf[/url][url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56077806/AIChE_Journal__Vol._51__No._8___August_2005_.pdf[/url][url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56077933/AIChE_Journal__Vol._51__No._5___May_2005_.pdf[/url][url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56079497/AIChE_Journal__Vol._51__No._10___October_2005_.pdf[/url][url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56081028/AIChE_Journal__Vol._51__No._11___November_2005_.pdf[/url][url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56081151/API_MPMS_8.2_Manual_of_Petro_Measure_Standards_Chapter_8-Sampling_SECOND_EDITION________Copyright___[/url][url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56081971/Api_Standard_674_Positive_Displacement_Pump-Reciprocating.pdf[/url][url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56083636/API_Standard_675__1994__Positive_displacement_pumps_-_Controlled_volume_2ed.pdf[/url][url]http://rapidshare.com/files/56084107/Api_Standard_610__1995__-_Centrifugal_Pumps_For_Petroleum__Heavy_Duty_Chemical_And_Gas_Industry_Serv[/url]
Codes and Standards
Piping codes and standards - ASME, ANSI, ASTM, AGA, API, AWWA, BS, ISO, ... A survey of one of the most important pressure pipe codes - ASME B31, ...www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pipes-codes-standards-t_17.html - Similar
ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers
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ASME B31 - Standards of Pressure Piping
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ASME - Performance Test Codes
The ASME Performance Test Codes provide standard directions and rules for ... Codes and Standards Piping codes and standards - ASME, ANSI, ASTM, AGA, API, ...www.engineeringtoolbox.com/asme-test-codes-d_21.html - Similar
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Piping Codes & Standards
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Pressure Ratings - Pipes and Tubes - Pressure Ratings
ASME B31 - Standards of Pressure Piping. A survey of one of the most important pressure pipe codes - ASME B31, earlier known as ANSI B31 ...www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pipes-pressure-rating-t_40.html - Similar
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Fiberglass Pipes - common Standards
Commonly used standards for fiberglass pipes and their applications
Some of the fiberglass related standards from the major standardization organizations:
ASME Standards
Fiberglass related standards from ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers:
ASME/ANSI B31.1 - POWER PIPING ASME/ANSI B31.3 - PROCESS PIPING ASME/ANSI B31.9 - BUILDING SERVICES PIPING
ASTM Standards
Fiberglass related standards from ASTM International
ASTM C 581 - STANDARD PRACTICE FOR DETERMINING CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF THERMOSETTING RESINS USED IN GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED STRUCTURES INTENDED FOR LIQUID SERVICE
ASTM C 582 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR CONTACT-MOLDED REINFORCED THERMOSETTING PLASTIC (RTP) LAMINATES FOR CORROSION RESISTANT EQUIPMENT
ASTM D 149 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE AND DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF SOLID ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS AT COMMERCIAL POWER FREQUENCIES
ASTM D 257 - TEST METHODS FOR DC RESISTANCE OR CONDUCTANCE OF INSULATING MATERIALS
ASTM D 638 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR TENSILE PROPERTIES OF PLASTICS
ASTM D 695M - TEST METHOD FOR COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES OF RIGID PLASTICS (METRIC)
ASTM D 696 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION OF PLASTICS BETWEEN - 30 DEGREES C AND 30 DEGREES C WITH A VITREOUS SILICA DILATOMETER
ASTM D 790 - STANDARD TEST METHODS FOR FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF UNREINFORCED AND REINFORCED PLASTICS AND ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS
ASTM D 792 - TEST METHODS FOR DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY (RELATIVE DENSITY) OF PLASTICS BY DISPLACEMENT
ASTM D 1598 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR TIME-TO-FAILURE OF PLASTIC PIPE UNDER CONSTANT INTERNAL PRESSURE
ASTM D 1599 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR RESISTANCE TO SHORT-TIME HYDRAULIC PRESSURE OF PLASTIC PIPE, TUBING, AND FITTINGS
ASTM D 2105 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR LONGITUDINAL TENSILE PROPERTIES OF "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE AND TUBE
ASTM D 2143 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR CYCLIC PRESSURE STRENGTH OF REINFORCED, THERMOSETTING PLASTIC PIPE
ASTM D 2290 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR APPARENT HOOP TENSILE STRENGTH OF PLASTICOR REINFORCED PLASTIC PIPE BY SPLIT DISK METHOD
ASTM D 2310 - STANDARD CLASSIFICATION FOR MACHINE-MADE "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE
ASTM D 2412 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF EXTERNAL LOADING CHARACTERISTICS OF PLASTIC PIPE BY PARALLEL-PLATE LOADING
ASTM D 2444 - TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF THE IMPACT RESISTANCE OF THERMOPLASTIC PIPE AND FITTINGS BY MEANS OF A TUP (FALLING WEIGHT)
ASTM D 2583 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR INDENTATION HARDNESS OF RIGID PLASTICS BY MEANS OF A BARCOL IMPRESSOR
ASTM D 2584 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR IGNITION LOSS OF CURED REINFORCED RESINS
ASTM D 2924 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR EXTERNAL PRESSURE RESISTANCE OF "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE
ASTM D 2925 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR BEAM DEFLECTION OF "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS- FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) PIPE UNDER FULL BORE FLOW
ASTM D 2992 - STANDARD PRACTICE FOR OBTAINING HYDROSTATIC OR PRESSURE DESIGN BASIS FOR "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE AND FITTINGS
ASTM D 2996 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR FILAMENT-WOUND "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS- FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE
ASTM D 2997 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR CENTRIFUGALLY CAST "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE
ASTM D 3262 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) SEWER PIPE
ASTM D 3517 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PRESSURE PIPE
ASTM D 3567 - STANDARD PRACTICE FOR DETERMINING DIMENSIONS "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS- FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) PIPE AND FITTINGS
ASTM D 3615 - CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF THERMOSET MOLDING COMPOUNDS
ASTM D 3681 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE IN A DEFLECTED CONDITION
ASTM D 3754 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) SEWER AND INDUSTRIAL PRESSURE PIPE
ASTM D 3840 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE FITTINGS FOR NONPRESSURE APPLICATIONS
ASTM D 4024 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR MACHINE MADE "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) FLANGES
ASTM D 4161 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE JOINTS USING FLEXIBLE ELASTOMERIC SEALS
ASTM D 5365 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR LONG-TERM RING-BENDING STRAIN OF "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE
ASTM D 5421 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR CONTACT MOLDED "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) FLANGES
ASTM D 5677 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR FIBERGLASS (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE AND PIPE FITTINGS, ADHESIVE BONDED JOINT TYPE, FOR AVIATION JET TURBINE FUEL LINES
ASTM D 5685 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PRESSURE PIPE FITTINGS
ASTM D 6041 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR CONTACT-MOLDED "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) CORROSION RESISTANT PIPE AND FITTINGS
ASTM E 228 - LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOLID MATERIALS WITH A VITREOUS SILICA DILATOMETER
ASTM F 1173 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR THERMOSETTING RESIN FIBERGLASS PIPE SYSTEMS TO BE USED FOR MARINE APPLICATIONS
AWWA Standards
Fiberglass related standards from AWWA - American Water Works Association
AWWA C950-01 - Fiberglass Pressure Pipe AWWA D120-84 (R89) - Thermosetting Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Tanks AWWA F101-02 - Contact-Molded, Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Wash Water
Troughs and Launders AWWA F102-02 - Matched-Die-Molded, Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Weir
Plates, Scum Baffles, and Mounting Brackets
BSi Standards
Fiberglass related standards from BSi - British Standards institute
BS 5480 - Specification for glass reinforced plastics (GRP) pipes, joints and fittings for use for water supply or sewerage
BS 6464 - Specification for reinforced plastics pipes, fittings and joints for process plants
BS 7159 - Code of practice for design and construction of glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping systems for individual plants or sites
BS 8010-2.5 - Code of practice for pipelines - Pipelines on land: design, construction and installation - Glass reinforced thermosetting plastics
DIN Standards
Fiberglass related standards from DIN - Deutsches Institut für Normung
DIN 53393 - Testing of Textile Glass-reinforced Plastics; Behavior to the Effect of Chemicals
DIN 53758 - Testing of plastics articles; determination of the effect of internal pressure on hollow objects by short-time test
DIN 53768 - Determination by extrapolation of the long-term behavior of glass fiber reinforced plastics
DIN 53769-1 - Testing of glass fiber reinforced plastics pipes; determination of the longitudinal shear strength of type B pipe fittings
DIN 53769-2 - Testing of glass fiber reinforced plastics pipes; long-term hydrostatic pressure test
DIN 53769-3 - Testing of glass fiber reinforced plastics pipes; determination of initial and long-term ring stiffness
DIN 53769-6 - Testing of glass fiber reinforced plastics pipes; Testing of pipes and fittings under pulsating internal pressure
DIN EN 59 - Glass Reinforced Plastics; Measurement of Hardness by Means of a Barcol Impressor
DIN EN 637 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced plastics components - Determination of the amounts of constituents using the gravimetric method
DIN EN 705 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings - Methods for regression analyses and their use
DIN EN 761 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes - Determination of the creep factor under dry conditions
DIN EN 1393 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes; Determination of initial longitudinal tensile properties
DIN EN 1447 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes - Determination of long-term resistance to internal pressure
DIN EN 1448 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) components - Test methods to prove the design of rigid locked socket- and -spigot joints with elastomeric seals
DIN EN 1449 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) components - Test methods to prove the design of a cemented socket- and -spigot joints
DIN EN 1450 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) components - Test methods to prove the design of bolted flange joints
ISO Standards
Fiberglass related standards from ISO - International Organization for Standardization
ISO 178 - Plastics - Determination of flexural properties ISO 527-4 - Plastics - Determination of tensile properties - Part 4: Test conditions
for isotropic and orthotropic fibre-reinforced plastic composites ISO 7370 - Glass fiber reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings;
Nominal diameters, specified diameters and standard lengths ISO 7510 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) components
- Determination of the amounts of constituents using the gravimetric method
ISO 7684 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes - Determination of the creep factor under dry conditions
ISO 10466 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes - Test method to prove the resistance to initial ring deflection
ISO 10928 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings - Methods for regression analysis and their use
ISO/TR 10465-1 - Underground installation of flexible glass-reinforced thermosetting resin (GRP) pipes; part 1: installation procedures
ISO/TR 10465-2 - Underground installation of flexible glass-reinforced thermosetting resin (GRP) pipes - Part 2: Comparison of static calculation methods
ISO/TR 10465-3 - Underground installation of flexible glass-reinforced thermosetting resin (GRP) pipes - Part 3: Installation parameters and application limits
Capacity of Sewer Pipes
Carrying capacity of sewer and wastewater pipes - gpm and liter per second
The diagrams below can be used for design of sewage and wastewater gravity conveying systems where capacities in GPM or liter per second and the slopes of the pipe lines are known.
Sewage Pipe Capacity - Imperial units - gpm
Sewage Pipe Capacity - SI Units - liter per second
The table below indicates sewage pipe capacity in gpm:
Carrying Capacity of Sewer Pipe (gallons per minute)
Size of pipe (inches)
Decline per 100 ft pipe (feet)
1 2 3 6 9 12 24 36
3 13 19 23 32 40 46 64 79
4 27 38 47 66 81 93 131 163
6 75 105 129 183 224 258 364 450
8 153 211 265 375 460 527 750 923
9 205 290 355 503 617 712 1006 1240
10 267 378 463 655 803 926 1310 1613
12 422 596 730 1033 1273 1468 2076 2554
15 740 1021 1282 1818 2224 2464 3617 4467
18 1168 1651 2022 1860 3508 4045 5704 7047
24 2396 3387 4155 5874 7202 8303 11744 14466
27 4407 6211 7674 10883 13257 15344 21770 26622
30 5906 8352 10223 14298 17717 20204 28129 35513
36 9700 13769 16816 23760 29284 33722 47523 58406
The discharge rate is based on clean water and half filled pipes.
1 gal (US)/min = 6.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.0227 m3/h = 0.06309 dm3(liter)/s = 2.228x10-3 ft3/s = 0.1337 ft3/min = 0.8327 Imperial gal (UK)/min
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Related Topics
Fluid Flow and Pressure Drop Pipe lines - fluid flow and pressure loss - water, sewer, steel pipes, pvc pipes, copper tubes and more
Water Systems Hot and cold water systems - design properties, capacities, sizing and more
Related Documents
Waste Water and Flow Capacity In sewage piping and pumping systems the fluid flow rate must be kept within certain limits to avoid operating problems
Fiberglass Pipes - common Standards Commonly used standards for fiberglass pipes and their applications
Drainage Fixture Unit Values (DFU) DFU are used to determine the drainage from fixtures and the necessary capacity of the sewer service systems
Drainage Fixture Unit Loads for Sanitary Piping Maximum Drainage Fixture Unit - DFU - Loads for sanitary piping
Expected Loads in Sanitary Drainage Systems Calculate expected loads in sanitary drainage systems
Fixture-Unit Requirements on Trap Sizes Trap size and no. fixture units Drainage Piping and Hanger Spacing Support of drainage pipes Septic Systems A septic system handles the waste from the drain system Ditch-Filling Materials - Densities Weight or density of ditch-filling materials
Drainage Piping and Hanger Spacing
Support of drainage pipes
Both vertical and horizontal drainage pipes must be supported properly. Recommended maximum distances between the hangers are indicated in the table below.
Piping MaterialDistance between Supports (ft)
Horizontal Pipe Vertical Pipe
ABS plastic 4 4
Galvanized steel 12 15
DWV Copper 10 10
Cast Iron 5 151)
PVC plastic 4 4
1) For cast iron stacks, the base of each stack must be supported
Waste Water and Flow Capacity
In sewage piping and pumping systems the fluid flow rate must be kept within certain limits to avoid operating problems
n a sewage piping and pumping system the flow velocity must exceed certain limits to maintain trouble free operation and avoid settling and sedimentation of solids:
For horizontal wastewater pipe systems with solids the speed should exceed 3 ft/sec.
For wastewater water system with organic solids the speed should exceed 2 ft./sec.
The flow velocity waste water systems must not exceed certain limits to reduce the potential for wear and tear due to the effects of erosion and abrasion:
The speed in high-grit sewage handling systems should not exceed 12 ft/sec. The flow and velocity in sewage systems with low grit concentrations should not
exceed 18 ft/sec.
The flow rate capacity in US gal for a sewage piping and pumping systems with this limitations are expressed below for different pipe sizes:
Flow Rate (US GPM)
Pipe Dimension(inches) Minimum Velocity Maximum Velocity
2 ft/sec 3 ft/sec 12 ft/sec 18 ft/sec
(0.6 m/s) (0.9 m/s) (3.6 m/s) (5.4 m/s)
3 45 65 270 400
4 80 120 480 700
6 180 260 1050 1600
8 300 500 1900 2800
10 500 750 3000 4400
12 700 1100 4300 6400
Thermal Expansion of PVC, CPVC, Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel and Fiberglass Pipes
Typical thermal expansion of PVC, CPVC, Carbon and Stainless Steel and Fiberglass pipes
Thermal expansion of pipes in PVC, CPVC, Fiberglass and Carbon or Stainless Steel in inches per 100 feet can be found in the diagrams and table below:
Thermal Expansion (inches/100 feet)
Temperature Change(oF) Fiberglass PVC1) CPVC1) Carbon Steel Stainless Steel
25 0.31 0.90 1.14 0.18 0.27
50 0.61 1.80 2.28 0.36 0.54
75 0.92 2.70 3.42 0.54 0.82
100 1.23 3.60 4.56 0.72 1.09
150 1.84 5.40 6.84 1.08 1.63
For temperature change: oF = 5/9 oC
1) Note the relative huge thermal expansion of thermoplastic plastic materials as PVC and CPVC compared to steel.
How to calculate thermal expansions of pipes?
CPVC Pipes - Operating and Collapsing Pressure Ratings
Maximum operating and bursting pressures of CPVC - Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) - piping systems
Maximum operating and collapsing pressures at 70oF (21oC) for CPVC piping systems according
ASTM F441 / F441M - 02 Standard Specification for Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40 and 80
ASTM D2846 / D2846M - 06 Standard Specification for Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Hot- and Cold-Water Distribution Systems
are indicated in the diagram and table below:�
CPVC
Nominal Pipe Size(inches)
Collapse Pressure(psi)
Maximum Operating Pressure(psi)
Schedule 40 Schedule 80 Schedule 40 Schedule 80
1/2 1605 2006 590 850
3/4 1219 1740 480 690
1 948 1628 450 630
1 1/4 511 1399 365 520
1 1/2 366 1034 330 470
2 213 653 275 400
2 1/2 276 758 300 420
3 179 521 260 370
4 108 334 220 320
6 54 214 180 280
8 37 146 160 250
10 27 125 140 230
12 22 116 130 230
1 psi (lb/in2) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m2)
Note! The maximum operating pressures derates with temperature. At the maximum operating temperature for CPVC - 200oF (93oC) - the strength is derated to approximately 20% of the strength at 73oF (23oC).
Be aware that maximum operating pressures varies with the fittings design. Consult the manufacturing data.
Plastic Pipes - Friction Head Loss
Friction head loss (ft/100 ft) in plastic pipes, PVC, PP, PE, PEH
The pressure head loss (feet H2O per 100 feet pipe) in straight plastic pipes made of materials as PVC, PP, PE, PEH or similar, can be estimated from the table below.
The friction head loss are calculated for PVC pipes Schedule 40 with the Hazen-Williams equation and a Hazen-Williams roughness constant c = 145. Minor loss in fittings must be added.
Pressure Friction Head Loss (ft H2O/100 ft pipe)
Volume FlowNominal Pipe Diameter (inches)
Gallons Per Minute(GPM)1
)
Gallons Per Hour(GPH)2
)
3/8 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 2 2 1/2 3 4 6
Nominal Inside Diameter (inches)
0.493
0.622
0.824
1.049
1.380
1.610
2.067
2.469
3.068
4.026
6.065
1 60 3.3 1.1 0.3
2 120 11.8 3.8 1.0 0.3 0.1
4 240 42.5 13.7 3.5 1.1 0.3 0.1
5 300 64.2 20.7 5.3 1.6 0.4 0.2
6 360 29.0 7.4 2.3 0.6 0.3
8 480 49.5 12.6 3.9 1.0 0.5 0.1
10 600 74.7 19.0 5.9 1.6 0.7 0.2 0.1
20 1200 68.6 21.2 5.6 2.6 0.8 0.3 0.1
30 1800 11.8 5.6 1.7 0.7 0.2
40 2400 20.1 9.5 2.8 1.2 0.4 0.1
50 3000 14.4 4.3 1.8 0.6 0.2
60 3600 20.1 6.0 2.5 0.9 0.2
70 4200 7.9 3.3 1.2 0.3
80 4800 10.2 4.3 1.5 0.4
90 5400 12.6 5.3 1.9 0.5
100 6000 6.5 2.3 0.6 0.1
125 7500 9.8 3.4 0.9 0.1
150 9000 4.8 1.3 0.2
1) GPM = gallons per minute
2) GPH = gallons per hour
1 gal (US)/min =6.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.227 m3/h = 0.0631 dm3(liter)/s = 2.228x10-3 ft3/s = 0.1337 ft3/min = 0.8327 Imperial gal (UK)/min
1 ft H2O = 0.3048 m H2O = 0.4335 psi = 62.43 lbs/ft2
Example of Friction Head Loss in Plastic Pipes
A flow of 10 GPM in a 2" pipe gives a head loss of 0.2 feet water column per 100 feet of pipe
CPVC Pipes - Support Spacing
Support spacing for CPVC pipes
Maximum support spacing for CPVC - Chlorinated Poly Vinyl Chloride - pipes depends on the operating temperature. Maximum spacing between supports at different temperatures can be found in the tables below:
CPVC - Wall Schedule 40 - Support Spacing (feet)
NPS(inches)
Operating Temperature (oF)
60 100 140
1/2 5 4 1/2 4
3/4 5 1/2 5 4
1 6 5 1/2 4 1/2
1 1/4 6 5 1/2 5
1 1/2 6 1/2 6 5
2 6 1/2 6 5
3 8 7 6
4 8 1/2 7 1/2 6 1/2
6 9 1/2 8 1/2 7 1/2
8 9 1/2 8 1/2 7 1/2
CPVC - Wall Schedule 80 - Support Spacing (feet)
NPS(inches)
Operating Temperature (oF)
60 100 140
1/2 5 4 1/2 2 1/2
3/4 5 1/2 4 1/2 2 1/2
1 6 5 3
1 1/2 6 1/2 5 1/2 3 1/2
2 7 6 3 1/2
3 8 7 4
4 9 7 1/2 4 1/2
6 10 9 5
8 10 9 5
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32]
Chlorinated Poly Vinyl Chloride - CPVC - is a thermoplastic pipe and fitting material made with CPVC compounds meeting the requirements of ASTM Class 23447 as defined in ASTM Specification D1784.
CPVC applications are for potable water distribution, corrosive fluid handling in industry, and fire suppression systems.
Thermoplastic Pipes - Temperature and Maximum Support Spacing
Maximum support spacing PVC, CPVC, PVDF and PP pipes
Temperature and maximum support spacing for pipes made of
PVDF - PolyVinylidene Fluoride CPVC - Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride
PP - PolyPropylene
are indicated in the diagrams below.
PVC Pipes
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m T(oF) = [T(oC)](9/5) + 32
CPVC Pipes
PVDF Pipes
PP Pipes
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PVC Pipes - Pressure Ratings
Maximum operating and required burst pressure of PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride - pipe fittings
Maximum operating and required minimum bursting pressures at 73oF (23oC) for PVC pipe fittings according ASTM D1785 "Standard Specification for Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) Plastic Pipes Schedules 40 and 80 are indicated in the diagram and table below:
PVC
Nominal Pipe Size(inches)
Required Minimum Burst Pressure(psi)
Maximum Operating Pressure(psi)
Schedule 401) Schedule 802) Schedule 40 Schedule 80
1/2 1910 2720 358 509
3/4 1540 2200 289 413
1 1440 2020 270 378
1 1/4 1180 1660 221 312
1 1/2 1060 1510 198 282
2 890 1290 166 243
2 1/2 870 1360 182 255
3 840 1200 158 225
4 710 1110 133 194
5 620 1040 117 173
6 560 930 106 167
8 500 890 93 148
10 450 790 84 140
12 420 600 79 137
1. ASTM D2466 - 06 Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 40
2. ASTM D2467-04e1 Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 80
1 psi (lb/in2) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m2)
Note! The maximum operating pressures derates with temperature. At the maximum operating temperature for PVC - 140oF (60oC) - the strength is derated to approximately 20% of the strength at 73oF (23oC).
Be aware that maximum operating pressures varies with the fittings design. Consult the manufacturing data.
Ball Valves and typical Flow Coefficients - C v
Typical flow coefficients - Cv - for ball valves - reduced and full bore
Conventional ball valves are normally not used as throttling valves since partial flow will create high velocity flow tear at the ball and seals.
Full Bore Valves
Typical flow coefficients - Cv - for full bore valves:
Valve Size
inches 1/2 3/4 111/2
221/2
3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
mm 12 19 25 37.5 50 62.5 75 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Flow CoefficientCv
26 50 94 260 480 750 1300 2300 540010000
16000
24000
31400
43000
57000
Reduced Bore Valves
Typical flow coefficients - Cv - for reduced bore valves:
Valve Size
inches 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
mm 75 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Flow CoefficientCv
420 770 1800 2500 4500 8000 12000 14000 18000 22000
Thermoplastic Pipes - Temperature and Strength Derating
Increased temperature derates the strength of thermoplastic piping materials
Thermoplastic materials loose their strength to pressure and tension with increasing temperature. The table below can be used as a guide to common thermoplastics and their derated strength with temperature. Manufacturing data should always be consulted.
Derating Factor
TemperaturePVDF CPVC PVC PB PEX PE
(oC) (oF)
21 70 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
27 80 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9
32 90 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9
38 100 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.8
43 110 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8
49 120 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.7
54 130 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.5
60 140 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.4
66 150 0.6 0.5 1) 0.7 0.7 0.2
71 160 0.5 0.4 1) 0.6 0.7 1)
82 180 0.5 0.3 1) 0.5 0.6 1)
93 200 0.4 0.2 1) 0.4 0.5 1)
104 220 0.4 1) 1) 1) 1) 1)
121 250 0.4 1) 1) 1) 1) 1)
138 280 0.3 1) 1) 1) 1) 1)
1) The thermoplastic is not resistant for long term service at this temperature. Operating conditions should be avoided.
PVDF - PolyVinylidene Fluoride CPVC - Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride PB - Polybutylene PEX - Cross Linked Polyethylene PE - Polyethylene
Plastic Pipes Temperature Derating Diagram
Example - Higher Temperature and Reduced Strength
If operating pressure for a 6" Schedule 80 CPVC pipe is 167 psi, the maximum operating pressure at 150 oF (66 oC) is reduced to
(167 psi) 0.5
= 83.5 psi
PVC Pipes - Friction Loss and Flow Velocity - Schedule 40
Water flow in thermoplastic PVC and CPVC pipes Schedule 40 - friction loss (ft/100 ft, psi/100 ft) and flow velocities at dimensions from 1/2 inch to 16 inches
Friction loss and flow velocity in PVC and CPVC pipes Schedule 40 with water can be found in the table below. The table may be also be used for pipes in other thermoplastic materials where the inner diameter corresponds to PVC Schedule 40.
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s 1 gal (US)/min =6.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.0227 m3/h = 0.0631 dm3(liter)/s =
2.228x10-3 ft3/s = 0.1337 ft3/min 1 psi/100 ft = 2.3 ftH2O/100 ft = 2288 mmH2O/100 ft = 22.46 kPa/100 m
Note! Velocity should not exceed 5 feet per second.
The values can be used to calculate pressure loss with the Equivalent Pipe Length Method.
1/2 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100 ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
1 60 1.1 2.1 0.9
2 120 2.3 4.2 1.8
5 300 5.6 23.4 10.5
7 420 7.9 43.1 18.6
10 600 11.3 82.0 35.5
3/4 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100 ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
1 60 0.6 0.5 0.2
2 120 0.3 1.0 0.4
5 300 3.2 5.7 2.5
7 420 4.4 10.5 4.6
10 600 6.3 20.0 8.7
15 900 9.5 42.5 18.4
20 1200 12.7 72.3 31.3
1 inches
Volume Flow
Volume Flow
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head
Friction Loss
(gal/min) (gal/hr) (ft/100 ft)(psi/100 ft)
2 120 0.8 0.6 0.2
5 300 1.9 1.7 0.8
7 420 2.7 3.2 1.4
10 600 3.9 6.0 2.6
15 900 5.8 12.8 5.5
20 1200 7.7 21.8 9.4
25 1500 9.7 32.9 14.2
30 1800 11.6 46.1 20.0
1 1/4 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100 ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
2 120 0.4 0.1 0.1
5 300 1.1 0.4 0.2
7 420 1.6 0.8 0.4
10 600 2.2 1.6 0.7
15 900 3.3 3.3 1.4
20 1200 4.4 5.6 2.4
25 1500 5.5 8.5 3.7
30 1800 6.6 11.9 5.1
35 2100 7.7 15.8 6.8
40 2400 8.8 20.2 8.7
45 2700 9.9 25.1 10.9
50 3000 11.1 30.5 13.2
1 1/2 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100 ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
2 120 0.3 0.1 0.03
5 300 0.8 0.2 0.1
7 420 1.1 0.4 0.2
10 600 1.6 0.7 0.3
15 900 2.4 1.5 0.7
20 1200 3.2 2.6 1.1
25 1500 4.0 4.0 1.7
30 1800 4.9 5.5 2.4
35 2100 5.7 7.4 3.2
40 2400 6.5 9.4 4.1
45 2700 7.3 11.7 5.1
50 3000 8.1 14.3 6.2
60 3600 9.7 20.0 8.7
2 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100 ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
5 300 0.5 0.07 0.03
7 420 0.7 0.1 0.05
10 600 1.0 0.2 0.09
15 900 1.5 0.5 0.2
20 1200 2.0 0.8 0.3
25 1500 2.4 1.2 0.5
30 1800 2.9 1.6 0.7
35 2100 3.4 2.2 0.9
40 2400 3.9 2.8 1.2
45 2700 4.4 3.4 1.5
50 3000 4.9 4.2 1.8
60 3600 5.9 5.8 2.5
70 4200 6.8 7.8 3.4
75 4500 7.3 8.8 3.8
80 4800 7.8 9.9 4.3
90 5400 8.8 12.4 5.4
100 6000 9.8 15.0 6.5
2 1/2 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100 ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
5 300 0.3 0.04 0.02
7 420 0.5 0.05 0.02
10 600 0.7 0.1 0.04
15 900 1.0 0.2 0.08
20 1200 1.4 0.3 0.1
25 1500 1.7 0.5 0.2
30 1800 2.1 0.7 0.3
35 2100 2.4 0.9 0.4
40 2400 2.7 1.2 0.5
45 2700 3.1 1.4 0.6
50 3000 3.4 1.8 0.8
60 3600 4.1 2.5 1.1
70 4200 4.8 3.3 1.4
75 4500 5.1 3.7 1.6
80 4800 5.5 4.2 1.8
90 5400 6.2 5.2 2.3
100 6000 6.8 6.3 2.7
125 7500 8.6 9.6 4.2
150 9000 10.3 13.4 5.8
3 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100 ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
5 300 0.2 0.02 0.01
7 420 0.3 0.02 0.01
10 600 0.4 0.03 0.01
15 900 0.7 0.07 0.03
20 1200 0.9 0.1 0.05
25 1500 1.1 0.2 0.07
30 1800 1.3 0.2 0.1
35 2100 1.6 0.3 0.1
40 2400 1.8 0.4 0.2
45 2700 2.0 0.5 0.2
50 3000 2.2 0.6 0.3
60 3600 2.7 0.9 0.4
70 4200 3.1 1.1 0.5
75 4500 3.3 1.3 0.6
80 4800 3.5 1.4 0.6
90 5400 4.0 1.8 0.8
100 6000 4.4 2.2 0.9
125 7500 5.5 3.3 1.4
150 9000 6.6 4.6 2.0
175 10500 7.7 6.2 2.7
200 12000 8.8 7.9 3.4
250 15000 11.0 11.9 5.2
4 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100 ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
20 1200 0.5 0.03 0.01
25 1500 0.6 0.04 0.02
30 1800 0.8 0.06 0.03
35 2100 0.9 0.08 0.04
40 2400 1.0 0.1 0.05
45 2700 1.2 0.1 0.06
50 3000 1.3 0.2 0.07
60 3600 1.5 0.2 0.1
70 4200 1.8 0.3 0.1
75 4500 1.9 0.3 0.2
80 4800 2.1 0.4 0.2
90 5400 2.3 0.5 0.2
100 6000 2.6 0.6 0.3
125 7500 3.2 0.9 0.4
150 9000 3.8 1.2 0.5
175 10500 4.5 1.6 0.7
200 12000 5.1 2.1 0.9
250 15000 6.4 3.2 1.4
300 18000 7.7 4.4 1.9
350 21000 9.0 5.9 2.6
400 24000 10.2 7.5 3.3
5 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100 ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
30 1800 0.5 0.02 0.01
35 2100 0.6 0.03 0.01
40 2400 0.7 0.03 0.01
45 2700 0.7 0.04 0.02
50 3000 0.8 0.05 0.02
60 3600 1.0 0.07 0.03
70 4200 1.1 0.1 0.04
75 4500 1.2 0.1 0.05
80 4800 1.3 0.1 0.06
90 5400 1.5 0.2 0.07
100 6000 1.6 0.2 0.08
125 7500 2.0 0.3 0.1
150 9000 2.4 0.4 0.2
175 10500 2.8 0.5 0.2
200 12000 3.3 0.7 0.3
250 15000 4.1 1.1 0.5
300 18000 4.9 1.5 0.6
350 21000 5.7 2.0 0.9
400 24000 6.5 2.5 1.1
450 27000 7.3 3.1 1.3
500 30000 8.1 3.7 1.6
6 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100 ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
50 3000 0.6 0.02 0.01
60 3600 0.7 0.03 0.01
70 4200 0.8 0.04 0.02
75 4500 0.8 0.05 0.02
80 4800 0.9 0.05 0.02
90 5400 1.0 0.06 0.03
100 6000 1.1 0.08 0.04
125 7500 1.4 0.1 0.05
150 9000 1.7 0.2 0.07
175 10500 2.0 0.2 0.1
200 12000 2.3 0.3 0.1
250 15000 2.8 0.4 0.2
300 18000 3.4 0.6 0.3
350 21000 3.9 0.8 0.3
400 24000 4.5 1.0 0.4
450 27000 5.1 1.3 0.6
500 30000 5.6 1.5 0.7
750 45000 8.4 3.3 1.4
1000 60000 11.2 5.5 2.4
8 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100 ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
125 7500 0.7 0.03 0.01
150 9000 0.8 0.04 0.02
175 10500 1.0 0.04 0.02
200 12000 1.1 0.06 0.02
250 15000 1.3 0.07 0.03
300 18000 1.6 0.1 0.05
350 21000 1.9 0.2 0.07
400 24000 2.3 0.2 0.09
450 27000 2.6 0.3 0.1
500 30000 2.9 0.3 0.1
750 45000 3.2 0.4 0.2
1000 60000 4.9 0.9 0.4
1250 75000 6.5 1.5 0.6
1500 90000 8.1 2.2 1.0
2000 120000 9.7 3.1 1.3
10 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100 ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
200 12000 0.8 0.03 0.01
250 15000 1.0 0.04 0.02
300 18000 1.2 0.05 0.02
350 21000 1.4 0.07 0.03
400 24000 1.6 0.09 0.04
450 27000 1.9 0.1 0.05
500 30000 2.1 0.1 0.06
750 45000 3.1 0.3 0.1
1000 60000 4.1 0.5 0.2
1250 75000 5.1 0.7 0.3
1500 90000 6.2 1.0 0.4
2000 120000 8.2 1.7 0.7
2500 150000 10.3 2.6 1.1
12 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100 ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
350 21000 1 0.03 0.01
400 24000 1.2 0.04 0.02
450 27000 1.3 0.05 0.02
500 30000 1.5 0.06 0.03
750 45000 2.2 0.1 0.05
1000 60000 2.9 0.2 0.09
1250 75000 3.6 0.3 0.1
1500 90000 4.3 0.4 0.2
2000 120000 5.8 0.7 0.3
2500 150000 7.2 1.1 0.5
3000 180000 8.7 1.6 0.7
3500 210000 10.1 2.1 0.9
4000 240000 11.1 2.7 1.2
14 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100 ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
500 30000 1.2 0.03 0.01
750 45000 1.8 0.07 0.03
1000 60000 2.4 0.1 0.05
1250 75000 3.0 0.2 0.08
1500 90000 3.6 0.3 0.1
2000 120000 4.7 0.5 0.2
2500 150000 5.9 0.7 0.3
3000 180000 7.1 1.0 0.4
3500 210000 8.3 1.3 0.6
4000 240000 9.5 1.7 0.7
4500 270000 10.7 2.1 0.9
5000 300000 11.9 2.5 1.1
5500 330000 13.1 3.0 1.3
6000 360000 14.2 3.6 1.5
6500 390000 15.4 4.1 1.8
7000 420000 16.6 4.7 2.0
7500 450000 17.8 5.4 2.3
16 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100 ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
500 30000 0.9 0.02 0.01
750 45000 1.4 0.04 0.02
1000 60000 1.8 0.07 0.03
1250 75000 2.3 0.1 0.04
1500 90000 2.7 0.1 0.06
2000 120000 3.6 0.2 0.1
2500 150000 4.5 0.4 0.2
3000 180000 5.5 0.5 0.2
3500 210000 6.4 0.7 0.3
4000 240000 7.3 0.9 0.4
4500 270000 8.2 1.1 0.5
5000 300000 9.1 1.3 0.6
5500 330000 10.0 1.6 0.7
6000 360000 10.9 1.9 0.8
6500 390000 11.8 2.2 0.9
7000 420000 12.7 2.5 1.1
7500 450000 13.6 2.8 1.2
8000 480000 14.5 3.2 1.4
8500 510000 14.4 3.5 1.5
9000 540000 16.5 3.9 1.7
9500 570000 17.3 4.3 1.9
10000 600000 18.2 4.8 2.1
Pressure loss values can be calculated with the Hazen-Williams Equation or the Darcy-Weisbach Formula.
Hanger Spacing and Rod Size for Horizontal Pipes
Recommended maximum span between hangers - and rod sizes for straight horizontal pipes
Recommended maximum space between hangers for straight horizontal pipes and tubes can be found in the table below. The values does not apply where loads are concentrated with flanges, valves, specialties, etc. A common rule of thumb is to support load of this type with hangers on both sides of the load.
Nominal Diameter PipeNPS(inches)
Recommended maximum space between Hangers (feet) Recommended Rod Size
(inches)Standard Steel Pipe Copper Tube
Water Steam Water CopperStainless Steel
1/2 7 8 5 3/8 3/8
3/4 7 9 5 3/8 3/8
1 7 9 6 3/8 3/8
1 1/2 9 12 8 3/8 3/8
2 10 13 8 3/8 3/8
2 1/2 11 14 9 1/2 1/2
3 12 15 10 1/2 1/2
4 14 17 12 1/2 5/8
6 17 21 14 5/8 3/4
8 19 24 16 3/4 3/4
10 22 26 18 3/4 7/8
12 23 30 19 3/4 7/8
14 25 32 1
16 27 35 1
18 28 37 1
20 30 39 1-1/4
24 32 42 1-1/4
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
PVC Pipes - Friction Loss and Flow Velocity - Schedule 80
Water flow in thermoplastic PVC and CPVC pipes Schedule 80 - friction loss (ft/100 ft, psi/100 ft) and flow velocities at dimensions from 1/2 inch to 16 inches
Friction loss and flow velocity in PVC and CPVC pipes Schedule 80 with water can be found in the table below. The table may be also be used for pipes in other thermoplastic materials where the inner diameter corresponds to PVC Schedule 80.
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s 1 gal (US)/min =6.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.0227 m3/h = 0.0631 dm3(liter)/s =
2.228x10-3 ft3/s = 0.1337 ft3/min 1 psi/100 ft = 2.3 ftH2O/100 ft = 2288 mmH2O/100 ft = 22.46 kPa/100 m
Note! Velocity should in general not exceed 5 feet per second to avoid damaging noise and wear and tear of pipes and fittings.
The values can be used to calculate pressure loss with the Equivalent Pipe Length Method.
1/2 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
1 60 1.5 4.0 1.7
2 120 3.0 8.0 3.5
5 300 7.4 45.2 19.6
7 420 10.3 83.1 36.0
3/4 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
1 60 0.7 0.9 0.4
2 120 1.6 1.7 0.7
5 300 3.9 9.7 4.2
7 420 5.5 11.8 7.7
10 600 7.8 33.8 14.7
15 900 11.8 71.7 31.1
1 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
2 120 0.9 0.9 0.4
5 300 2.3 2.6 1.2
7 420 3.3 5.0 2.2
10 600 4.7 9.6 4.2
15 900 7.0 20.4 8.8
20 1200 9.4 34.7 15.0
25 1500 11.7 52.4 22.7
30 1800 14.0 73.5 31.8
1 1/4 inches
Volume Volume Velocity Friction Friction
Flow(gal/min)
Flow(gal/hr)
(ft/sec)Head(ft/100ft)
Loss(psi/100 ft)
2 120 0.5 0.2 0.1
5 300 1.3 0.7 0.3
7 420 1.8 1.2 0.5
10 600 2.6 2.3 1.0
15 900 3.9 4.9 2.1
20 1200 5.2 8.3 3.6
25 1500 6.5 12.6 5.4
30 1800 7.8 17.6 7.6
35 2100 9.1 23.4 10.1
40 2400 10.4 30.0 13.0
45 2700 11.7 37.3 16.1
50 3000 13.0 45.3 19.6
1 1/2 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
2 120 0.4 0.1 0.04
5 300 0.9 0.3 0.1
7 420 1.3 0.6 0.2
10 600 1.9 1.0 0.5
15 900 2.8 2.2 1.0
20 1200 3.8 3.8 1.6
25 1500 4.7 5.7 2.5
30 1800 5.6 8.0 3.4
35 2100 6.6 10.6 4.6
40 2400 7.5 13.6 5.9
45 2700 8.4 16.9 7.3
50 3000 9.4 20.5 8.9
60 3600 11.3 28.7 12.4
2 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
5 300 0.6 0.1 0.04
7 420 0.8 0.2 0.07
10 600 1.1 0.3 0.1
15 900 1.7 0.6 0.3
20 1200 2.2 1.1 0.5
25 1500 2.8 1.6 0.7
30 1800 3.4 2.3 1.0
35 2100 3.9 3.0 1.3
40 2400 4.5 3.8 1.7
45 2700 5.0 4.8 2.1
50 3000 5.6 5.8 2.5
60 3600 6.7 8.1 3.5
70 4200 7.8 10.8 4.7
75 4500 8.4 12.3 5.3
80 4800 8.9 13.8 6.0
90 5400 10.1 17.2 7.5
100 6000 11.2 20.9 9.1
2 1/2 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
5 300 0.4 0.05 0.02
7 420 0.5 0.07 0.03
10 600 0.8 0.1 0.05
15 900 1.2 0.3 0.1
20 1200 1.6 0.4 0.2
25 1500 2.0 0.7 0.3
30 1800 2.3 0.9 0.4
35 2100 2.7 1.3 0.5
40 2400 3.1 1.6 0.7
45 2700 3.5 2.0 0.9
50 3000 3.9 2.4 1.1
60 3600 4.7 3.4 1.5
70 4200 5.5 4.5 2.0
75 4500 5.9 5.1 2.2
80 4800 6.2 5.8 2.5
90 5400 7.0 7.2 3.1
100 6000 7.8 8.7 3.8
125 7500 9.8 13.2 5.7
150 9000 11.7 18.5 8.0
3 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
5 300 0.3 0.02 0.01
7 420 0.4 0.03 0.01
10 600 0.5 0.04 0.02
15 900 0.8 0.09 0.04
20 1200 1.0 0.2 0.07
25 1500 1.3 0.2 0.1
30 1800 1.5 0.3 0.1
35 2100 1.7 0.4 0.2
40 2400 2.0 0.5 0.2
45 2700 2.2 0.7 0.3
50 3000 2.5 0.8 0.4
60 3600 3.0 1.1 0.5
70 4200 3.5 1.5 0.7
75 4500 3.7 1.7 0.7
80 4800 4.0 1.9 0.8
90 5400 4.5 2.4 1.0
100 6000 5.0 2.9 1.3
125 7500 6.2 4.4 1.9
150 9000 7.5 6.2 2.7
175 10500 8.7 8.3 3.6
200 12000 10.0 10.6 4.6
250 15000 12.5 16.0 6.9
4 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
20 1200 0.6 0.04 0.02
25 1500 0.7 0.06 0.03
30 1800 0.9 0.08 0.04
35 2100 1.0 0.1 0.05
40 2400 1.2 0.1 0.06
45 2700 1.3 0.2 0.07
50 3000 1.4 0.2 0.09
60 3600 1.7 0.3 0.1
70 4200 2.0 0.4 0.2
75 4500 2.2 0.5 0.2
80 4800 2.3 0.5 0.2
90 5400 2.6 0.6 0.3
100 6000 2.9 0.8 0.3
125 7500 3.6 1.2 0.5
150 9000 4.3 1.6 0.7
175 10500 5.0 2.2 0.9
200 12000 5.7 2.8 1.2
250 15000 7.2 4.2 1.8
300 18000 8.6 5.8 2.5
350 21000 10.0 7.8 3.4
400 24000 11.5 9.9 4.3
5 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
30 1800 0.5 0.03 0.01
35 2100 0.6 0.04 0.02
40 2400 0.7 0.04 0.02
45 2700 0.8 0.06 0.03
50 3000 0.9 0.07 0.03
60 3600 1.1 0.1 0.04
70 4200 1.3 0.1 0.06
75 4500 1.3 0.1 0.06
80 4800 1.4 0.2 0.07
90 5400 1.6 0.2 0.09
100 6000 1.8 0.2 0.1
125 7500 2.3 0.4 0.2
150 9000 2.7 0.5 0.2
175 10500 3.2 0.7 0.3
200 12000 3.6 0.9 0.4
250 15000 4.5 1.3 0.6
300 18000 5.4 1.9 0.8
350 21000 6.3 2.5 1.1
400 24000 7.2 3.2 1.4
450 27000 8.1 4.0 1.7
500 30000 9.0 4.8 2.1
6 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
50 3000 0.6 0.03 0.01
60 3600 0.8 0.04 0.02
70 4200 0.9 0.05 0.02
75 4500 0.9 0.06 0.03
80 4800 1.0 0.07 0.03
90 5400 1.1 0.08 0.04
100 6000 1.3 0.1 0.04
125 7500 1.6 0.2 0.07
150 9000 1.9 0.2 0.1
175 10500 2.2 0.3 0.1
200 12000 2.5 0.4 0.2
250 15000 3.1 0.6 0.2
300 18000 3.8 0.8 0.3
350 21000 4.4 1.0 0.5
400 24000 5.0 1.3 0.6
450 27000 5.6 1.7 0.7
500 30000 6.3 2.0 0.9
750 45000 9.4 4.3 1.8
1000 60000 12.5 7.2 3.1
8 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
125 7500 0.9 0.05 0.02
150 9000 1.1 0.05 0.02
175 10500 1.3 0.08 0.03
200 12000 1.4 0.09 0.04
250 15000 1.8 0.1 0.06
300 18000 2.1 0.2 0.09
350 21000 2.5 0.3 0.1
400 24000 2.9 0.3 0.2
450 27000 3.2 0.4 0.2
500 30000 3.6 0.5 0.2
750 45000 5.4 1.1 0.5
1000 60000 7.1 1.8 0.8
1250 75000 8.9 2.8 1.2
1500 90000 10.7 4.0 1.7
10 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
200 12000 0.9 0.04 0.02
250 15000 1.1 0.05 0.02
300 18000 1.4 0.07 0.03
350 21000 1.6 0.09 0.04
400 24000 1.8 0.1 0.05
450 27000 2.0 0.1 0.06
500 30000 2.3 0.2 0.07
750 45000 3.4 0.4 0.2
1000 60000 4.5 0.6 0.3
1250 75000 5.7 0.9 0.4
1500 90000 6.8 1.3 0.6
2000 120000 9.1 2.2 1.0
2500 150000 11.3 3.3 1.4
12 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
350 21000 1.1 0.04 0.02
400 24000 1.3 0.05 0.02
450 27000 1.4 0.06 0.03
500 30000 1.6 0.07 0.03
750 45000 2.4 0.2 0.07
1000 60000 3.2 0.3 0.1
1250 75000 4.0 0.4 0.2
1500 90000 4.8 0.6 0.2
2000 120000 6.4 0.9 0.4
2500 150000 8.0 1.4 0.6
3000 180000 9.6 2.0 0.9
3500 210000 11.2 2.7 1.2
4000 240000 12.8 3.4 1.5
14 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100
ft)
500 30000 1.3 0.04 0.02
750 45000 2.0 0.09 0.04
1000 60000 2.6 0.2 0.07
1250 75000 3.3 0.3 0.1
1500 90000 3.9 0.3 0.2
2000 120000 5.2 0.6 0.3
2500 150000 6.5 0.9 0.4
3000 180000 7.9 1.2 0.5
3500 210000 9.2 1.7 0.7
4000 240000 10.5 2.1 0.9
4500 270000 11.8 2.6 1.1
5000 300000 13.1 3.2 1.4
5500 330000 14.4 3.8 1.7
6000 360000 15.7 4.5 2.0
6500 490000 17.0 5.2 2.3
7000 420000 18.3 6.0 2.6
16 inches
Volume Flow(gal/min)
Volume Flow(gal/hr)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Friction Head(ft/100ft)
Friction Loss(psi/100 ft)
500 30000 1.0 0.02 0.01
750 45000 1.5 0.05 0.02
1000 60000 2.0 0.08 0.04
1250 75000 2.5 0.1 0.05
1500 90000 3.0 0.2 0.08
2000 120000 4.0 0.3 0.1
2500 150000 5.0 0.5 0.2
3000 180000 6.0 0.6 0.3
3500 210000 7.0 0.9 0.4
4000 240000 8.0 1.1 0.5
4500 270000 9.0 1.4 0.6
5000 300000 10.0 1.7 0.7
5500 330000 11.0 2.0 0.9
6000 360000 12.0 2.3 1.0
6500 490000 13.0 2.7 1.2
7000 420000 14.0 3.1 1.3
7500 450000 15.0 3.5 1.5
8000 480000 16.0 4.0 1.7
8500 510000 17.0 4.4 1.9
9000 540000 18.0 4.9 2.1
Pressure loss values can be calculated with the Hazen-Williams Equation or the Darcy-Weisbach Formula.
PVC - Equivalent Length Friction Loss in Fittings
Minor loss for PVC and CPVC fittings in equivalent length of straight pipe
Approximate friction loss for PVC and CPVC fittings in Equivalent Length in feet of Straight Pipe for water can be found in the table below:
Friction Loss Equivalent Length - feet of Straight Pipe (ft)
FittingNominal Pipe Size (inches)
1/2 3/4 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 2 2 1/2 3 4 6 8 10 12
90o Elbow 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.8 4.0 5.7 6.9 7.9 12.0 18.0 22.0 26 32
45o Elbow 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.1 2.6 3.1 4.0 5.1 8.0 10.6 13.5 15.5
Gatevalve 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0
Tee Flow - Run
1.0 1.4 1.7 2.3 2.7 4.3 5.1 6.2 8.3 12.5 16.5 17.5 20.0
Tee Flow - Branch
4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 12.0 15.0 16.0 22.0 32.7 49.0 57.0 67.0
Male/Female Adapter
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.8 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 9.0 14
The table can also used for other thermoplastic pipes materials with similar design.
The values can be used to calculate pressure loss with the Equivalent Pipe Length Method.
Equivalent Pipe Length Method - Calculating Pressure Loss in Piping Systems
Calculating pressure loss in piping systems with the Equivalent Pipe Length Method
An efficient and simple way to calculate the pressure loss in a piping system is the "Equivalent Pipe Length Method".
1. Make a Diagram of the Piping System
Make a diagram where the system is structured with nodes as shown below.
In the very simply circulating system used in this example the first node (0) is the pump. The next node is the tees (2) where the piping system splits up. The other nodes are the heating radiators.
In many systems the structure can be simplified as above since the piping in both directions are of same size. If a more fine grained approach is required, additional nodes can be added in both directions as shown below.
2. Make a calculation table
With the most simplified nodes structure above a calculation table can be made as shown below. Each section from node to node is calculated by supplying length, volume flow, pipe size, pressure loss from diagrams or tables for the actual pipes and components in the sections and their individual equivalent length substituting the the minor loss.
An excel template with the table above can be downloaded here:
Equivalent Pipe Length Method - Excel Template
Note! The flow and pressure units must be adjusted to the data available for your piping system.
3. Add Volume flow, Pipe Size and Pressure Loss for each Section
Add actual pipe size and in each section. Use tabulated data or a diagrams.
The pressure loss may alternatively be calculated with the Hazen-Williams Equation or the Darcy-Weisbach Formula.
Pressure loss for many types of pipes can be found here.
4. Add Equivalent Length of all Valves, Fittings and Straight Pipes
Add the equivalent length of all valves, components, fittings and straight pipes in the sections.
5. Summarize the Pressure Loss in each Section
Calculate and summarize the pressure loss in each section.
6. Summarize the Pressure Loss in all Paths
Finally, add up the pressure loss in all sections that form unique paths. In the example above there are two unique paths - one is section 0 - 2 - 3, the other is section 0 - 2 - 4. Add extra columns for additional paths in more complicated systems.
The highest pressure loss determines the pump head.
7. Add Balancing Valves
Add valves where it is necessary to balance the system. In the example above a balancing valve is added in section 2-4.
Note! The Equivalent Pipe Length Method can be adapted to most piping systems - like water supply systems, gravity heating systems and similar.
PVC Pipes - Expansion Loops
Temperature expansion and contraction in PVC piping systems
Temperature expansion and contraction in PVC piping systems can be compensated through
expansion loops consisting of pipes and 90o elbows flexible bends bellows and rubber expansion joints piston type expansion joints
Expansion Loops
Expansion loops are made of standard pipes and elbows and can be produced on the site adapted to the actual situation.
The length of leg A can be calculated by formula
A = 0.72 (D δl)1/2 (1)
where
A = length of leg (ft)
D = nominal outside diameter (inches)
δl = thermal expansion of pipe (inches)
The length of leg B can be calculated by formula
B = 1.44 (D δl)1/2 (2)
where
B = length of leg (ft)
Example - Expansion Loop
A length of 300 ft straight pipe of 2" diameter PVC Schedule 40 is installed at 75oF and operating at 120oF. The expansion coefficient of PVC is set to 29 10-6 in./inoF.
The expansion can be calculated as
δl = α Lo δt
= (29 10-6 in/in oF) (300 ft) (12 in/ft) ((120 oF) - (75 oF))
= 4.7 inches
where
δl = expansion (inch)
Lo = length of pipe (inch)
δt = temperature difference (oF)
α = linear expansion coefficient (in./in.oF)
The length of leg A can be calculated as:
A = 0.72 (D δl)1/2
= 0.72 [(2.375 in) (4.7 in)]1/2
= 2.4 ft
The length of leg B can be calculated as:
B = 1.44 (D δl)1/2
= 1.44 [(2.375 in) (4.7 in)]1/2
= 4.8 ft
The Expansion Loop calculation as Excel file
PVC Pipe Schedule 40 - Friction loss and Velocity Diagram
Friction loss (psi/100 ft) and velocity for water flow in plastic PVC pipe schedule 40
The diagram below indicates friction loss for water flow through plastic schedule 40 PVC pipe.
The diagram below indicates friction loss for water flow through plastic schedule 40 PVC pipe.
The calculation is based on the Hazen-Williams Equation with a Hazen-Williams coefficient c = 140. Note that velocities above 5 feet per second should be avoided.
1 gal (US)/min =6.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.0227 m3/h = 0.06309 dm3(litre)/s = 2.228x10-3 ft3/s = 0.1337 ft3/min
1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s 1 psi (lb/in2) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m2) = 6.895x10-3 N/mm2 = 6.895x10-2 bar = 27.71
in H2O at 62oF (16.7oC) = 703.1 mm H2O at 62oF (16.7oC) = 2.0416 in mercury at 62oF (16.7oC) = 51.8 mm mercury at 62oF (16.7oC) = 703.6 kg/m2 = 2.307 Ft. H2O
Comparing Friction Loss in Steel, Copper and Plastic Pipes
Water flow and friction head loss (ft/100 ft) - steel, copper and PVC plastic pipes
Due to difference in inside cross sectional area, wet surface and roughness of the surface, there is significant difference in friction head loss in steel, copper and plastic PVC pipes. The difference will vary with the size of pipe and the flow rate.
The difference will increase with decreased dimensions and increased flow rates
The friction loss in feet of head per 100 feet of Steel pipes Schedule 40, Copper pipes Type L and thermoplastic PVC pipes Schedule 40 are compared below.
1 ftH2O/100 ft = 0.44 psi/100ft = 9.8 kPa/100 m = 1000 mmH2O/100 m
3 in.
Flow Rate(gal/min)
Friction Loss (ft/100 ft)
Steel PipeSchedule 40
Copper PipeType L
PVC PipeSchedule 40
50 0.7 0.8 0.6
60 1.0 1.1 0.9
70 1.3 1.5 1.2
80 1.7 1.8 1.5
90 2.1 2.3 1.8
100 2.5 2.7 2.2
150 5.3 5.7 4.8
200 9.1 9.5 8.1
250 13.6 14.2 12.8
300 19.8 19.8 17.1
400 34.2 33.4 29.0
4 in.
Flow Rate(gal/min)
Friction Loss (ft/100 ft)
Steel PipeSchedule 40
Copper PipeType L
PVC PipeSchedule 40
100 0.7 0.7 0.6
150 1.4 1.5 1.3
200 2.4 2.5 2.2
250 3.6 3.7 3.3
300 5.0 5.1 4.6
400 8.7 8.6 7.8
5 in.
Flow Rate(gal/min)
Friction Loss (ft/100 ft)
Steel PipeSchedule 40
Copper PipeType L
PVC PipeSchedule 40
150 0.5 0.8 0.4
200 0.8 0.8 0.7
250 1.2 1.3 1.1
300 1.6 1.8 1.5
400 2.8 2.9 2.6
500 4.3 4.4 3.9
6 in.
Flow Rate(gal/min)
Friction Loss (ft/100 ft)
Steel PipeSchedule 40
Copper PipeType L
PVC PipeSchedule 40
150 0.2 0.2 0.2
200 0.3 0.4 0.3
250 0.5 0.5 0.4
300 0.7 0.7 0.6
400 1.1 1.2 1.1
500 1.7 1.8 1.6
750 3.7 3.8 3.4
1000 6.3 6.5 5.8
8 in.
Flow Rate(gal/min)
Friction Loss (ft/100 ft)
Steel PipeSchedule 40
PVC PipeSchedule 40
150 0.05 0.05
200 0.08 0.08
250 0.12 0.12
300 0.17 0.16
400 0.3 0.28
500 0.4 0.4
750 0.9 0.9
1000 1.6 1.5
1250 2.4 2.3
1500 3.5 3.2
2000 6.0 5.5
10 in.
Flow Rate(gal/min)
Friction Loss (ft/100 ft)
Steel PipeSchedule 40
PVC PipeSchedule 40
200 0.03 0.03
250 0.04 0.04
300 0.06 0.05
400 0.1 0.09
500 0.15 0.14
750 0.3 0.3
1000 0.5 0.5
1250 0.8 0.8
1500 1.1 1.1
2000 1.9 1.8
12 in.
Flow Rate Friction Loss (ft/100 ft)
(gal/min)Steel PipeSchedule 40
PVC PipeSchedule 40
400 0.04 0.04
500 0.06 0.06
750 0.13 0.13
1000 0.2 0.21
1250 0.3 0.32
1500 0.5 0.45
2000 0.8 0.8
3000 1.7 1.6
The steel and copper calculations are made with the Online Fluid Flow Calculator.
The PVC pipe calculation are made with the Online Hazens-Williams Calculator with a roughness coefficient c = 145.
Hazen-Williams Equation - calculating Friction Head Loss in Water Pipes
Friction head loss (ftH2O per 100 ft pipe) in water pipes can be estimated by using the empirical Hazen-Williams equation
The Darcy-Weisbach equation with the Moody diagram are considered to be the most accurate model for estimating frictional head loss in steady pipe flow. Since the approach requires a not so efficient trial and error iteration an alternative empirical head loss calculation like the Hazen-Williams equation may be preferred:
f = 0.2083 (100/c)1.852 q1.852 / dh4.8655 (1)
where
f = friction head loss in feet of water per 100 feet of pipe (fth20/100 ft pipe)
c = Hazen-Williams roughness constant
q = volume flow (gal/min)
dh = inside hydraulic diameter (inches)
Note that the Hazen-Williams formula is empirical and lacks a theoretical basis. Be aware that the roughness constants are based on "normal" condition with approximately 1 m/s (3 ft/sec).
Online Hazens-Williams Calculator
The calculator below can used to calculate the head loss:
l - pipe or tube length (ft)
c - design coefficient determined for the type of pipe or tube
q - flow rate (gal/min)
dh - inside hydraulic diameter (inch)
Hazen-Williams equation in an Excel template
The Hazen-Williams equation is not the only empirical formula available. Manning's formula is common for gravity driven flows in open channels.
The flow velocity can be calculated as
v = 0.408709 q / dh2 (2)
where
v = flow velocity (ft/s)
The Hazen-Williams equation can be assumed to be relatively accurate for piping systems with Reynolds Numbers above 105 (turbulent flow).
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m 1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm 1 gal (US)/min =6.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.0227 m3/h = 0.0631 dm3(liter)/s =
2.228x10-3 ft3/s = 0.1337 ft3/min = 0.8327 Imperial gal (UK)/min
Note! The Hazen-Williams formula gives accurate head loss due to friction for fluids with kinematic viscosity of approximately 1.1 cSt. More about fluids and kinematic viscosity.
The results for the formula is acceptable for cold water at 60 oF (15.6 oC) with kinematic viscosity 1.13 cSt. For hot water with a lower kinematic viscosity (0.55 cSt at 130 oF (54.4 oC)) the error will be significant.
Since the Hazen Williams method is only valid for water flowing at ordinary temperatures between 40 to 75 oF, the Darcy Weisbach method should be used for other liquids or gases.
Williams Hazens Equation of Pressure Drop
The Hazen-Williams equation can be used to calculate pressure drop (psi) in pipes or tubes due to friction
The Hazen-Williams formula for calculating head loss in pipes and tubes due to friction can be expressed as:
Pd = 4.52 q1.85 / (c1.85 dh4.8655) (1)
where
Pd = pressure drop (psi/ft pipe)
c = design coefficient determined for the type of pipe or tube - the higher the factor, the smoother the pipe or tube
q = flow rate (gpm)
dh = inside hydraulic diameter (inch)
Note! The Hazen-Williams formula gives accurate head loss due to friction for fluids with kinematic viscosity of approximately 1.1 cSt. More about fluids and kinematic viscosity.
The results for the formula is acceptable for cold water at 60 oF (15.6 oC) with kinematic viscosity 1.13 cSt. For hot water with a lower kinematic viscosity (0.55 cSt at 130 oF (54.4 oC)) the error will be significant.
Since the Hazen Williams method is only valid for water flowing at ordinary temperatures between 40 to 75 oF, the Darcy Weisbach method should be used for other liquids or gases.
Online Hazens-Williams Calculator
The calculator below can used to calculate the head loss:
l - pipe or tube length (ft)
c - design coefficient determined for the type of pipe or tube
q - flow rate (gal/min)
dh - hydraulic diameter (inch)
The Design Factor - c
The design factor is determined for the type of pipe or tube used:
The c-value for cast iron and wrought iron pipes or tubes ranges from 80 to 150, with average value 130 and design value 100.
The c-value for copper, glass or brass pipes or tubes ranges from 120 to 150, with average value 140 and design value 140.
The c-value for cement lined steel or iron pipes has average value of 150 and design value 140.
The c-value for epoxy and vinyl ester pipes can be set to 150.
Hazen-Williams Coefficients
Hazen-Williams factor for some common piping materials
Hazen-Williams coefficients are used in the Hazen-Williams equation for friction loss calculation in ducts and pipes. Coefficients for some common materials used in ducts and pipes can be found in the table below:
MaterialHazen-Williams Coefficient- c -
ABS - Acrylonite Butadiene Styrene 130
Aluminum 130 - 150
Asbestos Cement 140
Asphalt Lining 130 - 140
Brass 130 - 140
Brick sewer 90 - 100
Cast-Iron - new unlined (CIP) 130
Cast-Iron 10 years old 107 - 113
Cast-Iron 20 years old 89 - 100
Cast-Iron 30 years old 75 - 90
Cast-Iron 40 years old 64-83
Cast-Iron, asphalt coated 100
Cast-Iron, cement lined 140
Cast-Iron, bituminous lined 140
Cast-Iron, sea-coated 120
Cast-Iron, wrought plain 100
Cement lining 130 - 140
Concrete 100 - 140
Concrete lined, steel forms 140
Concrete lined, wooden forms 120
Concrete, old 100 - 110
Copper 130 - 140
Corrugated Metal 60
Ductile Iron Pipe (DIP) 140
Ductile Iron, cement lined 120
Fiber 140
Fiber Glass Pipe - FRP 150
Galvanized iron 120
Glass 130
Lead 130 - 140
Metal Pipes - Very to extremely smooth 130 - 140
Plastic 130 - 150
Polyethylene, PE, PEH 140
Polyvinyl chloride, PVC, CPVC 130
Smooth Pipes 140
Steel new unlined 140 - 150
Steel, corrugated 60
Steel, welded and seamless 100
Steel, interior riveted, no projecting rivets 110
Steel, projecting girth and horizontal rivets
100
Steel, vitrified, spiral-riveted 90 - 110
Steel, welded and seamless 100
Tin 130
Vitrified Clay 110
Wrought iron, plain 100
Wooden or Masonry Pipe - Smooth 120
Wood Stave 110 - 120
Pressure Loss of Water Due to Friction in Copper Tubes
Pressure Loss (psi/ft) of Water Due to Friction in Copper Tubes Types K, L and M Copper Tube - ASTM B88
Pressure loss of water due to friction (major loss) in copper pipes, Types K, L and M tubes according ASTM B88, can be found in the diagram and tables below:
The diagram as pdf-file pressure loss copper pipes ASTM B88 - Type K.
The pressure loss is based on the Hazen-Williams formula with roughness coefficient c = 145.
Copper Tubes Types K, L and M - Dimensions
Lined Pipes - Pressure Loss Diagram
Pressure drop diagrams for PTFE, PP, PFA and PVDF-lined pipes
The diagrams below indicates the pressure loss with water flow in PTFE-lined steel pipes schedule 40.
The pressure drop calculations are made with the D'Arcy-Weisbach Equation.
Fluid : Water Pipe : PTFE-lined Steel Pipes - Schedule 40 Temperature : 20.0 oC (68.0 oF) Density : 998.3 kg/m3 (62.0 lb/ft3) Kinematic Viscosity : 1.004 10-6 m2/s (0.01 stokes) (1.08E-5 ft2/s) Pipe Roughness Coefficient : 3.0 10-6 m
Pressure Drop - Imperial Units
1 gal (US)/min =6.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.0227 m3/h = 0.06309 dm3(litre)/s = 2.228x10-3 ft3/s = 0.1337 ft3/min
1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s 1 psi (lb/in2) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m2) = 6.895x10-3 N/mm2 = 6.895x10-2 bar = 27.71
in H2O at 62oF (16.7oC) = 703.1 mm H2O at 62oF (16.7oC) = 2.0416 in mercury at 62oF (16.7oC) = 51.8 mm mercury at 62oF (16.7oC) = 703.6 kg/m2 = 2.307 Ft. H2O
Pressure Drop - SI units
1 Pa = 10-6 N/mm2 = 10-5 bar = 0.1020 kp/m2 = 1.02x10-4 m H2O = 9.869x10-6 atm = 1.45x10-4 psi (lbf/in2)
1 liter/s = 10-3 m3/s = 3.6 m3/h = 0.03532 ft3/s = 2.1189 ft3/min (cfm) = 13.200 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 15.852 gal (US)/min = 792 Imp. gal (UK)/h
1 m/s = 3.6 km/h = 196.85 ft/min = 2.237 mph
The diagram above is based on the inside thickness of schedule 40 steel pipes with PTFE as the lining material. Common thickness of other lining materials are indicated in the table below.
Common Thickness of Lining Material (inches)
Lining Material
Pipe Diameter (inches)
1 1 1/2 2 3 4 6 8
PTFE*) 0.130 0.150 0.160 0.160 0.160 0.275 0.310
PP 0.135 0.160 0.175 0.175 0.210 0.220 0.220
PFA 0.113 0.114 0.114 0.130 0.150 0.145 0.140
PVDF 0.125 0.125 0.125 0.125 0.145 0.160 0.185
PTFE - PolyTetraFluoroEthylene PP - PolyPropylene PFA - Perfluoroalkoxy Fluorocarbon PVDF - Polyvinylidene Fluoride
*) used in the diagrams above
Polypropylene PP - Chemical Resistance
Chemical resistance of PolyPropylene - PP - to some common acids, bases, organic substances and solvents
The chemical resistance of polypropylene to some common products and chemicals can be found in the tables below:
Acids
ProductRating 1)
20 oC 60 oC
Benzoic acid 1 2
Boric acid 1 1
Hydrobromic acid 25 % 2 3
Citric acid 1 1
Hydrocyanic acid 2 2
Hydrofluoric acid 2 2
Phosphoric acid 25 % 1 1
Phosphoric acid 85 % 1 1
Phthalic acid 1 1
Tannic acid 1 1
Chromic acid 1 2
Maleic acid 1 1
Oleic acid 2 3
Oxalic acid 1 1
Nitric acid 5 % 2 3
Nitric acid 65 % 4 4
Chlorhydric acid 10 % 1 1
Chlorhydric acid 37 % 2 3
Butyric acid 1 1
Sulphuric acid 10 % 1 1
Sulphuric acid 78 % 2 4
Sulphuric acid 93 % 3 4
Tartaric acid 1 1
Acetic acid 10 % 1 1
Acetic acid 50 % 1 1
Acetic acid 75 % 1 1
Acetic acid 100 % 2 3
Perchloric acid 1 2
Bases
ProductRating 1)
20 oC 60 oC
Aqua ammonia 1 1
Calciumhydroxide 1 1
Potassiumhydroxide 1 1
Caustic soda 1 1
Acid salt 2) 1 1
Basic salt 3) 1 1
Neutral salt 4) 1 1
Various salt
Potassium bicarbonate 1 2
Potassium permanganate 1 2
Sodium cyanide 1 1
Natriumferricyanid 1 2
Sodium hypochlorite 2 3
Organic Substances, Solvents
ProductRating 1)
20 oC 60 oC
Acetone 3 4
Aniline 1 1
Benzol 3 4
Petrol 4 4
Butyl alcohol 1 1
Ethyl acetate 2 4
Ethyl alcohol 1 1
Ethyl dichloride 3 4
Ethyl ether 4 4
Phenol 2 2
Formalin 37% 1 2
Heptanes 3 4
Chlorobenzene 3 4
Chloroform 4 4
Carbon disulphide 4 4
Carbon tetrachloride 4 4
Methyl alcohol 1 1
Methylene (di)chloride 4 4
Methyl ethyle ketone 3 4
Nitrobenzene 3 4
Toluene 3 4
Trichlorethylene 4 4
Gases
Chlorine (damp) 2 4
Chlorine (dry) 2 4
Carbon dioxide 1 1
Carbon monoxide 1 1
Sulphur dioxide (damp) 2 3
Sulphur dioxide (dry) 2 3
Hydrogen sulphide 1 1
1) Rating:
1. Excellent (no attack)2. Good (no significant attack)3. Acceptable (light attack, limited use)4. Unacceptable (significant attack)5. Inferior (possible cracking or dissolving)
2) Acid salt (normally aqueous) aluminum chloride, aluminum phosphate, copper chloride, sulphate of copper, ferrous sulphate, ferric chloride, stannic chloride, chloride of zinc, white vitriol etc
3) Basic salt (normally aqueous) bicarbonate of potassium, potash, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium phosphate etc.
4) Neutral salt (normally aqueous) calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, calcium sulphate, magnesium chloride, nitrate of potassium, potassium sulphate, sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, sodium sulphate etc.
PP Pipes - Support Spacing
Hanger spacing for PolyPropylene pipes
Maximum support spacing for PP - PolyPropylene - pipes depends on the operating temperature. Maximum spacing between supports at different temperatures can be found in the tables below:
PP - Wall Schedule 40 - Support Spacing (feet)
NPS(inches)
Operating Temperature (oF)
60 100 140 180
1/2 1 1/2 1 1/2 1 1/2 1
3/4 2 2 1 1/2 1 1/2
1 2 2 2 1 1/2
1 1/4 2 1/2 2 2 2
1 1/2 2 1/2 2 1/2 2 2
2 3 2 1/2 2 1/2 2
3 3 1/2 2 1/2 3 2 1/2
4 4 3 3 1/2 3
PP - Wall Schedule 80 - Support Spacing (feet)
NPS(inches)
Operating Temperature (oF)
60 100 140 180
1/2 2 2 2 1 1/2
3/4 2 1/2 2 1/2 2 2
1 2 1/2 2 1/2 2 2
1 1/4 3 2 1/2 2 1/2 2 1/2
1 1/2 3 3 2 1/2 2 1/2
2 3 1/2 3 3 2 1/2
3 4 4 3 1/2 3 1/2
4 4 1/2 4 1/2 4 3 1/2
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32]
Polypropylene is a thermoplastic polymer, used in a wide variety of applications. Polypropylene is unusually resistant to chemical solvents, bases and acids.
Pressure Drop Diagram PE, PEH and PVC Pipes
A diagram with pressure drop (bar/100 m) and velocity for PE, PEH and PVC pipes
The pressure drop in PE, PEH and PVC plastic pipes with water can be estimated from the diagram below:
1 bar = 105 Pa (N/m2) = 0.1 N/mm2 = 10,197 kp/m2 = 10.20 m H2O = 0.9869 atm = 14.50 psi (lbf/in2) = 106 dyn/cm2 = 750 mmHg
1 liter/s = 10-3 m3/s = 3.6 m3/h = 0.03532 ft3/s = 2.1189 ft3/min (cfm) = 13.200 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 15.852 gal (US)/min = 792 Imp. gal (UK)/h
Example - pressure drop in a PEH pipe
The pressure drop in a PEH pipe with inside diameter 250 mm and water flow 50 l/s can be estimated to be approximately 3.5 bar/100 m as indicated in the diagram below. The flow velocity is approximately 1 m/s.
The calculation is based on the Hazen-Williams Equation with a Hazen-Williams coefficient c = 140. Note that velocities above 5 feet per second should be avoided.
1 gal (US)/min =6.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.0227 m3/h = 0.06309 dm3(litre)/s = 2.228x10-3 ft3/s = 0.1337 ft3/min
1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s 1 psi (lb/in2) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m2) = 6.895x10-3 N/mm2 = 6.895x10-2 bar = 27.71
in H2O at 62oF (16.7oC) = 703.1 mm H2O at 62oF (16.7oC) = 2.0416 in mercury at 62oF (16.7oC) = 51.8 mm mercury at 62oF (16.7oC) = 703.6 kg/m2 = 2.307 Ft. H2O
Steam and Condensate - Thermodynamics (Khusus untuk Power Plant)
Thermodynamics of steam and condensate applications
Air and Steam Mixture
With air in the steam the surface temperatures in heat exchangers will be lower - less heat than excepted will be transferred
Arithmetic and Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference
Arithmetic Mean Temperature Difference - AMTD - and Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference - LMTD - formulas with examples - Online Mean Temperature Calculator
Boiler Capacity
It is common to express the output of steam boilers in Boiler Horsepowers, BTU or in Pounds of Steam delivered per hour
Boiler Horsepower
Determine boiler horsepower from heat transfer area
Conductive Heat Transfer
Heat transfer takes place as conduction if there is a temperature gradient in a solid or fluid
Cylinder or Pipe - Conductive Heat Loss
Conductive heat loss through cylinder or pipe walls
Enthalpy Entropy Diagram Steam
Enthalpy and entropy chart for steam
Enthalpy of Superheated Steam
A table with the enthalpy of steam superheated to temperatures above the boiling point with corresponding temperatures
Enthalpy of Wet Steam
Wet steam, dryness fraction and enthalpy
Entropy of Superheated Steam
A table with the entropy of steam superheated to temperatures above the boiling point with corresponding temperatures
Flash Steam Generation
Generation of flash steam - fundamentals of energy recovery
Heat Transferred by Condensing Steam
Calculate heat transferred by condensing steam
Heating Air with Steam
Calculating heating air with steam
Heating Water by Injection Steam
Water can be heated by injecting steam
Humidifying Air with Steam - SI units
The amount of vapor - kg per cubic meter - in humid air
Online Saturated Steam Table Calculator
Online calculator to compute the thermodynamic properties of saturated steam
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients for some common Fluids and Heat Exchanger Surfaces
Average overall heat transmission coefficients for some common fluids and surface combinations as Water to Air, Water to Water, Air to Air, Steam to Water and more
Power Plant Performance Factors
Power plants and heat rate, thermal efficiency, capacity factor, load factor, economic efficiency, operational efficiency, energy efficiency
Properties of Saturated Steam - Imperial Units
A steam table with sensible, latent and total heat, and specific volume at different gauge pressures and temperatures
Properties of Saturated Steam - Pressure in Bar
The Saturated Steam Table with properties as boiling point, specific volume, density, specific enthalpy, specific heat and latent heat of vaporization
Properties of Saturated Steam - SI Units
A Saturated Steam Table with steam properties as specific volume, density, specific enthalpy and specific entropy
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Specific Volume of Wet Steam
Wet steam an specific volume
Steam & Condensate Equations
Steam consumption and condensate generation formulas heating liquids or gas flows
Steam and Vapor Enthalpy
Introduction and definition of vapor and steam enthalpy - specific enthalpy of saturated liquid, saturated vapor and superheated vapor
Steam Entropy
Basic steam thermodynamics and the entropy diagram
Steam Flow Rate and kW Rating
Determine the steam flow rate from a kW rating
Steam Heating Processes - Load Calculating
Calculating the amount of steam in non-flow batch and continuous flow heating processes
Steam Viscosity
Steam absolute viscosity at pressures ranging 1 - 10000 psia
Temperature and Moisture Holding Capacity of Air
The moisture holding capacity of air varies with temperature
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
In a boiler generating steam, impurities in the feedwater concentrates in the boiling water
Vapor and Steam
Introduction to vapor and steam
Water Saturation Pressure
Water saturation pressure at temperatures ranging 0 - 100 oC and 32 - 700 oF - Imperial and SI Units
Water Steam - Critical Point
The level where vapor and liquid are indistinguishable
Wet Steam Quality and the Dryness Fraction
