assessing surface contamination and dermal hazards

ASSESSING

SURFACE CONTAMINATION AND DERMAL HAZARDS

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DEFINING SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

Chemicals that can cause dermatitis or skin damage.

Chemicals that can enter the body through intact skin and cause toxic effects in various organ systems.

DEFINING SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

PROPERTIES: Can penetrate or

injure the skin

Toxic if ingested

Inhalation hazard if resuspended

Low vapor pressure

Can remain on surfaces for prolonged periods

EXAMPLES: Amines Isocyanates Metal dusts PCBs and dioxins Pesticides VOCs Acids/bases Beryllium

IDENTIFYING SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits

(PELs) and ACGIH Threshold Limit

Values (TLVs®) indicate these hazards

with:

SKIN notation SENSITIZER notation

THE SKIN NOTATION

Does NOT denote the capability for the chemical to cause irritation, dermatitis and sensitization.

Refers to thepotential contribution to the overall exposureby the cutaneous route including absorption through skin, mucous membranes and the eyes.

THE SKIN NOTATION

“Is intended to alert the reader that air

sampling alone is insufficient to accurately

quantitate exposure and that measures to

prevent significant cutaneous absorption

may be required.”

+

THE ACGIH SENSITIZER NOTATION (SEN)

Is designed to protect workers from becoming sensitized through respiratory, dermal, and conjunctival exposures.

SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS

Are necessary for those chemicals that have BOTH a low exposure limit and a skin or sensitizer notation.

Include process controls, measurement of airborne chemicals, worker training, and a complete dermal exposure reduction program.

A DERMAL EXPOSURE REDUCTION PROGRAM

DETECTION of skin and surface contaminants.

PROTECTION through the proper selection and changing frequency of personal protective equipment.

DECONTAMINATION of skin, work surfaces, tools, and equipment.

DETERMINATION of program effectiveness through biological monitoring.

WHY SAMPLE?

SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

WHY SAMPLESURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

To ensure a comprehensive exposure assessment.

Dermal sampling along with air sampling and biological monitoring are all components of a comprehensive exposure assessment strategy.


To select proper personal protective equipment (PPE) particularly hand protection.

Surface contamination inside a glove indicates glove failure or improper work practices.

Sampling can determine if and why PPE failure occurred and can be used to re-train workers so as to enhance PPE effectiveness.


To comply with OSHA PPE standard.

1910.138 (b) requires employers to select hand protection on an evaluation of the performance characteristics of the hand protection relative to the task(s) to be performed, conditions present, duration of use and the hazards and potential hazards identified.


To eliminate take home toxins.

Employees’ shoes, glasses, tools and lunchboxes contaminated with hazardous chemicals may be an exposure source for family members.


To prevent the

inadvertent mixing

of incompatible

chemicals.


To evaluate the effectiveness of decontamination procedures.

Sampling can be done initially to determine a “normal” concentration of surface contaminant following a prescribed cleaning regimen.

Future samples can be used to document that the ongoing cleaning procedures result in an acceptable surface contaminant level.


To evaluate non-controlled work areas.

Provides documentation that contamination of non-controlled work areas has not occurred from adjacent work areas and activities.

WHERE TO SAMPLE?


CONDUCTING AN INVESTIGATION FOR SURFACE AND DERMAL HAZARDS

1. Review the published literature to evaluate the potential for skin absorption for the contaminant under study.2. Rate specific jobs in regards to the amount and the frequency of exposure.3. Conduct a walk-through survey of the work area making an assessment of personal and

work area hygiene.


4. Collect a bulk sample of suspect materials and have them analyzed to confirm contents.5. Note parts of the skin regularly exposed to contaminants due to machine design or employee work practices.6. Note possible contamination of surfaces frequently touched by workers in production areas such as lids, equipment, tools, and switches.


7. Check for cross contamination on cafeteria lunch tables, desktops, doorknobs and changing rooms. 8. Investigate the potential for exposure from handling contaminated equipment or clothing. 9. Check for contamination on door handles, seats and flooring of vehicles driven on the job and on the inside of respirators, hard hats, and reusable gloves.

HOW TO SAMPLE


WIPE SAMPLING FOR CHEMICALS ON SURFACES

Is a routine method involving the use of a filter media used dry or wetted with a liquid or solvent specified in the procedure.

WIPE SAMPLING MEDIA

Gauze pads-PCBs, Pesticides Filters-Hexavalent Chromium Cotton gloves-Pesticides Cotton balls-2,4 D Ghost Wipes or Smear Tabs-Metals Cotton swabs-DNT, TNT Adhesive labels and cellophane tape-Dust

and Mold spores

SKC WIPE SAMPLE TEST KITSKC 225-2401A

Includes supplies necessary for OSHA Wipe Tests (not including solvents):

Filter media Sterile bags and sample containers Latex gloves Cotton swabs pH paper Dropper bottles, templates, and more

GHOST WIPESSKC 225-2414

Ease sample preparation and analysis of surface lead

Hold together in the field even when wiping rough surfaces

Readily and completely dissolve during digestion for complete dispersion of analytes and uniform recoveries

Specified in OSHA Wipe Method ID-125G for metals

WIPE SAMPLE COLLECTIONPROTOCOLS

FOR OSHA Wipe a test area of 100

cm2

SKC offers 10 X 10 cm templates in plastic or paper. (SKC 225-2403/2415)

Dry wipes or filter paper wetted only with distilled water should be used for sampling on skin, PPE, and surfaces that contact food.

FOR HUD Wipe a test area of 1 ft2

SKC offers 1 X 1 ft templates for HUD Lead Guidelines in plastic or paper. (SKC 225-2406/2416)

SURFACE SAMPLING OF VOLATILE CONTAMINANTS

Wipe sampling is not effective for many volatile contaminants.

For these compounds, surface contamination can be determined using a general survey monitor such as a photoionization detector (PID).

SKC 730-series

VACUUM SAMPLING FOR PESTICIDES AND METALS

A 3-piece cassette loaded with an appropriate filter and a short length of tubing on the inlet acting as a nozzle is attached to a personal pump at flows of 2-3 L/min.*

A template can be used to vacuum a consistently sized area for data comparison.

*Reference: Surface and Dermal Monitoring for Toxic Exposures by Shirley Ness: page 188.

VACUUM SAMPLING FOR ASBESTOS

ASTM Standards D5755 and D5756 specify a carbon-filled black polypropylene cassette with cowl loaded with an MCE or polycarbonate filter and a short length of tubing on the inlet.

The tubing on the inlet serves as a nozzle to vacuum contaminants from a 100 cm2 area at 1-5 L/min followed by transmission electron microscopy.

SKC 225-322

COLORIMETRIC SWABS FOR LEAD

Lead poisoning continues to be a public health problem particular among children.

Rapid, inexpensive surface sampling kits have been developed that allow non-professionals to answer the basic question, “Is lead present?”

LEAD CHECK SWABSU.S. EPA TESTING

Recognized by U.S.

EPA to reliably determine

the absence of lead paint. Detects lead on 96.6%

of surfaces tests. Suitable for surfaces,

but activated swabs are

not suitable for use on

skin. SKC 225-2404

LEAD CHECK SWABSNIOSH METHOD 7700

Lead in Air by Chemical Spot Test Specifies 0.8 um MCE filters at 2 L/min for

sample collection. Lead Check swabs are used to check for the

presence of lead on the filter sample. Laboratory analysis can be done to quantitate

levels if colorimetric test is positive.

LEAD DETECTION ON SKIN OR SURFACES

Developed by US NIOSH; NIOSH Method 9105 Licensed by SKC Scientific breakthrough- Colorimetric wipe for lead on

skin or surfaces Behavior modification tool-Allows workers to

determine if their hand washing has been thorough enough

Limit of ID is 18 ug of lead

FULL DISCLOSURE LEAD WIPES

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

SKC 550-001/2

COLORIMETRIC SWYPE® SAMPLING

Designed to detect contamination of work surfaces or skin

Formulated to be specific to a particular compound group

Sensitive to levels equal to or below PELs for comparable airborne exposures

COLORIMETRIC SWYPE SAMPLING

CHEMICAL SPECIFIC

TEST KITS Aromatic Amines Aliphatic Amines Aromatic Isocyanates Aliphatic Isocyanates Hydrazine Acids/Bases

See www.clilabs.com

SURFACE SAMPLING FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS

A swab or filter wetted with sterile water or wash solution is used to wipe a specified area.

Typically, the swab is then used to inoculate a culture plate.

SKC offers a sterile swab kit with swabs in transport tubes and with plastic templates. SKC 225-2402


SKC microvacuum

cassettes with

polycarbonate filters

are useful for the

collection of fungal

spores in carpeting or

other irregular

surfaces using high flow

pumps.

SKC Carpet Sampling kit includes filters, templates, bags, labels. SKC 225-9540


So-called lift tape is often used to collect a sample from surfaces for analysis of fungal spores.

SKC Stick-to-it lift tape consists of a flexible plastic microscope with an adhesive area

Press onto the surface and insert into the plastic mailers for shipment to the lab.

SKC 225-9808

METHAMPHETAMINE:A NEW SURFACE CONTAMINANT

METHAMPHETAMINE: DEFINING THE PROBLEM

Methamphetamine or "meth" is a potent central nervous system stimulant that is highly addictive, cheap, and easy to produce.

Meth is derived from commonly available decongestants and diet aids containing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine and cooked in clandestine (illegal) “labs”.

TYPICAL METH LAB

RESPONDING TO METH

Health and safety

professionals have a

role to play in the

response and cleanup

of clandestine

meth laboratories.

ROLE OF HEALTH & SAFETY PROS IN METH LABS

To protect first-responders and other personnel from the hazards

To develop health and safety plans for decontamination of buildings/environment

To confirm that appropriate “safe” levels have been met prior to reoccupancy

OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS OF METH

WHO? Law enforcement Fire, Haz-Mat, or

ambulance crews Social services Utilities services Landlords Custodial or

Housekeeping staff

WHERE? Homes Cars Hotel Rooms Storage units Dumpsters Tents/Campsites

SAMPLE COLLECTION

NIOSH reports that air sampling for individual contaminants is only effective during active “cooking” of meth.

The particulate aerosol formed during meth production however deposits onto available surfaces.

A better method for sampling meth after a cook is using surface wipe sampling.

NIOSH SURFACE WIPE METHODS FOR METH

To evaluate meth surface residue, NIOSH has

developed two field detection kits and

transferred this technology to SKC for

commercial production.

SKC METH RESIDUE KITS

Detects the presence of meth residue with a limit of identification of 15 micrograms/100 cm2.

Color results develop rapidly for on-the-spot qualitative assessments.

Designed to check meth remediation/ clean-up

Can assess meth residue on surfaces with limits of identification relevant to state cleanup guidelines.

Measures as low as 50 nanograms.

SKC 560-001 Kit includes:

-Gauze wipes

-Disposable gloves

-10 X 10 cm templates

-Wetting agent spray

-Developer sprays

-Color Guide Instructions and accessories

Must be kept cool during storage/transport.

Allows assessment of meth residues on surfaces with limits of identification relevant to state cleanup guidelines:

MethChek 1500-detects 1500 nanograms/100 cm2




Each kit contains solutions and multiple individually packaged test packets that include:

Gauze wipes/cotton swabs Disposable gloves Disposable 10 x 10-cm templates Syringes Pipettes Extractor solution in vials Sample storage mini bags Detection cartridges Color Quick Guide instructions Wetting Agent spray Complete Operating Instructions

and accessories SKC 560-002 to -005B

THANK YOU FOR YOUR INTEREST IN SKC SAMPLING

TECHNOLOGIES.

WWW.SKCINC.COM

SURFACE CONTAMINATION AND DERMAL HAZARDS

CDC-NIOSH has released a technical

resource entitled Effects of Skin Contact

with Chemicals: What a Worker Should

Know. Link to

www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-

199/pdfs/2011-199.pdf

assessing surface contamination and dermal hazards

Documents

sample surface

dermal hazards chemicals

dermal hazards properties

dermal sampling

potential hazards

surface contaminants

skin absorption

skin toxic