assessment of cervical spine
DESCRIPTION
assessment of cervical spine Khushali Jogani The Sarvajanik College Physiotherapy, Rmpura,Surat.TRANSCRIPT
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BY: KHUSHALI JOGANI The Sarvajanik College Of PhysiotherapyRampura,Surat
ASSESSMENT OF CERVICAL SPINE
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Contents:
Introduction Patient history Observation Palpation Examination of movement Special tests Diagnostic imaging References
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INTRODUCTION Cervical spine consists of 37 joints. It has been said that cervical spine moves
600 times per hour with normal activity. An area where stability is sacrificed for
mobility. Divided into two areas:
1)cervicoencephalic
2)cervicobrachial Lordotic curve in cervical region develops
at 3 to 4 months of age as child lifts head. At C4 to C5 interspace there is midpoint of
curve.
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Line of gravity falls anterior to foramen magnum
Abnormality from normal lordotic curve leads to following:
Reduction in cervical lordosis
Increase in cervical lordosis
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Resting position: slight extension
Closed packed position: full extension
Capsular pattern: side flexion and rotation equally limited,extension
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PATIENT HISTORY Age and gender Occupation Address Dominant side and affected side Chief complaint Mechanism of injury Onset of problem
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Location of Pain or other symptom when it started
Activities causing pain Duration and frequency of symptoms Has this occurred before and if so with
what it relieved ? Are the intensity,duration frequency
increasing? Is pain periodic, episodic,occasional? Is pain associated with
rest,activity,postures?
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Did the head strike to anything? Radiation of pain? Is pain affected by laughing, coughing,
sneezing? Does the patient have headache,where,
frequency and does any position changes it?
Is paraesthesia present? Tingling or numbness (unilateral or
bilateral)? Any lower limb symptoms or difficulty in
walking or balance?
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Quality of pain and site and boundaries of pain?
Is the condition improving? Worsening? Staying the same?
Activities aggravating or easing? Restriction of movement? Is there any difficulty in swallowing or
voice changes? Sleeping position and type of pillow? Any functional losses? Dizziness?
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Medical history Drug history Surgical history Economic history Social history Pain history -VA Scale -Mc Gill –Melzack pain questionnaire -Thermometer pain rating scale
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OBSERVATION Body built Assistive device Attitude of limb Posture( standing and sitting) lateral anterior posterior
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Muscle spasm or any asymmetry? Facial expression? Any Trophic changes?
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PALPATION Tenderness Trigger points Any muscle spasm or swelling? Texture of skin and bony and soft
tissues -posterior -anterior -lateral
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EXAMINATION Range of motion tests Active movements to be checked -flexion, extension, rotation(right &left),
side flexion(right & left) -combined movement -repetitive movement -sustained position Overpressure applied to check end feel Normal end feel is tissue stretch(all
motions)
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Tools used are -Goniometer -CROM -Inclinometer
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Functional OA ROM Functional AA ROM
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Resisted isometric movements
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Peripheral joint scan Active range & overpressure -TM joint -scapula -Shoulder joint -elbow joint -wrist & hand MMT -cervical muscles
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-scapular muscles Myotomes (if weakness is due to neurological
involvement) -neck flexion: C1-C2 -neck side flexion:C3 -shoulder elevation: C4 -shoulder abduction/shoulder lateral rotation:
C5 -elbow flexion and/or wrist extension:C6 -elbow extension and/or wrist flexion:C7 -thumb extension and/or ulnar deviation:C8 -abduction and/or adduction of hand
intrinsic:T1
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Sensory examination Using light touch and pin prick on the
dermatomal levels on both ride and left side.
Reflex evaluation -biceps jerk(C5-C6) -triceps jerk(C7) -brachioradialis jerk(C6) -jaw jerk -hoffmann’s sign( if UMN suspected)
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Functional assessment -activities of daily living -functional strength testing If tightness is suspected muscle length
test should be done. Checking for locking maneuver and
quadrant position for shoulder .
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SPECIAL TESTS
Common test done in cervical spine are:
-foraminal compression test(spurling’s test)
-distraction test -upper limb tension test -shoulder abduction test -vertebral artery (cervical quadrant)
test
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Craniocervical flexion test Thoracic inlet syndrome test -adson’s test -costoclavicular -hyperabduction -3 min elevated arm exercise
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DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
Plain film radiography -lateral view -open or odontoid view -oblique view CT Scan MRI
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REFERENCES Orthopaedic physical therapy -DONNATELLI WOODEN (third
edition) Orthopaedic physical assessment -DAVID J.MAGEE(fifth edition) Orthopaedic examination,
evaluation,& intervention -MARK DUTTON