assessment of effluent from paper industry...

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research Centre (IJIRC) ISSN: 2455-2275(E)

Volume III, Issue 1 January 2017

All rights are reserved 1

ASSESSMENT OF EFFLUENT FROM PAPER INDUSTRY AND

NEARBY WELL POINTS

* Prof. HEMA PRIYA SUBRAMANIAN and * * MISS.V. KIRUTHIKA

* Assistant Professor, N.S.N.College of Engineering Karur, INDIA

* * M.E Student

, M.A.M.College of Engineering, Trichy, INDIA

1. GENERAL

The utilization of waste water for irrigation has increasingly gained

importance in various countries of the arid and semi arid regions as water is becoming a

scarce commodity. Even though the quantity and quality of water available for irrigation is

variable from place to place in India, many groundwater exploitation schemes in developing

countries like India are designed without due attention to quality issues. A number of studies

on groundwater quality with respect to drinking and irrigation purposes have been carried out

in the different parts of India.

The paper mill effluent contains huge amount of total solids and contain many

parameters exceeding permissible limits. Due to the strict enforcement of effluent discharge,

industries made mandatory reusing the effluent for irrigation. Successful utilization of paper

and pulp mill waste water in various crops like paddy, wheat, onion, sugar cane, vegetables

and fodder grass and stated the paper mill effluent not only contains nutrients that enhance

growth of the plants but toxic materials that interfere with ground water, soil nature and soil

organisms . Degradation of groundwater quality can be reported from deep percolation from

intensively cultivated fields. The present study has therefore been undertaken to assess the

current status of ground water quality and to determine the effect of paper mill effluent on

ground water bodies of effluent irrigated area around Tamilnadu News Prints And Papers

Limited paper industry Kagithapuram of Karur district, Tamil Nadu, India.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

ROUND WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN PAPER MILL EFFLUENT IRRIGATED

AREA - USING MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS




D. Senthilkumar, P.Satheeshkumar and P. Gopalakrishnan

SUMMARY

This paper investigates the characteristics of ground water quality and the

effect of paper mill effluent, which is using recycled water for irrigation and domestic

purpose. The paper mill effluent contains huge amount of solids, Biological Oxygen Demand,

Chemical Oxygen Demand, color and lignin besides creating tremendous foaming nuisance.

Effluent treatment plant (ETP) was an important safety measure, but small paper mill will not

afford for ETP construction. This study has undertaken to assess the status of ground water

and to determine the effect of paper mill effluent on ground water bodies of effluent irrigated

area, Kabilarmalai union of Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu, India. Physio-chemical

parameters of water and the microbial level revealed significant correlation with strong

affinity for each other. It also stated that the DO values were very low and showed a gradual

depletion towards the most critical manifestation of pollution. The paper demands on

maintain existing Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) of paper mill. An effective ETP operation

has been recommended to reduce pollution effect and maintain quality of ground water

around the area.

2 PERFORMANCE OF SUGARCANE VARIETIES UNDER ORGANIC AMENDMENTS

WITH POOR QUALITY IRRIGATION WATER

S. Paul Sebastian, C. Udayasoorian, R.M. Jayabalakrishnan and E. Parameswari

SUMMARY

Sugarcane is known to be moderately sensitive to salinity. Excess of cations

such as sodium and anions like carbonate, bicarbonate and chloride present in irrigation

water, may affect the growth and yield of sugarcane. To realize this problems field

experiments were conducted to screen the saline tolerant sugarcane varieties for poor quality

irrigation water and saline water under different amendments. The treated effluent is light

brown in colour, which was due to presence of lignin. The pH of treated paper mill effluent

was neutral (7.61), since lime was used to neutralize the effluent before primary and

secondary treatment process. It was reported that the paper mill effluent was characterized by

comparatively low BOD (68 mg L ), suspended solids, COD, plant nutrients (N, P and K) and

Na content of 546 mg L . The SAR of treated effluent comes under poor quality irrigation

category and it has percent sodium of 43.60. This was reported that the per cent sodium




content of the treated effluent had been around 40 per cent. The diluted effluent of the paper

mill had slightly alkaline pH, high BOD, COD and EC with appropriate quantities of Cl, SO

and HCO of Ca, Mg, and Na and varying amount of micronutrients.The increased yield of

bhendi and amaranthus under effluent irrigation compared to saline water with amendments

has been found and this might be due to the supply of nutrients, organic carbon and low salt

stress to sugarcane under treated paper mill effluent than under saline groundwater.

3 ANALYSIS OF EFFLUENTS RELEASED FROM RECYCLED PAPER INDUSTRY

RaazMaheshwari, Bina Rani, ArchanaSaxena, Magan Prasad, Upma Singh

SUMMARY

Waste Water and nearby soil samples of recycled paper industry are collected

from Northern districts of UP viz. Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar Meerut and analyzed for

various parameters like pH, TDS,TS, BOD, COD, Chloride, DO. The present manuscript

reports the investigation of the characteristics of effluents released from recycled paper mills

of Uttarpradesh state to access the pollution load of recycling paper mills on the environment.

The organic compounds may be persistent, bio accumulative and toxic pollutants thereby

removal of the effluents is desirable.The high concentration of organic matter in the effluents

contributes to the Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD) and depletion of dissolved oxygen in

the receiving ecosystems. The samples from various distances from paper mills are collected

and analyzed, which showed that COD and TDS of effluents reduced with distance and pH

and DO increased with increase in distance as we move away from paper mills. The present

study suggests incapability of wastewater treatment plant to effectively remove many

pollutants and it is not safe to dispose effluents in water streams or nearby fields.

4 GROUNDWATER POLLUTION AND EMERGING ENVIRONMENTAL

CHALLENGES OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT IRRIGATION IN METTUPALAYAM

TALUK, TAMIL NADU

Sacchidananda Mukherjee and Prakash Nelliyat

SUMMARY

The study attempts to capture the environmental and socioeconomic impacts

of industrial effluent irrigation in different industrial locations at Mettupalayam Taluk, Tamil

Nadu, through primary surveys and secondary information. This study found that the

continuous disposal of industrial effluents on land, which has limited capacity to assimilate

the pollution load, has led to groundwater pollution. The quality of groundwater in shallow

open wells surrounding the industrial locations has deteriorated, and the application of




polluted groundwater for irrigation has resulted in increased salt content of soils. However,

safe utilization of wastewater for irrigation requires the use of proper treatment and several

precautionary measures in place, as it may cause environmental and human health hazards.

5 STUDY OF THE PURIFICATION EFFICIENCIES OF THREE FLOATING

MACROPHYTES IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Aina M.P, Kpondjo N.M, Adounkpe J, Chougourou D and Moudachirou M

SUMMARY

The sewage treatment process work focused on three floating species which

are Water hyacinth, Water lettuce and Duckweed. The results of the phase showed that water

hyacinth has been effective in the removal of carbon and nitrogen for COD, BOD while water

lettuce achieved nitrogen and Phosphate forms abatement. Duckweed was successful in

reducing TKN, and 100% of coliform and fecal streptococci. Lower turbidity values begin to

be observed at the cultivation and after harvest. It was recorded for the pond with water

hyacinth a value of 4.66 NTU indicating an efficient trapping of suspended solids. The best

removal efficiencies of organic, nitrous and phosphorous pollution are shared by purifying

plants used. At the end of the study, it is worth remembering that: these macrophytes ensures

the removal of large suspended solids, dissolved organic carbon, the chemical oxygen

demand and biochemical oxygen demand for 5 days. The dissolved oxygen of the medium

increases with the presence of plants. Water hyacinth and water lettuce is better decrease the

turbidity of household wastewater. However Organic, nitrogenous, phosphorous and

microbial pollution removal efficiency vary from one species to another.

6 THE ABILITY OF AZOLLA CAROLINIANA TO REMOVE HEAVY METALS (HG(II),

CR(III), CR(VI)) FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER

R. Bennicelli, Z. Stezpniewska, A. Banach, K. Szajnocha, J. Ostrowski

SUMMARY

The aim of this paper was to investigate the capacity of Azolla caroliniana to

purify waters polluted by mercury and chromium. After 12 days of cultivation the biomass

obtained was collected, weighed (fresh mass), and dried at 80 ˚C until no further weight loss

.froom the analysis, the concentration of Chromium dropped to 0.02 mgdm3 in aquarium with




the 0.1 mgdm3 chromium treatment. The results obtained suggest that Azolla caroliniana has

the capacity to accumulate large quantities of very dangerous heavy metals such as mercury

and chromium. This suggest that fern plants can be used in phytoremediation to remove

mercury from polluted water. While some scientists (Wagner, 1997) at International Center

demonstrated advantages of using of A. caroliniana as a green manure and as an animal feed,

this work suggest that ferns cultured on polluted waters should not be used for such purposes

because they can contain accumulated heavy metals.

3. METHODOLOGY

LITERATURE REVIEW

SURVEYING ABOUT THE EFFLUENT IRRIGATION

SELECTION OF POINTS FOR SAMPLE COLLECTION

COLLECTION OF WATER SAMPLES

ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE FOR PARAMETERS

RESULT ANALYSIS

BIO REMEDIATION

RESULT AND DISCUSSION




4. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

4.1 SURVEYING

The surveying is done orally about the effluent irrigation around the industry.

The information are collected from the farmers and workers of the Tamil Nadu Newsprint

and Papers Limited, Kagithapuram. From the survey, the irrigation water is mainly used for

crops such as sugar cane and coconut trees of the surrounding villages. The effluent is dark

brown in colour and has foaming nuisance. The effluent is discharged by the concrete

rectangular channel from the outlet. A pumping station is situated near the outlet for pumping

the effluent for irrigation purpose. These effluents are also carried by channel and are mixed

with the fresh water channel. It was found that sometimes the effluent is mixed with surface

water of surrounding area through channels. From investigation it was found that surface

water is available during monsoon season.

The pumping of effluent to nearby villages such as Moolimangalam,

Poniyanur, Thathampalayam, Pandipalayam and Palamapuram is stopped when the available

ground water is available in wells during monsoon season. It was also found that the farmers

practicing effluent irrigation claimed that the ground water sources such as wells and some

tube wells are turned into sour taste. The water of some wells found to be slightly yellowish

color especially when rainfall is poor. In some locations drinking water wells (deep bore

wells) also have a high concentration of salts. Some farmers reported that the effluent causes

skin allergies when exposure during irrigating the crops of their field. People of the village

said that the effluents are mixed with urea inside the industry before discharging it through

the outlet. But continuous exposure of crops to urea affects the fertility of soil and the

effluent alters the characteristics of well water in the surrounding area. In some locations

drinking water wells (deep bore wells) also have a high concentration of salts.

4.2 COLLECTION OF WATER

To understand the environmental impacts of industrial effluent irrigation, the

effluent, effluent mixed with water and groundwater samples were collected from farmlands




and open wells surrounding the industrial units. Samples were purposely selected on the basis

of the survey undertaken from the farmers.

The collection of sample is done with the water is rinsed with the same water

and filled in plastic canes. The water sample is collected directly from the areas where

effluent irrigation is done by pumping it from pumping station of TNPL. The effluent from

the paper industry is dark brown in colour and contains foam. The water sample is collected

from open wells of Moolimangalam, Poniyanur, Thathampalayam, Pandipalayam and

Palamapuram with a bottle is rinsed with the same water. Effluent is mixed with canal

carrying river water point sources are used for irrigation in areas such as Nanaparapu ,

N.puthur and Aiyampalayam are selected for finding the ground water quality in the

respective wells.

4.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR PARAMETERS

4.3.1 pH

The pH is determined by using pH meter. The instrument must be

standardized by using buffer. The platinum electrode of pH meter is immersed in the water

sample for 5-10 seconds. The pH of the sample is shown in the display of the meter.

4.3.2 TURBIDITY

Turbidity is an optical determination of water clarity. The turbidity of the sample is

analyzed by using Nephlo turbidity meter.set the Nephelometer to ‘0’ and ‘100’ readings

using double distilled water and ‘100’ NTU standard. A distilled water is used and set zero

by adjusting the switch before the sample is analyzed. The turbidity of the sample is shown in

the display of the meter.

4.3.3 HARDNESS

The total hardness of the sample is determined by titrating hard water with

EDTA in the burette. The EBT indicator and standard buffer is added as reagents. Permanent

hardness is determined by titrating the boiled water instead of hard water and the same

procedure of total hardness is followed. Strength of EDTA is to be prepared with 0.01 N

Temporary Hardness = Total Hardness – Permanent Hardness

4.3.4 CHLORIDE

The chloride ion concentration is found by standardizing AgNo3 against

standard sodium chloride. The water sample is titrated with silver nitrate in the burette until

yellow changes to brick red. Indicator of the titration is potassium chromate




4.3.5 TOTAL SOLID

A porcelain dish has to be taken and initial weight (W1 in g) of the dish is

found. The sample should be mixed well to have uniformity. Take 100 mL and keep it in an

oven at 103-105oC for one hour in an oven. Take the final weight (W2 in g).

Total solids (T.S) mg/L = (W2 – W1) x 1000 x 1000/V1

4.3.6 SULPHATE

The sulphate in the water is determined by heating 20 ml water, 5 ml Bacl and

5 drops of HCl in china dish until precipitate is obtained. Weight of residue has to be

determined.

Weight of residue = Final weight of China dish – Initial weight of China dish

4.3.7 ALKALINITY

Alkalinity is composed primarily of carbonate and bicarbonate. The

alkalininty of the sample is determined by titrating 20 ml of water sample with dilute HCL in

burette. The indicator used is phenolphthalein. The first end point of the titration is pink color

disappears. After the solution is colorless, methyl orange is added. The end point of the

titration is yellow to pink.

4.3.8 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (EC)

Electrical Conductivity is measured with the help of EC meter which measures

the resistance offered by the water between two platinized electrodes. The instrument is

standardized with known values of conductance observed with standard KCl solution.

4.3.9 CALCIUM

It is measured by complexometric titration with standard solution of ETDA

using Patton’s and Reeder’s indicator under the pH conditions of more than 12.0. These

conditions are achieved by adding a fixed volume of 4N Sodium Hydroxide. The volume of

titre (EDTA solution) against the known volume of sample gives the concentration of

calcium in the sample.

4.3.10 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)

BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen required for the biochemical

decomposition of organic compounds and the oxidation of certain inorganic materials (e.g.,

iron, sulfites). Typically the test for BOD is conducted over a five-day period. Place required

volume of distilled water in a bottle and add 1mL each of phosphate buffer, magnesium

sulphate, calcium chloride and ferric chloride solutions per liter of water. Prepare dilutions

either in graduated cylinder or volumetric flask, mix well with a plunger type mixing rod,




siphon mixed dilution into two BOD bottles without any entrapment of air and stopper the

bottle. Take aerated distilled water in another two BOD bottles without entrapment of air and

stopper the bottle as blank. Determine the initial dissolved oxygen on one of these two bottles

for sample as well as blank. Stopper the second bottle of both sample and blank, water seal

and incubate for 5 days at 20oC in BOD incubator. After 5 days incubation period, determine

of dissolved oxygen.

4.3.11 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)

COD is the amount of dissolved oxygen required to cause chemical oxidation

of the organic material in water. Take 2.5 mL sample, add 1.5 mL digestion reagent, add 3.5

mL of sulphuric acid reagent, stopper the vial and digest in the COD reactor for one hour.

Measure the reading using spectrophotometer.

4.3.12 MAGNESIUM

It is also measured by complexometric titration with standard solution of

EDTA using Eriochrome black T as indicator under the buffer conditions of pH 10.0. The

buffer solution is made from Ammonium Chloride and Ammonium Hydroxide. The solution

resists the pH variations during titration.

4.3.13 SODIUM

It is measured with the help of flame photometer. The instrument is

standardized with the known concentration of sodium ion (1 to 100 mg/litre). The samples

having higher concentration are suitably diluted with distilled water and the dilution factor is

applied to the observed values. In the dual channel Flame Photometer, select the filter for

Sodium. Set the Flame Photometer to ‘0’ reading in both channels. Standardize the

photometer.Verify the ‘0’ reading once again before measuring the sample. Then measure the

meter reading for the sample in both channels. If the meter reading exceeds ‘100’ for

Na/K/both Na and K, dilute the sample and take the reading in that channel in which more

than ‘100’ reading was noted. Introduce Control Standard and record the meter readings in

both channel




4.3.14 POTASSIUM

It is also measured with the help of flame photometer. The instrument is

standardized with known concentration of potassium solution, in the range of 1 mg to 5

mg/litre. The sample having higher concentration is suitably diluted with distilled water and

the dilution factor is applied to the observed values. In the dual channel Flame Photometer,

select the filter for potassium. Set the Flame Photometer to ‘0’ reading in both channels.

Standardize the photometer. Verify the ‘0’ reading once again before measuring the sample.

Then measure the meter reading for the sample in both channels. If the meter reading exceeds

‘100’ for Na/K/both Na and K, dilute the sample and take the reading in that channel in

which more than ‘100’ reading was noted. Introduce Control Standard and record the meter

readings in both channel.

4.3.15 NITRATE

It is measured spectroscopically at 425 nm radiation by making a color

complex with Nessler’s reagent. The conditions of reaction are alkaline and cause severe

interference from hardness in water.

4.3.16 TIDYS TEST FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN

Take 10 ml KMnO4 and add 10 mL 25 % H2SO4 in a 500 mL wide mouth

bottle. Keep in the dark. After 4 hours, add 2 mL of 10 % potassium iodide solution. Iodine

liberated is titrated with sodium thiosulphate using starch as indicator. End point is

disappearance of blue color.




Table 1: different analytical water quality parameters with their analytical technique

and guideline values as per who and indian standard

S. NO. PARAMETER TECHNIQUE

USED

WHO

STANDARD

INDIAN

STANDARD

EPA

GUIDELINE

S

01

Temperature

Thermometer

-

-

-

02

Color

Visual / color

kit

- 5 Hazen units -

03 Odour

Physiological

sense

Acceptable Acceptable -

04 Electrical

conductivity

Conductivity

meter / Water

analysis kit

- - 2500 us/cm

05 pH

pH meter 6.5 – 9.5 6.5 – 9.5 6.5 – 9.5

06 Dissolved

oxygen

Redox titration - - -

07 Total Hardness

Complexometri

c titration

200 ppm 300 ppm < 200 ppm

08 Alkalinity

Acid – Base

titration

- 200 ppm -

09 Acidity

Acid – Base

titration

- - -

10 Ammonia UV Visible

Spectrophotome

ter

0.3 ppm 0.5 ppm 0.5 ppm




Table 2: Different analytical water quality parameters used for testing of quality of

water and their sourse of occurance and potential health effects with usepa guidelines.

S.

No.

Parameter Source of occurrence Potential health effect

01 Turbidity Soil runoff Higher level of turbidity are associated

with disease causing bacterias.

02 Color Due to presence of dissolved

salts

-

03 Odor Due to biological degradation. Bad odor unpleasant

04 Electrical

conductivity

Due to different dissolved solids. Conductivity due to ionizable ions. High

conductivity increases corrosive nature of

water.

05 pH pH is changed due to different

dissolved gases and solids.

Affects mucous membrane; bitter taste;

corrosion

06 Dissolved

oxygen

Presence due to dissolved

oxygen.

D. O corrodes water lines, boilers and heat

exchangers, at low level marine animals

cannot survive.

07 Total

Hardness

Presence of calcium (Ca2+) and

magnesium (Mg2+) ions in a

water supply. Hardness minerals

exist to some degree in every

water supply.

Poor lathering with soap; deterioration of

the quality of clothes; scale forming

08 Total

Alkalinity

Due to dissolved gases (CO2) Embrittlement of boiler steel. Boiled rice

turns yellowish

09 TDS Presence all dissolved salts Undesirable taste; gastro-intestinal

irritation; corrosion or incrustation

10 Calcium Precipitate soaps, anionic Interference in dyeing, textile




5. TEST ANALYSIS

5.1 GENERAL

This chapter deals about the characteristics of various parameters such as pH,

turbidity, hardness, alkalinity, electrical conductivity, calcium, BOD, COD, magnesium,

sodium, potassium, nitrate and dissolved oxygen.

5.2 TEST RESULTS

TABLE 3: pH ANALYSIS

AREA pH VALUE

Effluent 7.6

Effluent and water 7.48

Moolimangalam 7.2

Pandipalayam 7.4

Poniyanur 7.46

Thathampalayam 7.35

Palamapuram 7.6

Nanaparapu 6.7

Aiyampalayam 6.75

N puthur 6.8

FIGURE 1: pH ANALYSIS

7.48

6.75

7.64

7.2

7.64

6.7

7.6

7.4 7.46 7.35

6.2

6.4

6.6

6.8

7

7.2

7.4

7.6

7.8




TABLE 4: TURBIDITY ANALYSIS:

AREA TURBIDITY VALUE(NTU)

Effluent 10.6


Moolimangalam 1

Pandipalayam 2

Poniyanur 1.8

Thathampalayam 1.85

Palamapuram 1.65

Nanaparapu 0.7

Aiyampalayam 0.8

N puthur 1.3

FIGURE 2: TURBIDITY ANALYSIS

1.8 1

2

6.4

10.6

0.8

1.85 1.3 1.65

0.7 0

0

2

4

6

8

10

12




TABLE 5: HARDNESS ANALYSIS

AREA

TOTAL

HARDNESS

(mg/l)

PERMANENT

HARDNESS

(mg/l)

TEMPERARY

HARDNESS

(mg/l)

Effluent 102.5 50 52.5

Effluent and water 115 45 70

Moolimangalam 68.5 50 18.5

Pandipalayam 50 37.5 12.5

Poniyanur 61.5 55 6.25

Thathampalayam 87.5 82.5 5

Palamapuram 82.5 75 7.5

Nanaparapu 45 37.5 7.5

Aiyampalayam 70.5 56.5 14.25

N puthur 50 37.5 12.5




FIGURE 3: HARDNESS ANALYSIS

TABLE 6: CHLORIDE ANALYSIS

AREA CHLORIDE VALUE(mg/l)

Effluent 986


Moolimangalam 1215

Pandipalayam 920

Poniyanur 977.9

Thathampalayam 1012

Palamapuram 746

Nanaparapu 590.8

Aiyampalayam 1418

N puthur 864

61.25 68.5

50

115

102.5

70.5

87.5

50

82.5

45

55 50 37.5 45 50 56.25 82.5 37.5 75 37.5 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Total hardness Permanent hardness




FIGURE 4: CHLORIDE ANALYSIS

TABLE 7: TOTAL SOLID ANALYSIS

AREA TOTAL SOLID VALUE(mg/l)

Effluent 2312

Effluent and water 5000

Moolimangalam 3353

Pandipalayam 3591

Poniyanur 6500

Thathampalayam 1000

Palamapuram 2000

Nanaparapu 1000

Aiyampalayam 500

N puthur 3500

977.9

1215

920

1334.5

986

1418

1012

864

746

590.8

0 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600




FIGURE 5: TOTAL SOLID ANALYSIS

3380 3353

2591

3920

2312

500

1000

1500

2000

1000

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500




TABLE 8: SULPHATE ANALYSIS

AREA SULPHATE VALUE(mg/l)

Effluent 196


Moolimangalam 193

Pandipalayam 194

Poniyanur 195

Thathampalayam 210

Palamapuram 195

Nanaparapu 198

Aiyampalayam 1160

N puthur 190

FIGURE 6: SULPHATE ANALYSIS

933.5

816

233

1050

1400

1050

816

116

1400

700

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600




TABLE 9: ALKALINITY ANALYSIS

AREA OH (mg/l) CARBONATE(mg/l) HCOз(mg/l)

Effluent 350 - -

0Effluent and water - 550 125

Moolimangalam - 300 408

Pandipalayam 344 - -

Poniyanur - 250 -

Thathampalayam - 500 50

Palamapuram - 250 125

Nanaparapu - 250 125

Aiyampalayam 375 - -

N puthur - 250 -

FIGURE 7: ALKALINITY ANALYSIS

344 350 375

250

300

550

500

250 250 250

408

125

50

125 125

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

OH CARBONATE HCO3




TABLE 10: ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY ANALYSIS

AREA ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

VALUE(mho/cm)

Effluent 3302


Moolimangalam 4790

Pandipalayam 3702

Poniyanur 4520

Thathampalayam 3218

Palamapuram 3846

Nanaparapu 2598

Aiyampalayam 2786

N puthur 2210

FIGURE 8: ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY ANALYSIS

4520 4790

3702 3500

3302

2786

3218

2210

3846

2598

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000




TABLE 11: CALCIUM ANALYSIS

AREA CALCIUM VALUE(mg/l)

Effluent 184


Moolimangalam 248

Pandipalayam 200

Poniyanur 252

Thathampalayam 210

Palamapuram 234

Nanaparapu 170

Aiyampalayam 98

N puthur 200

FIGURE 9: CALCIUM ANALYSIS

252 248

200

264

184

98

210 234

170

0

50

100

150

200

250

300




TABLE 12: B.O.D ANALYSIS

AREA B.O.D VALUE(mg/l)

Effluent 106


Moolimangalam 48

Pandipalayam 132

Poniyanur 148

Thathampalayam 66

Palamapuram 90

Nanaparapu 52

Aiyampalayam 134

N puthur 74

FIGURE 10: B.O.D ANALYSIS

148

48

132 124

106

134

66 74

90

52

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160




TABLE 13: C.O.D ANALYSIS

AREA C.O.D VALUE(mg/l)

Effluent 266


Moolimangalam 124

Pandipalayam 352

Poniyanur 386

Thathampalayam 330

Palamapuram 178

Nanaparapu 220

Aiyampalayam 212

N puthur 280




FIGURE 11: C.O.D ANALYSIS

386

124

352

184

266

158

180

150

198

155

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450




TABLE 14: MAGNESIUM ANALYSIS

AREA MAGNESIUM VALUE(mg/l)

Effluent 91


Moolimangalam 101

Pandipalayam 72

Poniyanur 86

Thathampalayam 56

Palamapuram 60

Nanaparapu 48

Aiyampalayam 52

N puthur 58




FIGURE 12: MAGNESIUM ANALYSIS.

TABLE 15: SODIUM ANALYSIS

AREA SODIUM VALUE(mg/l)

Effluent 324


Moolimangalam 454

Pandipalayam 368

Poniyanur 402

Thathampalayam 376

Palamapuram 434

Nanaparapu 286

Aiyampalayam 300

N puthur 294

86

101

72

64

91

52 56 58 60

48

0 0

20

40

60

80

100

120




FIGURE 13: SODIUM ANALYSIS

TABLE 16: POTASSIUM ANALYSIS

AREA POTASSIUM VALUE(mg/l)

Effluent 96


Moolimangalam 148

Pandipalayam 102

Poniyanur 134

Thathampalayam 120

Palamapuram 116

Nanaparapu 156

Aiyampalayam 127

N puthur 150

402

454

368 342

324 300

376

294

434

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500




FIGURE 14: POTASSIUM ANALYSIS

ABLE 17: NITRATE ANALYSIS

AREA NITRATE VALUE(mg/l)

Effluent 8


Moolimangalam 14

Pandipalayam 13

Poniyanur 13

Thathampalayam 17

Palamapuram 13

Nanaparapu 14

Aiyampalayam 12

N puthur 14

134

148

102 100 96

127 120

150

116

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160




FIGURE 15: NITRATE ANALYSIS

13

14

13

10

8

12

17

14

13

14

0 0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18




TABLE 18: TIDYS TEST ANALYSIS

AREA CHLORIDE VALUE(mg/l)

Effluent 0.08


Moolimangalam 0.32

Pandipalayam 0.28

Poniyanur 0.4

Thathampalayam 0.18

Palamapuram 0.26

Nanaparapu 0.28

Aiyampalayam 0.25

N puthur 0.05

FIGURE 16: TIDYS TEST ANALYSIS

0.4

0.32

0.28

0.15

0.08

0.25

0.18

0.05

0.26 0.28

0 0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45




6. REMEDIATION

6.1 INTRODUCTION

From the analysis, it is found that the water samples contains large amount of

sulphate, electrical conductivity, magnesium, BOD and potassium values. The accumulation

of metals leads to ground water infiltration in wells. The water samples have to be treated to

appropriate amount by using bio remediation. Plants can be used as a tool for bioremediation.

Bio remediation are tried with Azolla algae (Azolla caroliniana ) and water lettuce (Pistia

stratiotes) as a trial and error method. Azolla fern has been used to for organic matter,

nitrogen, BOD and phosphorous removal from waste water. Therefore azolla algae is used for

decreasing the excess BOD and electrical conductivity from the well water samples. Azolla

algae is made to cultivate in a well water sample for 14 days. From the treatment of water

sample with azolla, BOD, COD and electrical conductivity have been reduced after 14 days.

The azolla can be cultured in well water so that the excess BOD and electrical conductivity

can be reduced. At the same time, dissolved oxygen in well water is also increased. The

excess azolla can also be used for fodder for cattles which can help the farmers.Water lettuce

is a free-floating plant with many spongy, dusty green simple leaves. Similarly, the water also

treated with water lettuce for about 14 days at room condition. Hence total solid content,

electrical conductivity, BOD, COD of the water sample after treatment with water lettuce has

found to be reduced.

6.2 AZOLLA ALGAE

Azolla, a genus of free floating aquatic fern, distributed throughout temperate and

tropic regions of the world. Azolla possess ability to utilize atmospheric nitrogen. Azolla has

been extensively and effectively used as a green manure for rice fields instead of chemical

fertilizer in Asia. The use of this plant as a biological filter for renovation of waste water has

been increased. The Azolla has efficiency in removing nutrients and organic wastes from

waste water are tried with well water affected due to effluent irrigation.




6.3 WATER LETTUCE

Water lettuce is a free-floating plant with many spongy, dusty green simple leaves.

The leaves are covered with very fine hairs and arranged in a spiral pattern from the center

of the plant. The leaves are 1 to 6 inches wide and have large veins running throughout their

length. Water lettuce is a very aggressive invader and can form thick floating mats.

Biological waste-water treatment is based on a process of cleaning the water by means of

aquaculture with water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) and the water fern Azolla anabaena. Water

lettuce makes a greater contribution in reducing nitrogenous forms with 20.0%, and 92.6%

respectively for NNO3. An important part of the scrubber role of water hyacinth and water

lettuce is the trapping of waste materials, by processes of filtration-adsorption by their root

system.




TABLE 19: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS IN PANDIPALYAM WITH AZOLLA

S.NO PARAMETERS BEFORE

TREATMENT

AFTER

TREATMENT

1 pH 7.4 7.2

2 TURBIDITY (NTU) 2 1

3 TOTAL DISSOLVED

SOLIDS (mg/l)

2591 1050

4 ELECTRICAL

CONDUCTIVITY (mho/

cm)

3702 1500

5 TOTAL ALKALINITY

(mg/l)

344 260

6 TOTAL HARDNESS

(mg/l)

800 500

7 CALCIUM (mg/l) 200 150

8 MAGNESIUM (mg/l) 72 40

9 SODIUM (mg/l) 368 350

10 POTASSIUM (mg/l) 102 100

11 NITRATE (mg/l) 13 13

12 CHLORIDE (mg/l) 920 900

13 SULPHATE (mg/l) 194 165

14 TIDYS TEST (mg/l) 0.28 0.36

15 BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN

DEMAND(mg/l)

132 104

16 CHEMICAL OXYGEN

DEMAND (mg/l)

352 284




FIGURE 17: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS IN PANDIPALYAM WITH AZOLLA

7.4 2

344 368

102

194

0.28

132

352

7.2 1

260

350

100

165

0.34

104 184

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

BEFORE

TREATMENT

AFTER

TREATMENT




TABLE 20: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS IN PANDIPALYAM WITH WATER

LETTUCE

S.NO PARAMETERS BEFORE

TREATMENT

AFTER

TREATMENT

1 pH 7.4 7.2

2 TURBIDITY (NTU) 2 2

3 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS

(mg/l)

2591 2500

4 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

(mho/cm)

3702 3650

5 TOTAL ALKALINITY (mg/l) 344 230

6 TOTAL HARDNESS (mg/l) 800 800

7 CALCIUM (mg/l) 200 200

8 MAGNESIUM (mg/l) 72 72

9 SODIUM (mg/l) 368 312

10 POTASSIUM (mg/l) 102 86

11 NITRATE (mg/l) 13 13

12 CHLORIDE (mg/l) 920 920

13 SULPHATE (mg/l) 194 171

14 TIDYS TEST (mg/l) 0.28 0.42

15 BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN

DEMAND(mg/l)

132 94

16 CHEMICAL OXYGEN

DEMAND (mg/l)

352 248




FIGURE 18 : COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS IN PANDIPALYAM WITH WATER

LETTUCE

7.4 2

344

368

102

194

0.28

132

352

7.2 2

230

312

86

171

0.12

94

248

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

BEFORE

TREATMENT

AFTER

TREATMENT




PHOTOS




CONCLUSION

Hydrological analysis has found from the studies that the wells of the field directly using

effluent irrigation having large amount of undesirable concentrations when compared to the

field practicing normal irrigation. More over the paper industry effluents are not suited for

agriculture and it exceeds permissible limit in many cases. Here some remediation measures

have chosen to reduce the effects of effluent irrigation by decreasing some parameters. The

result showed that

Remediation using Azolla reduces small amount of BOD, COD and increased the dissolved

oxygen content in the well water. It also reduces the total solids, electrical conductivity from

the water.

Water lettuce in wells removed large amount of BOD, total solid content and some hardness

from water.




REFERENCE

1. D. Senthil kumar, P. Satheeshkumar and P. Gopalakrishnan Ground Water Quality

Assessment in Paper Mill Effluent Irrigated Area - Using Multivariate Statistical

Analysis World Applied Sciences Journal 13 (4): 829-836, 2011

2. Gupta, I.C., 1999. Evaluation of Quality of irrigation waters and Industrial Effluents

discharged on land for irrigation Journal Indian Water works Association, 31(1): 47-

56

3. Kannan, N., 1996. Laboratory manual in General microbiology pp: 173-180.

4. Y. zimmel,f. kirzhner, s.roitman Use of Naturally Growing Aquatic Plants for

Wastewater Purification water environment research, volume 776 page no : 220 – 230

5. Ranai Jangwattana and Chuleemas Boonthai Alwai using azolla pinnata for waste

water treatment from poultry farm IJERD international journal of environmental and

rural development (2010)

assessment of effluent from paper industry...

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