assessment of reasons for local community's reaction in
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Assessment of reasons for localcommunity's reaction in Renewable
Energy Sources (emphasis on wind
farms)Dimitris Siachos*, Nikitas-Spiros Koutsoukis **
*sc Mechanical Engineer, PhD student,Department of Political
Science and International Relations, University of Peloponnese.** Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and
International Relations, University of Peloponnese
https://www.google.gr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CC4QFjAA&url=http://gr.linkedin.com/in/nikitaskoutsoukis&ei=N7HuUcrNJYXe4QT7hoGwAQ&usg=AFQjCNGWe_BihSEsnIdlr0iYFT3BHckEeg&sig2=-cMyfzi49NZ_kT8RHkJj2Q&bvm=bv.49641647,d.Ymshttps://www.google.gr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CC4QFjAA&url=http://gr.linkedin.com/in/nikitaskoutsoukis&ei=N7HuUcrNJYXe4QT7hoGwAQ&usg=AFQjCNGWe_BihSEsnIdlr0iYFT3BHckEeg&sig2=-cMyfzi49NZ_kT8RHkJj2Q&bvm=bv.49641647,d.Ymshttps://www.google.gr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CC4QFjAA&url=http://gr.linkedin.com/in/nikitaskoutsoukis&ei=N7HuUcrNJYXe4QT7hoGwAQ&usg=AFQjCNGWe_BihSEsnIdlr0iYFT3BHckEeg&sig2=-cMyfzi49NZ_kT8RHkJj2Q&bvm=bv.49641647,d.Ymshttps://www.google.gr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CC4QFjAA&url=http://gr.linkedin.com/in/nikitaskoutsoukis&ei=N7HuUcrNJYXe4QT7hoGwAQ&usg=AFQjCNGWe_BihSEsnIdlr0iYFT3BHckEeg&sig2=-cMyfzi49NZ_kT8RHkJj2Q&bvm=bv.49641647,d.Ymshttps://www.google.gr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CC4QFjAA&url=http://gr.linkedin.com/in/nikitaskoutsoukis&ei=N7HuUcrNJYXe4QT7hoGwAQ&usg=AFQjCNGWe_BihSEsnIdlr0iYFT3BHckEeg&sig2=-cMyfzi49NZ_kT8RHkJj2Q&bvm=bv.49641647,d.Ymshttps://www.google.gr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CC4QFjAA&url=http://gr.linkedin.com/in/nikitaskoutsoukis&ei=N7HuUcrNJYXe4QT7hoGwAQ&usg=AFQjCNGWe_BihSEsnIdlr0iYFT3BHckEeg&sig2=-cMyfzi49NZ_kT8RHkJj2Q&bvm=bv.49641647,d.Yms -
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Objective of this study
The use of renewable energy sources, which ensuresefficient, secure and sustainable energy supply is one of themain priorities of the European Union, is the primarymeans to reduce energy dependence at national level. Therole of energy is particularly critical regarding the verycompetitiveness of the European economy.
Although our country is a promising area for investmentdue to the excellent wind resources, the lack of organizeddevelopment plan for renewable energy projects and thecomplex legal framework for years, discouraged investors.
The objective of this study is to document the reasons forthe reaction of local communities, scientific and culturaloperators in the development of RES projects, focusing onwind farms.
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scientific approaches which question theusefulness of wind energy:
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Scientific positions Year Main disadvantages of wind energy marked in
each case
Reference
100 German professors
and intellectuals
(manifesto)
1998,
Germany
They have an insignificant contribution to
energy production. They occupy large tracts of
land at the expense of more efficient uses.
[21]
Study of the independent
British Institute Civitas,
2012, U.K. They increase fuel (gas) consumption, rather
than saving it, when compared to electricity
generation with modern high-efficiency gas
turbines.
[22]
Study of engineering,
scholar and writer A.
Halkema
2008, U.K.
Their efficiency is much lower of expectations.[23]
William Korchinskis
simulation study, on behalf
of the Reason Foundation
(http://reason.org/),
2012, US They are very expensive. Wind power is on the
high end of cost, with coal and nuclear being on
the low end
[24]
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Scientific positions Year Main disadvantages of wind energy marked in each
case
Reference
Study on behalf of
The Global Warming
Policy Foundation
(GWPF)
(www.thegwpf.org)
2012, UK Wind power is too expensive, while not reducing
emissions of CO2
[25]
Study published by the
Global Wind Energy
Council
(www.gwec.net)
2008,
Brussels
The installation of wind parks must be treated with
great caution. The large installation of wind farmsinduces problems to the the electricity grid.
[26]
Study published by the
German power
company E.ON Energie
AG
2005,
Germany
They are unreliable. The wind is variable and
random, so that the wind energy to be completely
unreliable. Saving power is not practical oreconomically feasible in useful range.
[27]
Study published by the
IR (Institute for Energy
Research- US),
2010, US The effect of wind integration on both fuel
consumption and emission reductions can in fact be
negative.
[28]
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Many articles are written in Britishand German newspapers andmagazines about the ineffectiveness
of wind energy
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Newspaper Publicati
on date
Heading
British
Dailymail
(www.dailymail.
co.uk)
19 March 2012 Broken down and rusting,
is this the future ofBritains
wind rush?
British Wall
Street Journal(online.wsj.com)
23 August
2010
Wind Power Wont Cool
Down the Planet. Oftenenough it leads to higher
carbon emissions.
British The
Telegraph
(www.telegraph.
co.uk)
14 April 2013 Wind farm developers are
facing a dramatic escalationof opposition from dozens of
MPs who say they will fight
every application in their
constituencies
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Newspaper Publicati
on date
Heading
British The
Telegraph
(www.telegra
ph.co.uk)
19
November
2012
The Duke of Edinburgh
has made a fierce attack on
wind farms, describing
them as absolutely
useless.German Die
Welt
(www.welt.d
e)
20 October
2012Die krassen Fehlprognosen
beim kostrom ie: Lies,
damn lies and green
statistics.
German The
Local
(www.theloc
al.de)
12 October
2012Minister 'puts brakes' on
German energy switch.
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Environmental organizations or associations
have been very critical toward the wind farms
In 2008 the Greek Ornithological Society (www.ornithologiki.gr) published a study [35]entitled: "Very serious impacts of wind farms on birds.
In January 5, 2012, Dr. Patrick Moore, co-founder of Greenpeace,speaking at the 19th annual Southwest Agricultural Conference atRidgetown campus of the University of Guelph, told about wind
energy industry [36]: The industry is a destroyer of wealth andnegative to the economy, the solar bubble has burst and thinks thewind bubble is about to burst. They are ridiculously expensive anddon't work half the time. And no matter how many are built, theywon't replace coal, gas or hydro or nuclear plants, because they arecontinuous and wind is not always reliable.
a series of environmental associations reacted dynamicallyagainst the installation of renewables in their area and severalhave applied to the Council of State against the installation ofRES projects in their areas.
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In April 2013 the Manis
Environmental and Cultural
Association (PERIPOLO
MANIS)
issued a brochure entitled
"Industrial
Renewable Energy
Systems (I.RES)...with a critical eye" .
The data published in this
brochure are largely shaped todaypublic opinion of citizens in local
communities and many of them
were used for the completion of
this study.
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we recorded a indicative number of court actions by residents
and operators in various areas have been submitted to the State
Council or other courts to annul environmental permits,
authorizations and other approvals by installation and licensing
of RES projects implemented by PPC Renewables S.A.Applicant Number of litigation Number of State decision Investment
Agricultural cooperative of
Vatsounia and other residents
Council of State (300/2009) General Secretary of the
Region of Thessaly
6497/80692/10.11.2008
Installation of 30 MW Wind
Farm in the Municipality
Mouzaki, (Karditsa)
Embellishing Association
Hersonissos of Sifnos and
other residents
Council of State (E1983/2009) General Secretary of the
Region of south Aegean
Installation of 1,2 MW Wind
Farm in the Municipality
Sifnos
Residents Council of State (3250/2011) General Secretary of the
Region of Ionian Islands
(18677/13.12.2010)
Installation of 10 MW Wind
Farm in the Municipality
Apollonion (Kalon Oros
Lefkada)
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Applicant Number of litigation Number of State decision Investment
Municipality Lefkada Council of State (3244/2011) General Secretary of the
Region of Ionian Islands
(18677/13.12.2010)
Installation of 10 MW Wind
Farm in the Municipality
Apollonion (Kalon Oros
Lefkada)
Embellishing Association
Kamares (Paros) and other
residents
Council of State (8708/2010) General Secretary of the
Region of south Aegean
(10050/04.08.2006)
Installation of 3 MW Wind
Farm in the Municipality
Paros (Anefades Paros)
1. Hunting Federation
Peloponnese
Hellenic 2. Hellenic Hunters
Confederation
Council of State (6654/2008) General Secretary of the
Region of Peloponnese
(44.14.08/2008)
Installation of 39,42 MW PV
System in the Municipality
Megalopolis
Residents Council of State (5079/2008) General Secretary of the
Region of Peloponnese
(44.14.08/2008)
Installation of 39,42 MW PV
System in the Municipality
Megalopolis
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Summarizing the reasons for reactions
against the wind turbines, we can
separate them into four categories:
A) RES require environmental interventions and causeother natural disasters.
B) They have high costs (passed on to the consumer).
C) Are unreliable (they depends entirely on the weather)and they can not replace base units (thermal, gas, nuclear,etc.).
D) Finally, they deny the advantage of using RES andquestioning even global warming from human activity.
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RES require environmental interventions and cause
other natural disasters.
1. the impact of natural disasters on the naturalenvironment
2. the impact of changing the microclimate
3. the impact on the aesthetic of the landscape4. the noise emissions
5. the impact on birds and wildlife
6. the shadow flicker from wind turbines7. the occupation of land
8. the wind turbines electromagnetic interference.
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the impact of natural disasters on the
natural environment
impacts on flora, (the vegetation's destroy hasimpact on microclimate).
greater is the impact on the most ecologicallysensitive areas (rocky, sparsely populated islands,mountain peaks, peninsulas)
the character of Special Protected Areas (PA) isrepealed by installing large units,
impact of the technical works and loggings topass the transmission networks of electricity,
soil erosion with potential impacts ongroundwater from earthworks shall.
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.ExamplesFOTO: "Industrial Renewable Energy Systems (I.RES) ...with a critical eye"
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he impact of changing the
microclimateThe air velocity is significantly reduced when it passes from the impeller the wind turbine, as a part of it
is absorbed and converted to energy.
On the form "Industrial RES" of the Environmental Cultural Association Mani supported -without
scientific documentation-that wind turbines may be responsible for creatinganhydrous winter, as the turbines at high wind speeds do not allow thecreation of snow on the mountaintops. They also argue -without scientificdocumentation- that at the Panachaiko mountain occurs most often tornadoes because of windturbines.
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Visual impactIs affected by the follow factors:
1. The wind parks normal operation.2. The wind parks installation site.
3. The natural aesthetics of the
installation area.4. Peculiarities of the installation areas
surroundings.
5. The installed wind turbines model andcolour.
6. The wind turbines size.
7. fter the end of their life.
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Noise emissions
The noise produced from a wind turbine is
divided into:
1. the aerodynamic noice
2. and mechanical noise
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Impacts on birds and wildlifeWind turbines affect birds in one of the following ways:
fatalities due to collision with the turbines
spinning blades
fatalities due to electrical shock
the installation of wind parks in importantareas for birds, such as prey or procreationareas
loss or disturbance of habitats in proximity toturbines
the installation of wind parks in migrationcorridors.
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Residents at Lake Distos (Evia), say that there is a great reducemigratory birds after the installation of wind turbines around the
lake (foto: Siachos 2004)
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Safety in the Wind Farms
In some cases record toss flap portions weighing up to 500kg and over 400mfrom the accident (eg Cemmaes- Wales - 1993, Tarifa - Spain - 1995)
Foto: Siachos 2004 (Wind turbines next to the road, municipality Distion Evia)
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3. Wind Turbines are unreliable (they depends
entirely on the weather) and they can not
replace base units (thermal, gas, nuclear, etc.)As already mentioned the development of wind energy has to
face insurmountable limitations:
The air is variable and random, thus sometimes be very
windy and sometimes not at all,
The electrical grids must cover demand, which notproportionally in line with the weather,
The storage air or electricity is not practical or economicallyfeasible to a usable level,
often, when more wind turbines are placed, the problem
becomes stronger.
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FIGURE 3: The level of
wind power feed-in
fluctuation depends on
the prevailing wind
strength. In 2004, wind
power production in the
E.ON area varied in real
terms between zero anda third of the daily peak
grid load.
According to the report
Wind Report 2005 ofE.ON Netz (German
Electricity Company)
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FIGURE 4: The maximum
monthly wind power feed-
in in 2004, which stood at
1,182 million kWh in
February, was almost twice
as high as the minimum
feed-in of 646 million kWh
in July.
The extreme fluctuations
in wind power feed-in due
to the weather are also
evident from a comparison
of the individual months
against the same periods
during the previous year.This is especially evident
for the months of February
and September.
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FIGURE 5: shows the annual
curve of wind power feed-in in
the E.ON control area for 2004,
from which it is possible to derive
the wind power feed-in duringthe past year:
1. The highest wind power feed-in
in the E.ON grid was just above
6,000MW for a brief period, or
put another way the feed-in was
around 85% of the installed windpower capacity at the time.
2. The average feed-in over the
year was 1,295MW, around one
fifth of the average installed wind
power capacity over the year.
3.Over half of the year, the windpower feed-in was less than 14%
of the average installed wind
power capacity over the year.
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FIGURE 12: Die Welt
(www.welt.de). The
neighboring networks
(Denmark, Austria)
saved Germany from
blackout on 8
December 2011, and
was offeredfluctuation energy
from wind farms in
Germany from 6.000
MW to 20.000 MW
within 12 hours
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4. Deny the advantage of using RES
Wind power has failed in both areas
In recent years there has been growing voices
argue that wind power has failed in both
areas:
It is expensive
and not effective in reducingemissions of CO2.
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Jobs created by RES is a myth
opponents of renewable characterize as "a myth" the
new jobs created by the RES. The only jobs created is
limited to the design and implementation of projects,
but is temporary (consulting offices, skilledpersonnel, landscaping companies).
Thereafter the positions are few. It is calculated
that correspond one job for each investment
EUR 2.7 million
W ti f l th t "Ai liki B l h i SA" f i d t ti i l 19 8 MW
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We mention for example that "Aioliki Belecheri SA" for a wind power station nominal 19.8 MW,
for a total cost of 24.860.500 euros creates 2 jobs
and "Aioliki Zaraka Laconia SA" and "Aioliki Zaraka Spartilas & Kontorachi SA" joined in the
Development Law projects in places Kontorachi and Gaidourovouni Laconia overall investment of
42.234.000 euros and will create two jobs for each project ie 4 jobs
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Epilogue
It is obvious that the serious energy and environmental problems facing modern
society need more studies for energy and for the improve of energy and spatial
planning both at the national and European level.
Applications of Renewable Energy can provide a reliablebasis for a possible agreement between the citizens, theState, investors, relevants and specific for the realization ofan important part of new electricity production
investments under the basic condition that the EU willstick to redesign the entire framework, facing theproblems of RES and talking with the local communities.
Global Community must not see renewables simply asinvestment opportunities specific economic interests butas an investment in the future and future generations.