Kim Oanh N. T.,

Asian Institute of Technology

kimoanh@ait.ac.th

2015 IEIC – US EPA

Air Quality Challenges: Tackling the Changing Face of Emission

San Diego, 14-16 April 2015

Assessment of Traffic

Emission in Asian Cities

and Co-Benefit of Faster

Technology Intrusion

Presentation highlights

Mobile source emission in Asian

cities

Survey results of vehicle fleets in

selected cities

EI results and climate co-benefit

assessment

Fast increase in emission sources:

traffic, industry, open burning …

High pollution levels and air quality is worsening in

urban areas

PM is most significant (primary & secondary PM)

Surface ozone air quality

Air toxics

Impact on human health, crops/ecosystem

economical effect is serious but not well studied

Other issues: Indoor air pollution, Trans-boundary

(Acid rain, ABC, regional haze, dust storm, etc.)

Air pollution in AsiaBeijing, Jan 2013

Vehicles and emission control:

Low technology levels: second-hand and long life

Large share of motorcycles

No enforcement of control devices for in-use vehicles

Urban planning issue, slow increase of road network,

fast increase in vehicle population congestion

Non-road emissions are important but normally

overlooked

Positive development: observed improvement in

vehicle technologies & fuel quality, alternative fuels …

(1) Traffic emission in Asian Cities

Hanoi, Sept 2010

On-road vehicles contribute over 60-80% of total urban air pollution burden in developing countries

Congestion

Tehran (VN Express,2005)

HCMC, Vietnam, 2012

(2) Fleet analysis: survey and

results

Four cities: Bangkok, Kathmandu,

Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC)

IVE survey methods:

Parking lot and gasoline stations survey

for vehicle technologies, age, mileage,

odometer, fuel types, etc. (500-1000

vehicles per city)

GPS surveys for driving activities: 6-10

vehicles per fleet type in a city

Traffic counting: video camera

Vehicle Technology Distribution

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%H

CM

C, 20

13

Han

oi,

2008

- 2

010

Ban

gk

ok,

200

9

Kat

hm

andu,

201

0

HC

MC

, 20

13

Han

oi,

2008

- 2

010

Ban

gk

ok,

200

9

Kat

hm

andu,

201

0

HC

MC

, 20

13

Han

oi,

2008

- 2

010

Ban

gk

ok,

201

0

Kat

hm

andu,

201

0

HC

MC

, 20

13

Han

oi,

2008

- 2

010

Ban

gk

ok,

201

0

Kat

hm

andu,

201

0

HC

MC

, 20

13

Ban

gk

ok,

201

0

Bus Taxi MC PC Truck

Pre-Euro Euro1 Euro2 Euro3 Euro 4

Vehicle speeds

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

HCMC, 2013 Hanoi, 2008 - 2010 Bangkok, 2010 Kathmandu, 2010

Sp

eed (

km

/h)

Motorcycle

Taxi

Personal car

Bus

Truck

Driving activitiesMotorcycles

HCMC, 2013 Hanoi, 2008 Kathmandu, 2010 Bangkok, 2013

Active population 5,004,831 2,339,519 394,420 1,298,765

Average age 4.6 (1-29) 3.6 (1-10) 4.3 (1-27) 5.7 (1-20)

Daily VKT (km/veh) 19 20 15 16

TaxiActive population 17,802 12,189 6,206 83,742

Average age 6 (2-10) 2.11 (1-4) 9.5 (1-21) 3.6 (0-14)

Daily VKT (km/veh) 124 157 87 280

Personal carActive population 315,943 100,359 1,202,499

Average age 7.6 (0-16) 2.44 (1-8) NA 5.3 (1-20)

Daily VKT (km/veh) 33.4 42 NA 70

BusActive population 3,358 1,118 11,328 18,850

Average age 6.4 (1-11) 6.31 (2-10) 8.9 (1-47) 8.8 (1-30)

Daily VKT (km/veh) 197 212 96 137

TruckActive population 185,501 61,720

Average age 11.7 (1-27) NA NA 6.2 (1-17)

Daily VKT (km/veh) 31 NA NA 112

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19S

ha

reBin numbers

VSP: weekday in Hanoi

Bus

Taxi

Personal car

Driving activities: VSP

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

8 bin9 bin 10bin

11bin

12bin

13bin

14bin

15bin

16bin

17bin

Bin

sh

are

, %

VSP: Kathmandu 2010

Bus

Van

Motorbike

3-wheelers

Taxi

Common for all 4 cities: Bins No. 11-13

Bin 11 & 12: low speeds with stops/idling (traffic jams)

Bin 13: slight accelerations (ISSRC, 2008)

(3) EI results: annual emission (Gg)

and shares

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

CO VOC NOx PM CO VOC NOx PM CO VOC NOx PM CO VOC NOx PM

HCMC, 2013 Hanoi, 2008 - 2010 Bangkok, 2009-2013 Kathmandu, 2010

Bus Taxi MC PC

1,252 206 61 10 210 61 14 2.8 195 30 49 1.1 30 7.5 16 4.7

Annual emission of BC and OC

Bus fleet in Kathmandu: high mileage, old and low speeds

Running EFs vs. speed

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

0

50

100

150

200

250

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Be

nze

ne

, F

orm

ald

eh

yle

(g

km

-1)

PM

, C

O, N

Ox

, V

OC

(g

km

-1)

Hour

Bus EFs, outskirt route B1, Kathmandu

CO VOC

NOx PM

Formaldehydes Benzene

Speed 1.4 13.2 11.7 5.6 9.6 0.9 9.4 9.1 9.1 10.1 4.5

km h-1

Extremely high EFs of buses when speeds are low

EFs vs.

Technologies

0

5

10

15

20

25

1076 1128 1129 1130

EF

s

Technology index

Bus CO EF, Hanoi

running (g/km)

start (g/start)

Kathmandu Old

technologies

with high

mileage have

high EFs

Co-benefit of faster Euro3 Intrusion

SpeciesEmission reduction under Euro3 scenario, %

Hanoi HCMC Kathmandu

CO 89 57 51

VOC (exh+evap) 92 42 48

NOx 36 57 31

Sulfate 44 45 -4

PM 61 60 45

BC 68 69 46

OC 28 50 46

CO2 -7 3 -2

N2O 44 5 -627

CH4 97 39 40

Air Toxics 87 43 -39

Total pollutants* 85 55 44

Total GWP ** 28 42 31

* Excluded BC, OC and GHGs

** SLCPs (BC, OC, VOC etc.) are included

Summary

Low levels of engine technologies: only

a small percentage of Euro4 present

Wide age span, slow speeds

High EF of old and high mileage vehicle

and slow speeds

Substantial benefits to air quality and

climate mitigation if at least Euro3

implemented

Thank You!