Assistant Lecturer Of Neurosurgery, Alexandria, Egypt

MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY VERSUS STEREOTACTIC BIOPSY FOR INTRA-AXIAL BRAIN LESIONS

Ahmed Belal

Presented By

Alex Neuro2014

Intra-axial brain lesions could be neoplastic or non-neoplastic. Some non-neoplastic brain lesions can mimic the neoplastic lesions clinically, radiologically and sometimes histopathologically.

And this may lead to misdiagnosis and hence mismanagement.

MRS is usually used as a complement to conventional MRI to improve the diagnosis of intra-axial parenchymal brain lesions

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is based on the chemical shift properties of the atom. When a tissue is exposed to an external magnetic field, its nuclei will resonate at a frequency (f).

The most common nuclei used for MRS are protons (H1) mainly because of its high sensitivity and abundance.

The Spectrum

The MR spectrum is represented by:(x) axis that corresponds to the metabolite frequency in ppm according to the chemical shift (y) axis that corresponds to the peak amplitude Each metabolite is identified by the position of its peak on a frequency scale (the chemical shift)

The Brain Metabolites

N-acetylaspartate (NAA) :

Peak of NAA is the highest peak assigned at 2.02 ppm.

It is a marker of neuronal and axonal viability and density .

Absence or decreased concentration of NAA is a sign of neuronal loss or degradation

Choline (Cho) :

Its peak is assigned at 3.22 ppm

Cho is a marker of cellular membrane turnover (phospholipids synthesis and degradation) reflecting cellular proliferation

In tumors, Cho levels correlate with degree of malignancy

Creatine (Cr) :

The peak of Cr spectrum is assigned at 3.02 ppm

Cr is a marker of intracellular metabolism.

Concentration of Cr is relatively constant. Therefore it is used as an internal reference for calculating metabolite ratios.

In brain tumors, there is a reduced Cr signal

Lactate (Lac) :

The peak of Lac is a doublet

Lac is a product of anaerobic glycolysis so its concentration increases under anaerobic metabolism such as cerebral ischemia.

Lac also accumulates in tissues with poor washout such as cysts, normal pressure hydrocephalus, necrotic and cystic tumors.

Lipids (Lip)

Lipid peaks can be seen when there is cellular membrane breakdown or necrosis such as in metastases or primary malignant tumors.

Myoinositol (Myo) :

Myo is considered a glial marker because it is primarily synthesized in glial cells, almost only in astrocytes

Elevated Myo occurs with proliferation of glial as found in inflammation , gliosis and in Alzheimer’s disease

Clinical applications of MR spectroscopy

Differentiation between neoplastic and non- neoplastic lesions

The typical MRS spectrum for a brain tumor is one of high level of Cho, low NAA and minor changes in Cr

Cho elevation is usually evidenced by increase in Cho/NAA or Cho/Cr ratios, rather than its absolute concentration

Absence of NAA in an intra-axial tumor generally implies an origin outside of the central nervous system (metastasis) or a highly malignant tumor that has destroyed all neurons in that location.

Grading of cerebral gliomas

Distinguishing between primary brain tumors and metastases

Distinguishing radiation necrosis from tumor recurrence

This study was conducted on 27 patients presented to the Neurosurgery

Department at Alexandria Main University Hospital.

METHODS

All patients were subjected to:

• Complete history taking.

• Full clinical examination.

• Pre-operative investigations:

Routine laboratory investigations.Contrast enhanced Computed Tomography (CT)

scan of the brainContrast enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging

(MRI) of the brain.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) of the

lesionEither single or multivoxel MRS was used with short and long TE

• Surgical techniques:

Stereotactic biopsy using Leksell Stereotactic System.

• Histopathological examination

using appropriate stains including immunostains

RESULTS

The preoperative MRS suggested diagnosis was

Neoplastic brain lesions in 15 (56%) cases

Non-neoplastic brain lesions in 12 (44%) cases

Neo-plas-tic

cases56%

Non-Neo-plas-tic

cases44%

0

2

4

6

8

The most common MRS diagnosis was High grade gliomas, 7 cases (26%)

Neoplastic cases63%

Non-neoplas-tic cases

37%

The histopathological diagnosis was Neoplastic lesions in 17 cases (63%)

Non-neoplastic lesions in 10 cases (37%)

The commonest diagnosis following stereotactic biopsy was

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) , (WHO grade IV), 10 cases (37%)

The commonest diagnosis of the non-neoplastic cases was Brain abscess, 3 cases (11%)

Histopathological diagnosisNumber of

casesPercentage

GBM (WHO grade IV) 10 37%

Low grade astrocytoma

(WHO grade I-II)4 15%

Abscess 3 11%

Tumefactive MS 2 7%

Cerebritis 1 4%

Primary CNS Lymphoma (PCNSL)

1 4%

Local tumor recurrence (low grade glioma WHO grade I-II)

1 4%

Metastases (from colonic carcinoma)

1 4%

Infarction 1 4%

Vasculitis 1 4%

Viral encephalitis 1 4%

Total 27 100%

Correlation between the preoperative diagnosis by MRS and Histopathoplogical diagnosis following Stereotactic Biopsy for

Differentiation between Neoplastic and Non-neoplastic brain lesions revealed

Matching In 25 Out Of 27 Cases Sensitivity 88% Specificity 100%

One case was diagnosed by MRS as a Neuroglial cyst but the histopathological diagnosis of the stereotactic biopsy was Cystic astrocytoma.

Another case was diagnosed by MRS as an Abscess but the histopathological diagnosis of the stereotactic biopsy was Glioblastoma multiforme (WHO grade IV).

However, the convential MRI was lacking the DWI/ADC map, which is diagnostic for brain abscess

Correlation between the preoperative diagnosis by MRS and Histopathoplogical diagnosis following Stereotactic Biopsy For Grading of Gliomas (12 cases ) revealed

Matching in 10 out of the 12 cases Sensitivity 89% Specificity 67%

Illustrative Cases

Case 1

Rt thalamic lesion

The MRS shows : Increassed Cho/Cr Increased Cho/NAA Decreased NAA/Cho ratio

Features suggestive of high grade glioma

Histopathological diagnosis was

GBM (WHO IV)

Case 2:

Rt thalamic cystic lesion

The MRS from within the center of the lesion revealed very prominent Lip peak (block arrow) very prominent peak of succinate (long arrow) Small amino acid peak (arrow head) Lac peak (right angle arrow)

Such findings were typical for an anaerobic abscess

A

B

C

E

D

F

Case 3:

Rt lenticular cystic lesion

The initial MRS was in favor of a Neuroglial Cyst. However, after subsequent revision of the MRS findings it revealed

Increased Cho/Cr, Cho/NAA ratiosDecreased NAA/Cho ratio

Features are matching with a Neoplastic lesion

Case 4:

Multiple enhancing brain lesions

The MRS shows Increased Cho/Cr , Cho/NAA ratios Decreased NAA/Cho, NAA/Cr ratios,Lip and Lac peaks are seenDetectable Glx peakmulticentric neoplastic lesion; Primary CNS lymphoma was the prime diagnosis

Case 5:

Bithalamic ill defined lesion

The MRS shows

Preserved NAA and NAA/Cho ratioDecreased NAA/Cr ratioIncreased Cr peakDetectable Lac peak

MRS features of Encephalitis

A

B

C

D

E

Lac

NAACr

Cho

A

B

C

D

E

Lac

NAACr

Cho

Case 6

Multiple lesions

A

B

C

D

E

Lac

NAACr

ChoA

B

C

D

E

Lac

NAACr

Cho

The MRS shows

High Cho/Cr , High Cho/NAA Decreased NAA/ChoLactate Peak Is Prominent (White Arrow) Small Lip Peak was also detected (block Arrow). Normal Spectroscopic findings in the peritumoral region

Overall data were matching with Metastatic Lesions

Case 7:

Lt deep parietal enhancing lesion

The initial MRS was in favor of Brain Abscess. However, after subsequent revision of the MRS findings it revealed

Marked increase in Cho/Cr and Cho/NAA ratios Prominent lip peak

Which were in favor of High Grade Glioma

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) should be part of the routine MRI examination when studying focal lesions and hence should be included in the imaging request.

The interpretation of the Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) findings should be conducted by a specialized radiologist to minimize falacies.

Intra-operative MRS could be used routinely to maximizes tumor resection and to reduces the need for subsequent operations.

THANK YOU