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Ast 1001 -- 25 October 20 07 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

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Page 1: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

The Nature of Light

(This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Page 2: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES= “ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION”

JAMES CLERK MAXWELL, 1864:

Page 3: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

Page 4: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

FREQUENCY = NUMBER OF WAVE CRESTS PER SECOND.

Page 5: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

FREQUENCY = NUMBER OF WAVE CRESTS PER SECOND.

IF A WAVE MOVES AT SPEED c , THEN

FREQUENCY = c / WAVELENGTH

or

WAVELENGTH = c / FREQUENCY.

Page 6: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

FREQUENCY = NUMBER OF WAVE CRESTS PER SECOND.

IF A WAVE MOVES AT SPEED c , THEN

FREQUENCY = c / WAVELENGTH

or

WAVELENGTH = c / FREQUENCY.

HIGH FREQUENCY MEANS

SHORT WAVELENGTH.

Page 7: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

GAMMA RAYS

X-RAYS

ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT ( UV )

VISIBLE LIGHT ( VIOLET TO RED )

INFRARED LIGHT ( IR )

MILLIMETER WAVES

RADIO ( INCLUDING MICROWAVES )

Page 8: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

Page 9: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

1900—1905, MAX PLANCK AND ALBERT EINSTEIN:

LIGHT CAN BE REGARDED AS PARTICLES AS WELL AS WAVES.

“QUANTA”

“PHOTONS”

Page 10: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

1900—1905, MAX PLANCK AND ALBERT EINSTEIN:

LIGHT CAN BE REGARDED AS PARTICLES AS WELL AS WAVES.

ENERGY OF A PHOTON = h X FREQUENCY

-- where h is a universal quantity called “Planck’s constant”.

Page 11: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

HIGHER-ENERGY LOWER-ENERGY PHOTONS PHOTONS

Page 12: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

Mention how E.M. waves / radiation

affect matter, and vice-versa:

continuous electric waves,

vs.

sudden impacts

( see next slide )

Page 13: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

Page 14: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

Page 15: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

Next: SPECTRA

Page 16: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

Page 17: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

Three concepts to remember ...

CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM

ABSORPTION LINES

EMISSION LINES

Page 18: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

SPECTRAL LINES DEPENDON THE CHEMICAL ELEMENT ( atoms or molecules )

Page 19: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

NEILS BOHR’S THEORY OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM

(1913)

Page 20: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

Page 21: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

REAL ATOMS ARE MORE LIKE THIS: QUANTUM PHYSICS

“WAVE FUNCTIONS”.

Page 22: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

ATOMIC

ENERGY

LEVELS

Page 23: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

ENERGY

LEVELS

OF

HYDROGEN

Page 24: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

ATOMIC

ENERGY

LEVELS

Page 25: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

Page 26: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

E.M. RADIATION EMITTED BY

OPAQUE SURFACES...

Page 27: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

Page 28: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

Page 29: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

HIGHER TEMPERATURE

implies

HIGHER AVERAGE PHOTON ENERGIES

implies

SHORTER WAVELENGTHS (“bluer”)

Page 30: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

HIGHER-ENERGY LOWER-ENERGY PHOTONS PHOTONS

Page 31: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

Some examples ...

“ROOM TEMPERATURE” (~ 300 °K): INFRARED.

Page 32: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

Some examples ...

“ROOM TEMPERATURE” (~ 300 °K): INFRARED.

3000—10000 °K: VISIBLE LIGHT.

Page 33: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

Some examples ...

“ROOM TEMPERATURE” (~ 300 °K): INFRARED.

3000—10000 °K: VISIBLE LIGHT.

40,000 °K: ULTRAVIOLET.

Page 34: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

Some examples ...

“ROOM TEMPERATURE” (~ 300 °K): INFRARED.

3000—10000 °K: VISIBLE LIGHT.

40,000 °K: ULTRAVIOLET.

10 million degrees: X-RAYS.

Page 35: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007

Some examples ...

“ROOM TEMPERATURE” (~ 300 °K): INFRARED.

3000—10000 °K: VISIBLE LIGHT.

40,000 °K: ULTRAVIOLET.

10 million degrees: X-RAYS.

( Caution: These are the average wavelengths. )

Page 36: Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007 The Nature of Light (This topic is a little out of order; we’ll return to the Solar System later)

Ast 1001 -- 25 October 2007


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