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Page 1: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Atomic Structure

3.1

Page 2: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Atomic History•In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms.

Page 3: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms
Page 4: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

1800’s John Dalton’s Theory(Still Accepted)

1.Every element is made of tiny, unique particles called atoms

2.Atoms of different elements can join to form molecules.

Page 5: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms
Page 6: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

John Dalton’s Theory- Disproved

3.Atoms are the smallest particles and cannot be subdivided.

4.Atoms of the same element are exactly alike in mass

Page 7: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

JJ Thomson

•Credited with discovering negative charged particles called electrons.

Page 8: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms
Page 9: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms
Page 10: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Rutherford

•Credited with discovering the nucleus.

•Also concluded that atoms are mostly empty space.

Page 11: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms
Page 12: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms
Page 13: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/rutherford/

Page 14: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Further Research Finding

•Later on, the discovery of protons and neutrons were discovered in the nucleus.

•And it was later concluded that all atoms are neutral in charge.

•The number of protons and electrons in any atom are always equal.

Page 15: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Niels Bohr•Suggested that electrons move around atoms in set paths around the nucleus.

•He said each path is an energy level

Page 16: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms
Page 17: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms
Page 18: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms
Page 19: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Today’s Theory•It has been determined that it is impossible to pinpoint an electron’s exact position due to its tremendous speed.

•Electrons do not move around in definite paths.

Page 20: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Today’s Theory•Electrons are found in orbitals within energy levels. (s, p, d, and f )▫a region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons.

Page 21: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms
Page 22: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Today’s Theory•Electrons are now viewed as waves vibrating on a string rather than simple particles.

•Wave-Particle Duality Theory

Page 23: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms
Page 24: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

What are atoms?

•The smallest part of an element that still has the element’s properties.

Page 25: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Parts of an atom•Nucleus▫Proton▫Neutron

•Electron

Subatomic particles

Page 26: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Nucleus•center of an atom

•positively charged

•makes up 99.9% of the atom’s mass

•contains protons and neutrons

Page 27: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Protons•Charge (+)

•Mass is equal to 1 atomic mass unit (amu)

•Found in the nucleus

•Identifies the element/atom

Page 28: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Neutrons•Charge (0) – neutral

•Mass is equal to 1amu

•Found in the nucleus

•Helps determine mass

Page 29: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Electrons•Charge is negative (-)

•Mass is equal to 0 amu

•Found outside the nucleus, in the electron cloud

Page 30: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Energy levels

•1st level holds up to 2 e- •2nd level holds up to 8 e- •3rd level holds up to 8 or 18 e-

•4th level holds up to 8, 18, or 32 e-

•Outer Level holds up to 8 e-(called valence electrons)

Page 31: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Valence Electron•The number of electrons in the outermost electron shell.

•Most important

Page 32: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

A Guided Tour of the Periodic Table

3.2

Page 33: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms
Page 34: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Periodic Law•Properties of elements tend to change in a regular pattern when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number.

Page 35: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Periodic Law•Periodic Table is set up by increasing atomic number.

•Atomic Number is the # of protons in the atom.

Page 36: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Average Atomic

Mass

Page 37: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Atomic Number•tells you number of protons•Never Changes for an atom.•Appears as a whole # on the periodic table.

•No two elements can have same atomic #.

Page 38: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Atomic Number

# of protons

Atomic Number

Page 39: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Mass Number

•The mass of an atom•Total number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of a single atom.

•Atoms of the same element won’t always have the same mass number

Page 40: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Mass Number

# of protons

# ofneutrons Mass

#

Page 41: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Isotopes•Any atoms having the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

•So they also have different mass numbers.

Page 42: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms
Page 43: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Average Atomic Mass•Average mass of all known isotopes for an element

•Found on the periodic table as a number with a decimal

Page 44: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Atom’s Charge•They are neutral.•All atoms have the same number of protons and electrons.

•Charges cancel each other out.

Page 45: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Ions•Charged particles. •Form when atoms lose or gain electrons.

•They do this so the ions have a full outer shell

•Two Types.

Page 46: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Cations

•Positively charged ions. •Form when atoms lose electrons.

•Metals •Left side of table

Page 47: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Cations•# of protons greater than # of electrons•More (+) than (-)

Page 48: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Na AtomNa+ Cation

Page 49: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Anions•Negatively charged ions. •Form when atoms gain electrons.

•Nonmetals•Right side of table

Page 50: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Anions•# of protons less than # of electrons•More (-) than (+)

Page 51: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Cl atom

Cl- Anion

Page 52: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Quantifying atoms or ions

+1 Protons = 3

Neutrons = 7-3 = 4

Electrons = 3

Electrons = 3 -1 = 2

Page 53: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Families of Elements

3.3

Page 54: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Periodic Table

•Periods -a horizontal row of elements.

-Tells you the electrons energy level.

Page 55: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Periodic Table•Groups (families) -a vertical column of elements.

-Tells us the # of valence electrons and the elements’ chemical properties.

Page 56: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Types of Elements

1.Metals2.Nonmetals3.Semiconductors/

metalloids

Page 57: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Transition Metals

Alkaline Earth Metals

Alkali Metals

Metalloids

Other Metals

Non Metals

Halogens

Nobel Gases

Inner Transition Metals

Page 58: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Alkali Metals Group 1

•Most reactive metals •one valence e-•Found as compounds (salts) and not elements due to reactivity.

•As elements they are soft metals and good conductors.

Page 59: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

fun

Page 60: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms
Page 61: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Alkaline-earth MetalsGroup 2

•Less reactive than Alkali•They are also more commonly found as compounds

•2 most common are Ca and Mg.

Page 62: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms
Page 63: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Transition Metals Groups 3-12

•Less reactive than groups 1 and 2

•Good conductors

Page 64: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms
Page 65: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Transition Metals•All solids with the exception of mercury

•Valuable metals (Ag, Au, Pt, Cu, Ni, Fe, Co)

Page 66: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms
Page 67: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Non Metals

•Are not able to conduct electricity or heat very well.

•Found in groups 13-18, with the exception of hydrogen

Page 68: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Carbon

•Found as an element (coal, diamond, graphite)

•Found in millions of different compounds•Called Organic Compounds

Page 69: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

HYDROGEN•It is a gas/nonmetal•A very explosive gas.•It is located in group one because it has one valence electron

• http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2380118142773657669&q=hindenburg&hl=en

Page 70: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Oxygen and Nitrogen

•Oxygen is the most common element found on Earth

•Nitrogen most common gas found in the atmosphere

Page 71: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Halogens Group 17

•Most reactive nonmetals•Form salts with group 1•Used to kill bacteria•Bromine only liquid nonmetal

Page 72: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms
Page 73: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Noble Gases Group 18

•Stable and not reactive. (inert)

•Don’t form compounds.•They have a full valence shell.

Page 74: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms
Page 75: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Metalloids (Semiconductors)

•7 elements on the step•Properties of both metals and non-metals.

•Silicon the most familiar (computer chips)

Page 76: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Inner Transition Metals•Two rows at the bottom•Some are Radioactive ex. Uranium

•93 and greater are all manmade

Page 77: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms
Page 78: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Moles3.4

Page 79: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Counting Units

•We buy things by the dozen.•One dozen = 12 items•We use the unit mole to count things in

chemistry

Page 80: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Moles

•the SI base unit that describes the amount of a substance.

Page 81: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms
Page 82: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Avogadro’s Constant•Represents the number of particles in one mole of a substance.

•The number is 6.02 x 1023

particles, atoms, or molecules

Page 83: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms
Page 84: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Moles

•Used for counting with really tiny atoms

•One mole represents the atomic mass of an element.

Page 85: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Molar Mass

•The mass in grams of 1 mol of a substance.

•Using the periodic chart you can determine the molar mass of any element or compound.

Page 86: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms
Page 87: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Molar Mass Example

•So how many grams in two moles of Ca?

Page 88: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Solution

•The molar mass of Ca is 40 g/mol.

•2 moles x 40 grams = 80 g1 mole

Page 89: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Mole Problems

•You can determine how many moles of a substance you have if you know the mass of the substance.

Page 90: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Example Problem

•If you have 92 grams of Na how many moles would you have?

Page 91: Atomic Structure 3.1. Atomic History In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made of invisible units called atoms

Solution•MM of Na is 23 g/mole•92 g x 1 mole = 4.0 moles

23 g


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