atoms & elements...block b: atoms and elements atoms and their parts everything in existence is...
TRANSCRIPT
SCIENCE 10F
Unit 2
Atoms amp Elements
Block A History of the Atomic Model
Block B Atoms and Elements
Block C The Periodic Classification of the Elements
Block D Element or Compound
HISTORICAL IDEAS ABOUT THE NATURE OF MATTER Ancient Greek Philosophers
The ancient Greek philosophers wondered why matter behaves as it does and manipulated ideas in their minds but did almost no _______________________
Empedocles
450 BCE
Proposed that matter was composed of four elements Earth Water Air _____________
Democritus
400 BCE
Suggested matter was made of tiny particles that could not be ___________ down any further
He called them ldquoatomosrdquo which means indivisible
Aristotle
350 BCE
After Democritus died Aristotle rejected the atomos model and returned to the 4 element model
This model influenced and dominated scientific thinking for almost _________________ years
Alchemists
500 ndash 1600 AD
First people to perform hands-on experiments
Part philosopher mystic _____________________ and chemist
Three main beliefs 1 Some elements can be changed into others
(They were trying to change base metals into _____________) This led them to discover new elements and learn more about existing ones
2 There was a substance that would give them _________________ life
3 There was a __________________ solvent that would dissolve all substances
Modern Chemists
1600 ndash present
Use the ______________________ ______________ and experimentation to determine properties of pure substances and explain their composition
Sir Francis Bacon (1600s)
One of the first scientists to develop new knowledge as a result of experimentation
Robert Boyle (1650)
Believed the Greek philosophersrsquo four-element theory could be improved
Helped lay the foundation for the concepts of elements and compounds
Recognized that elements can be combined to form ___________________________
Believed that air was not an element but a ___________________________ of elements
Joseph Priestley (late 1700s)
First person to scientifically isolate _______________ but did not know oxygen was an element
Antoine de Lavoisier (late 1700s)
Defined the term ldquoELEMENTrdquo as a pure substance that could not be broken down into simpler substances
Discovered amp identified _____________ elements
Investigations were based on careful measurement and observations
Recognized that mixtures exist and identified air as a mixture of oxygen and some other gas
Henry Cavendish (late 1700s)
Experimented with mixing metal with acid which produced a flammable gas called ___________________________
Discovered that hydrogen would burn in oxygen and create water
Until this time ________________ was thought to be an element
MODELS OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE
John Daltonrsquos Model of the Atom (early 1800s)
ldquo____________________ Ballrdquo model
All matter is made up of atoms which are too small to see
Each element has its own kind of atom
Atoms of different elements are different
Atoms of different elements can join to form compounds
Elements were classified according to their ______
Joseph Thomson (1904)
ldquoPlum __________________________rdquo model
An atom is a sphere of ______________________ charges with negative charges scattered through it
Ernest Rutherford (1911)
Most of an atom is ____________________ space
Discovered a tiny very dense nucleus that contains _____________________ and positive protons
Surrounding the nucleus is a region of fast moving negative __________________________
Niels Bohr (1913)
_____________________________ model
Expanded Rutherfordrsquos model to include electrons have different amounts of ___________________ which allows them to move in different orbits with different energy levels
________________ are at different distances from the nucleus (like planets and the sun)
Quantum Wave Model
______________________ Planck Schrodinger etc
The structure of matter is of a spherical standing _______________
Electrons are found 90 of the time in their orbitals
Smaller particles exist such as quarks and _________________________
BLOCK B ATOMS AND ELEMENTS
Atoms and Their Parts
Everything in existence is __________________
All matter is made up of ____________________ o Atoms are the smallest particle of any type of matter that still
retains characteristics of that element
Subatomic Particles
particles smaller than atoms no chemical properties of their own ___________________
positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom
___________________ particles with no charge found in the nucleus of an atom
___________________ negatively charged particles moving around the nucleus of an atom
_____________ ndash the center of an atom where the neutrons and
protons are found (which also gives the atom its mass)
Opposite charges attract so the negative electrons are held in their orbit by the positive protons
o For Each Element On Your Periodic Tablehellip Protons = the atomic number Electrons = the number of protons Neutrons = atomic mass subtract the number of protons
The largest atom has a diameter of 00000005 mm
Imaginehellip o an atom is magnified to the size of the Skydome o the nucleus would be the size of a baseball inside that stadium o the protons would be marbles inside the baseball o the electrons would be mosquitoes buzzing around the baseball o therefore an atom is mostly empty space
amu stands for ______________________________________ o an amu is a very small unit used to measure the weight of
subatomic particles o 1 amu = 166 x10-27kg or 000000000000000000000000000166 o an electron is so light it is not used in the calculation of an
atomrsquos mass
o _______________________ = Protons + Neutrons
Subatomic
Particle Charge Mass Location
Number
determined
byhellip
Role in the atom
proton positive
(+)
neutron neutral
electron negative
(-)
Periodic Table Notation
ATOM MATCHING AND TRUEFALSE
MATCHING Complete each statement using a term from the list below Some answers may be used more than once outside neutrons same cancel out protons atoms negative electrons nucleus lighter no positive
1 All matter is made of tiny parts called _________________________________
2 The center part of an atom is called the _______________________________
3 A nucleus is made up of ___________________ and ____________________
4 Electrons are found ____________________________ the nucleus
5 Electrons are _____________________________ than protons and neutrons
6 The main parts of an atom are __________________ ____________________ and _________________________
7 Since protons have a _________________________ charge and neutrons have __________________ charge the nucleus will have a _____________________ charge
8 Electrons have a _____________________________ charge
9 An atom has the ___________________________ number of protons and electrons when its overall charge is neutral
10 The positive and negative charges of an atom _________________ each other
TRUE OR FALSE _______ 1 A proton is found outside the nucleus _______ 2 A proton has a negative charge _______ 3 A neutron has a positive charge _______ 4 An electron has a negative charge _______ 5 An electron is found inside the nucleus _______ 6 The mass of an atom is the number of protons and neutrons _______ 7 The atomic number of an atom is the number of neutrons
ATOM PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1 Write standard atomic notation for the following (make a box as you would see it in the periodic table)
a An atom of nitrogen with 7 protons and 8 neutrons
b An atom of bromine with 35 protons and 36 neutrons
c An atom of sulfur with 16 protons and 16 neutrons
2 Draw an atom with 6 protons 7 neutrons and 6 electrons
3 Which subatomic particles identify an atomelement
4 Which subatomic particles make up the mass of an atom
5 If the same charges repel each other how is it that protons can all be together in the nucleus
6 Electrons move around with lots of energy How is it that they do not fly away from their atom
7 Which subatomic particles will find it easiest to interact with other atoms
ATOM CALCULATIONS
Atomic number = of protons = of electrons
Atomic mass = of protons + of neutrons
of neutrons = mass ndash atomic number
Each row in the table represents a different atom Fill-in the blanks using your periodic table and the above formulas
Number of protons
in the atom
Number of electrons
in the atom
Number of neutrons
in the atom
Atomic mass of the atom
Atomic number of the atom
Name of the element
Element symbol
5 11 boron
23 11 Na
79 197 gold
34 45 Se
1 1 1
6 6
92 146
24 12
18 40
110 W
27 aluminum
201 80
7 7
33 42
8 O
THE ELEMENTS
Element a pure substance that cannot be chemically broken down into
simpler substances
There are 118 elements 92 can be found in __________________ 26 are only made in a _______________
In 1817 Jons Jakob Berzelius proposed an international system of symbols
Symbols are much _________________ and faster to use than writing out the names of each element Ex Hydrogen and oxygen make hydrogen peroxide H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
Element symbols are the same across ______________________ but names are specific to each language Ex Silver (English) = Ag (symbol) = Argent (French) Languages that use different written characters (like Chinese) still use these symbols
An element is __________________ by the person that discovers it Names come from the following
1 A Greek word Ex Chlorine from chloros which means _______ Argon from argos which means inactive Helium from helios which means __________
2 A Latin word Ex Sodium Na _____________
Potassium K kalium Antimony Sb stibium Copper Cu _____________ Gold Au aurum Silver Ag argentums ____________ Fe ferum Lead Pb plumbum Mercury _____ hydrargyrum Tin Sn stannum
3 A country Ex Polonium Po Poland
___________ Ge Germany Francium Fr France
4 A continent Ex Americium Am Americas
Europium Eu Europe
5 A person Ex Einsteinium Es Albert Einstein
Rutherfordium Rf E Rutherford ____________ Cm Marie Curie Fermium Fm Enrico Fermi
Symbols are assigned by the following rules 1 The first letter of the element name Ex C = carbon
2 The first and second letter of the element name if the first is already taken Ex Ce = cerium
3 The first and third letter of the element name if the first two are already taken Ex Cs = cesium
4 Some symbols follow the above rules but with their latin or greek root Ex Tungsten = W = Wolfram (the German name)
5 Some symbols do not follow the rules and just need to be memorized Ex Platinum should be Pl but it is Pt Ex Zirconium should be Zi but it is Zr
ELEMENT BINGO Randomly place 25 of the symbols below in the BINGO grid
S F B Pb Cl H Cr Au Be P Na Ar He O Li Ca Hg W I N Mg C Cu Zn Co Fe Mn Sn Ag Br Ne Al Si K
ELEMENT SCRABBLE
Name ______________________________
Goal to become more familiar with the periodic table and the elements
Instructions Create words using the symbols in the periodic table You must write the word as the symbols are written in the table (capitals and lower case) You may not have the same answers as other students Example BaNaNa ndash barium sodium sodium Create 3 words with 4 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________- ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 5 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 6 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 4 or more letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 new words and include a definition Word Names of elements and the definition of the word
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________
BOHR MODELS
Examples 1) Aluminum (Al) 2) Sodium (Na)
A Bohr diagram is used to give a general idea of where electrons are found in an atom
Electrons are drawn in energy levels (orbits) The closest level to the nucleus has the lowest amount of energy
Electrons circle the nucleus in a random fashion to create a cloud They do not circle in a predictable fashion like the planets and the sun
Electrons = dots Energy level = circle
1st level can hold up to 2 electrons
2nd level can hold up to 8 electrons
3rd level can hold up to ldquo8 electronsrdquo
When a level has more than 4 electrons the electrons are drawn in pairs
Each level must be full before filling the next level
Indicate the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
NAME___________
BOHR MODEL PERIODIC TABLE
1
Hydrogen
3
Lithium
4
Beryllium
5
Boron
6
Carbon
7
Nitrogen
8
Oxygen
9
Fluorine
10
Neon
11
Sodium
12
Magnesium
13
Aluminium
14
Silicon
15
Phosphorus
16
Sulfur
17
Chlorine
18
Argon
19
Potassium
20
Calcium
1) What do all of the columns have in common
2) What do all of the rows have in common
2
Helium
BLOCK C THE PERIODIC TABLE
History of the Periodic Table
The first periodic table was made by Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869 He ordered the
elements according to their _____ Some spaces were left empty because he predicted
that there were other elements yet to be discovered In the current periodic table the
elements are in ascending order according to their ___________ number ( of protons)
Metals non-metals and metalloids
Most elements are metals They are found on the ____________ of the table The right
side of the table contains the __________________ Metalloids share characteristics of
metals and non-metals and are found between the two on what is called the ldquostaircaserdquo
1 H
2 He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
Metals (to the left of the staircase)
- _______________________
- Good __________________________ of heat and electricity
- _______________________ (can hammer or press out of shape and not
shatter)
- _______________________ (can be stretched into a wire and not lose
strength)
- React with _____________________
- All are _________________ at room temperature except mercury (liquid)
Non-metals (to the right of the staircase)
- _______________ (not shiny)
- Not good conductors of heat and electricity
- All are __________________ at room temperature except carbon iodine sulfur
selenium and phosphorus (solids) and bromine (liquid)
Hydrogen is an ______________________ and is considered a non-metal most of
the time Sometimes it has qualities like a metal and other times it is more of a non-
metal (it is a gas at room temperature) It can give or receive an electron
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families in the Periodic Table
- each ______________________ in the table is a family of elements
- another word for family is group
- each element in a family has the same number of valence electrons
Metals
Metalloids
Non-metals
- valence electrons are the electrons found in the __________________ energy
shell that can move from one element to another to form a chemical bond
- the Roman numeral above a family indicates the number of valence electrons
- elements in a family have similar ______________________________
Alkali metals (group 1) - soft highly ______________________ metals
- like to bond with the __________________ family and give away _____ electron
- ____________________ is an exception because it can behave like a non-metal
Alkaline earth metals (group 2)
- malleable reactive burn easily
- like to bond with the _____________________ family and give away 2 electrons
Chalcogens (group 16) - like to bond with the alkaline earth metals and receive ____________ electrons
Halogens (group 17) - highly reactive especially with the alkali metals where they gain an electron
- like to form _______________ compounds
Noble gases (group 18) - very ________________________ gases
- do not like to react with other elements because their electron valence layer is
_____________
- found in their natural state
Periods in the Periodic Table - each period is a ___________________________ row in the table
- the number of each row is equal to the number of energy levels for each element
Question
Use the table below to colour the different families Make sure to include a legend
Leave the newer elements at the bottom (116 - 118) blank as scientists are not sure if
they demonstrate the characteristics of those families
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rt Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Legend
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS PROBLEMS
1 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the following elements
2 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the alkali metals
3 What is similar between all the alkali metals in question 2 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 From one period to the next what happens to the number of energy levels
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have ________________
6 How many energy levels does Rubidium (Rb) have ___________________
Li
O
Na
Ar
Ca
3 18 20 11 8
H
Li
Na
K
19 3 1 11
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
HISTORICAL IDEAS ABOUT THE NATURE OF MATTER Ancient Greek Philosophers
The ancient Greek philosophers wondered why matter behaves as it does and manipulated ideas in their minds but did almost no _______________________
Empedocles
450 BCE
Proposed that matter was composed of four elements Earth Water Air _____________
Democritus
400 BCE
Suggested matter was made of tiny particles that could not be ___________ down any further
He called them ldquoatomosrdquo which means indivisible
Aristotle
350 BCE
After Democritus died Aristotle rejected the atomos model and returned to the 4 element model
This model influenced and dominated scientific thinking for almost _________________ years
Alchemists
500 ndash 1600 AD
First people to perform hands-on experiments
Part philosopher mystic _____________________ and chemist
Three main beliefs 1 Some elements can be changed into others
(They were trying to change base metals into _____________) This led them to discover new elements and learn more about existing ones
2 There was a substance that would give them _________________ life
3 There was a __________________ solvent that would dissolve all substances
Modern Chemists
1600 ndash present
Use the ______________________ ______________ and experimentation to determine properties of pure substances and explain their composition
Sir Francis Bacon (1600s)
One of the first scientists to develop new knowledge as a result of experimentation
Robert Boyle (1650)
Believed the Greek philosophersrsquo four-element theory could be improved
Helped lay the foundation for the concepts of elements and compounds
Recognized that elements can be combined to form ___________________________
Believed that air was not an element but a ___________________________ of elements
Joseph Priestley (late 1700s)
First person to scientifically isolate _______________ but did not know oxygen was an element
Antoine de Lavoisier (late 1700s)
Defined the term ldquoELEMENTrdquo as a pure substance that could not be broken down into simpler substances
Discovered amp identified _____________ elements
Investigations were based on careful measurement and observations
Recognized that mixtures exist and identified air as a mixture of oxygen and some other gas
Henry Cavendish (late 1700s)
Experimented with mixing metal with acid which produced a flammable gas called ___________________________
Discovered that hydrogen would burn in oxygen and create water
Until this time ________________ was thought to be an element
MODELS OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE
John Daltonrsquos Model of the Atom (early 1800s)
ldquo____________________ Ballrdquo model
All matter is made up of atoms which are too small to see
Each element has its own kind of atom
Atoms of different elements are different
Atoms of different elements can join to form compounds
Elements were classified according to their ______
Joseph Thomson (1904)
ldquoPlum __________________________rdquo model
An atom is a sphere of ______________________ charges with negative charges scattered through it
Ernest Rutherford (1911)
Most of an atom is ____________________ space
Discovered a tiny very dense nucleus that contains _____________________ and positive protons
Surrounding the nucleus is a region of fast moving negative __________________________
Niels Bohr (1913)
_____________________________ model
Expanded Rutherfordrsquos model to include electrons have different amounts of ___________________ which allows them to move in different orbits with different energy levels
________________ are at different distances from the nucleus (like planets and the sun)
Quantum Wave Model
______________________ Planck Schrodinger etc
The structure of matter is of a spherical standing _______________
Electrons are found 90 of the time in their orbitals
Smaller particles exist such as quarks and _________________________
BLOCK B ATOMS AND ELEMENTS
Atoms and Their Parts
Everything in existence is __________________
All matter is made up of ____________________ o Atoms are the smallest particle of any type of matter that still
retains characteristics of that element
Subatomic Particles
particles smaller than atoms no chemical properties of their own ___________________
positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom
___________________ particles with no charge found in the nucleus of an atom
___________________ negatively charged particles moving around the nucleus of an atom
_____________ ndash the center of an atom where the neutrons and
protons are found (which also gives the atom its mass)
Opposite charges attract so the negative electrons are held in their orbit by the positive protons
o For Each Element On Your Periodic Tablehellip Protons = the atomic number Electrons = the number of protons Neutrons = atomic mass subtract the number of protons
The largest atom has a diameter of 00000005 mm
Imaginehellip o an atom is magnified to the size of the Skydome o the nucleus would be the size of a baseball inside that stadium o the protons would be marbles inside the baseball o the electrons would be mosquitoes buzzing around the baseball o therefore an atom is mostly empty space
amu stands for ______________________________________ o an amu is a very small unit used to measure the weight of
subatomic particles o 1 amu = 166 x10-27kg or 000000000000000000000000000166 o an electron is so light it is not used in the calculation of an
atomrsquos mass
o _______________________ = Protons + Neutrons
Subatomic
Particle Charge Mass Location
Number
determined
byhellip
Role in the atom
proton positive
(+)
neutron neutral
electron negative
(-)
Periodic Table Notation
ATOM MATCHING AND TRUEFALSE
MATCHING Complete each statement using a term from the list below Some answers may be used more than once outside neutrons same cancel out protons atoms negative electrons nucleus lighter no positive
1 All matter is made of tiny parts called _________________________________
2 The center part of an atom is called the _______________________________
3 A nucleus is made up of ___________________ and ____________________
4 Electrons are found ____________________________ the nucleus
5 Electrons are _____________________________ than protons and neutrons
6 The main parts of an atom are __________________ ____________________ and _________________________
7 Since protons have a _________________________ charge and neutrons have __________________ charge the nucleus will have a _____________________ charge
8 Electrons have a _____________________________ charge
9 An atom has the ___________________________ number of protons and electrons when its overall charge is neutral
10 The positive and negative charges of an atom _________________ each other
TRUE OR FALSE _______ 1 A proton is found outside the nucleus _______ 2 A proton has a negative charge _______ 3 A neutron has a positive charge _______ 4 An electron has a negative charge _______ 5 An electron is found inside the nucleus _______ 6 The mass of an atom is the number of protons and neutrons _______ 7 The atomic number of an atom is the number of neutrons
ATOM PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1 Write standard atomic notation for the following (make a box as you would see it in the periodic table)
a An atom of nitrogen with 7 protons and 8 neutrons
b An atom of bromine with 35 protons and 36 neutrons
c An atom of sulfur with 16 protons and 16 neutrons
2 Draw an atom with 6 protons 7 neutrons and 6 electrons
3 Which subatomic particles identify an atomelement
4 Which subatomic particles make up the mass of an atom
5 If the same charges repel each other how is it that protons can all be together in the nucleus
6 Electrons move around with lots of energy How is it that they do not fly away from their atom
7 Which subatomic particles will find it easiest to interact with other atoms
ATOM CALCULATIONS
Atomic number = of protons = of electrons
Atomic mass = of protons + of neutrons
of neutrons = mass ndash atomic number
Each row in the table represents a different atom Fill-in the blanks using your periodic table and the above formulas
Number of protons
in the atom
Number of electrons
in the atom
Number of neutrons
in the atom
Atomic mass of the atom
Atomic number of the atom
Name of the element
Element symbol
5 11 boron
23 11 Na
79 197 gold
34 45 Se
1 1 1
6 6
92 146
24 12
18 40
110 W
27 aluminum
201 80
7 7
33 42
8 O
THE ELEMENTS
Element a pure substance that cannot be chemically broken down into
simpler substances
There are 118 elements 92 can be found in __________________ 26 are only made in a _______________
In 1817 Jons Jakob Berzelius proposed an international system of symbols
Symbols are much _________________ and faster to use than writing out the names of each element Ex Hydrogen and oxygen make hydrogen peroxide H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
Element symbols are the same across ______________________ but names are specific to each language Ex Silver (English) = Ag (symbol) = Argent (French) Languages that use different written characters (like Chinese) still use these symbols
An element is __________________ by the person that discovers it Names come from the following
1 A Greek word Ex Chlorine from chloros which means _______ Argon from argos which means inactive Helium from helios which means __________
2 A Latin word Ex Sodium Na _____________
Potassium K kalium Antimony Sb stibium Copper Cu _____________ Gold Au aurum Silver Ag argentums ____________ Fe ferum Lead Pb plumbum Mercury _____ hydrargyrum Tin Sn stannum
3 A country Ex Polonium Po Poland
___________ Ge Germany Francium Fr France
4 A continent Ex Americium Am Americas
Europium Eu Europe
5 A person Ex Einsteinium Es Albert Einstein
Rutherfordium Rf E Rutherford ____________ Cm Marie Curie Fermium Fm Enrico Fermi
Symbols are assigned by the following rules 1 The first letter of the element name Ex C = carbon
2 The first and second letter of the element name if the first is already taken Ex Ce = cerium
3 The first and third letter of the element name if the first two are already taken Ex Cs = cesium
4 Some symbols follow the above rules but with their latin or greek root Ex Tungsten = W = Wolfram (the German name)
5 Some symbols do not follow the rules and just need to be memorized Ex Platinum should be Pl but it is Pt Ex Zirconium should be Zi but it is Zr
ELEMENT BINGO Randomly place 25 of the symbols below in the BINGO grid
S F B Pb Cl H Cr Au Be P Na Ar He O Li Ca Hg W I N Mg C Cu Zn Co Fe Mn Sn Ag Br Ne Al Si K
ELEMENT SCRABBLE
Name ______________________________
Goal to become more familiar with the periodic table and the elements
Instructions Create words using the symbols in the periodic table You must write the word as the symbols are written in the table (capitals and lower case) You may not have the same answers as other students Example BaNaNa ndash barium sodium sodium Create 3 words with 4 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________- ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 5 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 6 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 4 or more letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 new words and include a definition Word Names of elements and the definition of the word
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________
BOHR MODELS
Examples 1) Aluminum (Al) 2) Sodium (Na)
A Bohr diagram is used to give a general idea of where electrons are found in an atom
Electrons are drawn in energy levels (orbits) The closest level to the nucleus has the lowest amount of energy
Electrons circle the nucleus in a random fashion to create a cloud They do not circle in a predictable fashion like the planets and the sun
Electrons = dots Energy level = circle
1st level can hold up to 2 electrons
2nd level can hold up to 8 electrons
3rd level can hold up to ldquo8 electronsrdquo
When a level has more than 4 electrons the electrons are drawn in pairs
Each level must be full before filling the next level
Indicate the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
NAME___________
BOHR MODEL PERIODIC TABLE
1
Hydrogen
3
Lithium
4
Beryllium
5
Boron
6
Carbon
7
Nitrogen
8
Oxygen
9
Fluorine
10
Neon
11
Sodium
12
Magnesium
13
Aluminium
14
Silicon
15
Phosphorus
16
Sulfur
17
Chlorine
18
Argon
19
Potassium
20
Calcium
1) What do all of the columns have in common
2) What do all of the rows have in common
2
Helium
BLOCK C THE PERIODIC TABLE
History of the Periodic Table
The first periodic table was made by Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869 He ordered the
elements according to their _____ Some spaces were left empty because he predicted
that there were other elements yet to be discovered In the current periodic table the
elements are in ascending order according to their ___________ number ( of protons)
Metals non-metals and metalloids
Most elements are metals They are found on the ____________ of the table The right
side of the table contains the __________________ Metalloids share characteristics of
metals and non-metals and are found between the two on what is called the ldquostaircaserdquo
1 H
2 He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
Metals (to the left of the staircase)
- _______________________
- Good __________________________ of heat and electricity
- _______________________ (can hammer or press out of shape and not
shatter)
- _______________________ (can be stretched into a wire and not lose
strength)
- React with _____________________
- All are _________________ at room temperature except mercury (liquid)
Non-metals (to the right of the staircase)
- _______________ (not shiny)
- Not good conductors of heat and electricity
- All are __________________ at room temperature except carbon iodine sulfur
selenium and phosphorus (solids) and bromine (liquid)
Hydrogen is an ______________________ and is considered a non-metal most of
the time Sometimes it has qualities like a metal and other times it is more of a non-
metal (it is a gas at room temperature) It can give or receive an electron
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families in the Periodic Table
- each ______________________ in the table is a family of elements
- another word for family is group
- each element in a family has the same number of valence electrons
Metals
Metalloids
Non-metals
- valence electrons are the electrons found in the __________________ energy
shell that can move from one element to another to form a chemical bond
- the Roman numeral above a family indicates the number of valence electrons
- elements in a family have similar ______________________________
Alkali metals (group 1) - soft highly ______________________ metals
- like to bond with the __________________ family and give away _____ electron
- ____________________ is an exception because it can behave like a non-metal
Alkaline earth metals (group 2)
- malleable reactive burn easily
- like to bond with the _____________________ family and give away 2 electrons
Chalcogens (group 16) - like to bond with the alkaline earth metals and receive ____________ electrons
Halogens (group 17) - highly reactive especially with the alkali metals where they gain an electron
- like to form _______________ compounds
Noble gases (group 18) - very ________________________ gases
- do not like to react with other elements because their electron valence layer is
_____________
- found in their natural state
Periods in the Periodic Table - each period is a ___________________________ row in the table
- the number of each row is equal to the number of energy levels for each element
Question
Use the table below to colour the different families Make sure to include a legend
Leave the newer elements at the bottom (116 - 118) blank as scientists are not sure if
they demonstrate the characteristics of those families
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rt Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Legend
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS PROBLEMS
1 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the following elements
2 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the alkali metals
3 What is similar between all the alkali metals in question 2 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 From one period to the next what happens to the number of energy levels
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have ________________
6 How many energy levels does Rubidium (Rb) have ___________________
Li
O
Na
Ar
Ca
3 18 20 11 8
H
Li
Na
K
19 3 1 11
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
This model influenced and dominated scientific thinking for almost _________________ years
Alchemists
500 ndash 1600 AD
First people to perform hands-on experiments
Part philosopher mystic _____________________ and chemist
Three main beliefs 1 Some elements can be changed into others
(They were trying to change base metals into _____________) This led them to discover new elements and learn more about existing ones
2 There was a substance that would give them _________________ life
3 There was a __________________ solvent that would dissolve all substances
Modern Chemists
1600 ndash present
Use the ______________________ ______________ and experimentation to determine properties of pure substances and explain their composition
Sir Francis Bacon (1600s)
One of the first scientists to develop new knowledge as a result of experimentation
Robert Boyle (1650)
Believed the Greek philosophersrsquo four-element theory could be improved
Helped lay the foundation for the concepts of elements and compounds
Recognized that elements can be combined to form ___________________________
Believed that air was not an element but a ___________________________ of elements
Joseph Priestley (late 1700s)
First person to scientifically isolate _______________ but did not know oxygen was an element
Antoine de Lavoisier (late 1700s)
Defined the term ldquoELEMENTrdquo as a pure substance that could not be broken down into simpler substances
Discovered amp identified _____________ elements
Investigations were based on careful measurement and observations
Recognized that mixtures exist and identified air as a mixture of oxygen and some other gas
Henry Cavendish (late 1700s)
Experimented with mixing metal with acid which produced a flammable gas called ___________________________
Discovered that hydrogen would burn in oxygen and create water
Until this time ________________ was thought to be an element
MODELS OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE
John Daltonrsquos Model of the Atom (early 1800s)
ldquo____________________ Ballrdquo model
All matter is made up of atoms which are too small to see
Each element has its own kind of atom
Atoms of different elements are different
Atoms of different elements can join to form compounds
Elements were classified according to their ______
Joseph Thomson (1904)
ldquoPlum __________________________rdquo model
An atom is a sphere of ______________________ charges with negative charges scattered through it
Ernest Rutherford (1911)
Most of an atom is ____________________ space
Discovered a tiny very dense nucleus that contains _____________________ and positive protons
Surrounding the nucleus is a region of fast moving negative __________________________
Niels Bohr (1913)
_____________________________ model
Expanded Rutherfordrsquos model to include electrons have different amounts of ___________________ which allows them to move in different orbits with different energy levels
________________ are at different distances from the nucleus (like planets and the sun)
Quantum Wave Model
______________________ Planck Schrodinger etc
The structure of matter is of a spherical standing _______________
Electrons are found 90 of the time in their orbitals
Smaller particles exist such as quarks and _________________________
BLOCK B ATOMS AND ELEMENTS
Atoms and Their Parts
Everything in existence is __________________
All matter is made up of ____________________ o Atoms are the smallest particle of any type of matter that still
retains characteristics of that element
Subatomic Particles
particles smaller than atoms no chemical properties of their own ___________________
positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom
___________________ particles with no charge found in the nucleus of an atom
___________________ negatively charged particles moving around the nucleus of an atom
_____________ ndash the center of an atom where the neutrons and
protons are found (which also gives the atom its mass)
Opposite charges attract so the negative electrons are held in their orbit by the positive protons
o For Each Element On Your Periodic Tablehellip Protons = the atomic number Electrons = the number of protons Neutrons = atomic mass subtract the number of protons
The largest atom has a diameter of 00000005 mm
Imaginehellip o an atom is magnified to the size of the Skydome o the nucleus would be the size of a baseball inside that stadium o the protons would be marbles inside the baseball o the electrons would be mosquitoes buzzing around the baseball o therefore an atom is mostly empty space
amu stands for ______________________________________ o an amu is a very small unit used to measure the weight of
subatomic particles o 1 amu = 166 x10-27kg or 000000000000000000000000000166 o an electron is so light it is not used in the calculation of an
atomrsquos mass
o _______________________ = Protons + Neutrons
Subatomic
Particle Charge Mass Location
Number
determined
byhellip
Role in the atom
proton positive
(+)
neutron neutral
electron negative
(-)
Periodic Table Notation
ATOM MATCHING AND TRUEFALSE
MATCHING Complete each statement using a term from the list below Some answers may be used more than once outside neutrons same cancel out protons atoms negative electrons nucleus lighter no positive
1 All matter is made of tiny parts called _________________________________
2 The center part of an atom is called the _______________________________
3 A nucleus is made up of ___________________ and ____________________
4 Electrons are found ____________________________ the nucleus
5 Electrons are _____________________________ than protons and neutrons
6 The main parts of an atom are __________________ ____________________ and _________________________
7 Since protons have a _________________________ charge and neutrons have __________________ charge the nucleus will have a _____________________ charge
8 Electrons have a _____________________________ charge
9 An atom has the ___________________________ number of protons and electrons when its overall charge is neutral
10 The positive and negative charges of an atom _________________ each other
TRUE OR FALSE _______ 1 A proton is found outside the nucleus _______ 2 A proton has a negative charge _______ 3 A neutron has a positive charge _______ 4 An electron has a negative charge _______ 5 An electron is found inside the nucleus _______ 6 The mass of an atom is the number of protons and neutrons _______ 7 The atomic number of an atom is the number of neutrons
ATOM PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1 Write standard atomic notation for the following (make a box as you would see it in the periodic table)
a An atom of nitrogen with 7 protons and 8 neutrons
b An atom of bromine with 35 protons and 36 neutrons
c An atom of sulfur with 16 protons and 16 neutrons
2 Draw an atom with 6 protons 7 neutrons and 6 electrons
3 Which subatomic particles identify an atomelement
4 Which subatomic particles make up the mass of an atom
5 If the same charges repel each other how is it that protons can all be together in the nucleus
6 Electrons move around with lots of energy How is it that they do not fly away from their atom
7 Which subatomic particles will find it easiest to interact with other atoms
ATOM CALCULATIONS
Atomic number = of protons = of electrons
Atomic mass = of protons + of neutrons
of neutrons = mass ndash atomic number
Each row in the table represents a different atom Fill-in the blanks using your periodic table and the above formulas
Number of protons
in the atom
Number of electrons
in the atom
Number of neutrons
in the atom
Atomic mass of the atom
Atomic number of the atom
Name of the element
Element symbol
5 11 boron
23 11 Na
79 197 gold
34 45 Se
1 1 1
6 6
92 146
24 12
18 40
110 W
27 aluminum
201 80
7 7
33 42
8 O
THE ELEMENTS
Element a pure substance that cannot be chemically broken down into
simpler substances
There are 118 elements 92 can be found in __________________ 26 are only made in a _______________
In 1817 Jons Jakob Berzelius proposed an international system of symbols
Symbols are much _________________ and faster to use than writing out the names of each element Ex Hydrogen and oxygen make hydrogen peroxide H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
Element symbols are the same across ______________________ but names are specific to each language Ex Silver (English) = Ag (symbol) = Argent (French) Languages that use different written characters (like Chinese) still use these symbols
An element is __________________ by the person that discovers it Names come from the following
1 A Greek word Ex Chlorine from chloros which means _______ Argon from argos which means inactive Helium from helios which means __________
2 A Latin word Ex Sodium Na _____________
Potassium K kalium Antimony Sb stibium Copper Cu _____________ Gold Au aurum Silver Ag argentums ____________ Fe ferum Lead Pb plumbum Mercury _____ hydrargyrum Tin Sn stannum
3 A country Ex Polonium Po Poland
___________ Ge Germany Francium Fr France
4 A continent Ex Americium Am Americas
Europium Eu Europe
5 A person Ex Einsteinium Es Albert Einstein
Rutherfordium Rf E Rutherford ____________ Cm Marie Curie Fermium Fm Enrico Fermi
Symbols are assigned by the following rules 1 The first letter of the element name Ex C = carbon
2 The first and second letter of the element name if the first is already taken Ex Ce = cerium
3 The first and third letter of the element name if the first two are already taken Ex Cs = cesium
4 Some symbols follow the above rules but with their latin or greek root Ex Tungsten = W = Wolfram (the German name)
5 Some symbols do not follow the rules and just need to be memorized Ex Platinum should be Pl but it is Pt Ex Zirconium should be Zi but it is Zr
ELEMENT BINGO Randomly place 25 of the symbols below in the BINGO grid
S F B Pb Cl H Cr Au Be P Na Ar He O Li Ca Hg W I N Mg C Cu Zn Co Fe Mn Sn Ag Br Ne Al Si K
ELEMENT SCRABBLE
Name ______________________________
Goal to become more familiar with the periodic table and the elements
Instructions Create words using the symbols in the periodic table You must write the word as the symbols are written in the table (capitals and lower case) You may not have the same answers as other students Example BaNaNa ndash barium sodium sodium Create 3 words with 4 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________- ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 5 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 6 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 4 or more letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 new words and include a definition Word Names of elements and the definition of the word
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________
BOHR MODELS
Examples 1) Aluminum (Al) 2) Sodium (Na)
A Bohr diagram is used to give a general idea of where electrons are found in an atom
Electrons are drawn in energy levels (orbits) The closest level to the nucleus has the lowest amount of energy
Electrons circle the nucleus in a random fashion to create a cloud They do not circle in a predictable fashion like the planets and the sun
Electrons = dots Energy level = circle
1st level can hold up to 2 electrons
2nd level can hold up to 8 electrons
3rd level can hold up to ldquo8 electronsrdquo
When a level has more than 4 electrons the electrons are drawn in pairs
Each level must be full before filling the next level
Indicate the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
NAME___________
BOHR MODEL PERIODIC TABLE
1
Hydrogen
3
Lithium
4
Beryllium
5
Boron
6
Carbon
7
Nitrogen
8
Oxygen
9
Fluorine
10
Neon
11
Sodium
12
Magnesium
13
Aluminium
14
Silicon
15
Phosphorus
16
Sulfur
17
Chlorine
18
Argon
19
Potassium
20
Calcium
1) What do all of the columns have in common
2) What do all of the rows have in common
2
Helium
BLOCK C THE PERIODIC TABLE
History of the Periodic Table
The first periodic table was made by Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869 He ordered the
elements according to their _____ Some spaces were left empty because he predicted
that there were other elements yet to be discovered In the current periodic table the
elements are in ascending order according to their ___________ number ( of protons)
Metals non-metals and metalloids
Most elements are metals They are found on the ____________ of the table The right
side of the table contains the __________________ Metalloids share characteristics of
metals and non-metals and are found between the two on what is called the ldquostaircaserdquo
1 H
2 He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
Metals (to the left of the staircase)
- _______________________
- Good __________________________ of heat and electricity
- _______________________ (can hammer or press out of shape and not
shatter)
- _______________________ (can be stretched into a wire and not lose
strength)
- React with _____________________
- All are _________________ at room temperature except mercury (liquid)
Non-metals (to the right of the staircase)
- _______________ (not shiny)
- Not good conductors of heat and electricity
- All are __________________ at room temperature except carbon iodine sulfur
selenium and phosphorus (solids) and bromine (liquid)
Hydrogen is an ______________________ and is considered a non-metal most of
the time Sometimes it has qualities like a metal and other times it is more of a non-
metal (it is a gas at room temperature) It can give or receive an electron
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families in the Periodic Table
- each ______________________ in the table is a family of elements
- another word for family is group
- each element in a family has the same number of valence electrons
Metals
Metalloids
Non-metals
- valence electrons are the electrons found in the __________________ energy
shell that can move from one element to another to form a chemical bond
- the Roman numeral above a family indicates the number of valence electrons
- elements in a family have similar ______________________________
Alkali metals (group 1) - soft highly ______________________ metals
- like to bond with the __________________ family and give away _____ electron
- ____________________ is an exception because it can behave like a non-metal
Alkaline earth metals (group 2)
- malleable reactive burn easily
- like to bond with the _____________________ family and give away 2 electrons
Chalcogens (group 16) - like to bond with the alkaline earth metals and receive ____________ electrons
Halogens (group 17) - highly reactive especially with the alkali metals where they gain an electron
- like to form _______________ compounds
Noble gases (group 18) - very ________________________ gases
- do not like to react with other elements because their electron valence layer is
_____________
- found in their natural state
Periods in the Periodic Table - each period is a ___________________________ row in the table
- the number of each row is equal to the number of energy levels for each element
Question
Use the table below to colour the different families Make sure to include a legend
Leave the newer elements at the bottom (116 - 118) blank as scientists are not sure if
they demonstrate the characteristics of those families
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rt Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Legend
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS PROBLEMS
1 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the following elements
2 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the alkali metals
3 What is similar between all the alkali metals in question 2 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 From one period to the next what happens to the number of energy levels
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have ________________
6 How many energy levels does Rubidium (Rb) have ___________________
Li
O
Na
Ar
Ca
3 18 20 11 8
H
Li
Na
K
19 3 1 11
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
Modern Chemists
1600 ndash present
Use the ______________________ ______________ and experimentation to determine properties of pure substances and explain their composition
Sir Francis Bacon (1600s)
One of the first scientists to develop new knowledge as a result of experimentation
Robert Boyle (1650)
Believed the Greek philosophersrsquo four-element theory could be improved
Helped lay the foundation for the concepts of elements and compounds
Recognized that elements can be combined to form ___________________________
Believed that air was not an element but a ___________________________ of elements
Joseph Priestley (late 1700s)
First person to scientifically isolate _______________ but did not know oxygen was an element
Antoine de Lavoisier (late 1700s)
Defined the term ldquoELEMENTrdquo as a pure substance that could not be broken down into simpler substances
Discovered amp identified _____________ elements
Investigations were based on careful measurement and observations
Recognized that mixtures exist and identified air as a mixture of oxygen and some other gas
Henry Cavendish (late 1700s)
Experimented with mixing metal with acid which produced a flammable gas called ___________________________
Discovered that hydrogen would burn in oxygen and create water
Until this time ________________ was thought to be an element
MODELS OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE
John Daltonrsquos Model of the Atom (early 1800s)
ldquo____________________ Ballrdquo model
All matter is made up of atoms which are too small to see
Each element has its own kind of atom
Atoms of different elements are different
Atoms of different elements can join to form compounds
Elements were classified according to their ______
Joseph Thomson (1904)
ldquoPlum __________________________rdquo model
An atom is a sphere of ______________________ charges with negative charges scattered through it
Ernest Rutherford (1911)
Most of an atom is ____________________ space
Discovered a tiny very dense nucleus that contains _____________________ and positive protons
Surrounding the nucleus is a region of fast moving negative __________________________
Niels Bohr (1913)
_____________________________ model
Expanded Rutherfordrsquos model to include electrons have different amounts of ___________________ which allows them to move in different orbits with different energy levels
________________ are at different distances from the nucleus (like planets and the sun)
Quantum Wave Model
______________________ Planck Schrodinger etc
The structure of matter is of a spherical standing _______________
Electrons are found 90 of the time in their orbitals
Smaller particles exist such as quarks and _________________________
BLOCK B ATOMS AND ELEMENTS
Atoms and Their Parts
Everything in existence is __________________
All matter is made up of ____________________ o Atoms are the smallest particle of any type of matter that still
retains characteristics of that element
Subatomic Particles
particles smaller than atoms no chemical properties of their own ___________________
positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom
___________________ particles with no charge found in the nucleus of an atom
___________________ negatively charged particles moving around the nucleus of an atom
_____________ ndash the center of an atom where the neutrons and
protons are found (which also gives the atom its mass)
Opposite charges attract so the negative electrons are held in their orbit by the positive protons
o For Each Element On Your Periodic Tablehellip Protons = the atomic number Electrons = the number of protons Neutrons = atomic mass subtract the number of protons
The largest atom has a diameter of 00000005 mm
Imaginehellip o an atom is magnified to the size of the Skydome o the nucleus would be the size of a baseball inside that stadium o the protons would be marbles inside the baseball o the electrons would be mosquitoes buzzing around the baseball o therefore an atom is mostly empty space
amu stands for ______________________________________ o an amu is a very small unit used to measure the weight of
subatomic particles o 1 amu = 166 x10-27kg or 000000000000000000000000000166 o an electron is so light it is not used in the calculation of an
atomrsquos mass
o _______________________ = Protons + Neutrons
Subatomic
Particle Charge Mass Location
Number
determined
byhellip
Role in the atom
proton positive
(+)
neutron neutral
electron negative
(-)
Periodic Table Notation
ATOM MATCHING AND TRUEFALSE
MATCHING Complete each statement using a term from the list below Some answers may be used more than once outside neutrons same cancel out protons atoms negative electrons nucleus lighter no positive
1 All matter is made of tiny parts called _________________________________
2 The center part of an atom is called the _______________________________
3 A nucleus is made up of ___________________ and ____________________
4 Electrons are found ____________________________ the nucleus
5 Electrons are _____________________________ than protons and neutrons
6 The main parts of an atom are __________________ ____________________ and _________________________
7 Since protons have a _________________________ charge and neutrons have __________________ charge the nucleus will have a _____________________ charge
8 Electrons have a _____________________________ charge
9 An atom has the ___________________________ number of protons and electrons when its overall charge is neutral
10 The positive and negative charges of an atom _________________ each other
TRUE OR FALSE _______ 1 A proton is found outside the nucleus _______ 2 A proton has a negative charge _______ 3 A neutron has a positive charge _______ 4 An electron has a negative charge _______ 5 An electron is found inside the nucleus _______ 6 The mass of an atom is the number of protons and neutrons _______ 7 The atomic number of an atom is the number of neutrons
ATOM PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1 Write standard atomic notation for the following (make a box as you would see it in the periodic table)
a An atom of nitrogen with 7 protons and 8 neutrons
b An atom of bromine with 35 protons and 36 neutrons
c An atom of sulfur with 16 protons and 16 neutrons
2 Draw an atom with 6 protons 7 neutrons and 6 electrons
3 Which subatomic particles identify an atomelement
4 Which subatomic particles make up the mass of an atom
5 If the same charges repel each other how is it that protons can all be together in the nucleus
6 Electrons move around with lots of energy How is it that they do not fly away from their atom
7 Which subatomic particles will find it easiest to interact with other atoms
ATOM CALCULATIONS
Atomic number = of protons = of electrons
Atomic mass = of protons + of neutrons
of neutrons = mass ndash atomic number
Each row in the table represents a different atom Fill-in the blanks using your periodic table and the above formulas
Number of protons
in the atom
Number of electrons
in the atom
Number of neutrons
in the atom
Atomic mass of the atom
Atomic number of the atom
Name of the element
Element symbol
5 11 boron
23 11 Na
79 197 gold
34 45 Se
1 1 1
6 6
92 146
24 12
18 40
110 W
27 aluminum
201 80
7 7
33 42
8 O
THE ELEMENTS
Element a pure substance that cannot be chemically broken down into
simpler substances
There are 118 elements 92 can be found in __________________ 26 are only made in a _______________
In 1817 Jons Jakob Berzelius proposed an international system of symbols
Symbols are much _________________ and faster to use than writing out the names of each element Ex Hydrogen and oxygen make hydrogen peroxide H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
Element symbols are the same across ______________________ but names are specific to each language Ex Silver (English) = Ag (symbol) = Argent (French) Languages that use different written characters (like Chinese) still use these symbols
An element is __________________ by the person that discovers it Names come from the following
1 A Greek word Ex Chlorine from chloros which means _______ Argon from argos which means inactive Helium from helios which means __________
2 A Latin word Ex Sodium Na _____________
Potassium K kalium Antimony Sb stibium Copper Cu _____________ Gold Au aurum Silver Ag argentums ____________ Fe ferum Lead Pb plumbum Mercury _____ hydrargyrum Tin Sn stannum
3 A country Ex Polonium Po Poland
___________ Ge Germany Francium Fr France
4 A continent Ex Americium Am Americas
Europium Eu Europe
5 A person Ex Einsteinium Es Albert Einstein
Rutherfordium Rf E Rutherford ____________ Cm Marie Curie Fermium Fm Enrico Fermi
Symbols are assigned by the following rules 1 The first letter of the element name Ex C = carbon
2 The first and second letter of the element name if the first is already taken Ex Ce = cerium
3 The first and third letter of the element name if the first two are already taken Ex Cs = cesium
4 Some symbols follow the above rules but with their latin or greek root Ex Tungsten = W = Wolfram (the German name)
5 Some symbols do not follow the rules and just need to be memorized Ex Platinum should be Pl but it is Pt Ex Zirconium should be Zi but it is Zr
ELEMENT BINGO Randomly place 25 of the symbols below in the BINGO grid
S F B Pb Cl H Cr Au Be P Na Ar He O Li Ca Hg W I N Mg C Cu Zn Co Fe Mn Sn Ag Br Ne Al Si K
ELEMENT SCRABBLE
Name ______________________________
Goal to become more familiar with the periodic table and the elements
Instructions Create words using the symbols in the periodic table You must write the word as the symbols are written in the table (capitals and lower case) You may not have the same answers as other students Example BaNaNa ndash barium sodium sodium Create 3 words with 4 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________- ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 5 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 6 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 4 or more letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 new words and include a definition Word Names of elements and the definition of the word
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________
BOHR MODELS
Examples 1) Aluminum (Al) 2) Sodium (Na)
A Bohr diagram is used to give a general idea of where electrons are found in an atom
Electrons are drawn in energy levels (orbits) The closest level to the nucleus has the lowest amount of energy
Electrons circle the nucleus in a random fashion to create a cloud They do not circle in a predictable fashion like the planets and the sun
Electrons = dots Energy level = circle
1st level can hold up to 2 electrons
2nd level can hold up to 8 electrons
3rd level can hold up to ldquo8 electronsrdquo
When a level has more than 4 electrons the electrons are drawn in pairs
Each level must be full before filling the next level
Indicate the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
NAME___________
BOHR MODEL PERIODIC TABLE
1
Hydrogen
3
Lithium
4
Beryllium
5
Boron
6
Carbon
7
Nitrogen
8
Oxygen
9
Fluorine
10
Neon
11
Sodium
12
Magnesium
13
Aluminium
14
Silicon
15
Phosphorus
16
Sulfur
17
Chlorine
18
Argon
19
Potassium
20
Calcium
1) What do all of the columns have in common
2) What do all of the rows have in common
2
Helium
BLOCK C THE PERIODIC TABLE
History of the Periodic Table
The first periodic table was made by Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869 He ordered the
elements according to their _____ Some spaces were left empty because he predicted
that there were other elements yet to be discovered In the current periodic table the
elements are in ascending order according to their ___________ number ( of protons)
Metals non-metals and metalloids
Most elements are metals They are found on the ____________ of the table The right
side of the table contains the __________________ Metalloids share characteristics of
metals and non-metals and are found between the two on what is called the ldquostaircaserdquo
1 H
2 He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
Metals (to the left of the staircase)
- _______________________
- Good __________________________ of heat and electricity
- _______________________ (can hammer or press out of shape and not
shatter)
- _______________________ (can be stretched into a wire and not lose
strength)
- React with _____________________
- All are _________________ at room temperature except mercury (liquid)
Non-metals (to the right of the staircase)
- _______________ (not shiny)
- Not good conductors of heat and electricity
- All are __________________ at room temperature except carbon iodine sulfur
selenium and phosphorus (solids) and bromine (liquid)
Hydrogen is an ______________________ and is considered a non-metal most of
the time Sometimes it has qualities like a metal and other times it is more of a non-
metal (it is a gas at room temperature) It can give or receive an electron
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families in the Periodic Table
- each ______________________ in the table is a family of elements
- another word for family is group
- each element in a family has the same number of valence electrons
Metals
Metalloids
Non-metals
- valence electrons are the electrons found in the __________________ energy
shell that can move from one element to another to form a chemical bond
- the Roman numeral above a family indicates the number of valence electrons
- elements in a family have similar ______________________________
Alkali metals (group 1) - soft highly ______________________ metals
- like to bond with the __________________ family and give away _____ electron
- ____________________ is an exception because it can behave like a non-metal
Alkaline earth metals (group 2)
- malleable reactive burn easily
- like to bond with the _____________________ family and give away 2 electrons
Chalcogens (group 16) - like to bond with the alkaline earth metals and receive ____________ electrons
Halogens (group 17) - highly reactive especially with the alkali metals where they gain an electron
- like to form _______________ compounds
Noble gases (group 18) - very ________________________ gases
- do not like to react with other elements because their electron valence layer is
_____________
- found in their natural state
Periods in the Periodic Table - each period is a ___________________________ row in the table
- the number of each row is equal to the number of energy levels for each element
Question
Use the table below to colour the different families Make sure to include a legend
Leave the newer elements at the bottom (116 - 118) blank as scientists are not sure if
they demonstrate the characteristics of those families
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rt Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Legend
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS PROBLEMS
1 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the following elements
2 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the alkali metals
3 What is similar between all the alkali metals in question 2 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 From one period to the next what happens to the number of energy levels
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have ________________
6 How many energy levels does Rubidium (Rb) have ___________________
Li
O
Na
Ar
Ca
3 18 20 11 8
H
Li
Na
K
19 3 1 11
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
Henry Cavendish (late 1700s)
Experimented with mixing metal with acid which produced a flammable gas called ___________________________
Discovered that hydrogen would burn in oxygen and create water
Until this time ________________ was thought to be an element
MODELS OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE
John Daltonrsquos Model of the Atom (early 1800s)
ldquo____________________ Ballrdquo model
All matter is made up of atoms which are too small to see
Each element has its own kind of atom
Atoms of different elements are different
Atoms of different elements can join to form compounds
Elements were classified according to their ______
Joseph Thomson (1904)
ldquoPlum __________________________rdquo model
An atom is a sphere of ______________________ charges with negative charges scattered through it
Ernest Rutherford (1911)
Most of an atom is ____________________ space
Discovered a tiny very dense nucleus that contains _____________________ and positive protons
Surrounding the nucleus is a region of fast moving negative __________________________
Niels Bohr (1913)
_____________________________ model
Expanded Rutherfordrsquos model to include electrons have different amounts of ___________________ which allows them to move in different orbits with different energy levels
________________ are at different distances from the nucleus (like planets and the sun)
Quantum Wave Model
______________________ Planck Schrodinger etc
The structure of matter is of a spherical standing _______________
Electrons are found 90 of the time in their orbitals
Smaller particles exist such as quarks and _________________________
BLOCK B ATOMS AND ELEMENTS
Atoms and Their Parts
Everything in existence is __________________
All matter is made up of ____________________ o Atoms are the smallest particle of any type of matter that still
retains characteristics of that element
Subatomic Particles
particles smaller than atoms no chemical properties of their own ___________________
positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom
___________________ particles with no charge found in the nucleus of an atom
___________________ negatively charged particles moving around the nucleus of an atom
_____________ ndash the center of an atom where the neutrons and
protons are found (which also gives the atom its mass)
Opposite charges attract so the negative electrons are held in their orbit by the positive protons
o For Each Element On Your Periodic Tablehellip Protons = the atomic number Electrons = the number of protons Neutrons = atomic mass subtract the number of protons
The largest atom has a diameter of 00000005 mm
Imaginehellip o an atom is magnified to the size of the Skydome o the nucleus would be the size of a baseball inside that stadium o the protons would be marbles inside the baseball o the electrons would be mosquitoes buzzing around the baseball o therefore an atom is mostly empty space
amu stands for ______________________________________ o an amu is a very small unit used to measure the weight of
subatomic particles o 1 amu = 166 x10-27kg or 000000000000000000000000000166 o an electron is so light it is not used in the calculation of an
atomrsquos mass
o _______________________ = Protons + Neutrons
Subatomic
Particle Charge Mass Location
Number
determined
byhellip
Role in the atom
proton positive
(+)
neutron neutral
electron negative
(-)
Periodic Table Notation
ATOM MATCHING AND TRUEFALSE
MATCHING Complete each statement using a term from the list below Some answers may be used more than once outside neutrons same cancel out protons atoms negative electrons nucleus lighter no positive
1 All matter is made of tiny parts called _________________________________
2 The center part of an atom is called the _______________________________
3 A nucleus is made up of ___________________ and ____________________
4 Electrons are found ____________________________ the nucleus
5 Electrons are _____________________________ than protons and neutrons
6 The main parts of an atom are __________________ ____________________ and _________________________
7 Since protons have a _________________________ charge and neutrons have __________________ charge the nucleus will have a _____________________ charge
8 Electrons have a _____________________________ charge
9 An atom has the ___________________________ number of protons and electrons when its overall charge is neutral
10 The positive and negative charges of an atom _________________ each other
TRUE OR FALSE _______ 1 A proton is found outside the nucleus _______ 2 A proton has a negative charge _______ 3 A neutron has a positive charge _______ 4 An electron has a negative charge _______ 5 An electron is found inside the nucleus _______ 6 The mass of an atom is the number of protons and neutrons _______ 7 The atomic number of an atom is the number of neutrons
ATOM PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1 Write standard atomic notation for the following (make a box as you would see it in the periodic table)
a An atom of nitrogen with 7 protons and 8 neutrons
b An atom of bromine with 35 protons and 36 neutrons
c An atom of sulfur with 16 protons and 16 neutrons
2 Draw an atom with 6 protons 7 neutrons and 6 electrons
3 Which subatomic particles identify an atomelement
4 Which subatomic particles make up the mass of an atom
5 If the same charges repel each other how is it that protons can all be together in the nucleus
6 Electrons move around with lots of energy How is it that they do not fly away from their atom
7 Which subatomic particles will find it easiest to interact with other atoms
ATOM CALCULATIONS
Atomic number = of protons = of electrons
Atomic mass = of protons + of neutrons
of neutrons = mass ndash atomic number
Each row in the table represents a different atom Fill-in the blanks using your periodic table and the above formulas
Number of protons
in the atom
Number of electrons
in the atom
Number of neutrons
in the atom
Atomic mass of the atom
Atomic number of the atom
Name of the element
Element symbol
5 11 boron
23 11 Na
79 197 gold
34 45 Se
1 1 1
6 6
92 146
24 12
18 40
110 W
27 aluminum
201 80
7 7
33 42
8 O
THE ELEMENTS
Element a pure substance that cannot be chemically broken down into
simpler substances
There are 118 elements 92 can be found in __________________ 26 are only made in a _______________
In 1817 Jons Jakob Berzelius proposed an international system of symbols
Symbols are much _________________ and faster to use than writing out the names of each element Ex Hydrogen and oxygen make hydrogen peroxide H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
Element symbols are the same across ______________________ but names are specific to each language Ex Silver (English) = Ag (symbol) = Argent (French) Languages that use different written characters (like Chinese) still use these symbols
An element is __________________ by the person that discovers it Names come from the following
1 A Greek word Ex Chlorine from chloros which means _______ Argon from argos which means inactive Helium from helios which means __________
2 A Latin word Ex Sodium Na _____________
Potassium K kalium Antimony Sb stibium Copper Cu _____________ Gold Au aurum Silver Ag argentums ____________ Fe ferum Lead Pb plumbum Mercury _____ hydrargyrum Tin Sn stannum
3 A country Ex Polonium Po Poland
___________ Ge Germany Francium Fr France
4 A continent Ex Americium Am Americas
Europium Eu Europe
5 A person Ex Einsteinium Es Albert Einstein
Rutherfordium Rf E Rutherford ____________ Cm Marie Curie Fermium Fm Enrico Fermi
Symbols are assigned by the following rules 1 The first letter of the element name Ex C = carbon
2 The first and second letter of the element name if the first is already taken Ex Ce = cerium
3 The first and third letter of the element name if the first two are already taken Ex Cs = cesium
4 Some symbols follow the above rules but with their latin or greek root Ex Tungsten = W = Wolfram (the German name)
5 Some symbols do not follow the rules and just need to be memorized Ex Platinum should be Pl but it is Pt Ex Zirconium should be Zi but it is Zr
ELEMENT BINGO Randomly place 25 of the symbols below in the BINGO grid
S F B Pb Cl H Cr Au Be P Na Ar He O Li Ca Hg W I N Mg C Cu Zn Co Fe Mn Sn Ag Br Ne Al Si K
ELEMENT SCRABBLE
Name ______________________________
Goal to become more familiar with the periodic table and the elements
Instructions Create words using the symbols in the periodic table You must write the word as the symbols are written in the table (capitals and lower case) You may not have the same answers as other students Example BaNaNa ndash barium sodium sodium Create 3 words with 4 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________- ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 5 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 6 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 4 or more letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 new words and include a definition Word Names of elements and the definition of the word
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________
BOHR MODELS
Examples 1) Aluminum (Al) 2) Sodium (Na)
A Bohr diagram is used to give a general idea of where electrons are found in an atom
Electrons are drawn in energy levels (orbits) The closest level to the nucleus has the lowest amount of energy
Electrons circle the nucleus in a random fashion to create a cloud They do not circle in a predictable fashion like the planets and the sun
Electrons = dots Energy level = circle
1st level can hold up to 2 electrons
2nd level can hold up to 8 electrons
3rd level can hold up to ldquo8 electronsrdquo
When a level has more than 4 electrons the electrons are drawn in pairs
Each level must be full before filling the next level
Indicate the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
NAME___________
BOHR MODEL PERIODIC TABLE
1
Hydrogen
3
Lithium
4
Beryllium
5
Boron
6
Carbon
7
Nitrogen
8
Oxygen
9
Fluorine
10
Neon
11
Sodium
12
Magnesium
13
Aluminium
14
Silicon
15
Phosphorus
16
Sulfur
17
Chlorine
18
Argon
19
Potassium
20
Calcium
1) What do all of the columns have in common
2) What do all of the rows have in common
2
Helium
BLOCK C THE PERIODIC TABLE
History of the Periodic Table
The first periodic table was made by Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869 He ordered the
elements according to their _____ Some spaces were left empty because he predicted
that there were other elements yet to be discovered In the current periodic table the
elements are in ascending order according to their ___________ number ( of protons)
Metals non-metals and metalloids
Most elements are metals They are found on the ____________ of the table The right
side of the table contains the __________________ Metalloids share characteristics of
metals and non-metals and are found between the two on what is called the ldquostaircaserdquo
1 H
2 He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
Metals (to the left of the staircase)
- _______________________
- Good __________________________ of heat and electricity
- _______________________ (can hammer or press out of shape and not
shatter)
- _______________________ (can be stretched into a wire and not lose
strength)
- React with _____________________
- All are _________________ at room temperature except mercury (liquid)
Non-metals (to the right of the staircase)
- _______________ (not shiny)
- Not good conductors of heat and electricity
- All are __________________ at room temperature except carbon iodine sulfur
selenium and phosphorus (solids) and bromine (liquid)
Hydrogen is an ______________________ and is considered a non-metal most of
the time Sometimes it has qualities like a metal and other times it is more of a non-
metal (it is a gas at room temperature) It can give or receive an electron
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families in the Periodic Table
- each ______________________ in the table is a family of elements
- another word for family is group
- each element in a family has the same number of valence electrons
Metals
Metalloids
Non-metals
- valence electrons are the electrons found in the __________________ energy
shell that can move from one element to another to form a chemical bond
- the Roman numeral above a family indicates the number of valence electrons
- elements in a family have similar ______________________________
Alkali metals (group 1) - soft highly ______________________ metals
- like to bond with the __________________ family and give away _____ electron
- ____________________ is an exception because it can behave like a non-metal
Alkaline earth metals (group 2)
- malleable reactive burn easily
- like to bond with the _____________________ family and give away 2 electrons
Chalcogens (group 16) - like to bond with the alkaline earth metals and receive ____________ electrons
Halogens (group 17) - highly reactive especially with the alkali metals where they gain an electron
- like to form _______________ compounds
Noble gases (group 18) - very ________________________ gases
- do not like to react with other elements because their electron valence layer is
_____________
- found in their natural state
Periods in the Periodic Table - each period is a ___________________________ row in the table
- the number of each row is equal to the number of energy levels for each element
Question
Use the table below to colour the different families Make sure to include a legend
Leave the newer elements at the bottom (116 - 118) blank as scientists are not sure if
they demonstrate the characteristics of those families
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rt Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Legend
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS PROBLEMS
1 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the following elements
2 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the alkali metals
3 What is similar between all the alkali metals in question 2 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 From one period to the next what happens to the number of energy levels
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have ________________
6 How many energy levels does Rubidium (Rb) have ___________________
Li
O
Na
Ar
Ca
3 18 20 11 8
H
Li
Na
K
19 3 1 11
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
MODELS OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE
John Daltonrsquos Model of the Atom (early 1800s)
ldquo____________________ Ballrdquo model
All matter is made up of atoms which are too small to see
Each element has its own kind of atom
Atoms of different elements are different
Atoms of different elements can join to form compounds
Elements were classified according to their ______
Joseph Thomson (1904)
ldquoPlum __________________________rdquo model
An atom is a sphere of ______________________ charges with negative charges scattered through it
Ernest Rutherford (1911)
Most of an atom is ____________________ space
Discovered a tiny very dense nucleus that contains _____________________ and positive protons
Surrounding the nucleus is a region of fast moving negative __________________________
Niels Bohr (1913)
_____________________________ model
Expanded Rutherfordrsquos model to include electrons have different amounts of ___________________ which allows them to move in different orbits with different energy levels
________________ are at different distances from the nucleus (like planets and the sun)
Quantum Wave Model
______________________ Planck Schrodinger etc
The structure of matter is of a spherical standing _______________
Electrons are found 90 of the time in their orbitals
Smaller particles exist such as quarks and _________________________
BLOCK B ATOMS AND ELEMENTS
Atoms and Their Parts
Everything in existence is __________________
All matter is made up of ____________________ o Atoms are the smallest particle of any type of matter that still
retains characteristics of that element
Subatomic Particles
particles smaller than atoms no chemical properties of their own ___________________
positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom
___________________ particles with no charge found in the nucleus of an atom
___________________ negatively charged particles moving around the nucleus of an atom
_____________ ndash the center of an atom where the neutrons and
protons are found (which also gives the atom its mass)
Opposite charges attract so the negative electrons are held in their orbit by the positive protons
o For Each Element On Your Periodic Tablehellip Protons = the atomic number Electrons = the number of protons Neutrons = atomic mass subtract the number of protons
The largest atom has a diameter of 00000005 mm
Imaginehellip o an atom is magnified to the size of the Skydome o the nucleus would be the size of a baseball inside that stadium o the protons would be marbles inside the baseball o the electrons would be mosquitoes buzzing around the baseball o therefore an atom is mostly empty space
amu stands for ______________________________________ o an amu is a very small unit used to measure the weight of
subatomic particles o 1 amu = 166 x10-27kg or 000000000000000000000000000166 o an electron is so light it is not used in the calculation of an
atomrsquos mass
o _______________________ = Protons + Neutrons
Subatomic
Particle Charge Mass Location
Number
determined
byhellip
Role in the atom
proton positive
(+)
neutron neutral
electron negative
(-)
Periodic Table Notation
ATOM MATCHING AND TRUEFALSE
MATCHING Complete each statement using a term from the list below Some answers may be used more than once outside neutrons same cancel out protons atoms negative electrons nucleus lighter no positive
1 All matter is made of tiny parts called _________________________________
2 The center part of an atom is called the _______________________________
3 A nucleus is made up of ___________________ and ____________________
4 Electrons are found ____________________________ the nucleus
5 Electrons are _____________________________ than protons and neutrons
6 The main parts of an atom are __________________ ____________________ and _________________________
7 Since protons have a _________________________ charge and neutrons have __________________ charge the nucleus will have a _____________________ charge
8 Electrons have a _____________________________ charge
9 An atom has the ___________________________ number of protons and electrons when its overall charge is neutral
10 The positive and negative charges of an atom _________________ each other
TRUE OR FALSE _______ 1 A proton is found outside the nucleus _______ 2 A proton has a negative charge _______ 3 A neutron has a positive charge _______ 4 An electron has a negative charge _______ 5 An electron is found inside the nucleus _______ 6 The mass of an atom is the number of protons and neutrons _______ 7 The atomic number of an atom is the number of neutrons
ATOM PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1 Write standard atomic notation for the following (make a box as you would see it in the periodic table)
a An atom of nitrogen with 7 protons and 8 neutrons
b An atom of bromine with 35 protons and 36 neutrons
c An atom of sulfur with 16 protons and 16 neutrons
2 Draw an atom with 6 protons 7 neutrons and 6 electrons
3 Which subatomic particles identify an atomelement
4 Which subatomic particles make up the mass of an atom
5 If the same charges repel each other how is it that protons can all be together in the nucleus
6 Electrons move around with lots of energy How is it that they do not fly away from their atom
7 Which subatomic particles will find it easiest to interact with other atoms
ATOM CALCULATIONS
Atomic number = of protons = of electrons
Atomic mass = of protons + of neutrons
of neutrons = mass ndash atomic number
Each row in the table represents a different atom Fill-in the blanks using your periodic table and the above formulas
Number of protons
in the atom
Number of electrons
in the atom
Number of neutrons
in the atom
Atomic mass of the atom
Atomic number of the atom
Name of the element
Element symbol
5 11 boron
23 11 Na
79 197 gold
34 45 Se
1 1 1
6 6
92 146
24 12
18 40
110 W
27 aluminum
201 80
7 7
33 42
8 O
THE ELEMENTS
Element a pure substance that cannot be chemically broken down into
simpler substances
There are 118 elements 92 can be found in __________________ 26 are only made in a _______________
In 1817 Jons Jakob Berzelius proposed an international system of symbols
Symbols are much _________________ and faster to use than writing out the names of each element Ex Hydrogen and oxygen make hydrogen peroxide H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
Element symbols are the same across ______________________ but names are specific to each language Ex Silver (English) = Ag (symbol) = Argent (French) Languages that use different written characters (like Chinese) still use these symbols
An element is __________________ by the person that discovers it Names come from the following
1 A Greek word Ex Chlorine from chloros which means _______ Argon from argos which means inactive Helium from helios which means __________
2 A Latin word Ex Sodium Na _____________
Potassium K kalium Antimony Sb stibium Copper Cu _____________ Gold Au aurum Silver Ag argentums ____________ Fe ferum Lead Pb plumbum Mercury _____ hydrargyrum Tin Sn stannum
3 A country Ex Polonium Po Poland
___________ Ge Germany Francium Fr France
4 A continent Ex Americium Am Americas
Europium Eu Europe
5 A person Ex Einsteinium Es Albert Einstein
Rutherfordium Rf E Rutherford ____________ Cm Marie Curie Fermium Fm Enrico Fermi
Symbols are assigned by the following rules 1 The first letter of the element name Ex C = carbon
2 The first and second letter of the element name if the first is already taken Ex Ce = cerium
3 The first and third letter of the element name if the first two are already taken Ex Cs = cesium
4 Some symbols follow the above rules but with their latin or greek root Ex Tungsten = W = Wolfram (the German name)
5 Some symbols do not follow the rules and just need to be memorized Ex Platinum should be Pl but it is Pt Ex Zirconium should be Zi but it is Zr
ELEMENT BINGO Randomly place 25 of the symbols below in the BINGO grid
S F B Pb Cl H Cr Au Be P Na Ar He O Li Ca Hg W I N Mg C Cu Zn Co Fe Mn Sn Ag Br Ne Al Si K
ELEMENT SCRABBLE
Name ______________________________
Goal to become more familiar with the periodic table and the elements
Instructions Create words using the symbols in the periodic table You must write the word as the symbols are written in the table (capitals and lower case) You may not have the same answers as other students Example BaNaNa ndash barium sodium sodium Create 3 words with 4 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________- ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 5 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 6 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 4 or more letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 new words and include a definition Word Names of elements and the definition of the word
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________
BOHR MODELS
Examples 1) Aluminum (Al) 2) Sodium (Na)
A Bohr diagram is used to give a general idea of where electrons are found in an atom
Electrons are drawn in energy levels (orbits) The closest level to the nucleus has the lowest amount of energy
Electrons circle the nucleus in a random fashion to create a cloud They do not circle in a predictable fashion like the planets and the sun
Electrons = dots Energy level = circle
1st level can hold up to 2 electrons
2nd level can hold up to 8 electrons
3rd level can hold up to ldquo8 electronsrdquo
When a level has more than 4 electrons the electrons are drawn in pairs
Each level must be full before filling the next level
Indicate the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
NAME___________
BOHR MODEL PERIODIC TABLE
1
Hydrogen
3
Lithium
4
Beryllium
5
Boron
6
Carbon
7
Nitrogen
8
Oxygen
9
Fluorine
10
Neon
11
Sodium
12
Magnesium
13
Aluminium
14
Silicon
15
Phosphorus
16
Sulfur
17
Chlorine
18
Argon
19
Potassium
20
Calcium
1) What do all of the columns have in common
2) What do all of the rows have in common
2
Helium
BLOCK C THE PERIODIC TABLE
History of the Periodic Table
The first periodic table was made by Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869 He ordered the
elements according to their _____ Some spaces were left empty because he predicted
that there were other elements yet to be discovered In the current periodic table the
elements are in ascending order according to their ___________ number ( of protons)
Metals non-metals and metalloids
Most elements are metals They are found on the ____________ of the table The right
side of the table contains the __________________ Metalloids share characteristics of
metals and non-metals and are found between the two on what is called the ldquostaircaserdquo
1 H
2 He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
Metals (to the left of the staircase)
- _______________________
- Good __________________________ of heat and electricity
- _______________________ (can hammer or press out of shape and not
shatter)
- _______________________ (can be stretched into a wire and not lose
strength)
- React with _____________________
- All are _________________ at room temperature except mercury (liquid)
Non-metals (to the right of the staircase)
- _______________ (not shiny)
- Not good conductors of heat and electricity
- All are __________________ at room temperature except carbon iodine sulfur
selenium and phosphorus (solids) and bromine (liquid)
Hydrogen is an ______________________ and is considered a non-metal most of
the time Sometimes it has qualities like a metal and other times it is more of a non-
metal (it is a gas at room temperature) It can give or receive an electron
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families in the Periodic Table
- each ______________________ in the table is a family of elements
- another word for family is group
- each element in a family has the same number of valence electrons
Metals
Metalloids
Non-metals
- valence electrons are the electrons found in the __________________ energy
shell that can move from one element to another to form a chemical bond
- the Roman numeral above a family indicates the number of valence electrons
- elements in a family have similar ______________________________
Alkali metals (group 1) - soft highly ______________________ metals
- like to bond with the __________________ family and give away _____ electron
- ____________________ is an exception because it can behave like a non-metal
Alkaline earth metals (group 2)
- malleable reactive burn easily
- like to bond with the _____________________ family and give away 2 electrons
Chalcogens (group 16) - like to bond with the alkaline earth metals and receive ____________ electrons
Halogens (group 17) - highly reactive especially with the alkali metals where they gain an electron
- like to form _______________ compounds
Noble gases (group 18) - very ________________________ gases
- do not like to react with other elements because their electron valence layer is
_____________
- found in their natural state
Periods in the Periodic Table - each period is a ___________________________ row in the table
- the number of each row is equal to the number of energy levels for each element
Question
Use the table below to colour the different families Make sure to include a legend
Leave the newer elements at the bottom (116 - 118) blank as scientists are not sure if
they demonstrate the characteristics of those families
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rt Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Legend
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS PROBLEMS
1 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the following elements
2 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the alkali metals
3 What is similar between all the alkali metals in question 2 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 From one period to the next what happens to the number of energy levels
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have ________________
6 How many energy levels does Rubidium (Rb) have ___________________
Li
O
Na
Ar
Ca
3 18 20 11 8
H
Li
Na
K
19 3 1 11
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
________________ are at different distances from the nucleus (like planets and the sun)
Quantum Wave Model
______________________ Planck Schrodinger etc
The structure of matter is of a spherical standing _______________
Electrons are found 90 of the time in their orbitals
Smaller particles exist such as quarks and _________________________
BLOCK B ATOMS AND ELEMENTS
Atoms and Their Parts
Everything in existence is __________________
All matter is made up of ____________________ o Atoms are the smallest particle of any type of matter that still
retains characteristics of that element
Subatomic Particles
particles smaller than atoms no chemical properties of their own ___________________
positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom
___________________ particles with no charge found in the nucleus of an atom
___________________ negatively charged particles moving around the nucleus of an atom
_____________ ndash the center of an atom where the neutrons and
protons are found (which also gives the atom its mass)
Opposite charges attract so the negative electrons are held in their orbit by the positive protons
o For Each Element On Your Periodic Tablehellip Protons = the atomic number Electrons = the number of protons Neutrons = atomic mass subtract the number of protons
The largest atom has a diameter of 00000005 mm
Imaginehellip o an atom is magnified to the size of the Skydome o the nucleus would be the size of a baseball inside that stadium o the protons would be marbles inside the baseball o the electrons would be mosquitoes buzzing around the baseball o therefore an atom is mostly empty space
amu stands for ______________________________________ o an amu is a very small unit used to measure the weight of
subatomic particles o 1 amu = 166 x10-27kg or 000000000000000000000000000166 o an electron is so light it is not used in the calculation of an
atomrsquos mass
o _______________________ = Protons + Neutrons
Subatomic
Particle Charge Mass Location
Number
determined
byhellip
Role in the atom
proton positive
(+)
neutron neutral
electron negative
(-)
Periodic Table Notation
ATOM MATCHING AND TRUEFALSE
MATCHING Complete each statement using a term from the list below Some answers may be used more than once outside neutrons same cancel out protons atoms negative electrons nucleus lighter no positive
1 All matter is made of tiny parts called _________________________________
2 The center part of an atom is called the _______________________________
3 A nucleus is made up of ___________________ and ____________________
4 Electrons are found ____________________________ the nucleus
5 Electrons are _____________________________ than protons and neutrons
6 The main parts of an atom are __________________ ____________________ and _________________________
7 Since protons have a _________________________ charge and neutrons have __________________ charge the nucleus will have a _____________________ charge
8 Electrons have a _____________________________ charge
9 An atom has the ___________________________ number of protons and electrons when its overall charge is neutral
10 The positive and negative charges of an atom _________________ each other
TRUE OR FALSE _______ 1 A proton is found outside the nucleus _______ 2 A proton has a negative charge _______ 3 A neutron has a positive charge _______ 4 An electron has a negative charge _______ 5 An electron is found inside the nucleus _______ 6 The mass of an atom is the number of protons and neutrons _______ 7 The atomic number of an atom is the number of neutrons
ATOM PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1 Write standard atomic notation for the following (make a box as you would see it in the periodic table)
a An atom of nitrogen with 7 protons and 8 neutrons
b An atom of bromine with 35 protons and 36 neutrons
c An atom of sulfur with 16 protons and 16 neutrons
2 Draw an atom with 6 protons 7 neutrons and 6 electrons
3 Which subatomic particles identify an atomelement
4 Which subatomic particles make up the mass of an atom
5 If the same charges repel each other how is it that protons can all be together in the nucleus
6 Electrons move around with lots of energy How is it that they do not fly away from their atom
7 Which subatomic particles will find it easiest to interact with other atoms
ATOM CALCULATIONS
Atomic number = of protons = of electrons
Atomic mass = of protons + of neutrons
of neutrons = mass ndash atomic number
Each row in the table represents a different atom Fill-in the blanks using your periodic table and the above formulas
Number of protons
in the atom
Number of electrons
in the atom
Number of neutrons
in the atom
Atomic mass of the atom
Atomic number of the atom
Name of the element
Element symbol
5 11 boron
23 11 Na
79 197 gold
34 45 Se
1 1 1
6 6
92 146
24 12
18 40
110 W
27 aluminum
201 80
7 7
33 42
8 O
THE ELEMENTS
Element a pure substance that cannot be chemically broken down into
simpler substances
There are 118 elements 92 can be found in __________________ 26 are only made in a _______________
In 1817 Jons Jakob Berzelius proposed an international system of symbols
Symbols are much _________________ and faster to use than writing out the names of each element Ex Hydrogen and oxygen make hydrogen peroxide H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
Element symbols are the same across ______________________ but names are specific to each language Ex Silver (English) = Ag (symbol) = Argent (French) Languages that use different written characters (like Chinese) still use these symbols
An element is __________________ by the person that discovers it Names come from the following
1 A Greek word Ex Chlorine from chloros which means _______ Argon from argos which means inactive Helium from helios which means __________
2 A Latin word Ex Sodium Na _____________
Potassium K kalium Antimony Sb stibium Copper Cu _____________ Gold Au aurum Silver Ag argentums ____________ Fe ferum Lead Pb plumbum Mercury _____ hydrargyrum Tin Sn stannum
3 A country Ex Polonium Po Poland
___________ Ge Germany Francium Fr France
4 A continent Ex Americium Am Americas
Europium Eu Europe
5 A person Ex Einsteinium Es Albert Einstein
Rutherfordium Rf E Rutherford ____________ Cm Marie Curie Fermium Fm Enrico Fermi
Symbols are assigned by the following rules 1 The first letter of the element name Ex C = carbon
2 The first and second letter of the element name if the first is already taken Ex Ce = cerium
3 The first and third letter of the element name if the first two are already taken Ex Cs = cesium
4 Some symbols follow the above rules but with their latin or greek root Ex Tungsten = W = Wolfram (the German name)
5 Some symbols do not follow the rules and just need to be memorized Ex Platinum should be Pl but it is Pt Ex Zirconium should be Zi but it is Zr
ELEMENT BINGO Randomly place 25 of the symbols below in the BINGO grid
S F B Pb Cl H Cr Au Be P Na Ar He O Li Ca Hg W I N Mg C Cu Zn Co Fe Mn Sn Ag Br Ne Al Si K
ELEMENT SCRABBLE
Name ______________________________
Goal to become more familiar with the periodic table and the elements
Instructions Create words using the symbols in the periodic table You must write the word as the symbols are written in the table (capitals and lower case) You may not have the same answers as other students Example BaNaNa ndash barium sodium sodium Create 3 words with 4 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________- ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 5 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 6 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 4 or more letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 new words and include a definition Word Names of elements and the definition of the word
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________
BOHR MODELS
Examples 1) Aluminum (Al) 2) Sodium (Na)
A Bohr diagram is used to give a general idea of where electrons are found in an atom
Electrons are drawn in energy levels (orbits) The closest level to the nucleus has the lowest amount of energy
Electrons circle the nucleus in a random fashion to create a cloud They do not circle in a predictable fashion like the planets and the sun
Electrons = dots Energy level = circle
1st level can hold up to 2 electrons
2nd level can hold up to 8 electrons
3rd level can hold up to ldquo8 electronsrdquo
When a level has more than 4 electrons the electrons are drawn in pairs
Each level must be full before filling the next level
Indicate the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
NAME___________
BOHR MODEL PERIODIC TABLE
1
Hydrogen
3
Lithium
4
Beryllium
5
Boron
6
Carbon
7
Nitrogen
8
Oxygen
9
Fluorine
10
Neon
11
Sodium
12
Magnesium
13
Aluminium
14
Silicon
15
Phosphorus
16
Sulfur
17
Chlorine
18
Argon
19
Potassium
20
Calcium
1) What do all of the columns have in common
2) What do all of the rows have in common
2
Helium
BLOCK C THE PERIODIC TABLE
History of the Periodic Table
The first periodic table was made by Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869 He ordered the
elements according to their _____ Some spaces were left empty because he predicted
that there were other elements yet to be discovered In the current periodic table the
elements are in ascending order according to their ___________ number ( of protons)
Metals non-metals and metalloids
Most elements are metals They are found on the ____________ of the table The right
side of the table contains the __________________ Metalloids share characteristics of
metals and non-metals and are found between the two on what is called the ldquostaircaserdquo
1 H
2 He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
Metals (to the left of the staircase)
- _______________________
- Good __________________________ of heat and electricity
- _______________________ (can hammer or press out of shape and not
shatter)
- _______________________ (can be stretched into a wire and not lose
strength)
- React with _____________________
- All are _________________ at room temperature except mercury (liquid)
Non-metals (to the right of the staircase)
- _______________ (not shiny)
- Not good conductors of heat and electricity
- All are __________________ at room temperature except carbon iodine sulfur
selenium and phosphorus (solids) and bromine (liquid)
Hydrogen is an ______________________ and is considered a non-metal most of
the time Sometimes it has qualities like a metal and other times it is more of a non-
metal (it is a gas at room temperature) It can give or receive an electron
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families in the Periodic Table
- each ______________________ in the table is a family of elements
- another word for family is group
- each element in a family has the same number of valence electrons
Metals
Metalloids
Non-metals
- valence electrons are the electrons found in the __________________ energy
shell that can move from one element to another to form a chemical bond
- the Roman numeral above a family indicates the number of valence electrons
- elements in a family have similar ______________________________
Alkali metals (group 1) - soft highly ______________________ metals
- like to bond with the __________________ family and give away _____ electron
- ____________________ is an exception because it can behave like a non-metal
Alkaline earth metals (group 2)
- malleable reactive burn easily
- like to bond with the _____________________ family and give away 2 electrons
Chalcogens (group 16) - like to bond with the alkaline earth metals and receive ____________ electrons
Halogens (group 17) - highly reactive especially with the alkali metals where they gain an electron
- like to form _______________ compounds
Noble gases (group 18) - very ________________________ gases
- do not like to react with other elements because their electron valence layer is
_____________
- found in their natural state
Periods in the Periodic Table - each period is a ___________________________ row in the table
- the number of each row is equal to the number of energy levels for each element
Question
Use the table below to colour the different families Make sure to include a legend
Leave the newer elements at the bottom (116 - 118) blank as scientists are not sure if
they demonstrate the characteristics of those families
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rt Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Legend
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS PROBLEMS
1 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the following elements
2 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the alkali metals
3 What is similar between all the alkali metals in question 2 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 From one period to the next what happens to the number of energy levels
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have ________________
6 How many energy levels does Rubidium (Rb) have ___________________
Li
O
Na
Ar
Ca
3 18 20 11 8
H
Li
Na
K
19 3 1 11
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
BLOCK B ATOMS AND ELEMENTS
Atoms and Their Parts
Everything in existence is __________________
All matter is made up of ____________________ o Atoms are the smallest particle of any type of matter that still
retains characteristics of that element
Subatomic Particles
particles smaller than atoms no chemical properties of their own ___________________
positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom
___________________ particles with no charge found in the nucleus of an atom
___________________ negatively charged particles moving around the nucleus of an atom
_____________ ndash the center of an atom where the neutrons and
protons are found (which also gives the atom its mass)
Opposite charges attract so the negative electrons are held in their orbit by the positive protons
o For Each Element On Your Periodic Tablehellip Protons = the atomic number Electrons = the number of protons Neutrons = atomic mass subtract the number of protons
The largest atom has a diameter of 00000005 mm
Imaginehellip o an atom is magnified to the size of the Skydome o the nucleus would be the size of a baseball inside that stadium o the protons would be marbles inside the baseball o the electrons would be mosquitoes buzzing around the baseball o therefore an atom is mostly empty space
amu stands for ______________________________________ o an amu is a very small unit used to measure the weight of
subatomic particles o 1 amu = 166 x10-27kg or 000000000000000000000000000166 o an electron is so light it is not used in the calculation of an
atomrsquos mass
o _______________________ = Protons + Neutrons
Subatomic
Particle Charge Mass Location
Number
determined
byhellip
Role in the atom
proton positive
(+)
neutron neutral
electron negative
(-)
Periodic Table Notation
ATOM MATCHING AND TRUEFALSE
MATCHING Complete each statement using a term from the list below Some answers may be used more than once outside neutrons same cancel out protons atoms negative electrons nucleus lighter no positive
1 All matter is made of tiny parts called _________________________________
2 The center part of an atom is called the _______________________________
3 A nucleus is made up of ___________________ and ____________________
4 Electrons are found ____________________________ the nucleus
5 Electrons are _____________________________ than protons and neutrons
6 The main parts of an atom are __________________ ____________________ and _________________________
7 Since protons have a _________________________ charge and neutrons have __________________ charge the nucleus will have a _____________________ charge
8 Electrons have a _____________________________ charge
9 An atom has the ___________________________ number of protons and electrons when its overall charge is neutral
10 The positive and negative charges of an atom _________________ each other
TRUE OR FALSE _______ 1 A proton is found outside the nucleus _______ 2 A proton has a negative charge _______ 3 A neutron has a positive charge _______ 4 An electron has a negative charge _______ 5 An electron is found inside the nucleus _______ 6 The mass of an atom is the number of protons and neutrons _______ 7 The atomic number of an atom is the number of neutrons
ATOM PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1 Write standard atomic notation for the following (make a box as you would see it in the periodic table)
a An atom of nitrogen with 7 protons and 8 neutrons
b An atom of bromine with 35 protons and 36 neutrons
c An atom of sulfur with 16 protons and 16 neutrons
2 Draw an atom with 6 protons 7 neutrons and 6 electrons
3 Which subatomic particles identify an atomelement
4 Which subatomic particles make up the mass of an atom
5 If the same charges repel each other how is it that protons can all be together in the nucleus
6 Electrons move around with lots of energy How is it that they do not fly away from their atom
7 Which subatomic particles will find it easiest to interact with other atoms
ATOM CALCULATIONS
Atomic number = of protons = of electrons
Atomic mass = of protons + of neutrons
of neutrons = mass ndash atomic number
Each row in the table represents a different atom Fill-in the blanks using your periodic table and the above formulas
Number of protons
in the atom
Number of electrons
in the atom
Number of neutrons
in the atom
Atomic mass of the atom
Atomic number of the atom
Name of the element
Element symbol
5 11 boron
23 11 Na
79 197 gold
34 45 Se
1 1 1
6 6
92 146
24 12
18 40
110 W
27 aluminum
201 80
7 7
33 42
8 O
THE ELEMENTS
Element a pure substance that cannot be chemically broken down into
simpler substances
There are 118 elements 92 can be found in __________________ 26 are only made in a _______________
In 1817 Jons Jakob Berzelius proposed an international system of symbols
Symbols are much _________________ and faster to use than writing out the names of each element Ex Hydrogen and oxygen make hydrogen peroxide H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
Element symbols are the same across ______________________ but names are specific to each language Ex Silver (English) = Ag (symbol) = Argent (French) Languages that use different written characters (like Chinese) still use these symbols
An element is __________________ by the person that discovers it Names come from the following
1 A Greek word Ex Chlorine from chloros which means _______ Argon from argos which means inactive Helium from helios which means __________
2 A Latin word Ex Sodium Na _____________
Potassium K kalium Antimony Sb stibium Copper Cu _____________ Gold Au aurum Silver Ag argentums ____________ Fe ferum Lead Pb plumbum Mercury _____ hydrargyrum Tin Sn stannum
3 A country Ex Polonium Po Poland
___________ Ge Germany Francium Fr France
4 A continent Ex Americium Am Americas
Europium Eu Europe
5 A person Ex Einsteinium Es Albert Einstein
Rutherfordium Rf E Rutherford ____________ Cm Marie Curie Fermium Fm Enrico Fermi
Symbols are assigned by the following rules 1 The first letter of the element name Ex C = carbon
2 The first and second letter of the element name if the first is already taken Ex Ce = cerium
3 The first and third letter of the element name if the first two are already taken Ex Cs = cesium
4 Some symbols follow the above rules but with their latin or greek root Ex Tungsten = W = Wolfram (the German name)
5 Some symbols do not follow the rules and just need to be memorized Ex Platinum should be Pl but it is Pt Ex Zirconium should be Zi but it is Zr
ELEMENT BINGO Randomly place 25 of the symbols below in the BINGO grid
S F B Pb Cl H Cr Au Be P Na Ar He O Li Ca Hg W I N Mg C Cu Zn Co Fe Mn Sn Ag Br Ne Al Si K
ELEMENT SCRABBLE
Name ______________________________
Goal to become more familiar with the periodic table and the elements
Instructions Create words using the symbols in the periodic table You must write the word as the symbols are written in the table (capitals and lower case) You may not have the same answers as other students Example BaNaNa ndash barium sodium sodium Create 3 words with 4 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________- ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 5 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 6 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 4 or more letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 new words and include a definition Word Names of elements and the definition of the word
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________
BOHR MODELS
Examples 1) Aluminum (Al) 2) Sodium (Na)
A Bohr diagram is used to give a general idea of where electrons are found in an atom
Electrons are drawn in energy levels (orbits) The closest level to the nucleus has the lowest amount of energy
Electrons circle the nucleus in a random fashion to create a cloud They do not circle in a predictable fashion like the planets and the sun
Electrons = dots Energy level = circle
1st level can hold up to 2 electrons
2nd level can hold up to 8 electrons
3rd level can hold up to ldquo8 electronsrdquo
When a level has more than 4 electrons the electrons are drawn in pairs
Each level must be full before filling the next level
Indicate the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
NAME___________
BOHR MODEL PERIODIC TABLE
1
Hydrogen
3
Lithium
4
Beryllium
5
Boron
6
Carbon
7
Nitrogen
8
Oxygen
9
Fluorine
10
Neon
11
Sodium
12
Magnesium
13
Aluminium
14
Silicon
15
Phosphorus
16
Sulfur
17
Chlorine
18
Argon
19
Potassium
20
Calcium
1) What do all of the columns have in common
2) What do all of the rows have in common
2
Helium
BLOCK C THE PERIODIC TABLE
History of the Periodic Table
The first periodic table was made by Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869 He ordered the
elements according to their _____ Some spaces were left empty because he predicted
that there were other elements yet to be discovered In the current periodic table the
elements are in ascending order according to their ___________ number ( of protons)
Metals non-metals and metalloids
Most elements are metals They are found on the ____________ of the table The right
side of the table contains the __________________ Metalloids share characteristics of
metals and non-metals and are found between the two on what is called the ldquostaircaserdquo
1 H
2 He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
Metals (to the left of the staircase)
- _______________________
- Good __________________________ of heat and electricity
- _______________________ (can hammer or press out of shape and not
shatter)
- _______________________ (can be stretched into a wire and not lose
strength)
- React with _____________________
- All are _________________ at room temperature except mercury (liquid)
Non-metals (to the right of the staircase)
- _______________ (not shiny)
- Not good conductors of heat and electricity
- All are __________________ at room temperature except carbon iodine sulfur
selenium and phosphorus (solids) and bromine (liquid)
Hydrogen is an ______________________ and is considered a non-metal most of
the time Sometimes it has qualities like a metal and other times it is more of a non-
metal (it is a gas at room temperature) It can give or receive an electron
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families in the Periodic Table
- each ______________________ in the table is a family of elements
- another word for family is group
- each element in a family has the same number of valence electrons
Metals
Metalloids
Non-metals
- valence electrons are the electrons found in the __________________ energy
shell that can move from one element to another to form a chemical bond
- the Roman numeral above a family indicates the number of valence electrons
- elements in a family have similar ______________________________
Alkali metals (group 1) - soft highly ______________________ metals
- like to bond with the __________________ family and give away _____ electron
- ____________________ is an exception because it can behave like a non-metal
Alkaline earth metals (group 2)
- malleable reactive burn easily
- like to bond with the _____________________ family and give away 2 electrons
Chalcogens (group 16) - like to bond with the alkaline earth metals and receive ____________ electrons
Halogens (group 17) - highly reactive especially with the alkali metals where they gain an electron
- like to form _______________ compounds
Noble gases (group 18) - very ________________________ gases
- do not like to react with other elements because their electron valence layer is
_____________
- found in their natural state
Periods in the Periodic Table - each period is a ___________________________ row in the table
- the number of each row is equal to the number of energy levels for each element
Question
Use the table below to colour the different families Make sure to include a legend
Leave the newer elements at the bottom (116 - 118) blank as scientists are not sure if
they demonstrate the characteristics of those families
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rt Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Legend
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS PROBLEMS
1 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the following elements
2 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the alkali metals
3 What is similar between all the alkali metals in question 2 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 From one period to the next what happens to the number of energy levels
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have ________________
6 How many energy levels does Rubidium (Rb) have ___________________
Li
O
Na
Ar
Ca
3 18 20 11 8
H
Li
Na
K
19 3 1 11
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
Imaginehellip o an atom is magnified to the size of the Skydome o the nucleus would be the size of a baseball inside that stadium o the protons would be marbles inside the baseball o the electrons would be mosquitoes buzzing around the baseball o therefore an atom is mostly empty space
amu stands for ______________________________________ o an amu is a very small unit used to measure the weight of
subatomic particles o 1 amu = 166 x10-27kg or 000000000000000000000000000166 o an electron is so light it is not used in the calculation of an
atomrsquos mass
o _______________________ = Protons + Neutrons
Subatomic
Particle Charge Mass Location
Number
determined
byhellip
Role in the atom
proton positive
(+)
neutron neutral
electron negative
(-)
Periodic Table Notation
ATOM MATCHING AND TRUEFALSE
MATCHING Complete each statement using a term from the list below Some answers may be used more than once outside neutrons same cancel out protons atoms negative electrons nucleus lighter no positive
1 All matter is made of tiny parts called _________________________________
2 The center part of an atom is called the _______________________________
3 A nucleus is made up of ___________________ and ____________________
4 Electrons are found ____________________________ the nucleus
5 Electrons are _____________________________ than protons and neutrons
6 The main parts of an atom are __________________ ____________________ and _________________________
7 Since protons have a _________________________ charge and neutrons have __________________ charge the nucleus will have a _____________________ charge
8 Electrons have a _____________________________ charge
9 An atom has the ___________________________ number of protons and electrons when its overall charge is neutral
10 The positive and negative charges of an atom _________________ each other
TRUE OR FALSE _______ 1 A proton is found outside the nucleus _______ 2 A proton has a negative charge _______ 3 A neutron has a positive charge _______ 4 An electron has a negative charge _______ 5 An electron is found inside the nucleus _______ 6 The mass of an atom is the number of protons and neutrons _______ 7 The atomic number of an atom is the number of neutrons
ATOM PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1 Write standard atomic notation for the following (make a box as you would see it in the periodic table)
a An atom of nitrogen with 7 protons and 8 neutrons
b An atom of bromine with 35 protons and 36 neutrons
c An atom of sulfur with 16 protons and 16 neutrons
2 Draw an atom with 6 protons 7 neutrons and 6 electrons
3 Which subatomic particles identify an atomelement
4 Which subatomic particles make up the mass of an atom
5 If the same charges repel each other how is it that protons can all be together in the nucleus
6 Electrons move around with lots of energy How is it that they do not fly away from their atom
7 Which subatomic particles will find it easiest to interact with other atoms
ATOM CALCULATIONS
Atomic number = of protons = of electrons
Atomic mass = of protons + of neutrons
of neutrons = mass ndash atomic number
Each row in the table represents a different atom Fill-in the blanks using your periodic table and the above formulas
Number of protons
in the atom
Number of electrons
in the atom
Number of neutrons
in the atom
Atomic mass of the atom
Atomic number of the atom
Name of the element
Element symbol
5 11 boron
23 11 Na
79 197 gold
34 45 Se
1 1 1
6 6
92 146
24 12
18 40
110 W
27 aluminum
201 80
7 7
33 42
8 O
THE ELEMENTS
Element a pure substance that cannot be chemically broken down into
simpler substances
There are 118 elements 92 can be found in __________________ 26 are only made in a _______________
In 1817 Jons Jakob Berzelius proposed an international system of symbols
Symbols are much _________________ and faster to use than writing out the names of each element Ex Hydrogen and oxygen make hydrogen peroxide H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
Element symbols are the same across ______________________ but names are specific to each language Ex Silver (English) = Ag (symbol) = Argent (French) Languages that use different written characters (like Chinese) still use these symbols
An element is __________________ by the person that discovers it Names come from the following
1 A Greek word Ex Chlorine from chloros which means _______ Argon from argos which means inactive Helium from helios which means __________
2 A Latin word Ex Sodium Na _____________
Potassium K kalium Antimony Sb stibium Copper Cu _____________ Gold Au aurum Silver Ag argentums ____________ Fe ferum Lead Pb plumbum Mercury _____ hydrargyrum Tin Sn stannum
3 A country Ex Polonium Po Poland
___________ Ge Germany Francium Fr France
4 A continent Ex Americium Am Americas
Europium Eu Europe
5 A person Ex Einsteinium Es Albert Einstein
Rutherfordium Rf E Rutherford ____________ Cm Marie Curie Fermium Fm Enrico Fermi
Symbols are assigned by the following rules 1 The first letter of the element name Ex C = carbon
2 The first and second letter of the element name if the first is already taken Ex Ce = cerium
3 The first and third letter of the element name if the first two are already taken Ex Cs = cesium
4 Some symbols follow the above rules but with their latin or greek root Ex Tungsten = W = Wolfram (the German name)
5 Some symbols do not follow the rules and just need to be memorized Ex Platinum should be Pl but it is Pt Ex Zirconium should be Zi but it is Zr
ELEMENT BINGO Randomly place 25 of the symbols below in the BINGO grid
S F B Pb Cl H Cr Au Be P Na Ar He O Li Ca Hg W I N Mg C Cu Zn Co Fe Mn Sn Ag Br Ne Al Si K
ELEMENT SCRABBLE
Name ______________________________
Goal to become more familiar with the periodic table and the elements
Instructions Create words using the symbols in the periodic table You must write the word as the symbols are written in the table (capitals and lower case) You may not have the same answers as other students Example BaNaNa ndash barium sodium sodium Create 3 words with 4 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________- ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 5 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 6 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 4 or more letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 new words and include a definition Word Names of elements and the definition of the word
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________
BOHR MODELS
Examples 1) Aluminum (Al) 2) Sodium (Na)
A Bohr diagram is used to give a general idea of where electrons are found in an atom
Electrons are drawn in energy levels (orbits) The closest level to the nucleus has the lowest amount of energy
Electrons circle the nucleus in a random fashion to create a cloud They do not circle in a predictable fashion like the planets and the sun
Electrons = dots Energy level = circle
1st level can hold up to 2 electrons
2nd level can hold up to 8 electrons
3rd level can hold up to ldquo8 electronsrdquo
When a level has more than 4 electrons the electrons are drawn in pairs
Each level must be full before filling the next level
Indicate the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
NAME___________
BOHR MODEL PERIODIC TABLE
1
Hydrogen
3
Lithium
4
Beryllium
5
Boron
6
Carbon
7
Nitrogen
8
Oxygen
9
Fluorine
10
Neon
11
Sodium
12
Magnesium
13
Aluminium
14
Silicon
15
Phosphorus
16
Sulfur
17
Chlorine
18
Argon
19
Potassium
20
Calcium
1) What do all of the columns have in common
2) What do all of the rows have in common
2
Helium
BLOCK C THE PERIODIC TABLE
History of the Periodic Table
The first periodic table was made by Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869 He ordered the
elements according to their _____ Some spaces were left empty because he predicted
that there were other elements yet to be discovered In the current periodic table the
elements are in ascending order according to their ___________ number ( of protons)
Metals non-metals and metalloids
Most elements are metals They are found on the ____________ of the table The right
side of the table contains the __________________ Metalloids share characteristics of
metals and non-metals and are found between the two on what is called the ldquostaircaserdquo
1 H
2 He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
Metals (to the left of the staircase)
- _______________________
- Good __________________________ of heat and electricity
- _______________________ (can hammer or press out of shape and not
shatter)
- _______________________ (can be stretched into a wire and not lose
strength)
- React with _____________________
- All are _________________ at room temperature except mercury (liquid)
Non-metals (to the right of the staircase)
- _______________ (not shiny)
- Not good conductors of heat and electricity
- All are __________________ at room temperature except carbon iodine sulfur
selenium and phosphorus (solids) and bromine (liquid)
Hydrogen is an ______________________ and is considered a non-metal most of
the time Sometimes it has qualities like a metal and other times it is more of a non-
metal (it is a gas at room temperature) It can give or receive an electron
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families in the Periodic Table
- each ______________________ in the table is a family of elements
- another word for family is group
- each element in a family has the same number of valence electrons
Metals
Metalloids
Non-metals
- valence electrons are the electrons found in the __________________ energy
shell that can move from one element to another to form a chemical bond
- the Roman numeral above a family indicates the number of valence electrons
- elements in a family have similar ______________________________
Alkali metals (group 1) - soft highly ______________________ metals
- like to bond with the __________________ family and give away _____ electron
- ____________________ is an exception because it can behave like a non-metal
Alkaline earth metals (group 2)
- malleable reactive burn easily
- like to bond with the _____________________ family and give away 2 electrons
Chalcogens (group 16) - like to bond with the alkaline earth metals and receive ____________ electrons
Halogens (group 17) - highly reactive especially with the alkali metals where they gain an electron
- like to form _______________ compounds
Noble gases (group 18) - very ________________________ gases
- do not like to react with other elements because their electron valence layer is
_____________
- found in their natural state
Periods in the Periodic Table - each period is a ___________________________ row in the table
- the number of each row is equal to the number of energy levels for each element
Question
Use the table below to colour the different families Make sure to include a legend
Leave the newer elements at the bottom (116 - 118) blank as scientists are not sure if
they demonstrate the characteristics of those families
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rt Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Legend
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS PROBLEMS
1 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the following elements
2 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the alkali metals
3 What is similar between all the alkali metals in question 2 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 From one period to the next what happens to the number of energy levels
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have ________________
6 How many energy levels does Rubidium (Rb) have ___________________
Li
O
Na
Ar
Ca
3 18 20 11 8
H
Li
Na
K
19 3 1 11
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
Periodic Table Notation
ATOM MATCHING AND TRUEFALSE
MATCHING Complete each statement using a term from the list below Some answers may be used more than once outside neutrons same cancel out protons atoms negative electrons nucleus lighter no positive
1 All matter is made of tiny parts called _________________________________
2 The center part of an atom is called the _______________________________
3 A nucleus is made up of ___________________ and ____________________
4 Electrons are found ____________________________ the nucleus
5 Electrons are _____________________________ than protons and neutrons
6 The main parts of an atom are __________________ ____________________ and _________________________
7 Since protons have a _________________________ charge and neutrons have __________________ charge the nucleus will have a _____________________ charge
8 Electrons have a _____________________________ charge
9 An atom has the ___________________________ number of protons and electrons when its overall charge is neutral
10 The positive and negative charges of an atom _________________ each other
TRUE OR FALSE _______ 1 A proton is found outside the nucleus _______ 2 A proton has a negative charge _______ 3 A neutron has a positive charge _______ 4 An electron has a negative charge _______ 5 An electron is found inside the nucleus _______ 6 The mass of an atom is the number of protons and neutrons _______ 7 The atomic number of an atom is the number of neutrons
ATOM PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1 Write standard atomic notation for the following (make a box as you would see it in the periodic table)
a An atom of nitrogen with 7 protons and 8 neutrons
b An atom of bromine with 35 protons and 36 neutrons
c An atom of sulfur with 16 protons and 16 neutrons
2 Draw an atom with 6 protons 7 neutrons and 6 electrons
3 Which subatomic particles identify an atomelement
4 Which subatomic particles make up the mass of an atom
5 If the same charges repel each other how is it that protons can all be together in the nucleus
6 Electrons move around with lots of energy How is it that they do not fly away from their atom
7 Which subatomic particles will find it easiest to interact with other atoms
ATOM CALCULATIONS
Atomic number = of protons = of electrons
Atomic mass = of protons + of neutrons
of neutrons = mass ndash atomic number
Each row in the table represents a different atom Fill-in the blanks using your periodic table and the above formulas
Number of protons
in the atom
Number of electrons
in the atom
Number of neutrons
in the atom
Atomic mass of the atom
Atomic number of the atom
Name of the element
Element symbol
5 11 boron
23 11 Na
79 197 gold
34 45 Se
1 1 1
6 6
92 146
24 12
18 40
110 W
27 aluminum
201 80
7 7
33 42
8 O
THE ELEMENTS
Element a pure substance that cannot be chemically broken down into
simpler substances
There are 118 elements 92 can be found in __________________ 26 are only made in a _______________
In 1817 Jons Jakob Berzelius proposed an international system of symbols
Symbols are much _________________ and faster to use than writing out the names of each element Ex Hydrogen and oxygen make hydrogen peroxide H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
Element symbols are the same across ______________________ but names are specific to each language Ex Silver (English) = Ag (symbol) = Argent (French) Languages that use different written characters (like Chinese) still use these symbols
An element is __________________ by the person that discovers it Names come from the following
1 A Greek word Ex Chlorine from chloros which means _______ Argon from argos which means inactive Helium from helios which means __________
2 A Latin word Ex Sodium Na _____________
Potassium K kalium Antimony Sb stibium Copper Cu _____________ Gold Au aurum Silver Ag argentums ____________ Fe ferum Lead Pb plumbum Mercury _____ hydrargyrum Tin Sn stannum
3 A country Ex Polonium Po Poland
___________ Ge Germany Francium Fr France
4 A continent Ex Americium Am Americas
Europium Eu Europe
5 A person Ex Einsteinium Es Albert Einstein
Rutherfordium Rf E Rutherford ____________ Cm Marie Curie Fermium Fm Enrico Fermi
Symbols are assigned by the following rules 1 The first letter of the element name Ex C = carbon
2 The first and second letter of the element name if the first is already taken Ex Ce = cerium
3 The first and third letter of the element name if the first two are already taken Ex Cs = cesium
4 Some symbols follow the above rules but with their latin or greek root Ex Tungsten = W = Wolfram (the German name)
5 Some symbols do not follow the rules and just need to be memorized Ex Platinum should be Pl but it is Pt Ex Zirconium should be Zi but it is Zr
ELEMENT BINGO Randomly place 25 of the symbols below in the BINGO grid
S F B Pb Cl H Cr Au Be P Na Ar He O Li Ca Hg W I N Mg C Cu Zn Co Fe Mn Sn Ag Br Ne Al Si K
ELEMENT SCRABBLE
Name ______________________________
Goal to become more familiar with the periodic table and the elements
Instructions Create words using the symbols in the periodic table You must write the word as the symbols are written in the table (capitals and lower case) You may not have the same answers as other students Example BaNaNa ndash barium sodium sodium Create 3 words with 4 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________- ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 5 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 6 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 4 or more letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 new words and include a definition Word Names of elements and the definition of the word
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________
BOHR MODELS
Examples 1) Aluminum (Al) 2) Sodium (Na)
A Bohr diagram is used to give a general idea of where electrons are found in an atom
Electrons are drawn in energy levels (orbits) The closest level to the nucleus has the lowest amount of energy
Electrons circle the nucleus in a random fashion to create a cloud They do not circle in a predictable fashion like the planets and the sun
Electrons = dots Energy level = circle
1st level can hold up to 2 electrons
2nd level can hold up to 8 electrons
3rd level can hold up to ldquo8 electronsrdquo
When a level has more than 4 electrons the electrons are drawn in pairs
Each level must be full before filling the next level
Indicate the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
NAME___________
BOHR MODEL PERIODIC TABLE
1
Hydrogen
3
Lithium
4
Beryllium
5
Boron
6
Carbon
7
Nitrogen
8
Oxygen
9
Fluorine
10
Neon
11
Sodium
12
Magnesium
13
Aluminium
14
Silicon
15
Phosphorus
16
Sulfur
17
Chlorine
18
Argon
19
Potassium
20
Calcium
1) What do all of the columns have in common
2) What do all of the rows have in common
2
Helium
BLOCK C THE PERIODIC TABLE
History of the Periodic Table
The first periodic table was made by Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869 He ordered the
elements according to their _____ Some spaces were left empty because he predicted
that there were other elements yet to be discovered In the current periodic table the
elements are in ascending order according to their ___________ number ( of protons)
Metals non-metals and metalloids
Most elements are metals They are found on the ____________ of the table The right
side of the table contains the __________________ Metalloids share characteristics of
metals and non-metals and are found between the two on what is called the ldquostaircaserdquo
1 H
2 He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
Metals (to the left of the staircase)
- _______________________
- Good __________________________ of heat and electricity
- _______________________ (can hammer or press out of shape and not
shatter)
- _______________________ (can be stretched into a wire and not lose
strength)
- React with _____________________
- All are _________________ at room temperature except mercury (liquid)
Non-metals (to the right of the staircase)
- _______________ (not shiny)
- Not good conductors of heat and electricity
- All are __________________ at room temperature except carbon iodine sulfur
selenium and phosphorus (solids) and bromine (liquid)
Hydrogen is an ______________________ and is considered a non-metal most of
the time Sometimes it has qualities like a metal and other times it is more of a non-
metal (it is a gas at room temperature) It can give or receive an electron
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families in the Periodic Table
- each ______________________ in the table is a family of elements
- another word for family is group
- each element in a family has the same number of valence electrons
Metals
Metalloids
Non-metals
- valence electrons are the electrons found in the __________________ energy
shell that can move from one element to another to form a chemical bond
- the Roman numeral above a family indicates the number of valence electrons
- elements in a family have similar ______________________________
Alkali metals (group 1) - soft highly ______________________ metals
- like to bond with the __________________ family and give away _____ electron
- ____________________ is an exception because it can behave like a non-metal
Alkaline earth metals (group 2)
- malleable reactive burn easily
- like to bond with the _____________________ family and give away 2 electrons
Chalcogens (group 16) - like to bond with the alkaline earth metals and receive ____________ electrons
Halogens (group 17) - highly reactive especially with the alkali metals where they gain an electron
- like to form _______________ compounds
Noble gases (group 18) - very ________________________ gases
- do not like to react with other elements because their electron valence layer is
_____________
- found in their natural state
Periods in the Periodic Table - each period is a ___________________________ row in the table
- the number of each row is equal to the number of energy levels for each element
Question
Use the table below to colour the different families Make sure to include a legend
Leave the newer elements at the bottom (116 - 118) blank as scientists are not sure if
they demonstrate the characteristics of those families
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rt Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Legend
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS PROBLEMS
1 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the following elements
2 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the alkali metals
3 What is similar between all the alkali metals in question 2 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 From one period to the next what happens to the number of energy levels
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have ________________
6 How many energy levels does Rubidium (Rb) have ___________________
Li
O
Na
Ar
Ca
3 18 20 11 8
H
Li
Na
K
19 3 1 11
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
ATOM MATCHING AND TRUEFALSE
MATCHING Complete each statement using a term from the list below Some answers may be used more than once outside neutrons same cancel out protons atoms negative electrons nucleus lighter no positive
1 All matter is made of tiny parts called _________________________________
2 The center part of an atom is called the _______________________________
3 A nucleus is made up of ___________________ and ____________________
4 Electrons are found ____________________________ the nucleus
5 Electrons are _____________________________ than protons and neutrons
6 The main parts of an atom are __________________ ____________________ and _________________________
7 Since protons have a _________________________ charge and neutrons have __________________ charge the nucleus will have a _____________________ charge
8 Electrons have a _____________________________ charge
9 An atom has the ___________________________ number of protons and electrons when its overall charge is neutral
10 The positive and negative charges of an atom _________________ each other
TRUE OR FALSE _______ 1 A proton is found outside the nucleus _______ 2 A proton has a negative charge _______ 3 A neutron has a positive charge _______ 4 An electron has a negative charge _______ 5 An electron is found inside the nucleus _______ 6 The mass of an atom is the number of protons and neutrons _______ 7 The atomic number of an atom is the number of neutrons
ATOM PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1 Write standard atomic notation for the following (make a box as you would see it in the periodic table)
a An atom of nitrogen with 7 protons and 8 neutrons
b An atom of bromine with 35 protons and 36 neutrons
c An atom of sulfur with 16 protons and 16 neutrons
2 Draw an atom with 6 protons 7 neutrons and 6 electrons
3 Which subatomic particles identify an atomelement
4 Which subatomic particles make up the mass of an atom
5 If the same charges repel each other how is it that protons can all be together in the nucleus
6 Electrons move around with lots of energy How is it that they do not fly away from their atom
7 Which subatomic particles will find it easiest to interact with other atoms
ATOM CALCULATIONS
Atomic number = of protons = of electrons
Atomic mass = of protons + of neutrons
of neutrons = mass ndash atomic number
Each row in the table represents a different atom Fill-in the blanks using your periodic table and the above formulas
Number of protons
in the atom
Number of electrons
in the atom
Number of neutrons
in the atom
Atomic mass of the atom
Atomic number of the atom
Name of the element
Element symbol
5 11 boron
23 11 Na
79 197 gold
34 45 Se
1 1 1
6 6
92 146
24 12
18 40
110 W
27 aluminum
201 80
7 7
33 42
8 O
THE ELEMENTS
Element a pure substance that cannot be chemically broken down into
simpler substances
There are 118 elements 92 can be found in __________________ 26 are only made in a _______________
In 1817 Jons Jakob Berzelius proposed an international system of symbols
Symbols are much _________________ and faster to use than writing out the names of each element Ex Hydrogen and oxygen make hydrogen peroxide H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
Element symbols are the same across ______________________ but names are specific to each language Ex Silver (English) = Ag (symbol) = Argent (French) Languages that use different written characters (like Chinese) still use these symbols
An element is __________________ by the person that discovers it Names come from the following
1 A Greek word Ex Chlorine from chloros which means _______ Argon from argos which means inactive Helium from helios which means __________
2 A Latin word Ex Sodium Na _____________
Potassium K kalium Antimony Sb stibium Copper Cu _____________ Gold Au aurum Silver Ag argentums ____________ Fe ferum Lead Pb plumbum Mercury _____ hydrargyrum Tin Sn stannum
3 A country Ex Polonium Po Poland
___________ Ge Germany Francium Fr France
4 A continent Ex Americium Am Americas
Europium Eu Europe
5 A person Ex Einsteinium Es Albert Einstein
Rutherfordium Rf E Rutherford ____________ Cm Marie Curie Fermium Fm Enrico Fermi
Symbols are assigned by the following rules 1 The first letter of the element name Ex C = carbon
2 The first and second letter of the element name if the first is already taken Ex Ce = cerium
3 The first and third letter of the element name if the first two are already taken Ex Cs = cesium
4 Some symbols follow the above rules but with their latin or greek root Ex Tungsten = W = Wolfram (the German name)
5 Some symbols do not follow the rules and just need to be memorized Ex Platinum should be Pl but it is Pt Ex Zirconium should be Zi but it is Zr
ELEMENT BINGO Randomly place 25 of the symbols below in the BINGO grid
S F B Pb Cl H Cr Au Be P Na Ar He O Li Ca Hg W I N Mg C Cu Zn Co Fe Mn Sn Ag Br Ne Al Si K
ELEMENT SCRABBLE
Name ______________________________
Goal to become more familiar with the periodic table and the elements
Instructions Create words using the symbols in the periodic table You must write the word as the symbols are written in the table (capitals and lower case) You may not have the same answers as other students Example BaNaNa ndash barium sodium sodium Create 3 words with 4 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________- ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 5 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 6 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 4 or more letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 new words and include a definition Word Names of elements and the definition of the word
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________
BOHR MODELS
Examples 1) Aluminum (Al) 2) Sodium (Na)
A Bohr diagram is used to give a general idea of where electrons are found in an atom
Electrons are drawn in energy levels (orbits) The closest level to the nucleus has the lowest amount of energy
Electrons circle the nucleus in a random fashion to create a cloud They do not circle in a predictable fashion like the planets and the sun
Electrons = dots Energy level = circle
1st level can hold up to 2 electrons
2nd level can hold up to 8 electrons
3rd level can hold up to ldquo8 electronsrdquo
When a level has more than 4 electrons the electrons are drawn in pairs
Each level must be full before filling the next level
Indicate the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
NAME___________
BOHR MODEL PERIODIC TABLE
1
Hydrogen
3
Lithium
4
Beryllium
5
Boron
6
Carbon
7
Nitrogen
8
Oxygen
9
Fluorine
10
Neon
11
Sodium
12
Magnesium
13
Aluminium
14
Silicon
15
Phosphorus
16
Sulfur
17
Chlorine
18
Argon
19
Potassium
20
Calcium
1) What do all of the columns have in common
2) What do all of the rows have in common
2
Helium
BLOCK C THE PERIODIC TABLE
History of the Periodic Table
The first periodic table was made by Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869 He ordered the
elements according to their _____ Some spaces were left empty because he predicted
that there were other elements yet to be discovered In the current periodic table the
elements are in ascending order according to their ___________ number ( of protons)
Metals non-metals and metalloids
Most elements are metals They are found on the ____________ of the table The right
side of the table contains the __________________ Metalloids share characteristics of
metals and non-metals and are found between the two on what is called the ldquostaircaserdquo
1 H
2 He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
Metals (to the left of the staircase)
- _______________________
- Good __________________________ of heat and electricity
- _______________________ (can hammer or press out of shape and not
shatter)
- _______________________ (can be stretched into a wire and not lose
strength)
- React with _____________________
- All are _________________ at room temperature except mercury (liquid)
Non-metals (to the right of the staircase)
- _______________ (not shiny)
- Not good conductors of heat and electricity
- All are __________________ at room temperature except carbon iodine sulfur
selenium and phosphorus (solids) and bromine (liquid)
Hydrogen is an ______________________ and is considered a non-metal most of
the time Sometimes it has qualities like a metal and other times it is more of a non-
metal (it is a gas at room temperature) It can give or receive an electron
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families in the Periodic Table
- each ______________________ in the table is a family of elements
- another word for family is group
- each element in a family has the same number of valence electrons
Metals
Metalloids
Non-metals
- valence electrons are the electrons found in the __________________ energy
shell that can move from one element to another to form a chemical bond
- the Roman numeral above a family indicates the number of valence electrons
- elements in a family have similar ______________________________
Alkali metals (group 1) - soft highly ______________________ metals
- like to bond with the __________________ family and give away _____ electron
- ____________________ is an exception because it can behave like a non-metal
Alkaline earth metals (group 2)
- malleable reactive burn easily
- like to bond with the _____________________ family and give away 2 electrons
Chalcogens (group 16) - like to bond with the alkaline earth metals and receive ____________ electrons
Halogens (group 17) - highly reactive especially with the alkali metals where they gain an electron
- like to form _______________ compounds
Noble gases (group 18) - very ________________________ gases
- do not like to react with other elements because their electron valence layer is
_____________
- found in their natural state
Periods in the Periodic Table - each period is a ___________________________ row in the table
- the number of each row is equal to the number of energy levels for each element
Question
Use the table below to colour the different families Make sure to include a legend
Leave the newer elements at the bottom (116 - 118) blank as scientists are not sure if
they demonstrate the characteristics of those families
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rt Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Legend
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS PROBLEMS
1 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the following elements
2 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the alkali metals
3 What is similar between all the alkali metals in question 2 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 From one period to the next what happens to the number of energy levels
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have ________________
6 How many energy levels does Rubidium (Rb) have ___________________
Li
O
Na
Ar
Ca
3 18 20 11 8
H
Li
Na
K
19 3 1 11
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
ATOM PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1 Write standard atomic notation for the following (make a box as you would see it in the periodic table)
a An atom of nitrogen with 7 protons and 8 neutrons
b An atom of bromine with 35 protons and 36 neutrons
c An atom of sulfur with 16 protons and 16 neutrons
2 Draw an atom with 6 protons 7 neutrons and 6 electrons
3 Which subatomic particles identify an atomelement
4 Which subatomic particles make up the mass of an atom
5 If the same charges repel each other how is it that protons can all be together in the nucleus
6 Electrons move around with lots of energy How is it that they do not fly away from their atom
7 Which subatomic particles will find it easiest to interact with other atoms
ATOM CALCULATIONS
Atomic number = of protons = of electrons
Atomic mass = of protons + of neutrons
of neutrons = mass ndash atomic number
Each row in the table represents a different atom Fill-in the blanks using your periodic table and the above formulas
Number of protons
in the atom
Number of electrons
in the atom
Number of neutrons
in the atom
Atomic mass of the atom
Atomic number of the atom
Name of the element
Element symbol
5 11 boron
23 11 Na
79 197 gold
34 45 Se
1 1 1
6 6
92 146
24 12
18 40
110 W
27 aluminum
201 80
7 7
33 42
8 O
THE ELEMENTS
Element a pure substance that cannot be chemically broken down into
simpler substances
There are 118 elements 92 can be found in __________________ 26 are only made in a _______________
In 1817 Jons Jakob Berzelius proposed an international system of symbols
Symbols are much _________________ and faster to use than writing out the names of each element Ex Hydrogen and oxygen make hydrogen peroxide H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
Element symbols are the same across ______________________ but names are specific to each language Ex Silver (English) = Ag (symbol) = Argent (French) Languages that use different written characters (like Chinese) still use these symbols
An element is __________________ by the person that discovers it Names come from the following
1 A Greek word Ex Chlorine from chloros which means _______ Argon from argos which means inactive Helium from helios which means __________
2 A Latin word Ex Sodium Na _____________
Potassium K kalium Antimony Sb stibium Copper Cu _____________ Gold Au aurum Silver Ag argentums ____________ Fe ferum Lead Pb plumbum Mercury _____ hydrargyrum Tin Sn stannum
3 A country Ex Polonium Po Poland
___________ Ge Germany Francium Fr France
4 A continent Ex Americium Am Americas
Europium Eu Europe
5 A person Ex Einsteinium Es Albert Einstein
Rutherfordium Rf E Rutherford ____________ Cm Marie Curie Fermium Fm Enrico Fermi
Symbols are assigned by the following rules 1 The first letter of the element name Ex C = carbon
2 The first and second letter of the element name if the first is already taken Ex Ce = cerium
3 The first and third letter of the element name if the first two are already taken Ex Cs = cesium
4 Some symbols follow the above rules but with their latin or greek root Ex Tungsten = W = Wolfram (the German name)
5 Some symbols do not follow the rules and just need to be memorized Ex Platinum should be Pl but it is Pt Ex Zirconium should be Zi but it is Zr
ELEMENT BINGO Randomly place 25 of the symbols below in the BINGO grid
S F B Pb Cl H Cr Au Be P Na Ar He O Li Ca Hg W I N Mg C Cu Zn Co Fe Mn Sn Ag Br Ne Al Si K
ELEMENT SCRABBLE
Name ______________________________
Goal to become more familiar with the periodic table and the elements
Instructions Create words using the symbols in the periodic table You must write the word as the symbols are written in the table (capitals and lower case) You may not have the same answers as other students Example BaNaNa ndash barium sodium sodium Create 3 words with 4 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________- ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 5 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 6 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 4 or more letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 new words and include a definition Word Names of elements and the definition of the word
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________
BOHR MODELS
Examples 1) Aluminum (Al) 2) Sodium (Na)
A Bohr diagram is used to give a general idea of where electrons are found in an atom
Electrons are drawn in energy levels (orbits) The closest level to the nucleus has the lowest amount of energy
Electrons circle the nucleus in a random fashion to create a cloud They do not circle in a predictable fashion like the planets and the sun
Electrons = dots Energy level = circle
1st level can hold up to 2 electrons
2nd level can hold up to 8 electrons
3rd level can hold up to ldquo8 electronsrdquo
When a level has more than 4 electrons the electrons are drawn in pairs
Each level must be full before filling the next level
Indicate the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
NAME___________
BOHR MODEL PERIODIC TABLE
1
Hydrogen
3
Lithium
4
Beryllium
5
Boron
6
Carbon
7
Nitrogen
8
Oxygen
9
Fluorine
10
Neon
11
Sodium
12
Magnesium
13
Aluminium
14
Silicon
15
Phosphorus
16
Sulfur
17
Chlorine
18
Argon
19
Potassium
20
Calcium
1) What do all of the columns have in common
2) What do all of the rows have in common
2
Helium
BLOCK C THE PERIODIC TABLE
History of the Periodic Table
The first periodic table was made by Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869 He ordered the
elements according to their _____ Some spaces were left empty because he predicted
that there were other elements yet to be discovered In the current periodic table the
elements are in ascending order according to their ___________ number ( of protons)
Metals non-metals and metalloids
Most elements are metals They are found on the ____________ of the table The right
side of the table contains the __________________ Metalloids share characteristics of
metals and non-metals and are found between the two on what is called the ldquostaircaserdquo
1 H
2 He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
Metals (to the left of the staircase)
- _______________________
- Good __________________________ of heat and electricity
- _______________________ (can hammer or press out of shape and not
shatter)
- _______________________ (can be stretched into a wire and not lose
strength)
- React with _____________________
- All are _________________ at room temperature except mercury (liquid)
Non-metals (to the right of the staircase)
- _______________ (not shiny)
- Not good conductors of heat and electricity
- All are __________________ at room temperature except carbon iodine sulfur
selenium and phosphorus (solids) and bromine (liquid)
Hydrogen is an ______________________ and is considered a non-metal most of
the time Sometimes it has qualities like a metal and other times it is more of a non-
metal (it is a gas at room temperature) It can give or receive an electron
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families in the Periodic Table
- each ______________________ in the table is a family of elements
- another word for family is group
- each element in a family has the same number of valence electrons
Metals
Metalloids
Non-metals
- valence electrons are the electrons found in the __________________ energy
shell that can move from one element to another to form a chemical bond
- the Roman numeral above a family indicates the number of valence electrons
- elements in a family have similar ______________________________
Alkali metals (group 1) - soft highly ______________________ metals
- like to bond with the __________________ family and give away _____ electron
- ____________________ is an exception because it can behave like a non-metal
Alkaline earth metals (group 2)
- malleable reactive burn easily
- like to bond with the _____________________ family and give away 2 electrons
Chalcogens (group 16) - like to bond with the alkaline earth metals and receive ____________ electrons
Halogens (group 17) - highly reactive especially with the alkali metals where they gain an electron
- like to form _______________ compounds
Noble gases (group 18) - very ________________________ gases
- do not like to react with other elements because their electron valence layer is
_____________
- found in their natural state
Periods in the Periodic Table - each period is a ___________________________ row in the table
- the number of each row is equal to the number of energy levels for each element
Question
Use the table below to colour the different families Make sure to include a legend
Leave the newer elements at the bottom (116 - 118) blank as scientists are not sure if
they demonstrate the characteristics of those families
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rt Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Legend
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS PROBLEMS
1 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the following elements
2 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the alkali metals
3 What is similar between all the alkali metals in question 2 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 From one period to the next what happens to the number of energy levels
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have ________________
6 How many energy levels does Rubidium (Rb) have ___________________
Li
O
Na
Ar
Ca
3 18 20 11 8
H
Li
Na
K
19 3 1 11
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
ATOM CALCULATIONS
Atomic number = of protons = of electrons
Atomic mass = of protons + of neutrons
of neutrons = mass ndash atomic number
Each row in the table represents a different atom Fill-in the blanks using your periodic table and the above formulas
Number of protons
in the atom
Number of electrons
in the atom
Number of neutrons
in the atom
Atomic mass of the atom
Atomic number of the atom
Name of the element
Element symbol
5 11 boron
23 11 Na
79 197 gold
34 45 Se
1 1 1
6 6
92 146
24 12
18 40
110 W
27 aluminum
201 80
7 7
33 42
8 O
THE ELEMENTS
Element a pure substance that cannot be chemically broken down into
simpler substances
There are 118 elements 92 can be found in __________________ 26 are only made in a _______________
In 1817 Jons Jakob Berzelius proposed an international system of symbols
Symbols are much _________________ and faster to use than writing out the names of each element Ex Hydrogen and oxygen make hydrogen peroxide H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
Element symbols are the same across ______________________ but names are specific to each language Ex Silver (English) = Ag (symbol) = Argent (French) Languages that use different written characters (like Chinese) still use these symbols
An element is __________________ by the person that discovers it Names come from the following
1 A Greek word Ex Chlorine from chloros which means _______ Argon from argos which means inactive Helium from helios which means __________
2 A Latin word Ex Sodium Na _____________
Potassium K kalium Antimony Sb stibium Copper Cu _____________ Gold Au aurum Silver Ag argentums ____________ Fe ferum Lead Pb plumbum Mercury _____ hydrargyrum Tin Sn stannum
3 A country Ex Polonium Po Poland
___________ Ge Germany Francium Fr France
4 A continent Ex Americium Am Americas
Europium Eu Europe
5 A person Ex Einsteinium Es Albert Einstein
Rutherfordium Rf E Rutherford ____________ Cm Marie Curie Fermium Fm Enrico Fermi
Symbols are assigned by the following rules 1 The first letter of the element name Ex C = carbon
2 The first and second letter of the element name if the first is already taken Ex Ce = cerium
3 The first and third letter of the element name if the first two are already taken Ex Cs = cesium
4 Some symbols follow the above rules but with their latin or greek root Ex Tungsten = W = Wolfram (the German name)
5 Some symbols do not follow the rules and just need to be memorized Ex Platinum should be Pl but it is Pt Ex Zirconium should be Zi but it is Zr
ELEMENT BINGO Randomly place 25 of the symbols below in the BINGO grid
S F B Pb Cl H Cr Au Be P Na Ar He O Li Ca Hg W I N Mg C Cu Zn Co Fe Mn Sn Ag Br Ne Al Si K
ELEMENT SCRABBLE
Name ______________________________
Goal to become more familiar with the periodic table and the elements
Instructions Create words using the symbols in the periodic table You must write the word as the symbols are written in the table (capitals and lower case) You may not have the same answers as other students Example BaNaNa ndash barium sodium sodium Create 3 words with 4 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________- ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 5 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 6 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 4 or more letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 new words and include a definition Word Names of elements and the definition of the word
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________
BOHR MODELS
Examples 1) Aluminum (Al) 2) Sodium (Na)
A Bohr diagram is used to give a general idea of where electrons are found in an atom
Electrons are drawn in energy levels (orbits) The closest level to the nucleus has the lowest amount of energy
Electrons circle the nucleus in a random fashion to create a cloud They do not circle in a predictable fashion like the planets and the sun
Electrons = dots Energy level = circle
1st level can hold up to 2 electrons
2nd level can hold up to 8 electrons
3rd level can hold up to ldquo8 electronsrdquo
When a level has more than 4 electrons the electrons are drawn in pairs
Each level must be full before filling the next level
Indicate the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
NAME___________
BOHR MODEL PERIODIC TABLE
1
Hydrogen
3
Lithium
4
Beryllium
5
Boron
6
Carbon
7
Nitrogen
8
Oxygen
9
Fluorine
10
Neon
11
Sodium
12
Magnesium
13
Aluminium
14
Silicon
15
Phosphorus
16
Sulfur
17
Chlorine
18
Argon
19
Potassium
20
Calcium
1) What do all of the columns have in common
2) What do all of the rows have in common
2
Helium
BLOCK C THE PERIODIC TABLE
History of the Periodic Table
The first periodic table was made by Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869 He ordered the
elements according to their _____ Some spaces were left empty because he predicted
that there were other elements yet to be discovered In the current periodic table the
elements are in ascending order according to their ___________ number ( of protons)
Metals non-metals and metalloids
Most elements are metals They are found on the ____________ of the table The right
side of the table contains the __________________ Metalloids share characteristics of
metals and non-metals and are found between the two on what is called the ldquostaircaserdquo
1 H
2 He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
Metals (to the left of the staircase)
- _______________________
- Good __________________________ of heat and electricity
- _______________________ (can hammer or press out of shape and not
shatter)
- _______________________ (can be stretched into a wire and not lose
strength)
- React with _____________________
- All are _________________ at room temperature except mercury (liquid)
Non-metals (to the right of the staircase)
- _______________ (not shiny)
- Not good conductors of heat and electricity
- All are __________________ at room temperature except carbon iodine sulfur
selenium and phosphorus (solids) and bromine (liquid)
Hydrogen is an ______________________ and is considered a non-metal most of
the time Sometimes it has qualities like a metal and other times it is more of a non-
metal (it is a gas at room temperature) It can give or receive an electron
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families in the Periodic Table
- each ______________________ in the table is a family of elements
- another word for family is group
- each element in a family has the same number of valence electrons
Metals
Metalloids
Non-metals
- valence electrons are the electrons found in the __________________ energy
shell that can move from one element to another to form a chemical bond
- the Roman numeral above a family indicates the number of valence electrons
- elements in a family have similar ______________________________
Alkali metals (group 1) - soft highly ______________________ metals
- like to bond with the __________________ family and give away _____ electron
- ____________________ is an exception because it can behave like a non-metal
Alkaline earth metals (group 2)
- malleable reactive burn easily
- like to bond with the _____________________ family and give away 2 electrons
Chalcogens (group 16) - like to bond with the alkaline earth metals and receive ____________ electrons
Halogens (group 17) - highly reactive especially with the alkali metals where they gain an electron
- like to form _______________ compounds
Noble gases (group 18) - very ________________________ gases
- do not like to react with other elements because their electron valence layer is
_____________
- found in their natural state
Periods in the Periodic Table - each period is a ___________________________ row in the table
- the number of each row is equal to the number of energy levels for each element
Question
Use the table below to colour the different families Make sure to include a legend
Leave the newer elements at the bottom (116 - 118) blank as scientists are not sure if
they demonstrate the characteristics of those families
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rt Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Legend
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS PROBLEMS
1 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the following elements
2 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the alkali metals
3 What is similar between all the alkali metals in question 2 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 From one period to the next what happens to the number of energy levels
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have ________________
6 How many energy levels does Rubidium (Rb) have ___________________
Li
O
Na
Ar
Ca
3 18 20 11 8
H
Li
Na
K
19 3 1 11
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
THE ELEMENTS
Element a pure substance that cannot be chemically broken down into
simpler substances
There are 118 elements 92 can be found in __________________ 26 are only made in a _______________
In 1817 Jons Jakob Berzelius proposed an international system of symbols
Symbols are much _________________ and faster to use than writing out the names of each element Ex Hydrogen and oxygen make hydrogen peroxide H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
Element symbols are the same across ______________________ but names are specific to each language Ex Silver (English) = Ag (symbol) = Argent (French) Languages that use different written characters (like Chinese) still use these symbols
An element is __________________ by the person that discovers it Names come from the following
1 A Greek word Ex Chlorine from chloros which means _______ Argon from argos which means inactive Helium from helios which means __________
2 A Latin word Ex Sodium Na _____________
Potassium K kalium Antimony Sb stibium Copper Cu _____________ Gold Au aurum Silver Ag argentums ____________ Fe ferum Lead Pb plumbum Mercury _____ hydrargyrum Tin Sn stannum
3 A country Ex Polonium Po Poland
___________ Ge Germany Francium Fr France
4 A continent Ex Americium Am Americas
Europium Eu Europe
5 A person Ex Einsteinium Es Albert Einstein
Rutherfordium Rf E Rutherford ____________ Cm Marie Curie Fermium Fm Enrico Fermi
Symbols are assigned by the following rules 1 The first letter of the element name Ex C = carbon
2 The first and second letter of the element name if the first is already taken Ex Ce = cerium
3 The first and third letter of the element name if the first two are already taken Ex Cs = cesium
4 Some symbols follow the above rules but with their latin or greek root Ex Tungsten = W = Wolfram (the German name)
5 Some symbols do not follow the rules and just need to be memorized Ex Platinum should be Pl but it is Pt Ex Zirconium should be Zi but it is Zr
ELEMENT BINGO Randomly place 25 of the symbols below in the BINGO grid
S F B Pb Cl H Cr Au Be P Na Ar He O Li Ca Hg W I N Mg C Cu Zn Co Fe Mn Sn Ag Br Ne Al Si K
ELEMENT SCRABBLE
Name ______________________________
Goal to become more familiar with the periodic table and the elements
Instructions Create words using the symbols in the periodic table You must write the word as the symbols are written in the table (capitals and lower case) You may not have the same answers as other students Example BaNaNa ndash barium sodium sodium Create 3 words with 4 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________- ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 5 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 6 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 4 or more letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 new words and include a definition Word Names of elements and the definition of the word
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________
BOHR MODELS
Examples 1) Aluminum (Al) 2) Sodium (Na)
A Bohr diagram is used to give a general idea of where electrons are found in an atom
Electrons are drawn in energy levels (orbits) The closest level to the nucleus has the lowest amount of energy
Electrons circle the nucleus in a random fashion to create a cloud They do not circle in a predictable fashion like the planets and the sun
Electrons = dots Energy level = circle
1st level can hold up to 2 electrons
2nd level can hold up to 8 electrons
3rd level can hold up to ldquo8 electronsrdquo
When a level has more than 4 electrons the electrons are drawn in pairs
Each level must be full before filling the next level
Indicate the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
NAME___________
BOHR MODEL PERIODIC TABLE
1
Hydrogen
3
Lithium
4
Beryllium
5
Boron
6
Carbon
7
Nitrogen
8
Oxygen
9
Fluorine
10
Neon
11
Sodium
12
Magnesium
13
Aluminium
14
Silicon
15
Phosphorus
16
Sulfur
17
Chlorine
18
Argon
19
Potassium
20
Calcium
1) What do all of the columns have in common
2) What do all of the rows have in common
2
Helium
BLOCK C THE PERIODIC TABLE
History of the Periodic Table
The first periodic table was made by Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869 He ordered the
elements according to their _____ Some spaces were left empty because he predicted
that there were other elements yet to be discovered In the current periodic table the
elements are in ascending order according to their ___________ number ( of protons)
Metals non-metals and metalloids
Most elements are metals They are found on the ____________ of the table The right
side of the table contains the __________________ Metalloids share characteristics of
metals and non-metals and are found between the two on what is called the ldquostaircaserdquo
1 H
2 He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
Metals (to the left of the staircase)
- _______________________
- Good __________________________ of heat and electricity
- _______________________ (can hammer or press out of shape and not
shatter)
- _______________________ (can be stretched into a wire and not lose
strength)
- React with _____________________
- All are _________________ at room temperature except mercury (liquid)
Non-metals (to the right of the staircase)
- _______________ (not shiny)
- Not good conductors of heat and electricity
- All are __________________ at room temperature except carbon iodine sulfur
selenium and phosphorus (solids) and bromine (liquid)
Hydrogen is an ______________________ and is considered a non-metal most of
the time Sometimes it has qualities like a metal and other times it is more of a non-
metal (it is a gas at room temperature) It can give or receive an electron
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families in the Periodic Table
- each ______________________ in the table is a family of elements
- another word for family is group
- each element in a family has the same number of valence electrons
Metals
Metalloids
Non-metals
- valence electrons are the electrons found in the __________________ energy
shell that can move from one element to another to form a chemical bond
- the Roman numeral above a family indicates the number of valence electrons
- elements in a family have similar ______________________________
Alkali metals (group 1) - soft highly ______________________ metals
- like to bond with the __________________ family and give away _____ electron
- ____________________ is an exception because it can behave like a non-metal
Alkaline earth metals (group 2)
- malleable reactive burn easily
- like to bond with the _____________________ family and give away 2 electrons
Chalcogens (group 16) - like to bond with the alkaline earth metals and receive ____________ electrons
Halogens (group 17) - highly reactive especially with the alkali metals where they gain an electron
- like to form _______________ compounds
Noble gases (group 18) - very ________________________ gases
- do not like to react with other elements because their electron valence layer is
_____________
- found in their natural state
Periods in the Periodic Table - each period is a ___________________________ row in the table
- the number of each row is equal to the number of energy levels for each element
Question
Use the table below to colour the different families Make sure to include a legend
Leave the newer elements at the bottom (116 - 118) blank as scientists are not sure if
they demonstrate the characteristics of those families
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rt Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Legend
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS PROBLEMS
1 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the following elements
2 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the alkali metals
3 What is similar between all the alkali metals in question 2 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 From one period to the next what happens to the number of energy levels
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have ________________
6 How many energy levels does Rubidium (Rb) have ___________________
Li
O
Na
Ar
Ca
3 18 20 11 8
H
Li
Na
K
19 3 1 11
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
5 A person Ex Einsteinium Es Albert Einstein
Rutherfordium Rf E Rutherford ____________ Cm Marie Curie Fermium Fm Enrico Fermi
Symbols are assigned by the following rules 1 The first letter of the element name Ex C = carbon
2 The first and second letter of the element name if the first is already taken Ex Ce = cerium
3 The first and third letter of the element name if the first two are already taken Ex Cs = cesium
4 Some symbols follow the above rules but with their latin or greek root Ex Tungsten = W = Wolfram (the German name)
5 Some symbols do not follow the rules and just need to be memorized Ex Platinum should be Pl but it is Pt Ex Zirconium should be Zi but it is Zr
ELEMENT BINGO Randomly place 25 of the symbols below in the BINGO grid
S F B Pb Cl H Cr Au Be P Na Ar He O Li Ca Hg W I N Mg C Cu Zn Co Fe Mn Sn Ag Br Ne Al Si K
ELEMENT SCRABBLE
Name ______________________________
Goal to become more familiar with the periodic table and the elements
Instructions Create words using the symbols in the periodic table You must write the word as the symbols are written in the table (capitals and lower case) You may not have the same answers as other students Example BaNaNa ndash barium sodium sodium Create 3 words with 4 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________- ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 5 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 6 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 4 or more letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 new words and include a definition Word Names of elements and the definition of the word
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________
BOHR MODELS
Examples 1) Aluminum (Al) 2) Sodium (Na)
A Bohr diagram is used to give a general idea of where electrons are found in an atom
Electrons are drawn in energy levels (orbits) The closest level to the nucleus has the lowest amount of energy
Electrons circle the nucleus in a random fashion to create a cloud They do not circle in a predictable fashion like the planets and the sun
Electrons = dots Energy level = circle
1st level can hold up to 2 electrons
2nd level can hold up to 8 electrons
3rd level can hold up to ldquo8 electronsrdquo
When a level has more than 4 electrons the electrons are drawn in pairs
Each level must be full before filling the next level
Indicate the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
NAME___________
BOHR MODEL PERIODIC TABLE
1
Hydrogen
3
Lithium
4
Beryllium
5
Boron
6
Carbon
7
Nitrogen
8
Oxygen
9
Fluorine
10
Neon
11
Sodium
12
Magnesium
13
Aluminium
14
Silicon
15
Phosphorus
16
Sulfur
17
Chlorine
18
Argon
19
Potassium
20
Calcium
1) What do all of the columns have in common
2) What do all of the rows have in common
2
Helium
BLOCK C THE PERIODIC TABLE
History of the Periodic Table
The first periodic table was made by Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869 He ordered the
elements according to their _____ Some spaces were left empty because he predicted
that there were other elements yet to be discovered In the current periodic table the
elements are in ascending order according to their ___________ number ( of protons)
Metals non-metals and metalloids
Most elements are metals They are found on the ____________ of the table The right
side of the table contains the __________________ Metalloids share characteristics of
metals and non-metals and are found between the two on what is called the ldquostaircaserdquo
1 H
2 He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
Metals (to the left of the staircase)
- _______________________
- Good __________________________ of heat and electricity
- _______________________ (can hammer or press out of shape and not
shatter)
- _______________________ (can be stretched into a wire and not lose
strength)
- React with _____________________
- All are _________________ at room temperature except mercury (liquid)
Non-metals (to the right of the staircase)
- _______________ (not shiny)
- Not good conductors of heat and electricity
- All are __________________ at room temperature except carbon iodine sulfur
selenium and phosphorus (solids) and bromine (liquid)
Hydrogen is an ______________________ and is considered a non-metal most of
the time Sometimes it has qualities like a metal and other times it is more of a non-
metal (it is a gas at room temperature) It can give or receive an electron
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families in the Periodic Table
- each ______________________ in the table is a family of elements
- another word for family is group
- each element in a family has the same number of valence electrons
Metals
Metalloids
Non-metals
- valence electrons are the electrons found in the __________________ energy
shell that can move from one element to another to form a chemical bond
- the Roman numeral above a family indicates the number of valence electrons
- elements in a family have similar ______________________________
Alkali metals (group 1) - soft highly ______________________ metals
- like to bond with the __________________ family and give away _____ electron
- ____________________ is an exception because it can behave like a non-metal
Alkaline earth metals (group 2)
- malleable reactive burn easily
- like to bond with the _____________________ family and give away 2 electrons
Chalcogens (group 16) - like to bond with the alkaline earth metals and receive ____________ electrons
Halogens (group 17) - highly reactive especially with the alkali metals where they gain an electron
- like to form _______________ compounds
Noble gases (group 18) - very ________________________ gases
- do not like to react with other elements because their electron valence layer is
_____________
- found in their natural state
Periods in the Periodic Table - each period is a ___________________________ row in the table
- the number of each row is equal to the number of energy levels for each element
Question
Use the table below to colour the different families Make sure to include a legend
Leave the newer elements at the bottom (116 - 118) blank as scientists are not sure if
they demonstrate the characteristics of those families
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rt Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Legend
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS PROBLEMS
1 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the following elements
2 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the alkali metals
3 What is similar between all the alkali metals in question 2 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 From one period to the next what happens to the number of energy levels
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have ________________
6 How many energy levels does Rubidium (Rb) have ___________________
Li
O
Na
Ar
Ca
3 18 20 11 8
H
Li
Na
K
19 3 1 11
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
ELEMENT BINGO Randomly place 25 of the symbols below in the BINGO grid
S F B Pb Cl H Cr Au Be P Na Ar He O Li Ca Hg W I N Mg C Cu Zn Co Fe Mn Sn Ag Br Ne Al Si K
ELEMENT SCRABBLE
Name ______________________________
Goal to become more familiar with the periodic table and the elements
Instructions Create words using the symbols in the periodic table You must write the word as the symbols are written in the table (capitals and lower case) You may not have the same answers as other students Example BaNaNa ndash barium sodium sodium Create 3 words with 4 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________- ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 5 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 6 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 4 or more letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 new words and include a definition Word Names of elements and the definition of the word
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________
BOHR MODELS
Examples 1) Aluminum (Al) 2) Sodium (Na)
A Bohr diagram is used to give a general idea of where electrons are found in an atom
Electrons are drawn in energy levels (orbits) The closest level to the nucleus has the lowest amount of energy
Electrons circle the nucleus in a random fashion to create a cloud They do not circle in a predictable fashion like the planets and the sun
Electrons = dots Energy level = circle
1st level can hold up to 2 electrons
2nd level can hold up to 8 electrons
3rd level can hold up to ldquo8 electronsrdquo
When a level has more than 4 electrons the electrons are drawn in pairs
Each level must be full before filling the next level
Indicate the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
NAME___________
BOHR MODEL PERIODIC TABLE
1
Hydrogen
3
Lithium
4
Beryllium
5
Boron
6
Carbon
7
Nitrogen
8
Oxygen
9
Fluorine
10
Neon
11
Sodium
12
Magnesium
13
Aluminium
14
Silicon
15
Phosphorus
16
Sulfur
17
Chlorine
18
Argon
19
Potassium
20
Calcium
1) What do all of the columns have in common
2) What do all of the rows have in common
2
Helium
BLOCK C THE PERIODIC TABLE
History of the Periodic Table
The first periodic table was made by Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869 He ordered the
elements according to their _____ Some spaces were left empty because he predicted
that there were other elements yet to be discovered In the current periodic table the
elements are in ascending order according to their ___________ number ( of protons)
Metals non-metals and metalloids
Most elements are metals They are found on the ____________ of the table The right
side of the table contains the __________________ Metalloids share characteristics of
metals and non-metals and are found between the two on what is called the ldquostaircaserdquo
1 H
2 He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
Metals (to the left of the staircase)
- _______________________
- Good __________________________ of heat and electricity
- _______________________ (can hammer or press out of shape and not
shatter)
- _______________________ (can be stretched into a wire and not lose
strength)
- React with _____________________
- All are _________________ at room temperature except mercury (liquid)
Non-metals (to the right of the staircase)
- _______________ (not shiny)
- Not good conductors of heat and electricity
- All are __________________ at room temperature except carbon iodine sulfur
selenium and phosphorus (solids) and bromine (liquid)
Hydrogen is an ______________________ and is considered a non-metal most of
the time Sometimes it has qualities like a metal and other times it is more of a non-
metal (it is a gas at room temperature) It can give or receive an electron
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families in the Periodic Table
- each ______________________ in the table is a family of elements
- another word for family is group
- each element in a family has the same number of valence electrons
Metals
Metalloids
Non-metals
- valence electrons are the electrons found in the __________________ energy
shell that can move from one element to another to form a chemical bond
- the Roman numeral above a family indicates the number of valence electrons
- elements in a family have similar ______________________________
Alkali metals (group 1) - soft highly ______________________ metals
- like to bond with the __________________ family and give away _____ electron
- ____________________ is an exception because it can behave like a non-metal
Alkaline earth metals (group 2)
- malleable reactive burn easily
- like to bond with the _____________________ family and give away 2 electrons
Chalcogens (group 16) - like to bond with the alkaline earth metals and receive ____________ electrons
Halogens (group 17) - highly reactive especially with the alkali metals where they gain an electron
- like to form _______________ compounds
Noble gases (group 18) - very ________________________ gases
- do not like to react with other elements because their electron valence layer is
_____________
- found in their natural state
Periods in the Periodic Table - each period is a ___________________________ row in the table
- the number of each row is equal to the number of energy levels for each element
Question
Use the table below to colour the different families Make sure to include a legend
Leave the newer elements at the bottom (116 - 118) blank as scientists are not sure if
they demonstrate the characteristics of those families
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rt Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Legend
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS PROBLEMS
1 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the following elements
2 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the alkali metals
3 What is similar between all the alkali metals in question 2 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 From one period to the next what happens to the number of energy levels
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have ________________
6 How many energy levels does Rubidium (Rb) have ___________________
Li
O
Na
Ar
Ca
3 18 20 11 8
H
Li
Na
K
19 3 1 11
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
ELEMENT SCRABBLE
Name ______________________________
Goal to become more familiar with the periodic table and the elements
Instructions Create words using the symbols in the periodic table You must write the word as the symbols are written in the table (capitals and lower case) You may not have the same answers as other students Example BaNaNa ndash barium sodium sodium Create 3 words with 4 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________- ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 5 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 6 letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 words with 4 or more letters Word Names of elements
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________ Create 3 new words and include a definition Word Names of elements and the definition of the word
1 _________________ - ______________________________________________
2 _________________ - ______________________________________________
3 _________________ - ______________________________________________
BOHR MODELS
Examples 1) Aluminum (Al) 2) Sodium (Na)
A Bohr diagram is used to give a general idea of where electrons are found in an atom
Electrons are drawn in energy levels (orbits) The closest level to the nucleus has the lowest amount of energy
Electrons circle the nucleus in a random fashion to create a cloud They do not circle in a predictable fashion like the planets and the sun
Electrons = dots Energy level = circle
1st level can hold up to 2 electrons
2nd level can hold up to 8 electrons
3rd level can hold up to ldquo8 electronsrdquo
When a level has more than 4 electrons the electrons are drawn in pairs
Each level must be full before filling the next level
Indicate the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
NAME___________
BOHR MODEL PERIODIC TABLE
1
Hydrogen
3
Lithium
4
Beryllium
5
Boron
6
Carbon
7
Nitrogen
8
Oxygen
9
Fluorine
10
Neon
11
Sodium
12
Magnesium
13
Aluminium
14
Silicon
15
Phosphorus
16
Sulfur
17
Chlorine
18
Argon
19
Potassium
20
Calcium
1) What do all of the columns have in common
2) What do all of the rows have in common
2
Helium
BLOCK C THE PERIODIC TABLE
History of the Periodic Table
The first periodic table was made by Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869 He ordered the
elements according to their _____ Some spaces were left empty because he predicted
that there were other elements yet to be discovered In the current periodic table the
elements are in ascending order according to their ___________ number ( of protons)
Metals non-metals and metalloids
Most elements are metals They are found on the ____________ of the table The right
side of the table contains the __________________ Metalloids share characteristics of
metals and non-metals and are found between the two on what is called the ldquostaircaserdquo
1 H
2 He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
Metals (to the left of the staircase)
- _______________________
- Good __________________________ of heat and electricity
- _______________________ (can hammer or press out of shape and not
shatter)
- _______________________ (can be stretched into a wire and not lose
strength)
- React with _____________________
- All are _________________ at room temperature except mercury (liquid)
Non-metals (to the right of the staircase)
- _______________ (not shiny)
- Not good conductors of heat and electricity
- All are __________________ at room temperature except carbon iodine sulfur
selenium and phosphorus (solids) and bromine (liquid)
Hydrogen is an ______________________ and is considered a non-metal most of
the time Sometimes it has qualities like a metal and other times it is more of a non-
metal (it is a gas at room temperature) It can give or receive an electron
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families in the Periodic Table
- each ______________________ in the table is a family of elements
- another word for family is group
- each element in a family has the same number of valence electrons
Metals
Metalloids
Non-metals
- valence electrons are the electrons found in the __________________ energy
shell that can move from one element to another to form a chemical bond
- the Roman numeral above a family indicates the number of valence electrons
- elements in a family have similar ______________________________
Alkali metals (group 1) - soft highly ______________________ metals
- like to bond with the __________________ family and give away _____ electron
- ____________________ is an exception because it can behave like a non-metal
Alkaline earth metals (group 2)
- malleable reactive burn easily
- like to bond with the _____________________ family and give away 2 electrons
Chalcogens (group 16) - like to bond with the alkaline earth metals and receive ____________ electrons
Halogens (group 17) - highly reactive especially with the alkali metals where they gain an electron
- like to form _______________ compounds
Noble gases (group 18) - very ________________________ gases
- do not like to react with other elements because their electron valence layer is
_____________
- found in their natural state
Periods in the Periodic Table - each period is a ___________________________ row in the table
- the number of each row is equal to the number of energy levels for each element
Question
Use the table below to colour the different families Make sure to include a legend
Leave the newer elements at the bottom (116 - 118) blank as scientists are not sure if
they demonstrate the characteristics of those families
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rt Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Legend
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS PROBLEMS
1 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the following elements
2 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the alkali metals
3 What is similar between all the alkali metals in question 2 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 From one period to the next what happens to the number of energy levels
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have ________________
6 How many energy levels does Rubidium (Rb) have ___________________
Li
O
Na
Ar
Ca
3 18 20 11 8
H
Li
Na
K
19 3 1 11
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
BOHR MODELS
Examples 1) Aluminum (Al) 2) Sodium (Na)
A Bohr diagram is used to give a general idea of where electrons are found in an atom
Electrons are drawn in energy levels (orbits) The closest level to the nucleus has the lowest amount of energy
Electrons circle the nucleus in a random fashion to create a cloud They do not circle in a predictable fashion like the planets and the sun
Electrons = dots Energy level = circle
1st level can hold up to 2 electrons
2nd level can hold up to 8 electrons
3rd level can hold up to ldquo8 electronsrdquo
When a level has more than 4 electrons the electrons are drawn in pairs
Each level must be full before filling the next level
Indicate the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
NAME___________
BOHR MODEL PERIODIC TABLE
1
Hydrogen
3
Lithium
4
Beryllium
5
Boron
6
Carbon
7
Nitrogen
8
Oxygen
9
Fluorine
10
Neon
11
Sodium
12
Magnesium
13
Aluminium
14
Silicon
15
Phosphorus
16
Sulfur
17
Chlorine
18
Argon
19
Potassium
20
Calcium
1) What do all of the columns have in common
2) What do all of the rows have in common
2
Helium
BLOCK C THE PERIODIC TABLE
History of the Periodic Table
The first periodic table was made by Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869 He ordered the
elements according to their _____ Some spaces were left empty because he predicted
that there were other elements yet to be discovered In the current periodic table the
elements are in ascending order according to their ___________ number ( of protons)
Metals non-metals and metalloids
Most elements are metals They are found on the ____________ of the table The right
side of the table contains the __________________ Metalloids share characteristics of
metals and non-metals and are found between the two on what is called the ldquostaircaserdquo
1 H
2 He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
Metals (to the left of the staircase)
- _______________________
- Good __________________________ of heat and electricity
- _______________________ (can hammer or press out of shape and not
shatter)
- _______________________ (can be stretched into a wire and not lose
strength)
- React with _____________________
- All are _________________ at room temperature except mercury (liquid)
Non-metals (to the right of the staircase)
- _______________ (not shiny)
- Not good conductors of heat and electricity
- All are __________________ at room temperature except carbon iodine sulfur
selenium and phosphorus (solids) and bromine (liquid)
Hydrogen is an ______________________ and is considered a non-metal most of
the time Sometimes it has qualities like a metal and other times it is more of a non-
metal (it is a gas at room temperature) It can give or receive an electron
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families in the Periodic Table
- each ______________________ in the table is a family of elements
- another word for family is group
- each element in a family has the same number of valence electrons
Metals
Metalloids
Non-metals
- valence electrons are the electrons found in the __________________ energy
shell that can move from one element to another to form a chemical bond
- the Roman numeral above a family indicates the number of valence electrons
- elements in a family have similar ______________________________
Alkali metals (group 1) - soft highly ______________________ metals
- like to bond with the __________________ family and give away _____ electron
- ____________________ is an exception because it can behave like a non-metal
Alkaline earth metals (group 2)
- malleable reactive burn easily
- like to bond with the _____________________ family and give away 2 electrons
Chalcogens (group 16) - like to bond with the alkaline earth metals and receive ____________ electrons
Halogens (group 17) - highly reactive especially with the alkali metals where they gain an electron
- like to form _______________ compounds
Noble gases (group 18) - very ________________________ gases
- do not like to react with other elements because their electron valence layer is
_____________
- found in their natural state
Periods in the Periodic Table - each period is a ___________________________ row in the table
- the number of each row is equal to the number of energy levels for each element
Question
Use the table below to colour the different families Make sure to include a legend
Leave the newer elements at the bottom (116 - 118) blank as scientists are not sure if
they demonstrate the characteristics of those families
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rt Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Legend
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS PROBLEMS
1 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the following elements
2 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the alkali metals
3 What is similar between all the alkali metals in question 2 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 From one period to the next what happens to the number of energy levels
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have ________________
6 How many energy levels does Rubidium (Rb) have ___________________
Li
O
Na
Ar
Ca
3 18 20 11 8
H
Li
Na
K
19 3 1 11
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
NAME___________
BOHR MODEL PERIODIC TABLE
1
Hydrogen
3
Lithium
4
Beryllium
5
Boron
6
Carbon
7
Nitrogen
8
Oxygen
9
Fluorine
10
Neon
11
Sodium
12
Magnesium
13
Aluminium
14
Silicon
15
Phosphorus
16
Sulfur
17
Chlorine
18
Argon
19
Potassium
20
Calcium
1) What do all of the columns have in common
2) What do all of the rows have in common
2
Helium
BLOCK C THE PERIODIC TABLE
History of the Periodic Table
The first periodic table was made by Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869 He ordered the
elements according to their _____ Some spaces were left empty because he predicted
that there were other elements yet to be discovered In the current periodic table the
elements are in ascending order according to their ___________ number ( of protons)
Metals non-metals and metalloids
Most elements are metals They are found on the ____________ of the table The right
side of the table contains the __________________ Metalloids share characteristics of
metals and non-metals and are found between the two on what is called the ldquostaircaserdquo
1 H
2 He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
Metals (to the left of the staircase)
- _______________________
- Good __________________________ of heat and electricity
- _______________________ (can hammer or press out of shape and not
shatter)
- _______________________ (can be stretched into a wire and not lose
strength)
- React with _____________________
- All are _________________ at room temperature except mercury (liquid)
Non-metals (to the right of the staircase)
- _______________ (not shiny)
- Not good conductors of heat and electricity
- All are __________________ at room temperature except carbon iodine sulfur
selenium and phosphorus (solids) and bromine (liquid)
Hydrogen is an ______________________ and is considered a non-metal most of
the time Sometimes it has qualities like a metal and other times it is more of a non-
metal (it is a gas at room temperature) It can give or receive an electron
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families in the Periodic Table
- each ______________________ in the table is a family of elements
- another word for family is group
- each element in a family has the same number of valence electrons
Metals
Metalloids
Non-metals
- valence electrons are the electrons found in the __________________ energy
shell that can move from one element to another to form a chemical bond
- the Roman numeral above a family indicates the number of valence electrons
- elements in a family have similar ______________________________
Alkali metals (group 1) - soft highly ______________________ metals
- like to bond with the __________________ family and give away _____ electron
- ____________________ is an exception because it can behave like a non-metal
Alkaline earth metals (group 2)
- malleable reactive burn easily
- like to bond with the _____________________ family and give away 2 electrons
Chalcogens (group 16) - like to bond with the alkaline earth metals and receive ____________ electrons
Halogens (group 17) - highly reactive especially with the alkali metals where they gain an electron
- like to form _______________ compounds
Noble gases (group 18) - very ________________________ gases
- do not like to react with other elements because their electron valence layer is
_____________
- found in their natural state
Periods in the Periodic Table - each period is a ___________________________ row in the table
- the number of each row is equal to the number of energy levels for each element
Question
Use the table below to colour the different families Make sure to include a legend
Leave the newer elements at the bottom (116 - 118) blank as scientists are not sure if
they demonstrate the characteristics of those families
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rt Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Legend
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS PROBLEMS
1 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the following elements
2 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the alkali metals
3 What is similar between all the alkali metals in question 2 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 From one period to the next what happens to the number of energy levels
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have ________________
6 How many energy levels does Rubidium (Rb) have ___________________
Li
O
Na
Ar
Ca
3 18 20 11 8
H
Li
Na
K
19 3 1 11
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
BLOCK C THE PERIODIC TABLE
History of the Periodic Table
The first periodic table was made by Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869 He ordered the
elements according to their _____ Some spaces were left empty because he predicted
that there were other elements yet to be discovered In the current periodic table the
elements are in ascending order according to their ___________ number ( of protons)
Metals non-metals and metalloids
Most elements are metals They are found on the ____________ of the table The right
side of the table contains the __________________ Metalloids share characteristics of
metals and non-metals and are found between the two on what is called the ldquostaircaserdquo
1 H
2 He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
Metals (to the left of the staircase)
- _______________________
- Good __________________________ of heat and electricity
- _______________________ (can hammer or press out of shape and not
shatter)
- _______________________ (can be stretched into a wire and not lose
strength)
- React with _____________________
- All are _________________ at room temperature except mercury (liquid)
Non-metals (to the right of the staircase)
- _______________ (not shiny)
- Not good conductors of heat and electricity
- All are __________________ at room temperature except carbon iodine sulfur
selenium and phosphorus (solids) and bromine (liquid)
Hydrogen is an ______________________ and is considered a non-metal most of
the time Sometimes it has qualities like a metal and other times it is more of a non-
metal (it is a gas at room temperature) It can give or receive an electron
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families in the Periodic Table
- each ______________________ in the table is a family of elements
- another word for family is group
- each element in a family has the same number of valence electrons
Metals
Metalloids
Non-metals
- valence electrons are the electrons found in the __________________ energy
shell that can move from one element to another to form a chemical bond
- the Roman numeral above a family indicates the number of valence electrons
- elements in a family have similar ______________________________
Alkali metals (group 1) - soft highly ______________________ metals
- like to bond with the __________________ family and give away _____ electron
- ____________________ is an exception because it can behave like a non-metal
Alkaline earth metals (group 2)
- malleable reactive burn easily
- like to bond with the _____________________ family and give away 2 electrons
Chalcogens (group 16) - like to bond with the alkaline earth metals and receive ____________ electrons
Halogens (group 17) - highly reactive especially with the alkali metals where they gain an electron
- like to form _______________ compounds
Noble gases (group 18) - very ________________________ gases
- do not like to react with other elements because their electron valence layer is
_____________
- found in their natural state
Periods in the Periodic Table - each period is a ___________________________ row in the table
- the number of each row is equal to the number of energy levels for each element
Question
Use the table below to colour the different families Make sure to include a legend
Leave the newer elements at the bottom (116 - 118) blank as scientists are not sure if
they demonstrate the characteristics of those families
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rt Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Legend
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS PROBLEMS
1 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the following elements
2 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the alkali metals
3 What is similar between all the alkali metals in question 2 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 From one period to the next what happens to the number of energy levels
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have ________________
6 How many energy levels does Rubidium (Rb) have ___________________
Li
O
Na
Ar
Ca
3 18 20 11 8
H
Li
Na
K
19 3 1 11
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
- React with _____________________
- All are _________________ at room temperature except mercury (liquid)
Non-metals (to the right of the staircase)
- _______________ (not shiny)
- Not good conductors of heat and electricity
- All are __________________ at room temperature except carbon iodine sulfur
selenium and phosphorus (solids) and bromine (liquid)
Hydrogen is an ______________________ and is considered a non-metal most of
the time Sometimes it has qualities like a metal and other times it is more of a non-
metal (it is a gas at room temperature) It can give or receive an electron
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Families in the Periodic Table
- each ______________________ in the table is a family of elements
- another word for family is group
- each element in a family has the same number of valence electrons
Metals
Metalloids
Non-metals
- valence electrons are the electrons found in the __________________ energy
shell that can move from one element to another to form a chemical bond
- the Roman numeral above a family indicates the number of valence electrons
- elements in a family have similar ______________________________
Alkali metals (group 1) - soft highly ______________________ metals
- like to bond with the __________________ family and give away _____ electron
- ____________________ is an exception because it can behave like a non-metal
Alkaline earth metals (group 2)
- malleable reactive burn easily
- like to bond with the _____________________ family and give away 2 electrons
Chalcogens (group 16) - like to bond with the alkaline earth metals and receive ____________ electrons
Halogens (group 17) - highly reactive especially with the alkali metals where they gain an electron
- like to form _______________ compounds
Noble gases (group 18) - very ________________________ gases
- do not like to react with other elements because their electron valence layer is
_____________
- found in their natural state
Periods in the Periodic Table - each period is a ___________________________ row in the table
- the number of each row is equal to the number of energy levels for each element
Question
Use the table below to colour the different families Make sure to include a legend
Leave the newer elements at the bottom (116 - 118) blank as scientists are not sure if
they demonstrate the characteristics of those families
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rt Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Legend
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS PROBLEMS
1 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the following elements
2 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the alkali metals
3 What is similar between all the alkali metals in question 2 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 From one period to the next what happens to the number of energy levels
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have ________________
6 How many energy levels does Rubidium (Rb) have ___________________
Li
O
Na
Ar
Ca
3 18 20 11 8
H
Li
Na
K
19 3 1 11
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
- valence electrons are the electrons found in the __________________ energy
shell that can move from one element to another to form a chemical bond
- the Roman numeral above a family indicates the number of valence electrons
- elements in a family have similar ______________________________
Alkali metals (group 1) - soft highly ______________________ metals
- like to bond with the __________________ family and give away _____ electron
- ____________________ is an exception because it can behave like a non-metal
Alkaline earth metals (group 2)
- malleable reactive burn easily
- like to bond with the _____________________ family and give away 2 electrons
Chalcogens (group 16) - like to bond with the alkaline earth metals and receive ____________ electrons
Halogens (group 17) - highly reactive especially with the alkali metals where they gain an electron
- like to form _______________ compounds
Noble gases (group 18) - very ________________________ gases
- do not like to react with other elements because their electron valence layer is
_____________
- found in their natural state
Periods in the Periodic Table - each period is a ___________________________ row in the table
- the number of each row is equal to the number of energy levels for each element
Question
Use the table below to colour the different families Make sure to include a legend
Leave the newer elements at the bottom (116 - 118) blank as scientists are not sure if
they demonstrate the characteristics of those families
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rt Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Legend
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS PROBLEMS
1 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the following elements
2 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the alkali metals
3 What is similar between all the alkali metals in question 2 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 From one period to the next what happens to the number of energy levels
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have ________________
6 How many energy levels does Rubidium (Rb) have ___________________
Li
O
Na
Ar
Ca
3 18 20 11 8
H
Li
Na
K
19 3 1 11
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
Question
Use the table below to colour the different families Make sure to include a legend
Leave the newer elements at the bottom (116 - 118) blank as scientists are not sure if
they demonstrate the characteristics of those families
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Dd Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rt Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Legend
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS PROBLEMS
1 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the following elements
2 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the alkali metals
3 What is similar between all the alkali metals in question 2 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 From one period to the next what happens to the number of energy levels
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have ________________
6 How many energy levels does Rubidium (Rb) have ___________________
Li
O
Na
Ar
Ca
3 18 20 11 8
H
Li
Na
K
19 3 1 11
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS PROBLEMS
1 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the following elements
2 Draw the Bohr diagrams of the energy levels for the alkali metals
3 What is similar between all the alkali metals in question 2 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 From one period to the next what happens to the number of energy levels
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have ________________
6 How many energy levels does Rubidium (Rb) have ___________________
Li
O
Na
Ar
Ca
3 18 20 11 8
H
Li
Na
K
19 3 1 11
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
7 Draw the Bohr diagrams for the first 3 elements of each of these families
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Noble gases
8 What similarities can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9 What differences can you find between all the elements of the same family
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10 What is the difference between a neutral atom and a stable atom
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
11 What is a valence electron
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12 Which family of elements do you think is the most stable Why
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13 a) Who created the first periodic table ______________________________
b) What was different about his table and the current periodic table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
ELEMENT CARDS PROJECT
In this project you will research 4 different elements using the Internet and your
periodic table (15 points per element x 4 elements = 60 points)
Each element card must include _____ 1 Information from the periodic table (ex Atomic number atomic
mass name symbol state ndash solidliquidgas) 2 points _____ 2 The number of protons neutrons and electrons 3 points _____ 3 The name of the family it belongs to (If it doesnrsquot have an official
name the family is named after the first element in that column for example the carbon family) 1 point
_____ 4 Is it a metal metalloid or non-metal 1 point _____ 5 The people who discovered it and the date 2 points _____ 6 At least 3 important uses for the element 3 points _____ 7 At least 1 image showing how the element is used 1 point _____ 8 Neatly written and displayed Easy to follow 2 points
P = _____ N = _____ E = _____
Family name __________________
Metal ___ Metalloid ___ Non-metal ___
Discovered in _______ by
_________________________
Uses
Images on the back
8
O Oxygen 159994
Gas
Determine the number of protons
neutrons and electrons
Indicate the date the element was
discovered and the person or group
who discovered it
Give at least 3 uses of the element
Show one or more images on the back
demonstrating how the element is
used
Fill in this square with the information
from the periodic table
Give the family name
Indicate if the element is a metal
metalloid or non-metal
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
BLOCK D ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
Matter
1 type of atom 2 or more types of atoms bonded together bonded together
Element Compound
Ex _____________
Ex _____________
Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
1 atom 2 of the same 3 or more of the atom same atom Ex ______ Ex ____________ Ex _________
____________
____________
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
COUNTING ATOMS
How do chemists represent the number of atoms in a molecule Or the number of molecules Or the structure of those molecules Chemists will use the following
Subscript - __________ bottom number - Represents the number of atoms of the element directly to the
___________ - No subscript represents the number 1 it is implied by the symbol - All atoms written together with and without subscripts are all joined
together to make up a molecule - Ex H2O ___ H ___ O
- There is one molecule of water
Coefficient - _____________ number before the molecule - Represents how many molecules you have (of the molecule that is
written right after it) They are not attached together - Multiply the _________________ for each atom by the coefficient - The number 1 is not written it is implied - Ex 2CO2 _____C _____ O - There are 2 separate carbon dioxide molecules
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
Parentheses - Represents more than one _______________ in a molecule - Multiply each atom in the parentheses by the ______________ on
the outside - Ex Mg(NO2)2 ____ Mg ____ N ____O
One way of saying this is ldquothere are 2 groups of NO2 in a magnesium nitrite moleculerdquo All these atoms would be joined together to make one molecule
Explain the difference between the molecules below by counting the atoms in each one
a) CO2 ____ C _____ O
b) CoCO
____ Co _____ C _____ O
c) Co2 ____ Co
d) 2CO
____ C _____ O
e) Fe2(CO3)3
____ Fe _____ C ______ O
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
CHEMICAL FORMULAS PRACTICE For each of the elements in the left column answer the questions in the two other columns You may use a molecule building set if you would like to construct each one
Chemical Formula
a) How many different kinds of atoms are in this molecule b) How many atoms of each kind are in this molecule c) What is the total number of all atoms in this molecule
What does this formula
represent
Water H2O
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Carbon dioxide CO2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sodium chloride NaCl
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Oxygen O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ozone O3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Manganese sulfate MnSO4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Nitrogen N2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Vinegar (acetic acid) CH3COOH
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Sulfur S8
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Neon Ne
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Methane CH4
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Calcium iodide CaI2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
Diamond C
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Rust (iron hydroxide) Fe(OH)2
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Glucose C6H12O6
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
Ammonia NH3
a) b) c)
a compound a monatomic element a diatomic element a polyatomic element
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
MORE QUESTIONS
1 How many atoms in 6 AlCl3
2 How many molecules in 3 MgBr2
3 How many atoms in 2 PCl2
4 How many molecules in 4 AlCl3
5 How many chlorine atoms in 5 PCl2
6 How many magnesium atoms in 3 MgBr2
7 What is the ratio between the atoms in AlCl3
8 What is the ratio between the atoms in 6 AlCl3
9 What is the ratio between the atoms in 2 P2Cl5
10 True or false A molecule is only made up of two elements
11 True or false A molecule can contain many atoms of the same element
12 True or false In 6 H2O there are 6 molecules of water
13 True or false In 3 NH3 there are 3 atoms of hydrogen
14 True or false CO is an element
15 True or false Co is a compound
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
BLOCK E PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Matter anything that occupies a _______________________ and has a ___________
Example air and a rubber soccer ball
Properties of matter
The properties of matter can be separated into 2 categories physical properties and
chemical properties
Qualitative Physical Properties
Physical properties of matter are observed with our five _________________ (vision
hearing taste smell and touch) Physical properties of matter can help to
_____________________ a substance Example colour is a physical property
States of matter matter is found in one of the following states at room
temperature ndash solid liquid or gas
Solid has a defined form and a stable __________________________
Liquid always conforms to the shape of its ________________________
and has a stable volume
Gas always adopts the shape of its container and __________ it completely
Durability Durability indicates a solidrsquos inability to __________________ or dent
A more durable material can be used to scratch a less durable material Example
using a diamond to scratch glass
Malleability If a solid is malleable it can be ___________________________
into thin sheets Gold can be hammered into thin sheets so it is said to be
malleable Glass is not malleable If it is hammered it breaks into pieces
Ductility The ability of a material to be pulled into thin __________________ For
example copper is ductile because it can be pulled into wires for electrical wiring
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
Quantitative Physical Properties
These are properties that must be measured
Boiling point and melting point the temperature at which a substance changes
from one _________ to another The melting point is the temperature when a solid
changes to a liquid (or vice versa) The boiling point is when a liquid changes to a
gas (or vice versa) Water has a melting point of 0 ordmC and a boiling point of 100 ordmC
Solubility The ability for a substance (solute) to ________________ in a solvent
If you add salt and pepper to water the salt dissolves in the water and not the
pepper
Viscosity the __________________ of a liquid or its inability to run down an
incline The thicker the liquid the more viscous it is For example syrup is more
viscous than water
Density Density is the quantity of __________________________ per unit of
____________________ For example lead has a larger density than a feather It
is measured in gcm3
Chemical Properties
A chemical property describes the behaviour of a substance when it comes into contact
with another ____________________ or energy source The change that occurs is not
reversible For example dynamite that explodes
Combustible (or flammable) a substance is combustible if it can be
______________________ when exposed to a flame
Reacts with acids the ability to react with an acid is a chemical property The
majority of ______________________ react with acids
Corrosion when a metal reacts with an ______________________ substance
For example iron reacts with oxygen to become rust
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
QUESTIONS Physical and Chemical Properties
1 What is the difference between qualitative physical properties and quantitative
physical properties
2 Give 3 qualitative physical properties of an orange
3 Give 3 quantitative physical properties of water
4 Indicate which of the statements below are quantitative and which ones are
qualitative
a The density of air is 15 gL ___________________
b The boiling point of nitrogen is -196degC ______________________
c Table salt is a white solid _____________________
5 Indicate which of the following statements are examples of physical
characteristics and which ones are chemical characteristics
a Calcium is a metal that is fairly soft ______________________
b Calcium reacts with water _______________________
c Snow is a solid _______________________
d Ozone is toxic for humans _____________________
e Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids _______________________
f Mercury is toxic _______________________
g Paper burns easily _________________________
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
CHEMICAL BONDS
A ________________ is a force that attracts atoms to one another in a chemical
compound (or molecule)
A bond forms between two atoms due to the interaction of the atomsrsquo valence electrons
A bond forms a compound that is more stable than the atoms by themselves Many of
the elements in the periodic table do not exist in nature as single atoms rather they are
a part of compounds
Metals tend to lose electrons They form positive ____________ (an atom with a
charge) called ________________________
Non-metals tend to receive electrons They form negative ions called _____________
1 Ionic bonds
This type of bond forms when electrons are __________________________ between
two atoms One atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom receives them
This bond occurs between a __________________ and a ______________________
Ex NaCl and MgO
Example Salt is sodium chloride or NaCl
Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) atoms
Sodium Chlorine
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
1123 Na 17
35Cl
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
In magnesium oxide (Mg amp O)
Magnesium Oxygen
- electrons ______ - electrons ______
- protons ______ - protons ______
An anion is an atom or group of atoms ______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A cation is an atom or group of atoms _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Covalent Bond
This type of bond __________________ electrons between atoms It occurs between
two ______________________________ (or metalloids)
Ex H2O
A ionic compound is composed of ions joined
together by ionic bonds Another name for this
is a
A compound made-up of covalent bonds is
called a
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
QUESTIONS Ionic Bonds 1 Using the word bank below complete the sentences in the paragraph below
Attraction charge electron ionic bond positive positive charge negative negative charge transferred opposing
When an atom receives or loses an ___________________ an ion is formed All ions
have a ____________ Metals have a tendency to form ions with a ________________
________________________ while non-metals have a tendency to form ions with a
__________________________________ When a metal atom reacts with a non-metal
atom one or more electrons are ________________________ this causes ions to
form There will be ___________________ ions and ___________________________
ions The ions are attracted to each other due to their __________________ charges
This is what we call an _________________________
2a) Draw a Bohr diagram for lithium in the space below
b) What will cause lithium to become an ion __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will it be positive or negative Explain why _________________
______________________________________________________________________
3 a) Draw a Bohr diagram for fluorine in the space below
b) What could happen that would change fluorine into an ion ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
c) The ion that forms will be positive or negative Explain _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
4 Lithium and fluorine react together to form lithium fluoride With the help of a Bohr
diagram draw how these two atoms react
5 The following diagram represents an oxygen atom It can be used to answer the
following questions
a) Why is this atom unstable _________________________________________
b) What will make this atom stable _____________________________________
c) With a red pen modify the diagram so it shows a stable atom
d) What is the charge of this atom _____________________________________
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
Questions Covalent Bonds
1 What does the small circle (A) represent _____________________________
2 What does the large circle (B) represent _____________________________
3 What does C represent __________________________________________
4 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the left ______
5 How many electrons are in the valence layer for the atom on the right _____
6 What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond __________
________________________________________________________________
7 Draw Bohr diagrams to show how the following atoms bond together with
covalent bonds
H2
FCl
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
OF2
NH3
8 Why do the noble gases like He and Ne not bond with other atoms
________________________________________________________________
9 Identify if the following molecules are held together by ionic bonds or covalent
bonds i NaBr ______________________
ii N2 ______________________
iii LiF ______________________
iv CO2 ______________________
v CCl4 ______________________
vi BeO ______________________
10 Identify if the following ions are cations or anions a) Na+ __________________________
b) Cl- __________________________
c) S2- __________________________
d) F- __________________________
e) Fe2+ __________________________
f) Ni3+ __________________________
g) O2- __________________________
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
BLOCK F PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Physical changes
- do not make a new ______________________
- the substance may change appearance but its ________________ is the
same Ex Tearing a piece of paper Dissolving a substance in water
- a change of _________________ (gas liquid solid) is a physical change
Ex Ice melting
Chemical changes
- atoms are rearranged to create new ________________________ with new
_________________________
Indicators of a chemical reaction
Releases a _________________ (bubbles)
Changes ___________________
Makes a _____________________ (a solid that forms in the bottom of a liquid)
Releases __________________ (heat or light)
Very difficult to __________________
Often more than one indicator of a chemical reaction needs to be seen to confirm it is a chemical change and not physical For example releasing a gas could be a physical change (such as when boiling water) Just a few examples of chemical reactions
Baking a cake
A rusting nail
Burning wood
Glow sticks are an example of ____________________________
___________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy rarr C6H12O6 + 6O2
Notice in this chemical reaction there is the same amount of type of atom on both
sides of the arrow This is because atoms cannot be created or destroyed during
a chemical reaction ndash only rearranged
Brainstorm some more chemical reactions
Chemical reactions in nature Chemical reactions in technology
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
Questions Chemical and Physical Changes
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical Justify your answer
SITUATION TYPE OF CHANGE JUSTIFICATION
1 Gina hangs her bathing suit and towel on the clothes line Two hours later they are dry
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
2 Marvin returns home from a vacation to find the margarine left in the fridge has a strange smell
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
3 Nathalie is very sad that her chocolate bar melted on the dashboard of her car
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
4 Keith mixes a white powder with a colourless acid A purple precipitate appears in the bottom of the beaker
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
5 Andrea uses caulking to fill a crack between the window and the wall It hardens in less than an hour
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
6 Rauno mixes a red powder with a colourless acid The next day there is still a red powder in the bottom of the beaker and the colourless acid around it
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
7 Beatrice is building a bookshelf and is covered in sawdust at the end of the day
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
8 Somchine prepares a traditional Laotian meal for his friends He is proud of his spicy chicken
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
9 Yasmin brings a salad to Somchinersquos dinner The salad has 7 different vegetables cut into tiny pieces
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
10Thierry likes to surprise his friends by lighting firecrackers with a rock
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
11 When Georgersquos father makes wine from crab apples bubbles form on the surface of the yeast
and fruit mixture
This is a __ physical change __ chemical change
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
BLOCK G LAB SAFETY WHMIS
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on hazardous products intended for use handling or storage in Canadian workplaces The three focuses of WHMIS are bull Labels on containers for dangerous materials bull SDS safety data sheets for dangerous materials bull Education and training employers and employees
WHMIS PICTOGRAMS
The exclusions under WHMIS 2015 are
Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act
Cosmetic device drug or food as defined in the Food and Drugs Act
Pest control products as defined in the Pest Control Products Act
Consumer products as defined in the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act
Wood or products made of wood
Nuclear substances within the meaning of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act that are radioactive
Hazardous waste being a hazardous product that is sold for recycling or recovery or is intended for disposal
Tobacco and tobacco products as defined in the Tobacco Act
Manufactured articles
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
QUESTIONS WHMIS
What is the risk associated with each symbol
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
CHEMISTRY
Block A History of the atomic model
1) Describe how historical ideas and models have furthered our understanding of the nature of matter Describe the contributions from
a) Ancient Greek Philosophers g) Cavendish b) Alchemists h) Dalton c) Bacon i) Thomson d) Boyle j) Rutherford e) Priestley k) Bohr f) Lavoisier l) Quantum model
Block B Atoms amp Elements
2) Define the word element Identify the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and Fe Ni Cu Zn I Ag Sn Au W Hg Pb U
3) Identify a proton electron and neutron from a drawing of an atom Indicate their - charge (positivenegativeneutral) - mass (1 amu or negligible) - role in an atom
4) Identify the following characteristics of an element
- Number of protons - Number of electrons - Number of neutrons - Atomic number (number of protons) - Atomic mass (number of neutrons + protons)
5) Create a Bohr diagram for the first 20 elements
Block C The periodic classification of the elements
6) Identify the difference between periods and families Identify the name of 5 families Know what a period and a family represent
7) Identify how elements are arranged in the periodic table Identify the creator of
the modern periodic table
8) Know the difference between stable and reactive Know which families are more reactive than others
Block D Compounds
9) Compare the similarities and differences of elements and compounds
10) Count the number of each atom in a chemical formula Ex CO2
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab
Block E Properties of substances
11) Identify the properties of metals nonmetals and metalloids (ductile conductivity luster reactivity) Find them on a periodic table
12) Study the properties of substances and explain the importance of knowing these
properties
13) Know what a bond is and the difference between ionic and covalent
Block F Chemical changes
14) Distinguish chemical from physical changes
15) Conduct an experiment to determine the indicators of a chemical reaction (Change in color precipitate heat gas light new substance)
16) What are some natural phenomenon and technologies that use chemical reactions (Photography rusting photosynthesis combustion)
Block G Lab Safety
17) Identify the meaning of WHMIS Where is it used Know the symbols
18) Know how to safely work in a lab