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ATSIR, Taipei, TaiwanNovember 22-24, 2013Chandra S. AmaravadiWestern Illinois UniversityMacomb, IL A GRAPHICAL SCHEME FOR COMPLEXKNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION1 Introduction Relevant literature Characteristics of complex knowledge Knowledge engineering for complex knowledge CKR-1 Conclusions

Overview2Introduction3Introduction Knowledge representation a key issue in AI/KB systems knowledge is a discrete component Modelling of complex knowledge a standing problem

Example tax code, EPA regulations, investment knowledge.. Useful in knowledge-based systems, KMDefined as deep inter-related knowledge concerning a complex object, idea, process, behavior or system.4Some classical problems in KR primitive selection and granularity choice of primitives primitive relationships network partitioning selective inheritance non-monotonic reasoning & belief revision closed world assumption probabilistic & temporal reasoning quantification (some persons are mortal)5Relevant Literature6 Seminal work in the 70s & 80s Generalized representation languages e.g. KL-One [Brachman & Schmolze 85], Loom [MacGregor 99], .Classic [Patel-schneider 91], KRS [Marcke et al. 87] Specialized schemes adapted to a particular domain e.g. geometric fig. [Lee 88], IR [Gomez 98; Zarri 01].. internet [Heflin et al. 99], NL [Sowa 94] Recent emphasis on procedural, ontological, multi-paradigm schemes plus text processing procedural e.g. CBR [Zeng et al. 06], neural nets [Kurfess 99] ontological e.g. TOB [Zhang et al. 08], BPM [Hepp 06] multi-paradigm schemes e.g. KROL [Shaalan et al. 99] text processing & IR schemes e.g. [Zhao et al. 12] Relevant Literature7Modelling concepts with KL-OneKL-ONE [Brachman & Schmolze 85]FerrariblueredthingpersonJohnMaryGrand Prixcarv/rvalvaldriverNexus 1colormanufacturerContext 18race LOOM [MacGregor 99](defconcept Person)(defrelation has-child :domain Person :range Person)

(defconcept Male)

(defconcept Person-with-Sons:is (:and Person (:at-least 1 has-child Male)))

(defconcept Person-with-Two-Sons:is (and Person (:exactly 2 has-child Male)))

(tell (Person Fred))(tell (has-child Fred Sandy))(tell (Male Sandy)) 9Conceptual Graphs [Sowa 94] LeavesVan leaves BSS at 11:00 am and goes to ElnetSubj. Vanorigin BSSConsider: rate making is the process by which insurers determine the rates for each category or classification, of similar, but independent insureds.dest. Elnet1011 Processuses DOGMA-MESS [Christeans and Moor 06]results-indone-byusesmaterialtoolproductactor

MULTI-NETS [Helbig 05]On July 8, 1497, Vasco De Gama led a fleet of four ships with a crew of 170 men from Lisbon and sailed 6,000 miles to reach the shores of India12

KR Features of Selected KR Schemes13 Lack of continuity in KR 1995 Literature sparse for generalized schemes business knowledge, complex knowledge, graphical schemes No formal studies of domain characteristics Conceptual and epistemic levels still problematic Lack of emphasis on relationships and knowledge structuring primitives Multi-nets recent and comprehensiveLimitations of Existing Approaches1415 Limitations of Ontologies Usually in very structured domains welding [Kitamura and Mizoguchi 2003] BPM [Hepp and Roman 2007] TOB [Zhang 2008] Relationships are rigid and pre-visioned e.g. PROCESS uses TOOL [Christaens and Moor 2006] e.g. PROCESS results-in PRODUCT [ibid] Ontology visualization [Hepp 2008] very simple notation use UML Tend not to be interchangeableCharacteristics of complex knowledge16Examples of complex knowledge Property includes real property and personal property. Real property is lands, buildings and other property attached to it. 1.6

A liability loss exposure is any condition or situation that presents the possibility of a claim alleging legal responsibility of a person or business for injury or damage suffered by another party. 1.6

Types of insurers include stock insuers, mutual insurers and reciprocal exchanges 1.11

Depreciation is allowance for physical wear and tear or technological or economic obsolescence 6.14

A contract of good faith is an obligation to act in an honest manner and todisclose all relevant facts. 7.7[Luthardt et al. 2005]17 describe objects, events, actions, situations & concepts objects generally concrete concepts generally abstract concepts involve other concepts mathematical structural axiomatic logical concepts may involve undefined concepts alternatively, elaboration on concepts conditions and restrictions may be imposed

Characteristics of complex knowledgeCK complex knowledge18Knowledge Engineering for complex knowledge19Knowledge Engineering for CKcommitted to graphical notationrepresentational adequacy an idealsupport:concept definition, reusemultiple definitionsmodularity (network partitioning)simple and complex relationshipspre-defined relationships (structural, logical etc.) as well as arbitrary

20CKR-121E/SCKR-1 ConstructsSimple/atomic concept, object/ instance or variableSimple event/situationComplex Concept, objectComplex Event or ActivitySimple activityAE/AMultiple Arguments (and)Multiple Arguments (and/or)Connector for 2 or more concepts/ objects/ eventsDerived Concept ( Complex)Name22CKR-1 Logical OperatorsTrueifFalseNegationThen part of an ifQuantification=Equivalence23Adapted from [Schubert 1976]CKR-1 RelationshipsTypeFormatExamplesCommentsStructural (s:)

s: is_a, p_sp, has_a, cmp_of, sm_as, ag_of

Amaravadi [2005]Descriptive (d:)

d-bus: d-cause: d-log: d-math: d-perm: d- prob: d-proc: d-qual: d-quant: d-state: d-temp: d-case:

-ACTS, APL..-CAU, RSLTS, ANS, QUES.- GT, LT, LE, EQ, NOT..- SUM, AVG..-GRNT, RVK, LIC, PMT..-PR, EX, NX..-LP, NXT, PRV, INP-GOOD, BAD, ACCU, ERR-VOL, AREA, WGHT..-ST, BT, WT-BFR, AFR, DUR, AT, ALWYOBJ, INST, AGNT, SUBExperience Schank and Abelson [1977], Axelrod [1976], Schubert et al. [1979], Prescott et al. [2010], Riddle [1996].

Allen [1983], Fillmore [1967],property relationships (p:) p: rp: e: or p: number of members

rp: minimum number of members. from experience and traditional KR work.

24Representing simple knowledgeAn unnatural event is an earthquake, fire, flood, storm.. EEUnnatural event

EFlood

Fires: is - a25Board of directorsElected officialspersonpositionvotings:cmp-ofs:is-arp: method of appointments:cmp-ofSimple Knowledge is not AlwaysSimpleThe BOD consists of elected officials [Luthardt et al. 2005]26Derived Concepts and Descriptive RelationshipsDAMAGE

crp: ST Damaged EntitydamageYd-temp: AFTR Damaged EntityXrp: STd-state:WTDamage is defined as worsening of the state of an entity27Complex Knowledge with Elaboration, Relationships & VariablesDAMAGE

crp: ST Damaged EntitydamageY Damaged EntityXrp: STe:CAUEUnnatural event

Worsening of state is caused by an unatural eventd-temp: AFTRd-state:WT28More Relationship Types and MultiplicityLOSS1

cd-case: OBJ.EUnnaturaleventdamageADamagedamageDamagedentityd-cause: CAULoss is damage to an entity as a result of an unnatural event. Note that damaged entity can be a person, livestock etc. [Luthardt et al. 2005]29LOSS2

cd-log:GTd-temp: AFTRDamaged entityvalueDamaged entityvalueT1T2p: timep: timeAnother way to represent loss:Multiplicitye:CAUEUnnatural event

Loss can be a decrease in value of a damaged entity30User Defined Concepts and VariablesInsurance coverage is the legal obligation of underwriter to compensate insured in the event of a loss here insured suffers lossCOVERAGE1

crp: loss amountInsureddamageELossdamageLAMOUNTd-case: SUBJ31COVERAGE2

ce: loss amountUnderwriterdamageInsureddamageLAMOUNTd-bus PPUnderwriter compensates insured for loss amountUser Defined Concepts..32COVERAGE

Coverage1damageCoverage2Coverage = Coverage1 and Coverage2Propositions with User Defined Concepts33insuredinsurerd-bus: COCOd-bus: LERQd-bus: LERQinsurancepolicy

An insurance policy defines in detail the rights and duties of both parties to the contract: the insured and insurer. Concept Definition & Extension 34rightsdutiesinsuredcoverageTime periods:has-ainsurancepolicy+

rp:DURAdding to Concept Definition..35An insurance policy provides coverage for a specified time period.USAlawrequirementStatesState insurance departmentinsurerRate filingXYPolicy formmanyAs:ag-ofs:sm-asd-proc: FILEs:has-as:has-ad-bus:APLd-cause:OBJd-log: SIMe-methods:is-as:is-aMore complex knowledge..many states require insurers to file their policy forms with the state department in a manner similar to the method used for rate filing.36Can we represent this?Indemnify means to restore a party who has suffered loss to the same financial position that the party held before the loss.

Liability insurance covers liability loss exposures. It provides for payment on behalf of the insured for injury to others or damage to others property for which the insured is legally responsible.

Replacement cost is the cost to repair or replace property using new materials of like kind and quality with no deduction for depreciation.

Salvage rights are the insurers rights to recover and sell or otherwise dispose of insured property on which the insurer has paid a total loss or a constructive total loss.37EVALUATION AND CONCLUSIONS38Result (n = 50)Number of cases%Percentage successful3978%Partially successful 1 2%Could not represent1020%Evaluation of Expressivity in CKR-1Quantitative Evaluation39Qualitative EvaluationCriteriaCommentsselective inheritancenoreasoning with defaultsnoprobabilistic knowledgeyes encoded as d-probrelationship.beliefsnoprepositionsyesnegationyesquantificationyes quantification operator; conjunctions, disjunctions, and/oryestemporal reasoningsome temporality includedincomplete knowledgeyes40 graphical method designed for abstract, complex, specialized domains abstractions/partitioning multiple methods of definition some integration of ideas; elements of: logical & partitioned networks case frames & concept graphs designed also for usability and re-usability graphical can be used in multiple domains (FR) modularization very flexible -- arbitrary concepts & relationships some limitations (FR)ConclusionsNote: FR Future Research41Questions?42