Production technology of Brinjal

Introduction:• Egg plant, Aubergine and Brinjal.• Botanical name - Solanum melongena • Chromosome number - 2n=24• Edible portion - Immature fleshy berry • Origin - India(De candolle), Indo-Burma (vavilow)• Chemical compounds - Solasodine, Solamargine, Solasonine (Loredana Salerno et al., 2014)

• Pollination - often cross • Area under Tamilnadu - Dindigul, Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Salem, Theni,

Pudukottai, Vellore, Trippur (National Horticulture Board Database, 2014)

State wise productivity (Tonnes/Ha)

Source: Horticulture Statistics Division, DAC&FW

State wise area, production Area in '000 ha Production in '000 Ton

Botany of Brinjal • Habit -herbaceous annual, Erect or Semi spreading habits. (perennial), erect, compact, and

well branched.• Height - 60 – 120cm• Flower - Heterostyly

- To encourage pollination, it is advisable to plant Mimosa pudica in the vicinity of Brinjal plot.

• Root-Tap root system

Species status • S. melongena var.

esculentum – round & egg shaped cultivars • S. melongena var.

serpentinum – slender types • S. melongena var.

depressum – dwarf plants

Heterostyly a. long-styled (big ovary), b. medium-styled (medium

ovary),c. pseudo short-styled (rudimentary ovary), d. true short-styled (very rudimentary ovary).

Nutrient composition/100g Nutrients UnitsCalories 24 k calProtein 1.4 gFats 0.3 gCarbohydrates 4.0 gMoisture 92.7 gCalcium 18 mgPhosphorous 47 mgFe 0.9 mg

Nutrients Units

Vit A 122 IU

Thiamin 0.04mg

Riboflavin 0.11mg

Niacin 0.9 mg

Ascorbic acid 12 mg

Varieties and hybridsVariety – source - Long Characters Pusa purple long – IARI (sel. Batia common in punjab) 20-25cm, 30ton/ha, extra yearly (45th day), purple, Pusa purple cluster – Katrain, regional station. Medium-early, 10-12cm, purple, borne cluster(4-9), resist. Bacterial wilt.Pusa kiranti – pedigree (PPlXHyderpur) x Wynad giant 15-20cm, purple+green shining leaves, less seeded. Pusa hybrid 6 - Dark purple pigmented peduncle. 100g/fruit. 51 ton/haPusa anupam – katrain – pusa kiranti x PPC =1991 Cluster (3-5), 14-18cm, soft purple, resist. Bacterial wilt.PH-4 - PAU, Ludhiana and HAU, Hisar. Hyderpur x PPL Dark purple fruit, flesh light green.Pant samrat - GBPUAT, Pantnagar. Resist. Phomopsis blight, bacterial wilt. Less infest-shoot&fruit – rust.Azad kranti – veg. res. Centre, kalyanpur 15-20cm, dark purple shining green color, less seeded.Azad B-3 Calyx green, purple fruit.Hisar pragati – HAU, Hisar. Early variey. Hisar jamuni – Auro x R-34 – 1993 Suitable for rabi & kharif Arka nidhi – IIHR, Bangalore - Purple X Arka Sheel. cluster tender+slow seed maturity with no bitter principles. Res. bacterial wilt.

Arka kesav - cross Dingrass Multiple Purple X Arka Sheel. (BWR-21). Same as arka nidhi. Little low amooun in yield.Arka kusumakar – local collection IIHR 193 Cluster(5-7). Good cooking quality.Arka sheel – sel. From coorg (KA) Purple, more flesh less seed, 110day for 1st picking.Arka shirish Seeds absent or less. Fruits green, solitary bearing.

Punjab barasati – PAU, Ludhiana – PPC x H-4 Purple, tol. Fruit borer, suitable in rainy season.Punjab sadabahar – Japanese long x R-34 Dwarf, deep purple, ratoon crop. Tol. Fruit borer. Throughout year.Kashi taru – IIVR, Varanasi 120-130cm, urple, 31cm length & 5cm dia. 70-75ton/HaKashi komal - F1 - Light purple, 80ton/haROUND Pusa purple round - IARI, new delhi 137g/fruit. Tol. Little leaf &shoot & fruit borer.Pusa upkar Dark purple. 200g/fruit Pusa ankur Dark purple attractive fruitPusa hybrid 6 250-300g/fruit, early bearing(85-90)Pusa hybrid 9 250gPant rituraj – GBPUAT, Pantnagar.T-3 x PPC Purple, BWRPant BR 129 – 5 Cluster. BWRPant baingan 91-1 Purple, BWR, spread paralal to ground.Punjab bahar – PAU, Ludhiana 200-300g, less seeds.Punjab moti - SM 17-4xPBR 91-2 Deep purple, 60days for 1st picking.S – 1 BWRHisar shyamal HAU, Hisar. Tol. BW & little leaf.BR - 112

Kashi Prakash - IIVR Varanasi. Light green spots, 190g/fruit.Kashi sandesh (F1) 225g/fruit.OVAL/OBLONGPusa uttam - IARI 250-300g/fruit, solitary single fruit.Pusa bindu Violet purple, solitary to partial cluster.Pusa anmol (F1) Attractive dark purple, Arka navneet (F1) IIHR, Bangalore. IIHR 22-1 x supreme Free from bitterness, Punjab neelum TNAU Brinjal VRM 1 Pure line selection. pink with green tinge at the distal end.Arka Anand F1 hybrid with resistance to Bacterial wilt. Co 1 pureline selection 50-60g; goodkeeping qualityMDU 1 - selection from Kallampati local type near Madurai bright purple and weight 280 g.PKM 1 - mutant 'Puzhuthi kathiri'. 45 - 65g; tol. drought & withstand long distance transport.Co 2 - pureline selection 'Varikkathiri' of Negamum brown stripes. Suitable for Erode & Coimbatore districts.KKM 1 - pure line sel. Kulathur local - Tirunelveli Fruits egg shaped, milky white , borne in clusters of 2 - 4.COBH 1 - F1 hybrid between EP 45 x CO.2 Fruits are slightly oblong, glossy violet.PPI 1 - single line selection - Karungal local type Vazhuthunangai Pale green&moderately resistant to shoot & fruit borer and wilt

CO bH 2 EP65xPusa Uttam. dark violet,weighing 55 to 60g.PLR (BR) 2Single plant selection from Sevanthampatti local. dark purple with pink tinge and glossy

Arka navneet

Climate and soil

• Tender to frost – warm season crop – low temp. deformation fruits. Ovay splitting • 13 to 21˚C daily mean temp., seed germination @25˚C. (choudhary, 1976)• Long & warm growing season is suitable.• Loam and sandy loam soils+normal & higher fertillilty status – suitable.• Light soil – early yield. – clay loam & silt loam – high yield.• Hardy crop - Good adaptability for pH. 6.5 – 7.5(TNAU

cpg -13) • pH not more than 5.5-6.0 (vegetable crops volume 1 –

T.K.Bose)

vegetable crops volume 1 – T.K.BoseProduction technology of vegetables – B R Choudhary

Seasons and seed treatments • May – June to Oct, Dec - Jan to

may• Pre sowing treatment

+gibberellins increase seed vigor & germination rate-uniform emergence.• Treat the seeds with Trichoderma

viride @ 4 g / kg or Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 10 g / kg of seed.• Treat the seeds with Azospirillum

@ 40 g / 400 g of seeds using rice gruel as adhesive.• Treat with 2g of thiram.

(vegetable crops volume 1 – T.K.Bose)

Precision farming technology - TNAU

Nursery practices Conventional

• Sown in nursery beds • 6-12mm deep, 5cm apart from row.• FYM or compost mixed with bed before

sowing.• SSP &MOP added along with reasonable

amount.• A day or 2 day before sowing captan drench

with nursery soil for control damping off.• Dry grass or sand or covered the soil till

germination.• 200-300g seeds/Ha.30K-45K – seedlings.

60x45cm, 75x60cm, 90x90cm or 75x75cm

Vegetable, tuber crops and spices – S thamburaj, Narendra Singh

Precision • Seedling under 50% shade net, sides

40/50 mesh insect proof nylon net. 3 cents & 2% slope – 1Ha. Protray here use.• cocopeat@300kg + neem cake 5kg +

Azospirillum & phosphobacteria 1kg = 1.2kg of coco peat require fill one Protray.• Keep the tray one above one, cover

polythene sheet till germination.• After 6 days place the portray individually.• Rose-can(watering) – every day + drench

19:19:19@0.5% - 18DAS • 251tray+24,692 seedlings-90 x 60 x 75

cm-paired row system.

Precision farming technology - TNAU

TransplantingConventional

• 10-12cm + 3-4 leaves – 35th day.• Long duration & good yielder.• 4-5 ploughing – 25 ton FYM.• Ridges and furrows – 75cm

spacing.• 2kg of azospirillum &

phosphobactria. + 40kg sieved FYM – one hectare

Precision

NPK Kg / HA DAYSVariety –Basal dose

50/50/50

Top dressing

50kg 30th day

Hybrid – basal dose

100/150/100

Top dressing

100 30th day

• Chisal & disc plough one time & cultivator twice.FYM@20t/Ha. Last ploughing.• 75% P – SSP 703.13Kg/Ha basal dose.• 2kg of azospirillum & phosphobactria.

+ 50kg sieved FYM@neem cake @100Kg.• Pseudomonas fluorescens or

Trichoderma viride @ 2.58kg / ha + 100 kg of FYM • Beds 120cm width-30cm gap. 8-12hrs

watering before planting. 40days old African marigold planted at1;16 row.• 200:150:100kg NPK/Ha fertigation.

Precision farming technology - TNAU

TNAU cpg -13, A Guide on Vegetable culture - Dr.Veeraragavathatham,

19:19:19 = 79 kg / ha13:0:45 = 189 kg/ ha12:61:0 = 37 kg / haUrea = 340 kg / ha13: 0: 45 - (K NO3)12:61:0 - (NH4H2PO4)

TNAU cpg -13

Intercultural operation Conventional

• Frequent shallow cultivation at regular intervals – free from weeds.• Orabanchae sp. – root parasite important

weed.• Weeding – hand and hoeing.

• Gap filling is done at 7th day after transplanting.• Mulch with black LDPE sheets of 25 micron

thickness and bury both the ends into the soil to a depth of 10 cm.• Apply Pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i. / ha or

Fluchloralin 1.0 kg a.i / ha as pre-emergence herbicide, followed by hand weeding once at 30 days after planting.

Precision

• Foliar spraying with Pseudomonas fluorescens 0.5 % at 15 days interval for 6 times.• Triacontanol 625 ml is mixed with

500 l of water (1.25 ppm), is sprayed on 15th and 30th days after planting.• Planofix @ 125 ml in 500 l of

water (0.25ppm) is sprayed at 45, 60 and 90th DAP.• Micronutrient mixture @ 1 g/lit

(0.1%) is sprayed for 2 times at 40th and 80th days after planting.• 19:19:19: + MN @ 1 % (10 g/lit)

is sprayed at 60 days after planting.

Precision

Precision farming technology - TNAU

(vegetable crops volume 1 – T.K.Bose)

Sarkanda grass – Erianthus arundinaceus – used as mulch in Haryana.

Vegetable, tuber crops and spices – S thamburaj,

Narendra Singh

Study on the water requirement of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.

Special practices – Training

• Brinjal growing on single rows on 2m wide beds with 2 parallel shoots trained vertically, one on each side of the row, or in double rows on 3m wide beds with 3 shoots trained vertically in the plane of row. • The latter system, fruiting began earlier and the

proportion of good quality fruit and total fruit yield were higher.(Miyamoto and Hara 1988),• Highest returns/m2 with a combination of 2stems/plant.

(Maaswinkel and Buitelar, 1989)(vegetable crops volume 1 – T.K.Bose)

Cropping system Brinjal July - Dec Turnip (Dec - Feb) Cowpea March -

JulyBrinjal July - Nov Onion Green Dec -

FebSquash Melon Feb - June

Cabbage Oct –Jan Brinjal Feb - Jun Radish June - SepCowpea Mar - June Brinjal July - Dec Radish Jan - MarCauliflower Nov - Feb

Brinjal Mar - June Cowpea July - Oct

Pea Oct - Jan Brinjal Feb - June Okra July - OctLeafy vegetables like spinach, amaranth, fenugreek, coriander and mint can be grown in between the rows of Brinjal. The root crops like carrot, turnip, radish can be grown on the ridges of the plots of Brinjal.

Vegetable, tuber crops and spices – S thamburaj, Narendra Singh

Pest and Disease of Brinjal Fruit and shoot borer

Leucinodes orbonalis

Jassids Amrasca biguttula biguttula

Epilachna (Hadda) beetle

Epilachna vigintioctopunctata

Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Aphids Myzus persicaeSpider mites Tetranychus spp. Leaf roller Eublemma

olivaceaStem borer Euzophera

perticellaMealy bug Centococcus

insolitusBud worm Phenacoccus

solenopsis termites Microtermes obesi

Damping off Pythium aphanidermatumPhomopsis blight: Phomopsis vexansLittle leaf of brinjal: PhytoplasmaBacterialwilt Ralstonia/Pseudomonas

solanacearum Mosaic AphidsWilt Verticilium dahliae,

fusarium solani, sclerotium rolfsii

Nematode Meloidogyne spp.

DiseasePest

AESA based IPM package – Brinjal Department of Agriculture

and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of

India.

Fruit and shoot borer• Tiny larvae enter terminal shoots – wilting & drooping infected fruit – bore holes + plugged excreta

• Bore leaf axil & main stem cover excreta & Frass. Young shoots wither & older plants stunted.

Remove and destroy the affected tender shoots, fallen fruits and fruits with bore holesAvoid continuous cropping of brinjal cropResistant varieties: Annamalai and Pusa purple roundGrow the varieties with long and narrow fruits in endemic areasBacillus thuriengiensis var. kurstaki @ 1500 ml/ ha (750 lit of spray fluid)Encourage the activity of larval parasitoids:

Pristomerus testaceusCremastus flavoorbitalisShirakia schoenobiiBracon greeni

Egg parasitoid:Trichogramma chilonis @ 50,000/ ha, four times from 30 DAT at 20 days interval

Stem borer

Epilachna (Hadda) beetle• Scrape & stripped to

mid-veins –skeletons. Feed fruits hollow fruit surface.

Jassids

• Control by malathion 0.1%• Locate

resistant varieties Arka Shirish

• Suck lower leaves. Infected plants pale & finally bronze. Transmit little leaf. Leaves cup-Shaped.

Control • Spray carbaryl

0.1% or Dimethoate 30 % EC 7ml/10litre of water

White fly• Hot and dry

conditions.• Suck the plants, turn

yellow – honey dew – sooty mould

Control• yellow sticky trap @

12/ha. Spray Neem oil 3% plus Teepol 1 ml/lit or spray NSKE 5 %

Cpg horti – 2013

Aphids• Suck sap. Leaves

curl, fade, & dry up in severe.

Spider mites Control • Dicofol 18.5 EC

@ 2.5 ml or any other acaricide like wettable sulphur 75 WP @ 3 g/l.• neem

soap/pongamia soap 1% on the under surface of the leaves

• 1st instar larvae of Green lace wing predator (Chrysoperla carnea) @ 10,000/ ha. • Phosphamidon 40 %

SL 1.5 ml/lit.

• White specks – silken webs – leaves drying in severe -

Leaf roller Larva fold leaves – tip to downwards – scrapping green matter and dry up.

Leaf minor• Larva mines into

the veins of leaves, midribs, leaf stalks – resulting in gall like swelling and blotches near leaf tips

Bud worm• bore inside flower

buds & feed. Shriveling, low fruit set and prevents fruit formation drop off.

Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Brinjal - National Centre for Integrated Pest Management(ICAR) Pusa Campus, New Delhi

• Bird perches @ 10/ acre - field visits of predatory birds.•Delta and yellow sticky traps @ 2-3/ acre - hoppers, aphids and white fly etc.•Give 2 to 3 sprays of 5 % NSKE against sucking pests. Sprays of NSKE also bring down the borer incidence significantly. • Neem oil (2%) also reducing borer infestation, marginally. If incidence of leaf hopper and other sucking insect pests is still above ETL, then apply imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 150 ml/ha.• Pheromone traps @ 5/ acre should be installed for monitoring and mass trapping of shoot & fruit borer Leucinodes orbonalis. Replace the lures with fresh lures after every 15-20 day interval.• Release egg parasitoid Trichogramma brasiliensis @ 1 – 1.5 lakh/ ha for shoot & fruit borer, 4-5 times at weekly interval.

Conti….• neem cake @ 250 kg/ ha (in two splits) in soil along the plant rows at 25 and 60 DAT for reducing nematodes and borer damage. Don’t apply neem cake when there is heavy wind velocity or temperature is above 30˚C.• Clipping of borer damaged shoots and collection & destruction of damaged fruits i.e. clean cultivation helps in management of borer and phomosis disease effectively.• If the borer incidence crosses ETL (5% infestation), apply cypermethrin 25 EC @ 200 g a.i/ha (0.005%) or carbaryl 50 WP @ 3 g/litre of water. Continuous cropping of Brinjal leads to more borer and wilt infestation. Therefore, crop rotation with non solanaceous crops should be followed.• Periodically collect and destroy the egg masses, larvae and adults of hadda beetle.• Rogue out the little leaf affected plants from time to time.• Use of green manure, mulching with polythene, soil application with bleaching powder will reduce the infection of bacterial wilt disease.

• Only healthy, uninfected seedlings should be transplanted to the field.

• If the seedling nursery is close to an infected field, EFSB may lay eggs on the seedlings before transplantation.

• Seedlings can be grown under netting to ensure there is no Infestation.

Pest and Disease of Brinjal Fruit and shoot borer

Leucinodes orbonalis

Jassids Amrasca biguttula biguttula

Epilachna (Hadda) beetle

Epilachna vigintioctopunctata

Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Aphids Myzus persicaeSpider mites Tetranychus spp. Leaf roller Eublemma

olivaceaStem borer Euzophera

perticellaMealy bug Centococcus

insolitusBud worm Phenacoccus

solenopsis termites Microtermes obesi

Damping off Pythium aphanidermatumPhomopsis blight Phomopsis vexansLittle leaf of brinjal PhytoplasmaBacterial wilt Ralstonia/Pseudomonas

solanacearum Mosaic AphidsWilt Verticilium dahliae,

fusarium solani, sclerotium rolfsii

Alternaria leaf Spot Alternaria melongenae, A. solan

Cercospora Leaf Spot Cercospora solani -melongenae,

Nematode Meloidogyne spp.

DiseasePest

AESA based IPM package – Brinjal Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.

Damping offEffect both pre & post emergence stage of seedlings.• Avoid over watering.• Captan or Thiram 4%

drench bed- 5-7 DAG• 52˚c for 30min seed

treatment.• Bavistin spary

@1g/kg

• MLO like organism. Reduction leave size, excess growth of auxiliary branches & stunting plants.

• Floral parts convert to leafy structure. Transmit by leaf hopper.

Little leaf of Brinjal

Phomopsis blight• Treatment of seed with

carbendazim @ 0.25% & 0.1% after 10 to 15 DAT &flower setting.• Pusa bhairav & Florida

market

• Small circular spots on leaves, grey tturn to brown light colour centre.• Leaves yellow & die

Remove - affected plants - early stages & spray dimethoate 30 EC @ 1.0ml/lit. to control the vector.

Bacterial wilt• Wilting, stunting, & yellowing

leaves, infected stem cut & squeezed greyish white bacterial ooze come from the vascular region.

Mosaic

• Streptocyclin 150ppm – 90 mins. Seed treatment.• Pusa purple cluster etc.

• Blistered on leaves, size reduced, virus transmit seed – aphids.• Affected plants

exhibit mottling raised dark green areas.

• Virus free seed material.• Rogue out

infected plant.• Dimethoate

0.05% at 10days intervals.

• leaf spots with concentric rings• Severely affected

leaves may drop off• infected• fruits turn yellow

and drop off premature

Alternaria leaf spot

Spray 1% Bordeaux mixture or 2 g COC or 2.5 g Zineb/ litre

Cercospora leaf spot

• leaf spots are chlorotic lesions.• Sporulation- centre

of the spot• Severely infected

leaves drop off prematurely

• Resistant var. Pant Samrat - both leaf spots. • Spray 1 % Bordeaux

mixture or 2g COC 2.5 g Zineb/lit of water.

Nematode • More harmful to

seedling than to older plants.

• Infest the roots and cause root galls.

• plant stunted & leaves show chlorotic symptoms.

• Summer ploughing, Crop rotation, Solarisation• P. fluorescens –

10g/m2 nursery (2.5 kg/ha)• VAM – 1 kg/m2

nursery• Carbofuran 3G (1 kg

a.i./ha)

Fungal wilt • Retard growth,

leaves turn yellow, lack of flower. Wilt & Die.

• Vascular tissue turn dark color.

IDM package

• Crop rotation, non solanaceous. • drench soil

bavistin 0.1% + dithane M45 0.25%.

• Carefully select crop rotation with cereals, corn, sorghum and millets because the pathogen is having broad host range.

• Remove all the weeds particularly dicot from field.• Avoid use of infected farmyard manure, soil,

compost, etc irrigate the soil in summer and plough the field to destroy germinating sclerotia.

• Green manuring followed by application of Trichoderma @ 5 kg/ha with in a week of ploughing.

• Seedlings dipped in Trichoderma @ 1% for 10 minutes.

• Avoid dense planting and maintain proper aeration near collar region.

• Always use ammonium nitrate as a fertilizer for nitrogen source.

• Drench Copper Oxychloride @ 0.3% near the collar region followed by Carbendazim @ 0.1% for immediate control.

• Fungicide drenching should be done preferably in evening.

Maturity indices • Attain full size but before start ripening,• Tenderness, bright colour & glossy

appearance.• Fruits look dull – indication of loss of

quality – ready to ripen.• Fruits edible from they are quarter grown

until they ripen (choudhury 1976)

Harvesting• Fruits are harvested with stalk at joint

where they are attached to the branch.• Fruits harvest at afternoon to avoid sun

scald. Sprinkle with water to keep fresh. • Varieties : 25 - 30 t/ha• Hybrids : 60 - 80 t/ha (TNAU CPG – HORTI – 13)

Post harvest handling Grades • Bureau of Indian Standards

has• recommended three

grades for Brinjal, viz., Super, Fancy and Commercial

Packaging • Fruits are washed under sprinkler • Individually wrapped tissue paper, packed in waxed, corrugated or wire bound cartons, depending on market preference.• packed in bamboo baskets and transported to nearby marketsStorage

• Stored for 1-2 days – summer. 3-4 days - winter season provided they are kept in shade under ordinary conditions. • In cold storage, the fruits are stored for 7-10 days at a temperature of 7-10°C with 85-95% relative humidity.

NHB, vegetable crops volume 1

– T.K.Bose

Seed production • Often cross pollination

– cross pollination 0-48% (Agarwal, 1980)

• Entomophiles crop.Land Requirements• Land must free from

volunteer plants.Field Inspection• A minimum of 3

inspections shall be made,• 1st - before flowering, • 2nd - at the flowering &

fruiting stage • 3rd at mature fruit stage &

prior to harvesting.

Field Standards

Specific requirements

IMSCS GOI - 2013

Seed standards variety Isolation -hybrid

Seed standards hybridSpecific requirements –

hybrids

Harvest & yield:•Fully ripe fruits are harvested – turning color to yellow.•Outer cover peeled off & flesh with seed is cut into thin slices. It was stored over a night. After seed dried in partial shade.•Moisture less than 8 %•Yield 590 to 880 kg – pusa purple long(singh et al, 1964)•100-120kg/Ha (Choudhury, 1976)

(vegetable crops volume 1 – T.K.Bose)

Reference:• vegetable crops volume 1 – T.K.Bose• Production technology of vegetables – B R Choudhary• Vegetable, tuber crops and spices – S Thamburaj, Narendra Singh• Precision farming technology – TNAU• Crop production guide – horticulture – TNAU - 2013• A Guide on Vegetable culture - Dr.Veeraragavathatham• National Centre for Integrated Pest Management (ICAR) Pusa Campus, New Delhi• INDIAN MINIMUM SEED CERTIFICATION STANDARDS - The Central Seed

Certification Board Department of Agriculture & Co-operation• AESA based IPM package – Brinjal Department of Agriculture and Cooperation,

Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. • Integrated pest management schedule for vegetables – National Horticulture

Mission

Thank you….

Jagathesan K.L.

20166534O21st M.Sc., Vegetable

Sciencejagathesankrishnasmay@g

mail.com