audit checklist to reduce potential...

AUDIT CHECKLIST TO REDUCE POTENTIAL EXPOSURE TO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES

i AUDITCHECKLIST:July2017

CONTENTS

Introduction............................................................................................................................................................1EmergingInfectiousDiseases.................................................................................................................................1EffectsofIndustrialActivity.................................................................................................................................. 3

EffectsonaProject.................................................................................................................................................4PreventionandMitigation..................................................................................................................................5

Vermin/Pest Animal Control and Management Checklist ................................................................................... 9

Vermin/PestAnimalControlMeasures............................................................................................................11On-SiteInfrastructureChecklist........................................................................................................................... 14

On-SiteInfrastructureControlMeasures.........................................................................................................17On-SiteWorkerHealthChecklist......................................................................................................................... 21

WorkerHealthProtectionMeasures................................................................................................................ 23Off-SiteCommunityHealthChecklist................................................................................................................... 25

CommunityHealthProtectionMeasures.........................................................................................................27Hunting,Bushmeat,andWildlifeTradeChecklist...............................................................................................29

Hunting,Bushmeat,andWildlifeTraffickingControlMeasures...................................................................... 31

HabitatandBiodiversityManagementChecklist................................................................................................33

Habitat and Biodiversity Management Measures............................................................................................ 34

ii AUDITCHECKLIST:July2017

Glossary

Bushmeat Wildmeatharvested/huntedforfoodconsumption.Thetermistypicallyusedinthecontextofthetropicsorsub-tropics.

Emerginginfectiousdisease Infectiousdiseasewhoseincidenceinhumanshasincreasedinrecentdecadesorthreatenstoincreaseinthenearfuture.Thesediseasesincludenewinfectionsresultingfromchangesorevolutionofexistingorganisms,knowninfectionsspreadingtonewgeographicareasorpopulations,previouslyunrecognizedinfectionsappearinginareasundergoingecologictransformation,andoldinfectionsre-emergingasaresultofantimicrobialresistanceinknownagentsorbreakdownsinpublichealthmeasures.ExamplesincludeEbolavirus,Marburgvirus,Zikavirus,andcertainavianinfluenzaviruses(definitionadaptedfromtheU.S.CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention).

Forestperimeter/edge Transitionareasbetweenonetypeofhabitatandanotheralongthe“edge”ofanecosystem.Thesemaybecreatedincertainlandscapeconversion,e.g.forestclear-cutting,andmayintroduceopportunitiesforcontact(e.g.humansandwildlife,domesticanimalsandwildlife)between“within”forestand“outer”forestareas.

Fragmentation Changesthatproducefragmentsoflandversussinglecontiguouslandscapes.Thesemayincreasethepotentialforforestorotherhabitatedgesandmayinterruptwildlifecorridors.

Invasivespecies Introducedspecies(alsoknownasinvasivealien,exotic,ornon-nativespecies).Mayalsobeapest.Establishmentofinvasivespeciesmayresultinchangesinecologicaldynamicswitheffectsofnaturalresourceprovision(e.g.changesinwaterquality),andmaythreatennativebiodiversityaswellasservingasvectorsforintroducedorlocalpathogens.

Pest/nuisanceanimal Ananimalassociatedwithnegativeencountersordamagestohumanpopulations,agricultural/livestockproduction,ornaturalresources,potentiallyincompetitionforresources(e.g.space,food,water).Thistermishighlysituation-dependent.

PPE Personalprotectiveequipment,suchasmasks,gloves,coveralls,andotherequipmentthatcanhelpprovideabarrierforexposure.Toadequatelyprotectagainstcertainexposures,specializedequipment,trainingonuse,andfittestingshouldbeprovided(e.g.forcertaintypesofmasks).

iii AUDITCHECKLIST:July2017

Wildlife Wildformofnon-domesticplantsandanimals.Typicallydomesticanimalsthatlivefreeinthewildareconsideredferalanimalsratherthanwildlife.Somespecieshavewildanddomesticforms,suchasSusscrofa,whichincludestheEurasianwildboarandthedomesticpig.

WildlifeTrade Animals(mayalsoincludeplants)sourcedforhumanuse(e.g.food,petorluxurytrade,ormedicinalapplication.)Wildlifetradeistypicallydifferentiatedbylegalorillegal/illicitbasedonlocal,national,andinternationalregulations.

ZoonoticDisease/Zoonoses Diseasecausedbyaninfectiouspathogentransmittedfromananimaltoahuman.Zoonosesmaybeknownornovel/emerging.Whileevolutionary/genetictraitsshapezoonoticpotentialandtheseverityofdiseaseproduced,thetransmissionofzoonoticpathogensfromananimaltohumanrequiressomeopportunitytofacilitatecontactforexposure.Onceaninitialspillovereventoccurs,somezoonoticdiseasesmaybetransmittedfromperson-to-person.

Glossary

1 AUDITCHECKLIST:July2017

AUDITCHECKLIST

INTRODUCTION

The2014-2016EbolaoutbreakinWestAfricabroughttolightthedevastatingeffectsofemerginginfectiousdiseasesonlocalpopulationsaswellastheseveredisruptiontoeconomiesandtotheindustriesoperatinginthearea.Theneedfortoolstoassistindustryinpreparingfor,andideallypreventing,futurepotentialoutbreaksandassociatedworkplaceandcommunitydisruptionswasapparent.Thispackageofmaterialsisdesignedtohelpoperatingfacilitiesassesswheretheyhavevulnerabilitiestoemerginginfectiousdiseases.Itbeginswithabriefdescriptionofthedynamicsofinfectiousdiseaseemergenceandtheirpotentiallinkagesto,andimpactson,extractiveindustries.Followingthebackgroundsectionarecheckliststhatcanbeusedtoidentifypossibleareasofvulnerability.Followingeachchecklistarecontrolmeasuresthatfacilitiescoulduseifnonearealreadyinplace.Themitigationmeasureslistedproviderepresentativemeasures.Noteverycontrolmeasureisnecessaryinalllocations.Aftercompletingthechecklists,eachfacilityshouldconsultwithalocalexperttoaddresspotentialvulnerabilitiesanddeterminetheappropriatesite-specificcontrolmeasures.

Theoriginalversionofthischecklistwastestedatseveralminingfacilitiesandwithconsultantswhoworkintheextractiveindustries.Thisversionreflectstheinputreceivedfromthoseandotherconsultations.Thisisintendedtobealivingdocumentandwillbeupdatedasneeded.

Zoonoticdiseasesemergingfromanimalstohumansmayormaynotspreadfurtherviaperson-to-personinfections(rabiesvirusdoesnot,whereastherewaswidespreadhuman-humanEbolavirustransmission).Theprimaryemphasisofthischecklistandassociatedplanningtoolistargetingzoonoticdiseasepreventionatprimaryandsecondarysources,addressingexposurefromanimal(domesticorwild)tohuman,orexposurefromcontaminatedmedia.Whilesomeofthemitigationmeasureshighlightedinthistoolmayalsosupportprevention,earlydetection,andcontrolofotherdiseases,theyshouldbeviewedascomplementarywithexistingvector-borne,foodsafety,andworkerandcommunitydiseaseguidelines.

EMERGINGINFECTIOUSDISEASES

Nearlythree-quartersoftheknownzoonotic(transmittedfromanimalsororiginallyofanimalorigin)emerginginfectiousdiseases(EIDs)originateinwildlife.Threewildanimalgroups,whichcompriseapproximately70percentofmammalspecies,areconsideredmostlikelytospreadnewviralinfectionstopeople:bats(e.g.CoronavirusresponsibleforSARS,aswellasMarburgandHenipahviruses),rodents(Lassa,Hantavirus,andMonkeypoxviruses),andnon-humanprimates(Ebolaandyellowfeverviruses).Peoplecontractthesediseasesbycontactingwildlifepathogenswhetherthroughinhalingaerosolizedcontaminatedfecesandurine;throughdirectcontactviascratches,


bites,andbodilyfluids—suchasbloodandsaliva—thatcanoccurduringhuntingandfoodpreparation;orthroughingestingcontaminatedfood,water,orundercookedmeat.Figure1illustratesareasoftheworldthathavebeenidentifiedas“hotspots”fortheemergenceofunknowninfectiousdiseases.Themapwaspreparedwithinformationonprioremergence(1940–2004)andassociatedriskfactorssuchaspopulationdensityandmammalianbiodiversity.

Figure 1: Relative Risk Map of Emerging Infectious Diseases from Wildlife

Manyanimalspecies–includingpeople–carryzoonoticdiseases.Diseasessuchasinfluenza(e.g.H5N1)orEbolawerefirsttransmittedfromwildlifeorlivestocktopeopleandthenbyperson-to-personexposure.Deforestationandhabitatfragmentation,andthedegradationandpracticesassociatedwiththem,arechangingtheinteractionsbetweenpeopleandwildlife.Forexample,asnewroadsareopenedinpreviouslyundisturbedareas,somewildlifespecieswillseekalternatefoodandshelterresourcesorbehuntedforconsumptionorsale,bringingthemintoclosercontactwithpeople.Insomecases,theexistingpopulationhasbuiltupimmunitytothesetypesofdiseasesfromongoingexposure.However,newpopulationsmaynothaveimmunity.Inaddition,livestockandwildlifemayserveasintermediaryhostsforvector-bornediseases(e.g.RiftValleyFever,YellowFever),potentiallyputtingpeopleatadditionalrisk.Thus,vectorcontrolisrelevantforzoonosesprevention,particularlywhereland-usechangesaretakingplacethatmaysupportvectorhabitat.Ashasbeendemonstratedbythe2014-2016EbolaoutbreaksinWestAfrica,areasparticularlyvulnerabletooutbreaksofanynoveldisease,orknowndiseaseingeneral,arethosewithalimitedhealthcareinfrastructureandpoorinfection-controlmechanisms.


EFFECTSOFINDUSTRIALACTIVITYTable1summarizessomeindustryactivitiesthatcanincreaseorexacerbatethepotentialofzoonoticdiseaseexposure.

Table1:IndustrialActivitiesthatCouldModifyZoonoticDiseaseDynamics

IndustryActivity Effect ZoonoticDiseaseIssues

Construction/operationoffacilities,workcamps,roads,pipelines,railroads,etc.

• Modifiesexistingwildlifeandvectorhabitat

• Wildliferangecanberestricted- existingwildlifecorridorscanbeaffectedresultinginrestrictedrangeorclosercontactbetweenpeopleandwildlife,orgreaterpressureonpopulationsorecosystemsinfragmentedordegradedhabitat

• Wildlifecansearchfornewfoodandsheltersourcesinworkcampsandanynewsettlements

• Machinery/equipmentmayintroduceinvasivespecies

• Increaseshuman-wildlifecontact

• Newpathogensmaybeintroducedtothehabitatthroughinvasiveordomesticspecies

• Newinteractionsamongwildlifespeciespreviouslyneverincontact

Roadways,transportationroutes,transmissionlines


• Increasesaccesstoremoteundevelopedareas

• Increasesbushmeathuntingorwildlifetrade

• Caninterferewithmigrationcorridorsandwaterflows


• Potentialconsumptionofbushmeat

• Potentialwidergeographicspreadofdisease

• Increaseaccessibilityfordomesticandperidomesticanimals

Infrastructurefacilities(includingon-sitehousingcateringfacilities,housing&laundry,sewagetreatmentplants,surface-waterrunoffcontrol,dams,andcontainmentfacilities)

• Opensewage,water,andfoodcanattractwildlife

• Increaseshabitatforperidomesticanimals

• Insect-breedinghabitatcreatedormodified

• Increasespotentialhuman-wildlifeorvectorcontactifstructuresarenotsufficientlywildlife/vectorproofed

Watermanagement(includingcreationofnewwaterbodies,alteringexistingwaterbodies,andchangesindrainagepatterns)

• Insect(vector)breedinghabitatcreatedormodified

• Animalwateringareascreatedormodified

• Increasescompetitionforwaterresources

• Foodandwaterstoragecontainerscontaminatedbynuisancewildlife

• Increasespotentialforshareduseofandcompetitionforwaterbetweenpeopleandwildlife


IndustryActivity Effect ZoonoticDiseaseIssues

Project-inducedmigration/displacementandresettlement(campfollowers,jobseekers,family,serviceworkers,movementofhouseholds)

• Increasespopulation• Stressescommunity

infrastructure,includinghealthsystems

• Introducesanimmunologicallysusceptibleimmigrantpopulation

• Altersfoodsupplychains

• Increasesperson-to-personcontact

• Increasespotentialforevolutionand/oramplificationofdisease

Agriculturalproduction(includingandclearingforagriculture,andfoodandwastestorage)


• Providesfoodsourceforwildlife

• Maybeattractivetopests


• Increaseswildlife-domesticanimalcontact

• Increasespotentialforwildlife-livestockdiseasetransmission

ModifiedfromIFC’sIntroductiontoHealthImpactAssessment

EFFECTSONAPROJECTIfworkersareexposedtoanovelorknowninfectiousdisease,theworkplacecanbeaffectedinmultiplewaysincluding:

• Causingillnessoroutbreaksamongemployeesthattranslatestoalossinproductivity• Requiringtemporaryclosureoffacilityand/ordelayedprojectschedule,thusreducingcash

flow• Resultinginillnessordeathofemployeesorcommunitymembers• Increasingbusinessliabilityrisks/cost–specificallyincreasedinsurancepremiumsand

increasedstaffturnover• Increasingdemandontheproject'shealthcareinfrastructure,particularlyiflocal

infrastructureisinadequate• Disruptingtransportandtravelofpersonnelandgoods• Distortingmanagementresponsibilitiesandresourcesduetoemergencyplanningand

responsescenarios• Damagedreputation

Thewidespread2014-2016EbolaoutbreakinthreeWestern-Africacountriesillustratestheeconomicramificationsofalarge-scaleoutbreakofazoonoticdisease,andprioroutbreaksofMarburgvirusoriginatingfromspilloverfrombatsinminingsites(KitakagoldmineinUgandain2007andGoroumbwamineintheDemocraticRepublicofCongoin1998-2000),includingonethatledtoatwo-yearmineshutdowninUganda,showthepotentialeconomicimpactofevenisolatedoutbreaks.1

1KnustBetal.“MultidistrictOutbreakofMarburgVirusDisease-Uganda,2012.”TheJournalofInfectiousDiseases.2015;212Suppl2:S119-28.


PREVENTIONANDMITIGATIONThefocusofthesepreventionandmitigationmeasuresisonthereductionandeliminationofexposuretopathogensfromrodents,bats,andnon-humanprimates.Byaddressingcertainhigh-riskpathogentransmissionpathways,someoftheapproachesmayalsohelpminimizeexposuretofood-borne,water-borne,andvector-borneandothercommunicablediseases;however,specificapproachesforcontroloftheseshouldbesoughtviaotherresources(astheymayinvolveparticularintegratedpestmanagementtechniques,waterinfrastructurerequirements,andotherstrategiesoutsideofthescopeofthisAuditChecklist).Similarly,whilesomemeasuresreinforcebiodiversityconservation,theseguidelinesarenotintendedtobecomprehensiveforbiodiversitymanagement.Additionalresourcesshouldbeconsultedfortopicsoutsidethescopeoftheseguidelines(e.g.invasivespeciespreventionandcontrol).

ExpertsfromtheU.S.AgencyforInternationalDevelopment(USAID)EmergingPandemicThreatsprogramhaveidentifiedkeypreventionstrategiesthatacompanycouldadoptaswellasauditcheckliststoidentifythosedepartments,divisions,andareasofanoperatingfacilitythatmaybevulnerabletozoonoticdiseaseexposureandtransmission.Box1liststheprioritymitigationmeasuresthatafacilitycanundertaketodecreaseexposureto,andtransmissionof,emergingandexistinginfectiousdiseases.


Becausezoonoticdiseasepreventionneedsamulti-facetedapproach,manydifferentdepartmentswouldbeinvolvedinanyaudit.Divisionslikelytobeinvolvedincludehealth,safety,andenvironment;communityrelations;socialorcorporateresponsibility;medical;campservice;foodservices;andpossiblyothers.Althoughthesechecklistsandtheaccompanyingmitigationmeasuresarefocusedonzoonoticdiseases,theidentifiedvulnerabilitiesapplytothebroadercontextofmaintainingworkerandcommunityhealthbyreducingthepotentialtransmissionofcommunicable,andfood,water,orvector-borneinfectiousdiseases.

Theoverallaimofthemitigationmeasuresistoreducepotentialcontactbetweenwildlife(includingitsfluidsandexcreta),people,anddomesticanimalsinadditiontoreducingdiseasetransmission

Box1:PriorityMitigationMeasures

1. Establishafoodsafety,water,andsanitationprogramtoensurepropersanitationandhygieneamongworkersandcanteenoperators(improvedsanitationandwastemanagement/accesstocleanfoodandwater).Considerintegratingpestcontrol/managementintothisprogram.

2. Provideadequatelivingfacilitiesthatarerodent,bat,andvector-proof.

3. Provideworkerswithhealtheducationthatincludesinformationonbasicsanitation,foodandwatersafety,infectioncontrol,zoonoticdiseasesandhealthhazardsfromhunting,andslaughteringandconsumingbushmeat.Thiseducationshouldbepartofthelargercorporatehealthandsafetyculture,sothatemployeestrusttheinformationtheyreceiveandshareitwiththeircommunities.

4. Implementhuntingandwildlifetradecontrolswithinallprojectoperationalareas(e.g.,roads,loggingconcessions,campboundaries,camp,etc.).

5. Developadiseaseoutbreakresponseplanincoordinationwiththelocalhealthdepartment.

6. Provideroutinehealthscreeningandsurveillanceforworkers,andincludeabaselinediseaseassessmentandaroutineimmunizationplan.

7. Establishanon-sitehealthclinicforworkers.

8. Improvecommunityhealthandveterinaryinfrastructure.

9. Provideemployeeswithadequatesourcesofproteinoraccesstoproteintominimizebushmeathuntingandconsumption.

10. Minimizeroadandcorridorconstructionandhabitatdisturbance/degradation/fragmentation(e.g.,maintainwildlifecorridors,engagewithgovernmentandothercompaniesonplanning).

11. Conductbaselinebiodiversitysurveysandroutinemonitoringincompliancewithestablishedguidelines.Implementanotificationsystemtoreportwildlifediseaseandmortalityincidentstoappropriatelocalauthorities.

12. Assessthepotentialfordirectandindirectcontactofworkersandanimalsandemployriskmitigationmeasurestopreventcontact(biting,scratchingetc.)andexposuretopathogens(urine,feces,saliva)(e.g.useofpersonalprotectiveequipment,hygienecapabilities,etc.).


pathwaysamongpeople.Themitigationmeasuresarenotcomprehensive.Rather,theyrepresentactionsavailabletoafacilitytorespondtovulnerabilitiesidentifiedinthechecklists.Certainmitigationmeasuresmayproveunfeasibleorill-advisedbecauseofthestageoftheproject,itssize,orotherfactors.MostmeasureshavebeendrawnfromexistingrecommendedbestmanagementpracticesdevelopedbyinternationalbanksincludingtheWorldBankandInternationalFinanceCorporation,andorganizationssuchastheInternationalUnionforConservationofNature,InternationalCouncilonMiningandMetals,andtheEnergyandBiodiversityInitiative,aswellasresearchers.Themitigationmeasuresareseparatedintothechecklistcategories(e.g.,On-siteInfrastructure,WorkerHealth)andincludeprioritiesforeachcategory.Whendeterminingmitigationmeasurestoimplement,thefacilityshouldconsultwithlocalexpertstoaddresssite-specificvulnerabilitiesandappropriatecontrolmeasures.


CHECKLISTS


VERMIN/PEST ANIMAL CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT CHECKLISTRodents and other “pest” wildlife can carry zoonotic disease and are attracted to food storage, agriculture, and waste.

Yes No N/A Notes

1. Couldon-siteornear-sitefeaturesattractwildlife(foodstorage,foodwastestorage,wasteaccumulation,openwatersources,agriculturalproduction–grainorfruitproduction–livestock,pets)?

2. Arevermincontrol/managementmeasuresinplacetominimizeinteractionwithwildlifeortopreventwildlifefromaccessingbothtemporaryandpermanentfacilities?

a. Dotheyaddress:

i. Foodstorageprotection

ii. Foodwastestorageanddisposal

iii. Housingprotection

iv. Saferemovalofanimaldroppingsandnests

v. Wastedumpsorlandfillscontrols

vi. Foodcropprotection

vii. Livestockprotection

viii. Watersourceprotection

3. Arespecificmeasuresinplacetomanagethefollowing


Yes No N/A Notes

typesofwildlifeandferalanimals:

a. Rodents

b. Bats

c. Non-humanprimates

d. Otherspeciesofconcern(e.g.dogs,etc)

Ifyouanswerednotoquestionsthathaveshadedboxes,seeVerminorPestAnimalControlMeasures.

VERMIN/PEST ANIMAL CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT CHECKLIST


VERMIN/PESTANIMALCONTROLMEASURES

Planning/Management

• Developaverminorpestanimalcontrolmanagementplaninconsultationwithlocalcommunitiesbasedonthefollowinginformation:o Thepotentialnuisancespeciesknownorsuspectedinthearea;o Thepotentialissuesthatwillarisewithpestornuisancewildlifewithinthevicinityoftheproject

(i.e.dogsorrodentsatwastedumpsorsiteswheregarbageisstored);ando Thelocationoftheprojectareainrelationtonuisancewildlifehabitatincludingprotectedareas,

existingsettlement(s),and/orcontinuousforest.

• Establishprotocolsandpoliciesregardingthecontrolofnuisanceanimalsthatataminimumconformtolocallaws.

• Establishaprocessforequipmentsanitationmeasurestopreventinvasivespeciesintroductions(potentialpests),ifpossible.

• Wherelivestockarepresenton-site,biosecuritymeasuresshouldbeusedtoreduce/eliminatewildlifepredation/interactionandwildlifeaccesstolivestockfoodandwatersources.

• Hireastaffmemberfromthelocalcommunity(providingtraininginenvironmentalmanagementandhuman-animalconflictresolutionasneeded)toserveasapointofcontacttodealwithwildlifeissuesastheyarrive.Thispersoncanactasaliaisonbetweenthecompanyandstakeholders,includingcommunities,government,conservationpartners,and/orindependentresearchers.

• Educateemployeesandlocalcommunitymembersonnuisancewildlifeissues(e.g.cropraiding,foodandwasteinvasions)andmeasurestobetakentoreducecontactbetweenpeopleandwildlife,andlivestockandwildlife.

• Developplansforestablishingbufferzonesbetweenforestsandcultivatedareas,settlementsandprojectfacilitiestodiscouragewildlifefrominvadingareasoccupiedbypeople.Theyshouldnotcontainplantspeciesthatattractnuisancewildlife.Forexample,teaplantationsandchilipeppersthatborderprotectedareaskeepapesout.

MeasurestoLimitContactwithPestorNuisanceAnimals

Wildlifemaybecomepestornuisanceanimalswhentheyseekoutfoodorshelteratcampsorfacilities.Stepsshouldbetakentominimizeattractivenessofhousingandfoodandwaterstorageareastopestspecies,andtomaintainsufficientareasofhabitatandcorridorstominimize/preventwildlifedisplacementandintrusionintoareaswherepeoplearepresent.Whilepestanimalcontrolmaybenecessaryincertainsettings(e.g.residences,canteen,andfoodstorageareas),blanketcullingmeasuresaroundatemporary

PriorityMeasures

1. Establishafoodsafety,water,andsanitationprogramtoensurepropersanitationandhygieneamongworkersandcanteenoperators(improvedsanitationandwastemanagement/accesstocleanfoodandwater).

2. Developanintegratedpestcontrolandmanagementplan.


camporpermanentfacilityarerarelyappropriateandmayhavenegativeoutcomes(forexample,theymayopenupanicheforestablishmentofotherpestanimals,maychangediseasedynamics,maythreatenbiodiversity,mayreduceyieldofpositiveecosystemservices,mayexposepeopleandotheranimalstoharmfulchemicals,etc.).Thus,inadditiontohealthexperts,wildlifeauthorities/environmentmanagersshouldbeconsultedondecision-makingforpestcontrol.

Rodents,Bats,Non-HumanPrimates

• Maintaingoodhygienebycoveringandsealingwater,food,andwastecontainers.• Ensurethatwatersourcesarenotcontaminatedwithwildlifefecesandurine.• Restrictaccesstowildlifehabitats,ifpossible.• Establishmanagementprocedurestopreventdiseasetransmissiontodomesticanimals(e.g.,donot

house,feed,orletlivestockgrazeundertreeswherebatsroostsolivestockwillnotconsumecontaminatedfruitremnantsdroppedtothegroundbybats.Constructlivestockpens,preferablymadeoutofhedgestopreventnon-humanprimate(NHP)-livestockcontact).

Rodents

• Workwithprofessionalstodeveloprodentcontrolstrategiesthatareappropriatetothesite.• Constructgrassembankmentsinagriculturalfieldssothatrodentshaveplacestohide.• Rodentprooffarmbuildings,facilities,andhousesbypatchingholesininfrastructureandreinforcing

buildingentrypointswithgnaw-resistantmaterial(e.g.metal).• Reduceand/orremovenestingandburrowingsitesby:

o Removingpilesofdebrisorvegetation;o Maintainingshortanddisturbedfallowareas;o Cuttingvegetationdown,especiallyneardwellingsandfacilities;o Settinguptrapsinholesoffences,facilities,andhomes;o Frequentweeding;ando Installingdurablefences.

Non-HumanPrimates

• Reducecroppalatabilitybysprayingcapsicumoncrops.• Constructlivestockpens,preferablymadeoutofthornhedgestopreventNHP-livestockcontact.• Placecorrugatedzincsheetsaroundfruittreesthatarenotconnectedtoacanopy.• Buildlivehedgeswithlocalspeciesthatareunattractivetonon-humanprimatestoisolatecrops

fromforestedge.Interspersewithunpalatablecropssuchaschili,tea,andsisal.

Bats

• Batproofbuildings,facilities,andhousesbypatchingholesinhomes,buildings,andfacilitiesunderroofoverhangs;ineavesandvents;cracksaroundwindows;throughspacesunderill-fittingboards;andaroundpipes.

• Formicrobats,constructbathouseswithinone-quartermileofapermanentwatersource,andasclosetotheiroriginalrangeaspossible.

• Ensureroostingsites(e.g.,trees)offruitbatsremainundisturbedandmaintainasufficientamountofavailableforage(e.g.,fruittrees)duringtheprojectdevelopmentphase.

• Theuseofanon-toxicbird-repellent,Methiocarb,hasbeenknowntodeterbats.• Plantdecoynativefruittreesasbuffersaroundorchards.

OtherPests


• Maintaingoodhygienebycoveringandsealingwater,food,andwastecontainers.• Employintegratedpestmanagementprogramstoreducevectorabundanceandpotentialfor

breeding,aswellascontactwithpeople.• Assesspresenceofferalanimals(e.g.dogs,feralswine)todeterminepotentialcontaminationrisks

andtakeappropriateaction(e.g.rabiesvaccinationcampaignsfordogs).

AdaptedFrom

Arlet,MalgorzataandFreerkMolleman.2007.“RodentsdamagecropsmorethanwildlifeinsubsistenceagricultureonthenorthernperipheryofDjaReserve,Cameroon.”InternationalJournalofPestManagement.53(3):237-243.

Belmain,Stevenet.al.2002.“Assessmentoftheimpactofrodentsonruralhouseholdfoodsecurityandthedevelopmentofecologically-basedrodentmanagementstrategiesinZambeziProvince,Mozambique.”NaturalResourcesInstitute.FinalTechnicalReport.

TheFundforAnimals.2003.“CoexistingwithWildlifeFactSheet#1.”

Hockings,K.andT.Humle.2009.BestPracticeGuidelinesforthePreventionandMitigationofConflictsBetweenHumansandGreatApes.Gland,Switzerland:IUCN/SSCPrimateSpecialistGroup(PSG).40pp.

Meerburg,B.G.,M.Bonde,F.W.A.Brom,S.Endepols,A.N.Jensen,H.Leirs,J.Lodal,G.R.Singleton,H.J.Pelz,T.B.Rodenburg,andA.Kijlstra.2004.“Towardssustainablemanagementofrodentsinorganicanimalhusbandry.”NJAS:52-2.

Pongsiri.M.J.,J.Roman,V.O.Ezenwa,T.L.Goldberg,H.S.Koren,S.C.Newbold,R.S.Ostfeld,S.K.Pattanayak,andD.J.Salkeld.2009.“Biodiversitylossaffectsglobaldiseaseecology.”Bioscience59(11):945-954.

Mickelburgh,Simon,AnthonyHutson,andPaulRacey.1992.“OldWorldFruitBats:AnActionPlanfortheirConservation.”IUCN/SSCChiropteraSpecialistGroup.

Stenseth,NilsChr,HerwigLeirs,AndersSkonhoft,StephenA.Davis,RogerP.Pech,HarryP.Andreassen,GrantR.Singleton,MauricioLima,RobertS.Machang’u,RhodesH.Makundi,ZhibinZhang,PeterR.Brown,DazhaoShi,andXinrongWan.2003.“Mice,rats,andpeople:thebio-economicsofagriculturalrodentpests.”FrontiersofEcologyandtheEnvironment.1(7):367-375.

14 AUDIT CHECKLIST: July 2017

ON-SITEINFRASTRUCTURECHECKLISTMaintaining a healthy work force and reducing potential contact with animals or their excreta reduces the risk of zoonotic disease transmission.2

Yes No N/A Notes

ON-SITEHOUSINGPestscanresideinon-sitehousing.Inaddition,inadequatespace,foodstorage,sanitation,etc.canamplifydiseasetransmission.

1. Areworkershousedontheworksite?

a. DothelivingquartersconformtoWorkers’accommodation:processesandstandards:guidancebyIFCandtheEBRD?3

i. Arethereadequatebedsforthenumberofworkers?

ii. Arethereadequatewashingfacilities?

iii. Arethereadequatesanitationfacilities

iv. Aretheresufficientwastedisposalfacilities?

FOODFoodcanbecontaminatedbypestanimalsatanystepofthefarm-to-tablecontinuum.Inaddition,certainfoodsmaybemorevulnerabletodiseasecontaminationsuchasmeat,milk,eggs,etc.

1. Areworkersfedattheworksite?

a. IsaHazardAnalysisCriticalControlPoint(HACCP)systemorcomparablefoodsafetyprograminplace?4

2Most of the questions in the On-SiteInfrastructureChecklist aretaken or adapted from IFC and EBRD n.d. Workers' Accommodation: Processes and Standards - Aguidance note by IFCandthe EBRD.3 http://www1.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/ifc+sustainability/publications/publications_gpn_workersaccommodation4 http://www.fda.gov/food/foodsafety/hazardanalysiscriticalcontrolpointshaccp/default.htm


ON-SITEINFRASTRUCTURECHECKLIST


b. AreWHO’sFiveKeystoSaferFood5orcomparablesafetyguidesimplemented?

c. Isfoodstoredinrodent-prooflocationsorcontainers?

d. Aremeasuresinplacetoensurethatmeatisonlyboughtfromvendorswhodonotsellbushmeat?

e. Aremeasuresinplacetoinspectfruitsandvegetablesandtowashandpeelwhereappropriatetopreventservingfoodthathasbeencontaminatedbyanimals(presenceoffeces,bitemarks)

WATERWatercanattractwildlifeandbecomecontaminated.Itcanalsosupporthabitatforvectorsthatcancarryandtransmitpathogens.

1. Isthesitecheckedregularlyforstanding/stagnantwater,structures,ordebristhatcanactasinsectbreedingareasorattractanimalsseekingwateringholes?

2. Doworkershaveaccesstoanadequateandconvenientsupplyoffreepotablewater?

3. Doesdrinkingwatermeetnational/localorWHOstandards?

a. Isdrinkingwaterqualitymonitoredortreatedregularly?

4. Arewaterstoragetanksthatareusedfordrinkingwatercoveredtopreventthewaterfrombecomingpolluted,contaminated,orvectorbreedingareas?

5http://www.who.int/foodsafety/consumer/5keys/en/)

ON-SITEINFRASTRUCTURECHECKLIST


WASTEMANAGEMENTSolidwaste,sewage,andfoodwastecanattractpestanimals.6

1. Arewastewater,sewage,food,andanyotherwastematerialsdisposedofaccordingtolocalorIFC/WorldBankstandards?7

2. Hasneedforpersonalprotectiveequipmentbeenassessedandputinplaceforwaste-handlingpersonnelinlinewithwasteclassificationdefinitionsforhazardous,non-hazardouswaste?

3. Arecontainersfortrashcollectionprovidedandemptiedonaregularbasis?

4. Ispest/vectorcontrolanddisinfectionconductedthroughoutandsurroundingthelivingandkitchenfacilities?

5. Isvectormanagementaddressedaspartofmanagementplansforanycompany-managedwastedisposalfacilities?

6. Isvectormanagementaddressedaspartofmanagementplanforanystandingwatersources,suchasinsecticideapplication?

7. Ifthereisanon-sitelandfill,arefoodwastescoveredregularly?

8. Ifthereisanon-sitelandfill,isanintegratedpestcontrolprograminplacetocontrolvermin?

Ifyouanswerednotoquestionsthathaveshadedboxes,seeOnsiteInfrastructureControlMeasures.

6Heathcareandbiologicalwasteisnotaddressedspecificallyinthisaudit,butreferencestoinformationonthesetypesofwastedisposalareincludedintheOn-SiteInfrastructureControlMeasures(e.g.forhealthclinic,abattoirandrelatedwaste).7Waterandsanitation,includingwastewaterandsewage:http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/e22c050048855ae0875cd76a6515bb18/Final%2B-%2BWater%2Band%2BSanitation.pdf?MOD=AJPERESWastemanagement,includingfoodwaste,trash,andlandfills:http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/1cd72a00488557cfbdf4ff6a6515bb18/Final%2B-%2BWaste%2BManagement%2BFacilities.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&id=1323162538174


ON-SITEINFRASTRUCTURECONTROLMEASURES

TheWorkers'Accommodation:ProcessesandStandards:AGuidanceNotebyIFCandtheEBRDprovidesminimumstandardsforworkerlivingfacilities,potablewater,wastewaterandsolidwaste,canteenandcookingfacilities,foodsafety,andmedicalfacilities.Relevantbenchmarkswithrespecttothetransmissionofzoonoticdiseaseinclude:

General

• Livingfacilitiesarelocatedtoavoidfloodingandothernaturalhazards.• Thelivingfacilitiesarebuiltwithadequatematerials,arekeptingoodrepair,andarekeptcleanand

freefromrubbishandotherrefuse.• Thebuildingsiteisadequatelydrainedtoavoidtheaccumulationofstagnantwater.• Forfacilitieslocatedinhotweatherzones,adequateventilationand/orairconditioningsystemsare

provided.• Pestextermination,vectorcontrol,anddisinfectionarecarriedoutthroughoutthelivingfacilitiesin

compliancewithlocalrequirementsand/orinternationalorlocalbestmanagementpractices.Wherewarranted,pestandvectormonitoringshouldbeperformedonaregularbasis.

• Ensurefoodisfullycooked,andfruitsandvegetablesarewashedthoroughlywithtreatedwater.

Water

• Accesstoanadequateandconvenientsupplyoffreepotablewaterisalwaysavailabletoworkers.Dependingonclimate,weatherconditions,andaccommodationstandards,80to180litersperpersonperdayareavailable.

• Drinkingwatermeetsnational/localorWHOdrinkingwaterstandards.• Alltanksusedforthestorageofdrinkingwaterareconstructedandcoveredtopreventwaterstored

thereinfrombecomingpollutedorcontaminated.• Drinkingwaterqualityisregularlymonitored.

PriorityMeasures

1. Assureworkercampmeetshygieneandsanitationcriteria/guidelinesasprovidedbytheWorldBank/IFC/EBRD/WHO.

2. Ensurethatlivingfacilitiesarebuiltwithadequatematerials,arekeptingoodrepair,andarekeptcleanandfreefromrubbishandotherrefuse,andmeetWorldBank/IFCstandardsfordensity.

3. Ensurewastewater,sewage,food,andanyotherwastematerialsareadequatelydischarged,incompliancewithlocalorWorldBankstandards–whicheverismorestringent–andwithoutcausinganysignificantimpactsoncampresidents,thebiophysicalenvironment,orsurroundingcommunities.

4. Investineitheron-sitehealthclinic/resourcesorcommunityhealthclinic/infrastructure.5. Improvebiosafetyofon-sitefoodproduction(ifany)orassurethatfoodsafetyfollowsHACCPor

internationallyrecognizedsafefoodguidelines(canteen,cookingfacilitiesarekeptinacleanandsanitarycondition).


• Wastewater,sewage,food,andanyotherwastematerialsareadequatelydischargedincompliancewithlocalorWorldBankstandards–whicheverismorestringent–andwithoutcausinganysignificantimpactsoncampresidents,thebiophysicalenvironment,orsurroundingcommunities.

• Standingwatersourcesthatcannotbeadequatelycoveredmayrequireinsecticideorothermeasurestodiscouragevectorbreedingsitesorcontrolvectorpopulations.

SolidWaste

• Containersspecificallyforrubbishcollectionareprovidedandemptiedonaregularbasis.Standardsrangefromprovidinganadequatenumberofrubbishcontainerstoprovidingleak-proof,non-absorbent,rust-andcorrosion-resistantcontainersprotectedfrominsectsandrodents.Inaddition,itisbestpracticetolocaterubbishcontainers30metersfromeachshelteronawooden,metal,orconcretestand.Containersmustbeemptiedatregularintervals(tobedeterminedbasedontemperaturesandvolumesgenerated)toavoidunpleasantodors.

• UseWorldBanksitingcriteriaforestablishinglandfills.8

• Forlandfills,promptlyemplace,compact,andcoverwastesindefinedcells,especiallywastesuchasfoodwasteswithpotentialtoattractverminandflies.

• Atlandfills,useanintegratedpestcontrolapproachtocontrolverminlevels,treatinginfestedareassuchasexposedfacesandflankswithinsecticideifnecessary.

• Atlandfills,gradetheareaproperlytopreventpondinginordertominimizeinsectbreeding.

Bedrooms/Dormitories

• Rooms/dormitoriesarekeptingoodconditionandareairedandcleanedatregularintervals.Theyarebuiltwitheasilycleanedflooringmaterial.

• Sanitaryfacilitiesarelocatedwithinthesamebuildingsandprovidedseparatelyformenandwomen.

• Residentsareprovidedaminimumof10to12.5cubicmeters(volume)or4to5.5squaremeters(surface).

• Aminimumceilingheightof2.10metersisprovided.• Onlyareasonablenumberofworkersshouldsharethesamedormitoryroom.Standardsrangefrom

twotoeightworkers.• Alldoorsandwindowsshouldbelockable,andprovidedwithmosquitoscreenswhereconditions

warrant.• Aseparatebedforeachworkerisprovided.Thepracticeof“hot-bedding”(shiftsleeping)shouldbe

avoided, particularlyifadequatehygieneandcleaningmeasuresarenotsupported.• Theminimumspacebetweenbedsis1meter.• Doubledeckbunksarenotadvisableforfiresafetyandhygienereasons.Wheretheyareused,clear

spacebetweenthelowerandupperbunkofthebedshouldbe0.7to1.10meters.• Eachworkerisprovidedwithacomfortablemattress,pillow,cover,andcleanbedding.• Bedlineniswashedfrequentlyandappliedwithrepellentsanddisinfectantswhereconditions

warrant(malaria).Incertainareas,laundryshouldbewashedwithbleachandhotwaterandallbedlinenandclothesshouldbeironedtomakesuretheyaredry.

• Providebednets,ideallyimpregnatedwithamosquito-repellentsolution.

8http://www.ingenieroambiental.com/nov/landfillsitingdesign.pdf


Sanitation

• Sanitaryandtoiletfacilitiesareconstructedofmaterialsthatareeasilycleaned.• Sanitaryandtoiletfacilitiesarecleanedfrequentlyandkeptinworkingcondition.• Anadequatenumberofhand-washingfacilitiesareprovidedtoworkers.Standardsrangefrom1

unitper15personsto1unitper6workers.Hand-washingfacilitiesshouldconsistofatap,basin,soap,andhygienicmeansofdryinghands.

• Anadequatenumberofshower/bathroomfacilitiesareprovidedtoworkers.Standardsrangefrom1unitper15personsto1unitper6persons.

• Showers/bathroomsareconvenientlylocated.• Shower/bathroomfacilitiesareprovidedwithanadequatesupplyofcoldandhotrunningwater.

Canteens

• Canteen,cooking,andlaundryfacilitiesarebuiltwithadequateandeasytocleanmaterials.• Canteen,cooking,andlaundryfacilitiesarekeptinacleanandsanitaryconditionandutilize

treated/potablewater.• Canteenshaveareasonableamountofdiningspaceperworker.Standardsrangefrom1to1.5

squaremeters.• Placesforfoodpreparationaredesignedtopermitgoodfoodhygienepractices,includingprotection

againstcontaminationbetweenandduringfoodpreparation.• Kitchensareprovidedwithfacilitiestomaintainadequatepersonalhygieneincludingasufficient

numberofwashbasinsdesignatedforwashinghandswithrunningwaterandsoap,andmaterialsforhygienicdrying.

• Foodpreparationsurfacesaresmooth,durable,andwashable.• Adequatefacilitiesforcleaning,disinfecting,andstoringcookingutensilsandequipmentare

provided.• Foodwasteandotherrefusearedepositedinsealablecontainersandremovedfromthekitchen

frequentlytoavoidaccumulation(seeseparatesectiononhealthcarewastemanagementbelow).• Whenimportingfoodforemployees,useasupplierthathasaninternationallyrecognizedfood

certificationsystem.Ifusinglocalfoodsuppliers,findareputablesupplier.Conductspotcheckstofindoutwherelocalsuppliersaresourcingfoodandhowthatfoodisstored.

HealthcareWasteManagement

Healthcarewastemanagementiscomplexandbeyondthescopeofthisaudit.Belowaresomeresourcesforadditionalinformation.

• WHO’sHealthCareWasteManagementwebsitehttp://www.healthcare-waste.org/basics/waste-steps/

• HealthCareWithoutHarm.“WasteTreatmentandDisposal.”https://noharm-global.org/issues/global/waste-treatment-and-disposal

• WHO’sSafemanagementofwastesfromhealth-careactivities,2014http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85349/1/9789241548564_eng.pdf

• HealthCareWasteManagementGuidanceNote,May2000http://siteresources.worldbank.org/HEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/Resources/281627-1095698140167/Johannssen-HealthCare-whole.pdf


AdaptedFrom

IFCandEBRD.2009.“Workers’accommodation:processesandstandards:AguidancenotebyIFCandtheEBRD.”http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/ifc+sustainability/learning+and+adapting/knowledge+products/publications/publications_gpn_workersaccommodation

IFC.2007.“Environmental,Health,andSafetyGuidelinesforWasteManagementFacilities.”http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/1cd72a00488557cfbdf4ff6a6515bb18/Final+-+Waste+Management+Facilities.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&id=1323162538174

MedicalEntomology,CentreforDiseaseControl,DepartmentofHealthandFamilies,NorthernTerritoryGovernment.“GuidelinesforPreventingMosquitoBreedingSitesAssociatedwithMiningSites.Minesiteguidelines.”November2005.http://www.health.nt.gov.au/library/scripts/objectifyMedia.aspx?file=pdf/32/40.pdf&siteID

OtherUsefulReferences

InternationalFinanceCorporationGeneralEnvironmental,Health,andSafetyGuidelines.http://www1.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/554e8d80488658e4b76af76a6515bb18/Final%2B-%2BGeneral%2BEHS%2BGuidelines.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

WorldBankWaterandSanitationStandards.http://water.worldbank.org/water/shw-resource-guide/institutions/regulations-and-standards/environment

WorldBankLandfillSitingCriteria.http://www.ingenieroambiental.com/nov/landfillsitingdesign.pdf

AfricaDevelopmentBank.“StudyonSolidWasteOptionsinAfrica.”http://www.iwwa.eu/images/stories/PDF/Study_SWM_Africa_by_ADB.pdf

ON-SITEWORKERHEALTHCHECKLIST

21 AUDIT CHECKLIST: July 2017

Companiesshouldhaveaworkerhealthprotectionprogramtoaddressoccupationalhealthandsafetythatincludesabaselinehealthprofileforeachemployee.Tobeabletoaddressapotentialoutbreak,thecompanyshouldtracktheincidenceofdiseaseon-siteandlocally.Workersshouldbetrainedaboutcommunicablediseaseprevention.Thecompanyshouldbepreparedforpotentialoutbreaksofendemicinfectiousdiseasesandbeabletorespondtoasuspectedemergingdiseasesituation.

Yes No N/A Notes

1. Areworkers’healthcareneedsaddressedbyaprojectclinic?

a. Iseachemployeegivenaphysicalbeforeemploymenttoestablishbaselinerecords?

b. Areworkersscreenedforcommunicablediseases?9

c. Areworkersvaccinated?

d. Arediseasesmonitoredandreportedtothelocalhealthdepartment?

e. Areprioritydiseasesreportedaccordingtotheappropriateinternationalhealthregulations?

2. Areworkerstrainedonlocalpublichealthissues(communicablediseases,food-andwater-bornediseases,insect-bornediseases,TB,STDs,andHIV/AIDS)?

3. Istheriskofaninfectiousdiseaseoutbreakrecognizedintheproject'sriskmanagementregister?

4. Doesyourfacilityhaveadiseaseoutbreakresponseplan?

9 Pleasenotethat communicablediseasescreening should only beused to establish medical history of workers and should not be usedfor hiring discrimination.


ON-SITEWORKERHEALTHCHECKLIST


a. Areproceduresinplacetoidentify,planfor,andrespondtodiseaseoutbreaks?

b. Aretheproceduresreviewedandrevisedonaperiodicbasis,includingafterdiseaseoutbreaks?

c. Hastheoutbreakresponseplanbeencoordinatedwiththelocalandregionalhealthauthorities?

5. Doesthelocalhealthfacilityhaveanoutbreakresponseplan?

a. Areproceduresinplacetoidentify,planfor,andrespondtodiseaseoutbreaks?

b. Aretheproceduresreviewedandrevisedonaperiodicbasis,includingafterdiseaseoutbreaks?

c. Hastheoutbreakresponseplanbeencoordinatedwiththeproject?

6. Doesthecompany’shealthandsafetyplanaddresshuman-animalcontactandzoonoticdiseaseprevention?

7. Areoccupationalactivitiesperiodicallyassessedtoidentifyanyhigh-riskinterfacesfordiseasetransmission?

a. Areemployeesprovidedwith,andrequiredtowear,personalprotectiveequipmentinhigh-risksettings?

b. Areemployeesprovidedtraining(and,whereappropriate,fittesting)forpersonalprotectiveequipment?

Ifyouanswerednotoquestionswithshadedboxes,seeWorkerHealthProtectionMeasures.


WORKERHEALTHPROTECTIONMEASURES

• Providesurveillance,andactivelyscreenandtreatworkersforknownendemicdiseases.

• Haveaplanwhenunknownfebrilediseasesaresuspected(potentialemergingdiseases),includingaccesstoalaboratorywithadvanceddiagnosticcapabilities(andpropercoldchainandbiosecureshippinginfrastructure)andchainofcommandforreportingtolocalandnationalhealthauthorities.

• Provideworkereducationprogramson:

o Personalsanitation,

o Personalfoodsafety,and

o Endemiccommunicablediseasesandtheirprevention.

• Developandimplementanoutbreakresponseplanthatconsidersmultiplescenarios(e.g.evacuation,isolation,etc.).

• Developandimplementabusinesscontinuityplanthatconsidersmultiplescenarios(e.g.closedborders,10to30percentoftheworkforceaffected,compromisedtransportationsystems,foodinsecurity).

• Coordinatewithlocalhealthandenvironmentofficialstostayinformedaboutanylocaldiseaseoutbreaksinpeopleandwildlife.Ensurethatthereisareportingstructuretonotifywildlifeauthoritiesofwildlifedisease/mortalityevents.

• Ensurethatdiseasereportingisconsistentwithlocalandnationalhealthauthoritiesandthatitisconsistentwiththeinternationalhealthregulations.

• Providetreatmentthroughstandardcasemanagementinonsiteorcommunityhealthcarefacilities.

• Ensurereadyaccesstomedicaltreatment,confidentiality,andappropriatecare,particularlywithrespecttomigrantworkers.

• Promotecollaborationwithlocalauthoritiestoenhanceaccessofworkers’familiesandthecommunitytopublichealthservicesandpromoteimmunization.

PriorityMeasures

1. Provideroutinehealthscreeningandsurveillanceforworkersandincludeabaselinediseaseassessmentandaroutinepreventativehealthplan,includingimmunizations.

2. Supportlocalinitiativestoprovidehealtheducationthatincludesinformationonapplicablezoonoticdiseasesandhealthhazardsfromhunting,slaughtering,andconsumingbushmeat.

3. Developdiseaseoutbreakresponseplansincoordinationwithlocalandregionalhealthauthorities.

4. Assesstheriskofdiseaseoutbreaksaspartofprojectriskmanagement.5. Provideaccesstohealthcareservicesforlocalemployees.


• Conductperiodicassessmentofoccupationalactivitiestodetermineifworkershavethepotentialtocomeintocontactwithwildlifeortheirexcreta.Ifthereishighpotentialforinteractionwithwildlifeortheirexcreta,providepersonalprotectiveequipmentforworkers(e.g.wearingmasksmayhelpprotectagainstaerosolizedpathogensaswellasreduceinhalationofparticulatematter,andwearingglovesmayhelpprotectagainstbitesandscratches).Properfitforsomeprotectivegearmayrequireindividualfittesting.Ventilationshouldbeprovidedinminingorothersettingswherethereisariskofaerosolizedtransmissionofrodentorbatfeces.

• Whenthereareoutbreaksofdiseasesthatinvolvefever,establishtemperaturescreeningatfacilityentryandexitpoints.

AdaptedFrom

IFC2007Environmental,Health,andSafety(EHS)Guidelines.“GeneralEHSGuidelines:CommunityHealthandSafety.”http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/sustainability.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/gui_EHSGuidelines2007_GeneralEHS_3/$FILE/3+Community+Health+and+Safety.pdf

WorldHealthOrganization.“INTERIMVERSION1.2EbolaandMarburgvirusdiseaseepidemics:preparedness,alert,control,andevaluation.”August2014.WHO/HSE/PED/CED/2014.05http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/130160/1/WHO_HSE_PED_CED_2014.05_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1

OFF-SITECOMMUNITYHEALTHCHECKLIST


Manyon-siteworkersarefromthelocalcommunities,soinfectiousdiseasesinthecommunitycanspreadtotheworkplace.Communityhealthcanbeaffectedbytheinfluxofworkersandothermigrants.

Yes No N/A Notes

1. Isahealthcarefacilityoperationalinthelocalcommunity?

a. Doesthecommunityhealthcarefacilityhavethecapacityandequipmenttoaddressthehealthneedsofthecommunitiesitserves?

b. Doesthecommunityhealthcarefacilityhavethecapacitytoaddresstheannualknownoutbreaksforthecommunityitserves?

c. Doesthehealthcarefacilityhavethecapabilitytotrackdiseaseincidences?

d. Doesthehealthcarefacilitytracklocaldiseaseoutbreaks?

e. Doesyourfacilitycommunicateandshareinformationwiththelocalhealthfacilityaboutinfectiousdiseaseincidencesandunusualillnesses?

2. Doestheprojecthavearelationshipwiththelocalpublichealthauthorities?

3. Doestheprojectdiseaseoutbreakresponseplanincludemeasurestoaddresscommunityoutbreaks?

4. Isthecommunityvulnerabletoinfectiousdiseasetransmissionfrominfrastructuredeficienciesorculturalpractices?

a. Doesthecommunityhavepotablewater?

OFF-SITECOMMUNITYHEALTHCHECKLIST


b. Doesthecommunityhaveasanitationsystem?

c. Doesthelocalgovernmentmaintainawastedisposalarea?

d. Doesthecommunityhaveadequatedrainagetopreventcreationofvectorhabitat?

e. Doesthecommunityhavefeaturestopreventpest/nuisanceanimalsfromaccessing:

i. Agriculture?

ii. Foodstorage?

iii. Communitywaste/fooddisposal?

iv. Surfacewaterbodies?

5. Hastheprojectcausedapopulationinfluxtothecommunitiessurroundingtheconcession?

a. Isthecommunityinfrastructurecapableofabsorbingtheexistingoranticipatedpopulation?

b. Doesadequatehousingexist?

c. Doesadequatepotablewater/wastewaterexist?

d. Doeslocalwastemanagement/disposalmeettheneedsofthegrowingcommunity?

e. Areexistinghealthfacilitiesadequate?

f. Doeslocalgovernmenthavevectorcontrolplansinplace?

Ifyouanswerednotoquestionswithshadedboxes,seeCommunityHealthProtectionMeasures.


COMMUNITYHEALTHPROTECTIONMEASURES

PreventIllnessAmongWorkersinLocalCommunities

• Undertakehealthawarenessandeducationinitiatives.Forexample,implementinganinformationstrategytoreinforceperson-to-personcounselingthataddressessystemicfactorsthatcaninfluenceindividualbehavioraswellaspromoteindividualprotection.

• Proactivelydispelconspiracytheoriesandother,non-scientificallybasedexplanationsofcommunicablediseases.

• Trainhealthworkersindiseaserecognitionandtreatment.• Conductimmunizationprogramsforworkersinlocalcommunitiestoimprovehealthandguard

againstinfection.• Providehealthservices.

PreparednessandResponsePlanning

• Collaboratewithlocalhealthauthoritiesondiseaseoutbreakpreparednessandresponseplanning.• Ensurethatthelocalhealthauthoritiesareawareofthecompany’splan.• Holdajointsimulationexercisetotesttheplan.

SupportImplementingPublicHealthMeasuresintheLocalCommunities

• Provideassistancewithlocalplanningforwastedisposal,potablewater,andhealthcarefacilities.• Educatecommunityrepresentativesaboutvectorbreedingsitescontrolandmaintainingdrainage

duringrainyseasons.• Providesupporttodistricthealthvectorcontrolprograms.• Provideassistancewithretrofittingordesigningboreholessothattheycomplywithlocal

regulations,protectagainstpotentialcontamination,anddonotcreatevectorbreedinghabitat.• Supportthetrainingoflocalcommunityhealthpersonnelininfectiousdiseasesurveillanceand

outbreakresponse.• Collaboratewithlocalwastemanagementservicestodevelopnon-hazardouswastemanagement

plansforlocalcommunitiesthatcaninclude:o Sufficientgarbagecansanddumpsters;o Garbagestoredinrodent-proofcontainers;o Sanitaryandsolidwastecollecteddailyandcovereddailywithasolidlayerofsoil(15to30

cm);ando Appropriatecontainerprogramtoavoidwaterborneinsectbreeding.

PriorityMeasuresCompaniesarenotresponsibleforthehealthneedsofthecommunitiesinwhichtheyreside.However,communicablediseasesthatspreadthroughthecommunitiesinwhichworkersresidecanbebroughttotheworkplace.1. Conducthealtheducationandoutreachoncommunicablediseasesincludingzoonoseswithan

emphasisonfoodsafety,STIsandvector-bornediseases,vaccination,waterandwastemanagement,bushmeatreductionefforts,etc.Includeworkersandcommunityleaders.

2. Supporttheimprovementofcommunityhealthandveterinaryinfrastructure.3. Supporttheimprovementofwaterandsanitationinfrastructure.4. Ensurethatthereisjointoutbreakpreparednessplanningwithlocalgovernments.


o Supportimprovementoflocalmarketbiosecuritymeasures.

Project-inducedmigrationcanfacilitatetransmittingcommunicablediseaseincommunitiesthatsurroundfacilitiesiflocalinfrastructureistaxedbeyonditscapacity.Duringoperations,afacilitycan:

ManageMigration

• UsetheIFC’sorcomparableguidanceonaddressingproject-inducedin-migrationtoguideactionstopreventin-migration.Activitiestoundertakecaninclude:

o Planworkforcerecruitment;o Manage/controlaccessroutestotheconcession;o Controlworkertransportationandhousing;o Managematerialtransportationandprocurement;ando Usebufferzones;physicallyseparatetheprojectfrommigrants.

ManagethePhysicalandSocialFootprintofMigration

• Usespatialplanning,administration,andresourceallocation.o Identifyingappropriatesettlementsites;ando Ensuringappropriateinfrastructure,services,andutilities.

• Assistwithcommunitydevelopmentinitiativesrelatedtohealthandfoodsecurity.• Avoidhabitatconversionandfragmentationfromspontaneoussettlementsandeconomicactivities.

ImproveStakeholderEngagementandMonitoring

• Defineproject-affectedpopulations.• Conductregularandpredictablestakeholderengagement.• Buildstakeholdercapacity(IFC2009).

AdaptedFrom

IFC2007Environmental,Health,andSafety(EHS)Guidelines.“GeneralEHSGuidelines:CommunityHealthandSafety.”http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/sustainability.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/gui_EHSGuidelines2007_GeneralEHS_3/$FILE/3+Community+Health+and+Safety.pdf

IFC2009.“ProjectandPeople:AHandbookforAddressingProject-InducedIn-Migration.”http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/sustainability.nsf/Content/Publications_Handbook_Inmigration

HUNTING,BUSHMEAT,ANDWILDLIFETRADECHECKLIST


Huntingofwildlifeandconsumptionofbushmeatcanexposepeopletozoonoticdiseases.Whilecompaniesmaynothavecompletecontroloverallpracticesthatoccurwithinaconcession,theyshouldtakestepstoensurecompliancewithandenforcementoflocal/nationallawsandriskreductionpractices.

Yes No N/A Notes

BUSHMEAT

Company

1. Isbushmeatconsumptionprohibitedintheareainwhichthebusinessisoperating?

a. Doesthecompanyhaveahuntingpolicy?

i. Doesitprohibithuntingwithinconcessionboundaries?

ii. Doesitprohibithuntingwithintheactivepartoftheconcession?

iii. Doesitprohibittransportofbushmeatinfacilityvehicles?

b. Hasthecompanylimitedaccesstoroadsintheconcession?

c. Doesthecompanyhaveapolicytocontrolaccesstotheconcessionbynon-employees?

d. Doesthecompanyhaveguard/controlpostsonmajorroadsinprojectareas/concessionstoconductvehicleinspectionsforbushmeat?

HUNTING,BUSHMEAT,ANDWILDLIFETRADECHECKLIST


e. Doesthecompanyprovidetrainingontherisksassociatedwithbushmeathuntingandconsumptionandsafeslaughteringmethodstoworkersandthecommunity?

Community

a. Doesthecommunityavoidsubsistencehunting?

b. Doesthelocalmarketprohibitsaleofbushmeatorliveanimals(e.g.livenon-humanprimatesfortheexoticpettrade)?

WILDLIFETRADE

2. Isthereapolicyprohibitingworkerskeepingwildpetson-site?

3. Arevehiclesinspectedforlivewildlifeatexitpoints?

4. Areeducationcampaignsusedtoinformworkersofwildlifetradeandbushmeatpolicies?

Ifyouanswerednotoquestionswithshadedboxes,seeHunting,Bushmeat,andWildlifeTraffickingControlMeasures


HUNTING,BUSHMEAT,ANDWILDLIFETRAFFICKINGCONTROLMEASURES

Aproject’sapproachtohuntingneedstobecarefullymanaged,ensuringthatconservationandtraditionaland/orcommunitylandaccessrightsarerespectedandenhancedfordesiredoutcomes.Thiswillincludetheestablishmentofpoliciesandprocedureswithregardstohunting,bushmeat,weapons,accessetc.suchthattheyareconsistentwithlocal,regional,andnationallawsandregulations.Insomecountries,itisnotlegaltolimitaccesstoafacilityorprohibittraditionalhuntingonaconcession.Thefollowingaresuggestionsthatshouldbeconsideredwithinthelegalframeworkofthecountryinwhichaprojectisoperating.

WithintheFootprintoftheFacility

Tostophuntingandtransportofbushmeatandlivewildlife:

• Prohibithuntingandtrappingwithindesignatedno-huntingzones.• Postsignssaying“NoHunting”and“Wildlifecannotberemovedfromthisfacility.”• Prohibitbushmeatfrombeingtransportedbycompanyvehicles.• Establishguard/controlpostsonmajorroadsinprojectareas/concessions,andconduct

inspectionsatexitpoints(trucks,railcars,andair).• Prohibitweaponson-site,asidefromsecuritypersonnel.• Prohibitnon-employeesonthefacilitywithoutpermission.• Prohibitkeepingofwildpets(e.g.monkeysandothernon-humanprimates).

Tolimitdemandforbushmeatamongemployees:

• Ensureemployeesareprovidedwithsufficientfood(orproteinalternatives)orarepaidadequately.

WithintheConcession

• Prohibithunting,iflegallyandlogisticallypossible.• Postsignssaying“NoHunting”and“Wildlifecannotberemovedfromthisfacility”andconduct

educationcampaignstoinformworkersofpoliciesonbushmeatandwildlifetrade.• Ifpossible,limitaccesstotheconcessionbycreatingnaturalobstructionsfollowingconstruction,

establishbarrierssuchaslockedgates,andremovetemporaryaccessstructuressuchasbridges.• HaveemployeesnotifytheHSEmanageriftheyfinddeadanimals,sotheHSEmanageror

appropriatepersonnelcanreportwildlifedeathstoauthoritiestoidentifythecause.• Ensurecomplianceandenforcementwithlocal/nationallaws.

MeasurestoTakewithLocalEmployeesandLocalCommunities

PriorityMeasures

1. Provideemployeeswithadequatesourcesofproteinoraccesstoproteintominimizebushmeathuntingandconsumption.

2. Prohibitaccesstoconcessionbynon-workers,ifpracticalandpossible.3. Implementcheckpointsandcontrolsforbushmeatandwildlifetradeatallforestaccesspoints,if

feasible.4. Educatecommunityandworkersaboutbushmeathuntingandwildlifetradeandconsumption.


• Establisheducationalinitiativesthatteachconservationawareness.• Establishcommunityhuntingzones,whererelevant(ensuringcompliancewithlocal/national

laws).• Throughcommunitystewardshipinitiativesbasedonconservationprioritiesinthearea,have

localcommunitiesinformauthoritiesofthepresenceofunauthorizedhunters.• Conductperiodicsurveysofbushmeatconsumption.• EncourageopencommunicationbetweencommunityhealthfacilitiesandHSEmanager.

AdaptedFrom

Aviram,R.,M.Bass,andK.Parker.2003.ExtractingHopeforBushmeat:Casestudiesofoil,gas,miningandloggingindustryeffortsforimprovedwildlifemanagement.UncertainFuture:theBushmeatCrisisinAfrica.57pp.

HABITATANDBIODIVERSITYMANAGEMENTCHECKLIST


Habitatdisturbanceanddegradationcanalterwildlifeecologyandmayleadtochangesinwildlifediseasedynamics.Changesinbiodiversitymayaffectthepotentialforzoonoticdiseasetransmission.

Yes No N/A Notes

1. Lossordisturbanceofvegetation/habitatandcreationofbordersunsuitableforwildlifemovement.

a. Aremeasureseffectivelyaddressingminimizingwildlifehabitatloss/fragmentation/degradation?

b. Aremeasuresinplacetorevegetatedisturbedareasusingnativevegetation?

c. Aremeasureseffectivelyminimizingwildlifedisturbanceduringmigration,nesting,orbreedingseasons?

d. Aremeasureinplacetominimizecontactbetweenhumansandwildlife?

2. Aremeasuresinplacetomanagenaturalvegetationinareasadjacenttotheprojectsite?

3. Aremeasuresinplacetoaddressbiodiversityloss?Aremeasureseffectivelymonitoringhabitatconversion,fragmentation,anddegradation,aswellaschangesinbiodiversity?

Ifyouanswerednotoquestionsthathaveshadedboxes,seeHabitatandBiodiversityManagementMeasures.


HABITATANDBIODIVERSITYMANAGEMENTMEASURESRELEVANTTOZOONOTICDISEASE

Intermsofzoonoticdisease,maintaininghabitatcorridorsandaccesstoresources(e.g.,waterandfoodsources)mayhelpreducepotentialforhuman-animalcontact.Dependingonthespecies,certainlifestages(e.g.breeding),seasonality,andotherfactors(e.g.migration)mayaffectprevalenceandtransmissionrisk.

Maintenance

• Clearlydemarcateallprotectedorconservationareaswithfencesorflaggingtoavoidinadvertentdestructionthroughignoranceorcarelessnessthatcoulddisplaceanimals.Inlargerareas,designatemeasuresthatavoidunintentionaldestructionofbiodiversitybyworkingwithotherlandholders.

• Manageriparianzonestopreservewaterqualityandwildlifehabitat.Riparianzonesshouldmaintaincorridorsofnaturalvegetationtoallowforthemovementofanimalsandplants.

• Determineappropriatecontrolstohelptomaximizetheuseofseeds,soilnutrientsandsoilbiota,decayingorganicmatter,logs,andotherpotentialfaunahabitatthatcanbevaluableforhabitatmaintenance.

• Wherefeasible,sanitizeandinspectmachineryandconductroutinesurveysforinvasivespeciesintroductionsthatmaybeassociatedwithpathogenintroduction.Wheredetected,implementcontrolmeasurestopreventpotentialinvasivespeciesestablishment.

ClearCutting,ForestHarvesting,andDeforestation(EspeciallyRelevanttoTimberHarvesting)Planning

• Topromotehabitatcontinuityandminimizetheriskofhuman-animalcontact,leave(reserve)treesorgroupsoftreesintheharvestconcessionforregenerationpurposes,foodsources,cover,andtravelcorridorsforwildlife.Retainhollowtreesthatprovidedenandnestingsites.Appropriateconservationofunderstoryspecies,aswellassnags,slash,andwooddebris,shouldalsobeconsideredtoenhancewildlifehabitat.

• Retainnaturalunloggedrefugiaadjacenttoorwithinharvestingblocks.• Avoidlargecanopyholesbylimitingproximityoftreestobeharvested.

PriorityMeasures

1. Manageroadandcorridorconstructiontominimizeunnecessaryhabitatdisturbance(e.g.,avoidpavingroads,engageinplanningwithgovernmentandothercompanies).

2. Assurewildlifecorridorsbetweenforestpatchesaremaintained.3. Conductbaselinebiodiversitysurveysandroutinemonitoringincompliancewithestablished

guidelinestoidentifyhigh-riskspeciespresentandpromoteearlywarningsystemsfordiseaseoutbreaks.

4. Implementhuntingandwildlifetradingcontrolswithinallprojectoperationalareas(e.g.roads,loggingconcessions,campboundaries,camp,etc.).

5. Wherepossible,minimizetheprojectfootprintthroughreducedimpactlogging,minimizationoffragmentationandconversion,andotherestablishedbiodiversityconservationbestpracticesthatavoiddisplacingwildlife.


Construction/maintenance

• Inareaswithcriticalhabitatsorduringcriticalmomentsinthelifecycle(e.g.,reproduction,nesting)forspecies,disturbanceshouldbeminimizedtotheextentpossible.

• Cutvinespriortoharvestwherevinesconnecttreecrowns.• Conductdirectionalfellingwithtrainedcrewstominimizecanopydamageanddistancetoskidtrails.• Uselow-impactloghaulingandextractionmethods,suchascablehaulingandloglifting.• Keeptheworkforcewithindefinedboundariesandaccessroutes.• Shadelightsanddirectthemtoonsiteareas.

RoadMaintenance/Construction

• Avoidnestingandmigrationperiodswhenclearingvegetation.• Minimizeplacingbrushandwoodydebrisalongroadsidetoreducerodenthabitat.• Reducebarriersorobstaclestowildlifemovement,suchasfallenlogsandroadsideditches.• Maintainwildlifecorridorsandworkawayfromlargerivers,ridgelines,andforestedgesthatserve

asphysicalbarrierstowildlifemigration.• Createcorridorsofhabitatbetweenforestpatchesby:

o Maintainingintactforestalongstreamsandrivers;o Retainingforestcanopy“bridges”overroadsandtakingothermeasurestofacilitateanimal

movement,suchasbuildingtunnelsunderroads;ando Revegetatingdegradedlandusingnativespecies.

• Minimizenegativeeffectsofforestedgesby:o Allowingsecondarygrowthandvinestogrowtoprovideabuffer.

MeasurestoTakewithLocalEmployeesandLocalCommunities

• Supportconservationprogramslinkedtotheproject'senvironmentalandbiodiversitymanagementplans,includingawarenessofconservationprioritiesinthearea.

• Supportlocalland-useplanningintheproject’sareaofinfluenceandbackthisupwithdevelopmentsupportconsistentwiththeland-useplan.

• Supportlocalhabitatmanagement,includingprotectedareamanagementifrelevant.

BiodiversityandHabitatMonitoring

• Conductbaselinebiodiversitysurveysandroutinemonitoringincompliancewithestablishedguidelinestoidentifyspeciespresent,inparticularkeystonespecies,andtheirabundance(speciescounts).Thisinformationcanbeusedtoidentifysettingswithincreasedriskforcontactwithspecies(withspecialattentiontobats,rodents,andnon-humanprimates)thatmaytransmitzoonoses,aswellasdetectdie-offsinanimalsthatmaybeassociatedwithapotentialzoonoticdisease.

• Monitorhabitatchangeslikeconversion,fragmentation,anddegradation,andhowthisoverlapswithpotentialcarriersofEIDsandincreasestheriskofcontactbetweenhumansandsuchcarriers.Targetmeasurestoreducehabitatdisturbanceandeducationalprogramsathigh-riskzones.


AdaptedFrom

TheEnergyandBiodiversityInitiative(EBI).2003.“GoodPracticeinthePreventionandMitigationofPrimaryandSecondaryBiodiversityImpacts.”http://www.theebi.org/products.html

Hockings,K.andT.Humle.2009.BestPracticeGuidelinesforthePreventionandMitigationofConflictsBetweenHumansandGreatApes.Gland,Switzerland:IUCN/SSCPrimateSpecialistGroup(PSG).40pp.

InternationalCouncilonMiningandMinerals(ICMM).2003.“GoodPracticeGuidanceforMiningandBiodiversity.”http://www.icmm.com/page/1182/good-practice-guidance-for-mining-and-biodiversity

InternationalFinanceCorporation(IFC).2006.“PerformanceStandard6:BiodiversityConservationandSustainableNaturalResourceManagement.”

Laurance,W.F.etal.2009.“Impactsofroadsandlinearclearingsontropicalforests.”ConservationBiology.20(4):1251–1261.

Morgan,D.andSanz,C.2007.“BestPracticeGuidelinesforReducingtheImpactofCommercialLoggingonGreatApesinWesternEquatorialAfrica.”Gland,Switzerland:IUCNSSCPrimateSpecialistGroup(PSG).32pp.

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