audit seminar

RCREEEA N M E

RCREEE Energy Audit in BuildingTraining Course Program

Tunis, Ist - 5th June 2010

-MJzL "1

VfEnergy audit of air-conditioning and

cooling systemsQmby

Adel MourtadaJS tmTW

I

1Content1

- Refrigeration cycP- AC/Refrigeration Systems andComponents

-Type of refrigeration

-Assessment of refrigeration and AC

-Energy Efficiency Measures

-Energy Audit of HVAC System inCommercial Suiluing Utilities

TTU?>.0

i TI_

-rAdel Mourtada

TXVr**

Chiller:

I

J}Suction LinejK- Low SideHigh Side

\

i1TypicalRefrigeration

Cycle

c CompressorCiXL mmCondenser

k* ReceiverS**H3B

J

Adel Mourtada 3

Thermodynamic Cycle4

IWX.

SATURATED V AA OR

Otu 4 *

K.*! r? - Refrigeration cycle- AC/Refrigeration Systems anON


- Assessment of refrigeration and AC- Energy Efficiency Measures- Energy Audit of HVAC System inCommercial Building Utilities

:

3] rp

t 9

sAdel Mourtada

ComponentsT? TXVT\r y Refrigerant

Evaporator/Chiller

CompressorCondenser

ReceiverThermostaticexpansionvalve (TXV)

Chiller

=Suction LineJLow SideHigh Side JI

v

t q Compressorr-MM

Condenser

0 *a &L.I ReceiverPCT' \

X* 6Adel Mourtada

CompressorsThere is a large variety of

| compressors. Some of variationsare:

The compressor manufacturer

Piston, vane, or scroll type

The piston and cylinderarrangement

How the compressor is mounted

Style and position of ports

Type and number of drive belts

Compressor displacement

Fixed or variable displacement

A

UL,

fa r : r*ISf X-

\ lrx f,i i;il.J -fi f*1.H: {ft*

sJ* I

,n %

*\ t, 1 fyl.1 >1

*

Ji'l#

i i,W.; r (L frr *'# trIt1wm D* * ii* f * -i- *-1It* 1 71K731

Adel Mourtada 7

Evaporator Types

Plate evaporators, top, area series of stampedaluminum plates that arejoined together. Tube andfin evaporators, bottom,have tubes for therefrigerant that are joinedto the fins.

:

'l -

J-.v!

11JLirifiPv:V,

vr

mfis TTTT.V

Jjj.-T-l

|8i ii .'vTv-fl L--:i a

Adel Mourtada B

f? RefrigerantJ* Desirable properties:

High latent heat of vaporization - max cooling Non-toxicity (no health hazard) Desirable saturation temp (for operating pressure) Chemical stability (non-flammable/non-explosive) Ease of leak detection Low cost

Readily availableCommonly named "FREON" (R-114, etc.)

1

I, >-

9Adel Mourtada

Condenser Types;v

Condensers A and C areround tube, serpentinecondensers.

VA

A

{AI

r

'N B iu V )CE Condenser B is an

oval/flat tube, serpentinecondenser.

i;ir **_ B J'I- !1 VDS- .fl~ fr i y/' ** MIJV ICfl tN Condenser D is an

oval/flat tube, parallelflow condenser.

i+

fas I;

J

sj

Flat tube condensers aremore efficient.

L

zil

Adel Mourtada 10

I Expansion Devicesy* The expansion device separates the high

side from the low side and provides arestriction for the compressor to pumpagainst.

There are two styles of expansiondevices:- The TXV can open or close to changeflow. It is controlled by the superheatspring, thermal bulb that sensesevaporator outlet temperature, andevaporator pressure- The OT is a tubular, plastic device with asmall metal tube inside. The color of theOT is used to determine the diameter ofthe tube. Most OT have a fixed diameterorifice.

mji

Jr"

LA fc-s~\t) c-e,*

0-rir>Qpr > utoa i < c 3< J tSs- MpcMiuEurm. 11Adel Mourtada

IAC Systems

* 5

AC options / combinations:

Da* Air Conditioning (for comfort / machine)

Split air conditioners

Fan coil units in a larger system

Air handling units in a larger system

TTiJ9I0

fflrp1

Adel Mourtada 12

Refrigeration systems* 5

Small capacity modular units of directexpansion type (50 Tons of Refrigeration)

* Centralized chilled water plants withchilled water as a secondary coolant (>50TTiJ9I TR)

0V

l 'L

Adel Mourtada 13

IRefrigeration at large CommercialBuildings* Bank of units off-site with common

Chilled water pumps

Condenser water pumps

Cooling towers

* More levels of refrigeration/AC, e.g.

5

Da

* Comfort air conditioning (20-25 C)

Chilled water system (5-10 C)0

II(HIAdel Mourtada 14

- Refrigeration cycle-AC/Refrigeration Systems andComponents

Qjype of refrigeration- Assessment of refrigeration and AC-Energy Efficiency Measures

-Energy Audit of HVAC System inCommercial Building Utilities

*p i

ji]:r?t>-- S

15Adel Mourtada

Type of refrigerationf

t

ia2S!Qrr Refrigeration systemsLr

* Vapour CompressionRefrigeration (VCR): usesmechanical energy

* Vapour Absorption Refrigeration(VAR): uses thermal energy

A

Adel Mourtada 16

1Type of refrigeration

Vapour Compression RefrigerationChoice of compressor, design ofcondenser and evaporator determined

*

M if- I,

S ,

by: Refrigerant

Required cooling

LoadItTl (/s * Ease of maintenance Physical space requirements

Availability of utilities (water, power)ftr*

s.

* PR

Adel Mourtada 17

What's Solar Cooling?

The core idea is to use the solar energy directly toproduce chilled water.

The high temperature required by absorptionchillers is provided by solar troughs.

The system doesn't require "High Technology"materials (like in PV systems] and has peakproduction in the moment of peak demand.

I

'5T HeatTransfer Fluidwater L:If fcr> Xl 'I

Wfr JiiftiS

18Adel Mourtada

tJSystem combined to sub-floor exchanger

- r;.

VJ ? i A SFloor system1.IJ Controllers I li1> I'L. \

11 11Cooling towerU Storage tank

Type of refrigeration

Evaporative Cooling* Air in contact with water to cool it close to wet

bulb temperature

* Advantage: efficient cooling at low cost

Disadvantage: air is rich in moisture

f

IQrr

SprinklingWater

fL

ColdHot Air * r " Air1 V, I

s i tN.

-F- 1i# Adel Mourtada 20

I-'L Type of refrigerationMain Features of Cooling Towers/f*

$/GiMlAnatomy of a Cooling Tower

rV I i aerosc

\ w!..

air handling unrt

/i- L 4 - Cr: !b_V

itanJ* 4 dritt cccd air tobuilding

j

_ eliminator:; A* f mmmmtmsmi heatedrefrigerantA .;.y- -

Su VJX * T 4, t > 4 * >:'.irflowl VlterPiVs) * f'

viater ii CDC1 jilc S.w%

- F

Adel Mourtada 21

I Type of refrigerationComponents of a cooling tower

* Frame and casing: support exteriorenclosures

Fill: facilitate heat transfer bymaximizing water / air contactSplash fill

* Film fill

* Cold water basin: receives water atbottom of tower

imm

fL

I

- k.H

Adel Mourtada 22

L Type of refrigerationComponents of a cooling tower Drift eliminators: capture droplets in

air stream

Air inlet: entry point of air

* Louvers: equalize air flow into the filland retain water within tower

Nozzles: spray water to wet the fill

* Fans: deliver air flow in the tower

1t

SMMBIJ- *5

sl +

j " T

CNsL - j

m Adel Mourtada 23

Type of refrigeration

Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers

* Large fans to force air throughcirculated water

/\ )j

f

I

*MF'111; - * Water falls over fill surfaces:

maximum heat transferJ a*5 Cooling rates depend on many

parameters

* Large range of capacities

Can be grouped, e.g. 8-cell toweri

1%.

Pfr

- ...Adel Mourtada 24

Type of refrigerationf

I! * T Forced Draft Cooling Towers

Air blown through towerby centrifugal fan at airinlet

Advantages: suited forhigh air resistance & fansare relatively quiet

Disadvantages:recirculation due to highair-entry and low air-exitvelocities

\\\\u~jwfmmmmmmh Hot waterm m * mm m n\ rT\ A

Fill

Centrllugaltan

r *r \ Cold wateri ' L- :v

L:: Adel Mourtada 25



-Assessment of refrigeration and A


- Energy Audit of HVAC System inCommercial Building Utilities

*p i

ji]:

-- S26Adel Mourtada

HT! Assessment of Refrigeration

* Cooling effect: Tons of Refrigeration*

1 TR = 3024 kCal/hr heat rejected

TR is assessed as:TR = Q x-Cp x- (Ti- To) / 3024Q = mass flow rate of coolant in kg/hrCp- is coolant specific heat in kCal /kg deg CTi - inlet, temperature of coolant to evaporator (chiller) in 0CTo - outlet temperature of coolant from evaporator (chiller) in 0C

kI

Adel Mourtada 27

Assessment of RefrigerationSpecific Power Consumption (kW/TR)

* Indicator of refrigeration systemsperformance

* kW/TR of centralized chilled watersystem is sum of* Compressor kW/TR

Chilled water pump kW/TRCondenser water pump kW/TRCooling tower fan kW/TR

p f5

I* rJsSc__

I T

Adel Mourtada 28

\/

Assessment of RefrigerationCoefficient of Performance (COPCarnot) Standard measure of refrigeration efficiency

Depends on evaporator temperature Te andcondensing temperature Tc:

i

IUS COP Te / (Tc - Te)CarnotI

COP calculated for type of compressor:

Coolingeffect (kW)... COP =Power input to compressor (kW)....i

i# Adel Mourtada 29

IAssessment of Air Conditioning

Measure5

Airflow Q (m3/s) at Fan Coif Units (FCU) or AirHandling Units (AHU): anemometer

Air density p (kg/m3)

Dry bulb and wet bulb temperature: psychrometer

Enthalpy (kCal/kg) of inlet air (hjn) and outlet air(Hout): psychrometric charts

])a

0 Calculate TR Qx p X (K ~Kut)TR =J 'L--p 3024Adel Mourtada 30

s /I1'ta.

LL r Assessment of Air ConditioningIndicative TR load profile

* Small office cabins: 0.1 TR/m2

Medium size office (10 - 30 peopleoccupancy) with central A/C: 0.06TR/m2

* Large multistoried office complexeswith central A/C: 0.04 TR/m2

9 m

ys

ph

Hdel Mourtada 31

Considerations for AssessmentFFrffiHS''SML1 * Accuracy of measurements

Inlet/outlet temp of chilled and condenserwater

Flow of chilled and condenser water

* Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV)kW/TR for 100% load but most equipment

operate between 50-75% of full load

IPLV calculates kW/TR with partial loads

Four points in cycle: 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%

5T___I T

t

Adel Mourtada 32

Assessment of Cooling TowersMeasured Parameters

Ita.

Wet bulb temperature of air

Dry bulb temperature of air

Cooling tower inlet water temperature

Cooling tower outlet water temperature

Exhaust air temperature

Electrical readings of pump and fanmotors

Water flow rate

Air flow rate

__ 5

r -i **fV

1 M

- t*

Adel Mourtada 33

Central Plant metrics

I Chiller efficiency - kW/tonWJi Cooling tower efficiency - kW/ton

Condenser water pump efficiency - kW/tonJ

Chilled water pump efficiency - kW/ton.

* (.

f*-

34Adel Mourtada




Efficiency Measures- Energy Audit of HVAC System inCommercial Building Utilities

*p i

a0

35Adel Mourtada

mIn Energy Efficiency Measures1. Optimize process heat exchange

2. Maintain heat exchanger surfaces3. Multi-staging systems

4. Matching capacity to system load

5. Capacity control of compressors

6. Multi-level refrigeration for plant needs

7. Chilled water storage

8. System design features9. Optimize cooling tower

t/

? ...ir B

1

. r>N

f

a:?''

UF!

Adel Mourtada 36

i Energy Efficiency Measurest1. Optimize Process Heat Exchange

High compressor safety margins:energy loss

1. Proper sizing heat transfer areas ofheat exchangers and evaporators

Heat transfer coefficient on refrigerant side:1400 - 2800 Watt/m2K

Heat transfer area refrigerant side: >0.5 m2/TR

2. Optimum driving force (difference Te andTc): 1C raise in Te = 3% power savings

if*2**!tysE***

'M ;I TLP 1

i

F!Adel Mourtada 37

Energy Efficiency Measures1. Optimize Process Heat Exchange//rai!irVI B Evaporator

Temperature (C)Refrigeration

Capacity(tons)Specific Power

Consumption (kW/TR)Increase

kW/TR (%)5.0 67.58 0.81

0.0 56.07 0.94 16.0-5.0 45.98 1.08 33.0

-10-0 37-20 1-25 54-0

-20-0 23-12 1-67 106-0

Condenser temperature 40 Cwm; r\

'Q1 CondensingTemperature (C) RefrigerationCapacity (tons) Specific PowerConsumption (kW/TR) increasekW/TR (%)/V) 26.7 31.5 1.1735.0 21.4 1.27 8.540-0 20-0 1-41 20-5Kb

compressor using R-22 refrigerant. Evaporator temperature.-10 C

Adel Mourtada 38

f11 f Energy Efficiency Measurest1. Optimize Process Heat Exchange

Selection of condensershx **

* Options: Air cooled condensers Air-cooled with water spray condensers* Shell & tube condensers with water-cooling

* Water-cooled shell & tube condenser Lower discharge pressure* Higher TR Lower power consumption

iftr* NI 'L v

O'

:I9-- raAdel Mourtada 39

; Energy Efficiency Measures

2. Maintain Heat Exchanger Surfaces

* Poor maintenance = increased powerconsumption

Maintain condensers and evaporators* Separation of lubricating oil and refrigerant Timely defrosting of coils

* Increased velocity of secondary coolant

* Maintain cooling towers* 0.55 C reduction in returning water from cooling

tower = 3.0 % reduced power

aI

ST I

K \I T1

Adel Mourtada 40

I Energy Efficiency Measures/rai; 2. Maintain Heat Exchanger Surfaces

Effect of poor maintenance oncompressor power consumption

ir | rf

SpecificPower

Consumption(kW/TR)

IncreasekW/TRTe Tc Refrigeration

Capacity (TR)Condition (C)

Energy Efficiency Measures

3. Multi-Staging Systems* iSuited for

* Low temp applications with high compression

* Wide temperature range

Two types for all compressor types

* Compound

* CascadeKLA0V

:v

TgtUiAdel Mourtada 42

Energy Efficiency Measures3. Multi-Stage Systemsa. Compound

i rr1

i

Two low compression ratios = 1 high First stage compressor meets cooling load

Second stage compressor meets loadevaporator and flash gas

Single refrigerant

b. Cascade

J

: r?

rf?MQ * Preferred for -46 oC to -101oCL

* Two systems with different refrigerantst >-

Adel Mourtada 43


4. Matching Capacity to Load System* Most applications have varying loads

* Consequence of part-load operationCOP increasesbut lower efficiency

* Match refrigeration capacity to loadrequires knowledge of Compressor performanceVariations in ambient conditions Cooling ioad

irtri

HE*

c

r>

>

__IJ

Adel Mourtada 44

Energy Efficiency Measures5. Capacity Control of Compressors

/.

% r._

* Cylinder unloading, vanes, valves* Reciprocating compressors: Step-by-Step through

cylinder unloading:

* Centrifugal compressors: continuous modulationthrough vane control

Screw compressors: sliding valves

* Speed control Reciprocating compressors: ensure

lubrication system is not affectedCentrifugal compressors: >50% of capacity

1

fKT*

t 9

Adel Mourtada 45


5. Capacity Control of Compressorsrf rz

Temperature monitoringReciprocating compressors: return water (if

varying loads), water leaving chiller(constant loads)

Centrifugal compressors: outgoing watertemperature

Screw compressors: outgoing watertemperature

Part load applications: screwcompressors more efficient

iKT*

t 9

Adel Mourtada 46


6. Multi-Level RefrigerationBank of compressors at central plant Monitor cooling and chiller load: 1chiller full

loadmore efficient than 2 chillers atpart-load

Distribution system: individual chillers feed allbranch lines; Isolation valves; Valves to isolatesections

Load individual compressors to full capacitybefore operating second compressor

Provide smaller capacity chiller to meet peakdemands

mMT -- KV

l

!W I1

HAdel Mourtada 47

Energy Efficiency Measures rr1

6. Multi-Level Refrigerationi

Packaged units (instead of central plant)Diverse applications with wide temp rangeand long distance

* Benefits: economical, flexible and reliable

* Disadvantage: central plants use less power

Flow control

J

35 v Reduced flow'

Operation at normal flow with shut-off periods5t t-

Adel Mourtada 48


7. Chilled Water Storage

* Chilled water storage facility withinsulation

* Suited only if temp variations areacceptable

Economical because Chillers operate during low peak demand

hours: reduced peak demand charges Chillers operate at nighttime: reduced tariffs

and improved COP

n; r>SP

L

u '

[F

Adel Mourtada 49

r Energy Efficiency Measures8. System Design Features

f/

FRP impellers, film fills, PVC drift eliminators

Softened water for condensers

Economic insulation thickness

Roof coatings and false ceilings

Energy efficient heat recovery devices

Variable air volume systems

Sun film application for heat reflection

Optimizing lighting loads

*

0ssm H .

Adel Mourtada_i-r m 50H -


9. System Design FeaturesVI

- Selecting a cooling tower-Fills

- Pumps and water distribution- Fans and motorsi

Ni *

lJ

Adel Mourtada 51c 1


r ft? r Selecting a cooling tower

Capacity

* Heat dissipation (kCal/hour)

* Circulated flow rate (m3/hr)

Other factors

*' "m

iPCT' \

Adel Mourtada 52


Selecting a cooling tower>Range

Range determined by process, not by system

Approach* Closer to the wet bulb temperature

* Bigger size cooling tower

More expensive

0

fell Adel Mourtada 53

Energy Efficiency Measuresft! f

>"1 Selecting a cooling tower

Heat Load

* Determined by process

Required cooling is controlled by thedesired operating temperature

* High heat load = large size and costof cooling tower

LMIC14

.

rs kUi

*

*

1

i-

Adel Mourtada 54

V 1

Energy Efficiency Measurest!* n * Selecting a cooling tower

Wet bulb temperature - considerations:Bfif

Water is cooled to temp higher than wet bulbtemp

Conditions at tower site

Not to exceed 5% of design wet bulb temp Is wet bulb temp specified as ambient (preferred)

or inlet

Can tower deal with increased wet bulb temp

Cold water to exchange heat

1

n rs__

f /

! v ;p

S7

K'it-'

Adel Mourtada 55

L Energy Efficiency Measures// Selecting a cooling towerRelationship range, flow and heat loadRange increases with increased

Amount circulated water (flow)

Heat load

Causes of range increase

Inlet water temperature increases

Exit water temperature decreases

Consequence = larger tower

rin% B

1

iTs . r>M If

mx3]XT':

Adel Mourtada 56

Energy Efficiency MeasuresSelecting a cooling tower

1

5 Relationship Approach and Wet bulbtemperature

If approach stays the same (e.g. 4.45 oC)

Higher wet bulb temperature (26.67 oC)

= more heat picked up (15.5 kCal/kg air)= smaller tower needed

Lower wet bulb temperature (21.11 oC)

= less heat picked up (12.1 kCal/kg air)= larger tower needed

s

it 9

E Adel Mourtada 57


1 iff H* Fill media* y s

* Hot water distributed over fill mediaand cools down through evaporation

* Fill media impacts electricity use* Efficiently designed fill media reduces pumpingcosts

* Fill media influences heat exchange: surfacearea, duration of contact, turbulence

r. r>ST

F!Adel Mourtada 58

f Energy Efficiency MeasurestPumps and water distribution* Pumps: see pumps session

* Optimize cooling water treatmentIncrease cycles of concentration (COC) bycooling water treatment helps reduce makeup water

Indirect electricity savings

* Install drift eliminators

PP!ir ii IT

ift* N Reduce drift loss from 0.02% to only 0.003 -

0.001%I 'L v

O'

:I9-- raAdel Mourtada 59

Energy Efficiency MeasuresCooling Tower Fans

Fans must overcome systemresistance, pressure loss: impactselectricity use

* Fan efficiency depends on bladeprofileReplace metallic fans with FBR blades (20-

30% savings)

Use blades with aerodynamic profile (85-92%fan efficiency)

EMOflM5

!

W I1

t 9

Adel Mourtada 60

il Benefits of Variable Flow1 1JF/

fI

X* Lowest Energy consumption Low Differential Pressure Easier Operation Reduced & Timely Maintenance Greatest Diversity Fewer or smaller chillers possible

n yDrm

V--*,

61Adel Mourtada

Why Variable Flow?

1 Power varies with Cube of New FlowRatio.- New Energy = New Flow / Old Flow (!4), Cubed

= 1/8- Most reliable operation.

1

Therefore, Energy Savings = 7/8 of theoriginal energy (less any losses fromnew equipment)!

E)I

pr >X-*.L '4

62Adel Mourtada

V 1

Energy Efficiency Measurest!* n * Fill media

Comparing 3 fill media: film fill moreefficient

wo* 5

1SplashFill FilmFill Low Clog

FilmFill

Possible UG Ratio 1.1 -1.5 1.5 -2.0 1.4- 1.8

Lt? 150 m2/m3 85- 100m2/m3Effective Heat ExchangeArea

30-45m2/m3

Fill Height Required 5-10 m 1.2 -1.5 m 1.5- 1.8 m' s Pumping Head

Requirement9-12m 5- 8 m 6-9 m

S7

Quantity of Air Required High Much Low Lowia-'Adel Mourtada 63

VPF system configurationsManifolded pumps

.

fr - Redundancy- Reduced energy- VFD on aii pumps- Allows "overpumping"

for "Low ATSyndrome"

I

J -

&\ r,i ITr:ft1E* -P * JJ IL J

1 Adel Mourtada 64

Keep it Simple1F\

pranau Well designed control system ismandatory.

Minimize manual operation.Develop clearly written operating

procedure and backupfailure mode.

Continual training ofthe operators.

1

i

1

oir,r*

N

-r

65Adel Mourtada





-Energy Audit of HVAC SysternirP-Commercial Building Utilities

*p i

ji]:

-- S66Adel Mourtada

Typical Cooling Load Profile

i Tl&

illI!

I BLQ3

asSe

K

:

JL 6167Adel Mourtada

Energy Saving,Possibilitiesiilfp.

Jkedteeabiftg: LoadmmmmmL _'........................W7: . .

PPS

/m -/< ' NiflewlVr Shift Cooling Demand To '

Off Peak hours;, :: . i-xf v yJ-"'H|| , _ JJF

3-i-

S&K: Redore Required chiHer- : ;

Capacity for meeting :

te lhtKlk i)ia.I _

E- 7 s

' Reduce Maximum '.Generate Hof Watexjo to :

:/: : ;$QT through:; i :.....waste neat recovery : - :sj"! " ':,I from Chiller V '

litb

5323233T

fsm*I/

n 6868Adel Mourtada

I Interior Window FilmsFn

t

If acceptable bybuildingmanagement,window films may bea useful option.Choose film tailoredfor climate.

$

iijT,

11Mtih

1

Imw i TlIii. i i** i!

fK

i] : Lift L: -

Pay Back Period 2 yearsT .

6969Adel Mourtada

I Programmable Thermostats or BMSFf

Thu

t n'ifuu ILI They work whenyou use them.A~)nFVi 1|J ' IU rHMI

A 1

Jl j:nm

HMwjL

P2jp WhfteTRockjersLi 1 Q

l>

70Adel Mourtada

VAV Fans Control1i(

Static Pressure Reset on VAV Systems.

Provides significant fan energy savingssince system is often at part load

Reduces fan noise"Variable air volume (VAV ) terminal units

shall be programmed to operate at theminimum airflow when the zonetemperature is within the setdeadband."

Ita.i*i

5K

I

s.

t

H71Adel Mourtada

Heat recovery from Chiller

-* c Air-conditione

d Space

5 -AChiller Mode MS y

700 kW (200TR) coolingload

140 kWElectricalInput

1T

,r>- -Ph +>+ 840 kW heat

RejectedthroughCT/aircooledcondenser

H ' T *rt--*- + +.-S

0 About 8-12% of heat can be recovered in Chiller mode (Le, 65-100 kWheat) through desuperheater (Free of Cost )"0.1Carbon credit per hour" 720 Carbon Credits/ Year (24hrs K 30 Q Days}

JF72*f 72Adel Mourtada

Partial Heat Recovery1Jf

IQrr

I 1 Recovery1 Aircooled orwater cooledcondenser

50C 55CAdditionalrefrigerantfluid tank.

g * *

LDesuperheater

DesuperheatedLiquid I GasGas

IExpansionvalvei Compressorsrr I Partial heat recovery(Desuperheater) does not requireany additional electrical input. Itrecovers (8-12%) of waste heatfree of cost.

Evaporator

B Hot Water Economics1/'W r ESTIMATES OF ANNUAL SAVINGS:

V Pu

X Hot water capacity : 10000 Lts/dayDiesel cost : 0.70$ per liter ;Diesel NCV :10100 Kcai/Liter;Boiler efficiency : 85%Saving by Heat Recovery system over diesel fired boiler7000 US$/year

pFr., *r.L; w

BL

7474Adel Mourtada

Thermal Energy Storage System.frffini,p riri M iii- inn -J i r r.r.ri -i in- i-nn -innr ririr i ii. , i- n -i r, r r r iP! i.1 i . i -i ., -i i r r riri -i - ..i- i-.i-i.-i ri n ri-r nr. i-ii.....-.........................- -...............H..................------ pi -I

IfHHMHfl H-IfKMMIU irMMWMtlIfKKNNWWlfKHM* HIf IfMHHMW IfKHMNUIfH'HWHH'HlfHHN'MI! WHHMSHflu\jirfitHMWHKSHtMSriM!H H ! MMMri S KHHHHH MMMHHM StSfiHMSIK MMMHHSiri SCMNHSiSfclfMKKMMMKSiHWMHMWKK ririMH :! !: HHHSfrKSLX : K : : : : x : : :: :::: : H X : : : : x : : -, ;.; : . , y xxx : , : -VJIKKKintSKK--; ...... ..... riri " - v v - " - v v . v K'KKKK'KriririKKJrtfKKKH

JIHlIXitKIlirXIClXllMiCKXKXIEXKKllIiKOSXX XXXllDiXICKKKXXKlCKKlitKiCtKSXICXKXlliCXXliXXKKKllitltKKXlIXitXXX/::: :-! :-=MS:>: MMMK x x MMM:ri=i x MM x xlc>::-:ri riKKMXitri x KMWriri:-:KMMriri x x SCSririri riMUMriri ri x MM:: ririMMM::! x x MMWririHMMMK* x : \ri : x :>:>: x x : xx>:x x x : : : x : r-: x : :: : x x : ; c:: x x : x : : :: x - : x x : x : : v x x : ex x[SK--: : 1 v v 1 1 K 1 1 " 1 -'KKirwKKBKK'''WKKK'K'H'KKSS'KK'BKK'K'K'fKBKS''KKBKKKriririKKWf KEKSVlfiCi

CKJb lUriA JI L phase change thermal energy storageTHS-W K WW-KKU'W ){JfKK WWKK'a;WKKS-W ririKKiS-W riririKK*!SKKKNUnifK'rCM-X K-riKH*1*KrKXKit K ifpSK K riK WKKMU'S J5CJ-

ipffriipidpisolutionciSiM;th& followingi.:yy: ...:: x . : : : x : .. : : : :: :.: x x ; : .. : : : x :: . . . . * x .: x : : .. c: : . : : :: x : M! . .. . : : :K x=M|r; wsKKK SSKKHIKKKKKWKKKKK SSCWKS ;-= ;-= ;-H : =; x=|r:|r; wKKPW KKKKBKKKKKKBHWtfvvwvtrwvvwuirtfuwuvu-vwwirvww'uu-ww-uwwvwwww w v Kii"?ilKiSKK r riri-' -'i i'nitKKKH'KISKKllIKKKSMXiSK

,n n r .........- in.-i i n r- r r.r.pi .- ,n,-i -i n , r r......-.riHt-.................-i -.r - - ----1 .1.i 1.1 i - - r -MHMH H H-H'S-I-I!lI! H H II H HPHhlbl -III11- (a(d *|-H H H-l-

FZTT. x::;-:-rr x x K?:::::K X KXXRX X X r-:x x ex x TT?:::::-: x x :-cxxx x x ?r:r :r:x x xxxxx x x?:r:r: :x* rx x x :-c::>:>: !

Some Possibilities with STLDtaiosgc

=.5 I'joao 72 *O. 7

It11v1.1 fituktfciiCbqt

? I'.L9 Cf?d2l 23!Hours JtHiMK

TraditionalSolution.!

Peak shaving withchiller switchedoff during highiafrriTpefiod ax 1.2m-L.LHU-HM-t 4T: jiii-s ?*> JJVaPeak shaving - KIII

uiaiiyVW-i \/ i nAr [*TJ-TN _y

1 2 r 5 4 : a in 1 1 12DfcdajpiJll1Pl L-dLhtn.M

OlUff

IULU-S ftl-

t -iii')-> ZWr

UL;[ luaiV L

I.'T" Lf Ml& ammiu ,1 m It- 4mH I: 1 :f J iv(.;n iu 11 iZnvms mit i* 19 arzi iitfjv

H*una-H

I 2 3 -I i * 7 rf H In 1 1 I jm-l Ij Id 1 Ji 2 1 23Eli'ii11 /iiuuy

Total storage during offpeak hours

Chiller switched off during high pay ggperiod 4 yearstariff period

ALMEE

r\MID-ENIC

ALMEE TW rM * -wI

::: SjDescription of the project_Zgharta - North Lebanon _200 m ALT, 95 Km from Beirut1Building7 stories Hospital 1000 m3 floor110 beds , surgery X Ray. etc.Built in 1996.operating since 1997

[ -IImil \Iw_

p-

w*

9 ngtz OEC0FVS

ALMEE

No Description KW /0 0 Save % of Investment PaybacYearsSaved Total total EurosAmount

Euros BillKWh1 Roof thermal

insulation2 Changing conventional

fluorescent ballast toelectronic ballast andinstalling harmonic filter

20,500 1.2 % 3.-200 C 1.3% 16,000 5

9.1% 13,750 9.5% 25,000 1.3120,000

3 Installation of BMS/DSM 160,000 N/A 23,125 C 11,7% 13,800 0.6retrofit system to ( of fuel)manage KW demandallowing operation on

one 500 KVA Generator

Total 300,500 45,075 C 22,5% 54,800 1.22

9/f

rfi*ur.il%

Thank you for your attentionp

)PtN

;'l 79Adel Mourtada

Annex

- Instruments Required

- Cost Effectives Measures

BOAdel Mourtada

L Instruments Required/ Power Analyzer: Used for measuring electricalparameters of motors such as kW, kVA, pf, V, Aand Hz

Temperature Indicator & Probe Pressure Gauge: To measure operating

pressure and pressure drop in the system Stroboscope: To measure the speed of the

driven equipment and motor Ultra sonic flow meter or online flow meter Sling hygrometer or digital hygrometer Anemometer In addition to the above calibrated online

instruments can be used PH meter

* * -i I *'

iKl/= SJ ilh/*>

0mmr \i u, PS

siS

& 81Adel Mourtada

Measurements & ObservationEnergy consumption pattern of pumps and coolingtower fansMotor electrical parameters (kw, kVA, Pf, A, V, Hz,THD) for pumps and cooling tower fans

Pressure drop in the system (between dischargeand user point)

> Pressure drop and temperatures across the users(heat exchangers, condensers, etc)

> Cooling water flow rate to users - Pump /Motorspeed

> Actualpressure at the user end> User area pressure of operation and requirement

1

LJ 0fcr> N1 1

i-.

82Adel Mourtada

Exploration of Energy Conservation Possibilities*> Water pumping and cooling towerImprovement of systems and drivesUse of energy efficient pumpsCorrecting inaccuracies of the Pump sizing / Trimming of

impellersUse of high efficiency motorsIntegration of variable speed drives into pumps: The

integration of adjustable speed drives (VFD) into compressorscould lead to energy efficiency improvements, depending onload characteristics

High Performance Lubricants: The low temperature fluidityand high temperature stability of high performance lubricantscan increase energy efficiency by reducing frictional lossesImprovements in condenser performanceImprovement in cooling tower performanceApplication potential for energy efficient fans for cooling towerfansMeasuring and tracking system performance

1 tffTjt!

Liab':

fcr> X

83Adel Mourtada

Exploration of Energy Conservation Possibilities

q Measuring water use and energy consumption isessential in determining whether changes inmaintenance practices or investment inequipment could be cost effective

In this case it is advised to monitor the waterflow rate and condenser parameters, coolingtower parameters periodically i.e. at least oncein a three months and energy consumption ondaily basis. This will help in identifying the -- Deviations in water flow rates- Heat duty of condenser and cooling towers- Measures to up keep the performance

*

PCT' \

84Adel Mourtada

h Exploration of Energy Conservation PossibilitiesSystem Effect Factors

Equipment cannot perform at its optimum capacity iffans, pumps, and blowers have poor inlet and outletconditions

Correction of system effect factors (SEFs) can havea significant effect on performance and energysavings

Elimination of cavitation: Flow, pressure, andefficiency are reduced in pumps operating undercavitation. Performance can be restored tomanufacturers specifications through modifications.This usually invo ves inlet alterations and mayinvolve elevation of a supply tank

mji

.- J

ML:

i,i. 85Adel Mourtada

Exploration of Energy Conservation Possibilities

Internal Running Clearances: The internal runningclearances between rotating and non-rotatingelements strongly influence the turbo machinesability to meet rated performance. Proper set-upreduces the amount of leakage (re-circulation) fromthe discharge to the suction side of the impeller

Reducing work load of pumping: Reducing ofobstructions in the suction / delivery pipes therebyreduction in frictional losses. This includes removal ofunnecessary valves of the system due to changes.Even system and layout changes may help in thisincluding increased pipe diameter. Replacement ofcomponents deteriorated due to wear and tear duringoperation, modifications in piping system

*

r-LJ 0fcr> X1 1

i-.

86Adel Mourtada

Sources:

a - Energy Equipments UNEP/SIDA/Gerlap,- HVAC System Design, Mark Hydeman, P.E., FASHRAETaylor Engineering, LLC.

- Building Automatic System Bradley Chapman, DWEYER

- Solar Cooling, Eco buildings, SARA.- Ventilation for buildings Energy performance of buildings Guidelines forinspection of air-conditioning systems- EN 15240, Intelligence Energy.- Energy Efficiency Guidelines, Brahm Segal, Power Correction System.

- Results of HVAC system monitoring of tertiary buildings in Italy, M. Masoero,C. Silvi, J. Toniolo ,Politecnico di Torino, HarmonAC- Saving Energy Municipal Buildings and More, Ben J. Sliwinski BuildingResearch Council School of Architecture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Kreider Curtis Rabl, Mac gGaw Hill.- Cleanrooms Energy Benchmarking, Lawrence Berkley laboratory.

I

ffCT* XI T

87Adel Mourtada

day-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-1-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-2-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-3-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-4-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-5-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-6-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-7-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-8-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-9-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-10-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-11-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-12-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-13-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-14-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-15-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-16-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-17-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-18-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-19-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-20-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-21-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-22-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-23-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-24-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-25-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-26-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-27-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-28-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-29-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-30-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-31-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-32-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-33-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-34-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-35-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-36-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-37-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-38-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-39-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-40-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-41-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-42-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-43-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-44-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-45-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-46-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-47-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-48-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-49-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-50-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-51-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-52-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-53-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-54-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-55-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-56-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-57-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-58-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-59-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-60-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-61-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-62-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-63-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-64-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-65-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-66-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-67-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-68-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-69-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-70-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-71-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-72-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-73-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-74-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-75-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-76-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-77-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-78-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-79-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-80-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-81-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-82-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-83-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-84-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-85-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-86-1024.jpgday-2-energy-audit-of-air-conditioning-and-cooling-systems-87-1024.jpg

audit seminar

Documents