australia and oceania
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Australia and Oceania. Micronesia. Polynesia. Melanesia. Australia. New Zealand. Interplay between European and indigenous culture European dominance Indigenous dominance. Introduction. Isolated physical setting Exotic plants and animals Late arrival of human occupations - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Australia and Oceania
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AustraliaAustralia
New ZealandNew Zealand
PolynesiaPolynesiaMelanesiaMelanesia
MicronesiaMicronesia
Interplay between European and indigenous culture
European dominance Indigenous dominance
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IntroductionIntroduction
Isolated physical setting• Exotic plants and animals• Late arrival of human occupations
Interplay between indigenous peoples and European cultures
• Cultural adaptation, assimilation, and conflicts Youthful political geography
• Fluid geopolitical identity
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Environmental GeographyEnvironmental GeographyVaried Natural and Human Habitat
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AustraliaAustralia
New ZealandNew Zealand
OceaniaOceania
Arid interior (outback), highly urbanized coast
Rugged mountain
Landform
Volcanic islands
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AustraliaAustralia
Western Plateau• Ancient shield landmass
Interior Lowlands• Flat, and featureless
lowland Eastern Highlands
• Barrier between western interior and eastern coastal plain
PlateauPlateauBasinBasin
HighlandsHighlands
Great Artesian BasinGreat Artesian Basin
Landform
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Artesian wellArtesian well
Interior basin lacks water supply, but the Great Artesian Basin possesses a rich supply of underground water
Landform
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New ZealandNew Zealand
Rugged mountain range featured by volcanic peaks Pacific Rim of Fire
Fjord-like western coast in the South Island Glacial forces
Landform
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Landform
PolynesiaPolynesiaMelanesiaMelanesia
MicronesiaMicronesia
OceaniaOceania
Seismic hazards (Pacific Rim)Seismic hazards (Pacific Rim)
Volcanic islandsVolcanic islands
Bora Bora
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Landform
Bora Bora, French Polynesia
Volcanic IslandsVolcanic Islands
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Evolution of Volcanic IslandsEvolution of Volcanic Islands
Hot spot
High islandsHigh islands
Low islandsLow islands
Landform
Geologic time
1. Active volcanism
2. Volcanism dwindles & erosion intervenes
3. Islands subside below sea level
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Climate
B. Arid OutbackB. Arid Outback
C. Temperate Australian and New Zealand C. Temperate Australian and New Zealand coastal plaincoastal plain
A. Tropical OceaniaA. Tropical Oceania
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Environmental issues
DroughtDrought
Natural HazardsNatural Hazards
Seismic hazards Seismic hazards (Pacific Rim of Fire)(Pacific Rim of Fire)
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Environmental issues
Global Resource PressuresGlobal Resource Pressures
LoggingLogging
MiningMining
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Environmental issues
Mining in Papua New GuineaMining in Papua New Guinea
Mining, while providing incomes, causes immense environmental damage to the region
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Nuclear TestingNuclear Testing
Environmental issues
1946 - 19581946 - 1958
1990s1990s
Tuamotu ArchipelagoTuamotu Archipelago
Marshall IslandsMarshall Islands
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Population and SettlementPopulation and SettlementA Diverse Cultural Landscape
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Indigenous settlement• Aborigines in Australia, Maori in New Zealand• New Guinea Highlands, Society Islands
European migrations• Sydney, Melbourne…
Asian laborers and immigrants • Indian in Fiji, Japanese in Hawaii• Recent Asian immigrants in Australia
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Australia and New Zealand are highly urbanized and Westernized Most of pacific islands are rural (eg. Papua New Guinea)
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Population distributionPopulation distribution
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Sydney, AustraliaSydney, Australia
Most Australians (85%) live in cities
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Peopling the PacificPeopling the Pacific
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European ColonizationEuropean Colonization
Australia• Served as a penal colony (1788)• Decimation of Aborigines
New Zealand• Wars with Maori chiefdoms (1845 ~ 1870)
Hawaii• U.S. annexed Hawaiian kingdom (1898)
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Australian agricultureAustralian agriculture
Commercial farming in the coastal plains
Too dry for farming extensive ranching
Hunting, gathering by Aborigines
• Viniculture in Mediterranean climate region• Sugarcane in subtropical climate region• Dairy farming in well-watered area
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Oceanic agricultureOceanic agriculture
Village-centered shifting cultivation• Papua New Guinea highlands
Plantation agriculture in coastal plains• Sugarcane fields in Fiji and Hawaii
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Current population issuesCurrent population issues
Australia and New Zealand• Influx of Asian immigrants
Less-developed island nations• Growing population given limited land
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Cultural Coherence and DiversityCultural Coherence and DiversityA Global Crossroads
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Process of Cultural ChangeProcess of Cultural Change
Cultural differentiation geographical isolation
Cultural accommodation/assimilation European colonialism
Cultural homogenization or preservation globalization
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Multicultural AustraliaMulticultural Australia
Dominance of colonial European roots• 70% of population is British or Irish• White Australia Policy (~1973)• Remaining links with the British Crown
But increasingly multicultural due to• Political movement of native inhabitants• Inflows of Asian immigrants with a skill• “Asianization” policy• Two-way globalization
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Multicultural New ZealandMulticultural New Zealand
Parallel the story of Australia with a slightly different cultural mix
Unique Polynesian roots• Maori (15%)• Pacific islanders (5%)
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The Mosaic of Pacific Cultures (1)The Mosaic of Pacific Cultures (1)
Traditional culture worlds• The division of Oceania into Melanesia,
Micronesia, and Polynesia is based on racial and cultural distinctions by 19c anthropologists
Melanesia Micronesia PolynesiaMelanesia Micronesia PolynesiaSkin color:Skin color: darkdark brownbrownSocial system: village Social system: village chiefdom chiefdom kingdomkingdomBut the actual distinction is rather subtle
• Revolves around village lifeHighlanders in Papua New Guinea
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The Mosaic of Pacific Cultures (2)The Mosaic of Pacific Cultures (2)
External cultural influences• Colonial plantation brought contact laborers
Japanese/Chinese in Hawaii, Indian in Fiji• Creole cultures
Multicultural HawaiiansFrench New Caledonia
• Pidgin English & Christianity• International tourism transforms their livelihoods
Fiji, French Polynesia, The Hawaiian Islands, Samoa
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Language of Australia and OceaniaLanguage of Australia and Oceania
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Geopolitical FrameworkGeopolitical FrameworkA Land of Fluid Boundaries
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Colonial legacy• Ever-changing political map
Over the last two centuries• Persisting colonial ties
French PolynesiaU.S. territory
Youthful states • Oldest political states are the 20th century creation
Australia, New Zealand (1907)
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Indigenous PatternsIndigenous Patterns
Prior to European contact, the political geography was mosaic of indigenous territories
• Melanesia based on kinship• Polynesia based on chiefdom• Some large volcanic islands of Polynesia formed k
ingdom (eg. Hawaii)
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An Imposed Colonial FrameworkAn Imposed Colonial Framework(circa 1900)(circa 1900)
BritainBritainFranceFrance
GermanyGermany
U.S.U.S.
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AustraliaAustralia FranceFrance
U.S.U.S.
New ZealandNew Zealand
JapanJapan
An Imposed Colonial FrameworkAn Imposed Colonial Framework(After WWI)(After WWI)
BritainBritain
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AustraliaAustralia FranceFrance
U.S.U.S.
New ZealandNew Zealand
An Imposed Colonial FrameworkAn Imposed Colonial Framework(After WWII)(After WWII)
BritainBritain
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An Imposed Colonial FrameworkAn Imposed Colonial Framework(present day)(present day)
FranceFrance
U.S.U.S.
New ZealandNew Zealand
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Marshall IslandsMarshall Islands
Political control of Micronesia has shifted numerous times during the last two centuries
Spanish (1526~1885)
Germany
(1885~1914)
Japanese
(1914~1944)
U.S.
(1947~1979)
WWI WWII
Independence (1990s)
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Native Rights in Australia and Native Rights in Australia and New ZealandNew Zealand
General trends are to acknowledge the land rights of indigenous people
• Establishment of Aboriginal reserves• Native Title Bill (1993)
Geopolitical tensions
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Ethnic tension in FijiEthnic tension in Fiji
The populations of indigenous Fijians and South Asian immigrants are roughly equal
The violation of democratic process by the Fijians (eg. military coup in the late 1980s and 2000)
Geopolitical tensions
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Rebellion in Papua New GuineaRebellion in Papua New Guinea
Resource-rich Bougainville’s indigenous inhabitants demand local control
Suppressed by military force
Geopolitical tensions
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Geopolitical tensions
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Economic and Social DevelopmentEconomic and Social DevelopmentA Hard Path to Paradise
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Wealthy Australia, New Zealand, French territoriesWealthy Australia, New Zealand, French territories Impoverished remaindersImpoverished remainders
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Economy of Australia and New Economy of Australia and New ZealandZealand
Economic assets• Highly educated population• Diverse base of natural resources• Modern urban and industrial infrastructure
Challenges• Dependence on extraction of raw materials• Small domestic markets• Lack of high-tech and IT industries
Efforts to diversify economic bases
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Economy of Australia and New Economy of Australia and New Zealand – economic diversificationZealand – economic diversification Moving away from the traditional extractive econo
mies (eg. tourism) Promoting economic integration within the region
• CER (Closer Economic Relationship) Agreement Shifting away from Europe and North America in
favor of closer links with Asia• Recent immigration policy• ARF (ASEAN Regional Forum)• APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation Group)
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Global trade in Australia and New Zealand
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Oceania’s Economic DiversityOceania’s Economic Diversity
Subsistence-based economies• Shifting cultivation, fishing
Commercial extractive economy• Plantation, mining, logging
Global tourism Subsidies from the present/former colonial
powers
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Relatively fared well regardless of varied level of economic
development with the exception of Papua New Guinea